IRRDB International Rubber Conference 2015
&
IRRDB Annual Meetings
Rex Hotel, Ho Chi Minh City, November 2-6, 2015
AGENDA
November 2, 2015: IRRDB International Rubber Conference 2015
7:00-8:30
8:30-9:00
9:00-10:00
10:00-10:30
10:30-12:15
Registration
Opening ceremony
Welcoming address
-Mr. Phan Thanh Dung, Director, Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam
Opening address
-H. E. Dr. Cao Duc Phat, Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development
-Mr. Tran Ngoc Thuan, Director General, Vietnam Rubber Group
-Datuk Dr. Abdul Aziz bin S.A. Kadir, Secretary General, International
Rubber Research and Development Board
Plenary session
Chairman: Datuk Dr. Abdul Aziz bin S.A. Kadir
Secretary General, International Rubber Research and Development
Board
Keynote address 1: “Natural Rubber Producers’ Expectations
Towards the Research and Development Community”
Dr. Tran Thi Thuy Hoa, Vietnam Rubber Association
Keynote address 2: “Impact of Latex Harvesting Technologies on
Profitability of Rubber Plantations & Smallholdings During Periods
of Low Rubber Prices”
Dr. Sivakumaran A/L Seenivasagam, Director of Research, Greenyield
Berhard, Malaysia
Keynote address 3: “Nanomatrix and Mechanical Properties of
Natural Rubber”
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kawahara Seiichi, Nagaoka University of Technology,
Japan
Coffee break
Parallel Session 1: Plant Breeding I (Hall A)
Chairman: Dr. Lai Van Lam
Head, Technical Department, Vietnam Rubber Group
RRIV Planting Recommendations for 2016-2020
Le Mau Tuy, Vu Van Truong, Vo Thi Thu Ha and Lai Van Lam
Performance of the IRRDB’81 Germplasm in Rubber Breeding in
Vietnam
Vu Van Truong, Le Mau Tuy and Le Hoang Ngoc Anh
10:30-12:45
12:30-13:30
13:30-15:45
Performance of Five High Yield Hevea Clones in a Large Scale Clone
Trial in Yunnan
He Ligang, Liu Zhongliang, Xiao Zaiyun, Ning Lianyun, Yu Wencai and
Liang Guoping
Performance Trial of New Rubber Clones in Zamboanga Peninsula,
Philippines
Ernie C. Camacho and Roger O. Bagaforo
Adaptation of New IRR Series Clones in Dry Climate Area
Sigit Ismawanto, Mudji Lasminingsih and Thomas Wijaya
Towards Selection of Improved Hevea brasiliensis Clones for South
Konkan: Long Term Performance of Ortet Clones
T. Gireesh, M. A. Nazeer, T. R. Chandrasekhar and Kavitha K. Mydin
Discussion
Parallel Session 2: Biotechnology (Hall B)
Chairman: Mr. Hubert Omont
Vice-Chairman, International Rubber Research and Development
Board
Engineering Rubber Plants with High Antioxidant Capacity
Florence Martin, Anne Clément-Vidal, Christine Sanier, Denis Fabre,
Pascal Montoro and Julie Leclercq
Current Challenges in de novo Hevea brasiliensis Genome
Sequencing
Pascal Montoro, Chaorong Tang, Songnian Hu, Kandakumar
Jayasekaran and Maria Kolesnikova-Allen
Association Mapping of Yield and Growth in Hevea spp.
Thitaporn Phumichai, Kanikar Teerawattanasuk and Krissada Sansing
Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Inner
Integument of Hevea brasiliensis
W. Prommee, W. Srinakeing and S. Te-Chato
Molecular Characterization of Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor
Kinase (SERK) Gene from Hevea brasiliensis (Muell. Arg.)
P. Kumari Jayasree, Suni Anie Mathew, Soya Mary Jose, R. Supriya,
K.R. Sari Mol and A. Thulaseedharan
Development of Gynogenic Haploids through Embryo Sac Culture In
Hevea brasiliensis
Divya U.K, Rekha K, Maria Jose, Sobha S. and Sushamakumari S.
Rubber Biotechnology Activities in University of Southern Mindanao
Emma K. Sales
Contribution of Molecular Biology and Physiology to Climate-Smart
Natural Rubber Production
Pascal Montoro, Chaorong Tang, Thakurdas Saha, K. Annamalainathan,
Sigit Ismawanto, N.M.C. Nayanakantha, Thitaporn Phumichai
Discussion
Lunch
Parallel Session 3: Agronomy (Hall A)
Chairman: Prof. Dr. Zhou Jiannan
Senior Officer for International Cooperation, Rubber Research
Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences
Effect of Silt Pits on Mature Rubber Plantation
Dao Thanh Hoi and Tong Viet Thinh
2
13:30-15:45
Impact of Light Rare Earth Elements on Yield and Quality of Latex
Tran Van Thanh, Tong Viet Thinh and Nguyen Van Dong
Evolution of Soil Fertility and Its Correlation with Rubber Tree Leaf
Nutrition in Rubber Plantation
Hua Yuangang, Lin Zhaomu, Luo Wei, Cha Zhengzao and Wu Xiaoping
The Utilization of Climatic Data to Support Agronomic Practises in
Rubber Plantation
Thomas Wijaya
Predicting Distribution of Hevea brasiliensis Through Ecological
Niche Modelling with Climate, Soil, Topography and Socioeconomic
Factors
Debabrata Ray, James Jacob and Mukunda Dev Behera
Identification of Suitable Species and Genotypes for Cut Foliage
Cultivation on Rubber Lands
Iqbal S. M. M., Rodrigo V. H. L. , Wettasinghe W. A. D. D. S. and
Jayathilake P. M. M.
