Quiz 3 Q2 Review Sheet
Honors Biology
Quiz 3 will cover:
Chapter 8: 8.1 to 8.7
1. Identify the two most important functions of all organisms.
2. If the genes of an organism code for RNA/proteins that build an organism that cannot
survive or reproduce, what is the fate of those genes? What does this tell you about your
genes?
3. Explain why male lions when first entering a new pride will chase away the current
male and kill all the cubs. Why does this make sense?
4. Humans have a special skill that no other organism on the planet has. This skill is
thought to be the key to our success in terms of our cooperating with each other even
though we are not closely related. What skill am I referring to? Why do no other
organisms cooperate with non-kin (non-related members of their species)? Why are we
able to?
5. Identify the two parts of the life cycle. Draw a simple picture showing the human life
cycle. Be sure to include the ovum, sperm, zygote, fertilization, mitotic cell division,
meiotic cell division, haploid, diploid, n, 2n, n=23, n=46 and the number of chromosomes
the cells have.
6. Explain how asexual reproducing organisms generate diversity. Compare this to the
way sexually reproducing organisms generate diversity. Why is maintaining genetic
diversity one of the most important functions of life?
7. Compare asexual to sexual reproduction. Include the advantages and disadvantages of
both, how the offspring compare to the partent(s) genetically, number of parents, types of
organisms that use each, etc…
8. Explain why in sexual reproduction, the offspring look so different to the parents as
compared to the offspring of an asexual parent.
9. Define cell theory. Who is credited with this theory.
10. Describe how prokaryotes divide as compared to eukaryotes. What is the name given
to this type of division?
11. Cell division refers to both mitosis (mitotic cell division), which is a small part of the
cell cycle, and meiosis (meiotic cell division), which is not part of the cell cycle because
it is not a cycle. Explain what I mean by it not being a cycle.
12. Mitotic cell division is not only used for reproduction. Identify all of the other
functions of mitotic cell division discussed in class.
13. Identify the name of the special type of mitotic cell division used by such organisms
as yeast. How does this differ from mitotic cell division in organisms like humans?
14. In class we found out that bacteria and other single celled protists and fungi are not
the only organisms that can reproduce asexually. Some plants can do this as well. What is
the process called in plants and give an example? How can this be accomplished in
animals?
15. In class we briefly mentioned regeneration. This is NOT reproduction. Regeneration
is the growing back of a lost part of the organisms like when a starfish grows back an arm
that it lost. This is obviously growth and required mitotic cell division. Why is this not
reproduction?
16. Why do cells divide?
17. What is the eukaryotic cell cycle? If a cell with 46 chromosomes goes through the
cell cycle once, how many cells will result and how many chromosomes will each cell?
How do the chromosomes in the new (daughter) cells relate to the chromosomes in the
original (“parent”) cell?
18. What must all cells do before they can divide and what is the name of the enzyme that
is involved in performing this function (HINT: S phase)?
19. Describe the molecular structure of DNA.
20. What is Chargaff’s rule?
21. Explain how 6 feet of DNA can be packaged into a nucleus with a diameter of 1/100th
of a millimeter.
22. Compare the extended form of DNA to the condensed form. At what stage in the cell
cycle would you find each?
23. Know the difference between the terms DNA, chromosome, and chromatin.
24. Describe the chromosomes found in the human nucleus (how many, which are
homologous, autosomes, sex chromosomes, etc…)
25. In terms of chromosomes, how are males and females different?
26. In class we concluded that we have at least two of every gene. Explain why.
27. We said that if the gene for hemoglobin were located on chromosome 11 there would
be another hemoglobin gene located at the same loci (position) on the other chromosome
11. These genes would be similar, but not identical. Why?
28. Where does each homologous chromosome of a homologous pair come from?
29. Compare autosomes to sex chromosomes.
30. Describe which chromosomes (in humans) would be found in the sperm? In th ovum?
Hint: the sperm can have two different combinations.
31. Who determines the sex of the offspring in humans, the male or female? Explain.
32. Compare haploid to diploid. What do these terms refer to? Which cells inside us are
haploid and which are diploid? (We have two types of cells, the gametes = sex cells, and
somatic cells = body cells. The prefix soma- means “body”.)
33. If a cell is 2n, is it haploid, diploid or triploid? Explain.
34. If the haploid number in the organism described in #33 is 38 (n = 56), how many
chromosomes would be in its body (somatic) cells.
35. If a triploid (3n) organism has a haploid number of 20, how many chromosomes
would be found in its somatic cells? How many chromosomes would be in a single set?
36. What is a gene? What do genes code for directly (do not say polypeptides or
proteins)? How long are genes on average? How long are chromosomes? How many
genes per chromosome? How long is the human genome? How many of each gene do
you have? How does this relate to being diploid? How many genes do our cells have
approximately?
37. What is the haploid number of humans? What about dogs?
38. When a chromosome is replicated in S phase the result is two sister chromatids
attached by a centromere. How do sister chromatids compare to each other? When is this
structure present in the cell cycle?
39. After S phase, how many chromosomes are there? How much DNA is there relative
to before S phase? After cytokinesis, how many chromomsomes does each new cell
have? How much DNA does each new cell have compared to before and after S phase?
40. What must happen to the sister chromatids during the cell cycle? Why does this make
sense in terms of what the cell is trying to accomplish?
41. How is mitosis different from cytokinesis?
42. Cytokinesis is different in plant and animal cells. Explain how they are different and
why they need to be different. Compare the cleavage furrow to the cell plate.
43. Make sure you identify the subphase of any cell I show you in mitosis. Check out
DCE #3 on page 152. You should be able to identify.
44. We discussed that the point of no return in the cell cycle is the passing of a cell from
G1 into S phase. Explain why.
45. Cell that are not dividing are typical stuck in what part of the cell cycle? Why would
this make sense?
46. Describe the structure of a pair of centrioles. How does this compare to a basal body?
47. What is the function of the centrosome during mitosis? During G1 (a normal
functioning cell)?
44. For the “essay” question, you will be required to draw and label a cell for each
subphase of the cell cycle (G1,S,G2,P,M,A,T/cytokinesis). Under each image should be a
set of bullets describing what is happening in that image. You need only label a structure
once. The cell will be diploid and have a haploid number of 2 (n=2).
(The following terms MUST be included: interphase, mitotic phase, mitosis, cytokinesis, G1, S, G2,
prophase (early and late), metaphase, anaphase, telophase, nulcear envelope, plasms membrane, nucleolus,
chromatin, centromsomes, centrioles, asters, spindle fibers, mitotic spindle, chromosome, sister chromatids,
sisters, centromere, kinetochore, MTOC, DNA replication, metaphase plate, microtubules, daughter
chromosomes, poles, cleavage furrow )
I put some mitosis videos up on the website under the misc. section.