Root Anatomy of Modified Root Trainer Plant of Hevea brasiliensis
Vinoth Thomas and Sobhana Shankar
Rubber-Based Cropping System in Nigeria: Efforts in Research and
Extension
Esekhade T.U. and Idoko S.O.
Discussion
Parallel Session 4: Plant Protection I (Hall B)
Chairman: Mr. Phan Thanh Dung
Director, Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam
The Challenges for Plant Protection Sciences and Technologies of
Rubber Tree and Countermeasures:
1. cDNA-AFLP Analysis Reveals Differential Gene Expression in
Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis) Inoculated with Corynespora
cassiicola Pathogen
Li Boxun, Huang Guixiu, Cai Li, Liu Xianbao, Shi Tao and Cai Jimiao
The Challenges for Plant Protection Sciences and Technologies of
Rubber Tree and Countermeasures:
2. Diversity of the Cassiicolin Gene in Corynespora cassiicola of
Rubber Tree in China
Liu Xianbao, Li Boxun, Cai Jimiao and Huang Guixiu
The Challenges for Plant Protection Sciences and Technologies of
Rubber Tree and Countermeasures:
3. Pathogen Identification and Biological Characteristics of a New
Stem Canker Disease on Rubber Tree
Cai Jimiao, Zhou Xuemin, Liu Xianbao, Chen Yipeng, Huang Guixiu
Efficiencies of Management Methods to Oidium Leaf Fall Disease on
Mature Rubber Trees
Nguyen Don Hieu, Nguyen Phuong Vinh, Nguyen Anh Nghia, Phan
Thanh Dung, Vu Thi Quynh Chi, Nguyen Thi Hue Thanh, Nguyen Minh
Khang and Truong Van Tuan
Identification of QTLs Involved in the Tolerance/Sensibility of
Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis) to Corynespora cassiicola Effectors
Tran Dinh Minh, André Clément-Demange, Mouman Soumahoro,
Aurélien Masson and Valérie Pujade-Renaud
3
15:45-16:15
16:15-18:30
16:15-18:00
Management of Corynespora Leaf Fall Disease of Rubber in the
Nursery
Jill D. Villanueva, Raquel B. Evangelista, Romulo L. Cena and Jaime C.
Silvetre
The Effectors of Corynespora cassiicola Virulence in Rubber Tree
Valérie Pujade-Renaud, David Lopez, Sébastien Ribeiro, Tran Dinh
Minh, Marine Déon, André Clément-Demange, Dominique Garcia,
Patricia Drevet, Philippe Label, Emmanuelle Morin, Annegret Kohler,
Francis Martin, Marc Seguin, Jean-Louis Julien
Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Rubber (Hevea
brasiliensis) by Endophytic Bacteria Against Phytophthora meadii
Amith Abraham, Shaji Philip, K. Jayachandran and C. Kuruvilla Jacob
Discussion
Coffee break
Parallel Session 5: Plant Protection II (Hall A)
Chairman: Dr. Jacob Mathew
Joint Director, Rubber Research Institute of India
In Vitro Screening of Antagonistic Phylloplane Actinomycetes
Against Corynespora cassiicola Fungus
Vu Thi Quynh Chi, Nguyen Thi Thanh Trang, Doan Nhan Luan, Nguyen
Ngoc Mai and Nguyen Anh Nghia
Chemical Control of Oidium Leaf Fall Disease on Mature Rubber
Estates in Vietnam
Nguyen Anh Nghia, Ha Van Khuong, Nguyen Don Hieu and Phan Thanh
Dung
Effects of Supplementary Nutrition on the Longevity and Fecundity
of Metaphycus parasaissetiae
Zhang Fangping, Li Lei, Zhu Junhong, Han Dongyin, Niu Liming, Chen
Junyu and Fu Yueguan
Assessment of Effects of Thiramet and Folpet Fungicides on Tapping
Panel Disease in Hevea Plantation
Omorusi V.I., Kunu S., Ijie K.O., Ogbebor N.O., Orumwense K.O. and
Ehiwe D.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Fomesan 1.25GR on the Control of
White Root Disease of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)
Omorusi V.I., Kunu S., Ijie K.O., Ogbebor N.O., Orumwense K.O. and
Ehiwe D.
Recent Research Findings on Tree Injection: an Advanced
Application Technology Against Disease Management Giving Special
Emphasis to White Root Disease
T.H.P.S. Fernando, P. Seneviratne, C. Wijeyaratna and J. Mirando
Integrated Weed Management in Rubber
Chee Yan Kuan
Advanced Mist Blower Technology for Efficient Ground Spraying in
Rubber Plantations
Jacob Mathew, Vijayan K. and Jatin S. Patel
Discussion
Parallel Session 6: Plant Breeding II (Hall B)
Chairman: Dr. Ir Karyudi
Director, Indonesian Rubber Research Institute
4
19:00-21:00
Genotype x Environment Interaction and Phenotypic Stability of
Hevea Clones in Traditional and Non-traditional Rubber Growing
Regions in Vietnam
Tran Thanh and Le Mau Tuy
Performances of Polycross Progenies and the Implication in Hevea
Breeding
Le Hoang Ngoc Anh, Le Mau Tuy, Vu Van Truong and Lai Van Lam
Nitric Oxide Pretreatment Enhanced Growth Attributes of
Polybagged Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Seedlings
N.M.C. Nayanakantha, N.N. Hettiarachchi, A.M.W.K. Senevirathna, and
P. Seneviratne
A Technique of Weidong (Mounding) Drought-Tolerance
Transplanting for Rubber Buddings
Wang Jun, Zhou Jun, Chen Xianhong, Yao Xingcheng and Lin Weifu
Sustained High Yields Over the Long Term in Clones Introduced to
India from Malaysia and Thailand
T. Meenakumari, Alice John, Kavitha K. Mydin, Annakutty Joseph and Y.
Annamma Varghese
Long Term Evaluation of Certain Hybrids Derived from Drought
Tolerance Clones of Hevea brasiliensis Indicate Sustainability of
Yield during Summer Stress
Narayanan C., Kavitha K. Mydin and Alice John
Discussion
Gala dinner hosted by RRIV Director
November 3, 2015: IRRDB International Rubber Conference 2015
8:00-10:00
Parallel Session 7: Crop Physiology and Latex Harvesting I (Hall A)
Chairman: Dr. Sivakumaran A/L Seenivasagam
Director of Research, Greenyield Berhard, Malaysia
The Yield and Latex Physiological Parameters on d3 and d4 Tapping
Systems of PB 260 at South-East Region in Vietnam
Nguyen Nang, Truong Van Hai, Do Kim Thanh, Pham Van Luyen, Tran
Vinh Tuan, Nguyen Van Thai, Nguyen Quoc Viet and Kim Thi Thuy
Low Intensity Tapping Systems: Preliminary Results on Vietnamese
Hevea Clones
Van H.T. Nguyen, Diem N.V. Le, Thao T.T. Nguyen, Thuy T. Kim, and
Nang Nguyen
A First Physiological Assessment of Latex Clonal Metabolic
Typology and Rubber Yield Potential of “CMS” Rubber Tree Clones
Eric Gohet, Eric Cavaloc, Saulo Cardoso, Ivo Cairo, Dominique Garcia,
Franck Rivano, Regis Lacote and Gregory Lesturgez
Assessment of Secondary Laticifier Differentiation in Relation to
Rubber Yield of Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)
Chen Yueyi, Shi Minjing, Yang Shuguang and Tian Weimin
Effort to Increase Latex Yield and Reduce Production Cost Through
Sircle Cutting System (SCS)
Setiono, Yoga Bagus Setya Aji, Mudita Oktorina Nugrahani, Akhmad
Rouf and Nofitri Dewi Rinojati
5
8:00-10:00
10:00-10:30
10:30-12:45
Latex Harvesting Technologies Adapted to Active Metabolism Class
of Hevea brasiliensis Clones: Example of Clones IRCA 111, IRCA
130 AND PB 260 in South-East Côte d’Ivoire
Obouayeba Samuel
Effect of Conservation Period of Stimulating Paste Prepared on Its
Efficiency in Rubber Plantation of South-East Côte d'Ivoire
Obouayeba Samuel
Discussion
Parallel Session 8: Rubber Processing and Waste Treatment (Hall B)
Chairman: Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Bich
Deputy Director, Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam
Optimization of Combination High Intensity and Convection
Drying Process for Natural Rubber Processing
Ahmad Khairul Muhamad
Characterization and Treatment of Sludge from the Rubber
Processing Industry with Locally Sourced Coagulants (Chitosan and
Jatropha Gossypifolia Stem Latex)
Ize-Iyamu O.C., Eguavoen I.O., Ize-Iyamu O.K.,and Aigboje S.A.
Identification of Factors of Natural Rubber Variability to Develop
New Grades Adapted to the Antivibration Application
Jérôme Sainte-Beuve
Effect of Storage Conditions on Visco-elastic Properties of Different
Grades of Natural Latex Crepe Rubber
I.H.K Samarasinghe, U.N Ratnayake, A.P Attanayake and W.M.G
Seneviratne
Characterization of a New Elastomeric Material Based on Sunflower
Oil
Mili Purbaya and Hussin Mohd Nor
A Hybrid Drying System for Simultaneous Drying of Different Types
of Raw Natural Rubber
Siriwardena S., Rathnayake U. N. and Warnajith A. K. D.
Integrated Approach to Wastewater Treatment at Zero Liquid
Discharge in RSS Group Processing Centers
Jacob Mathew, Vishnu P.S and Akhilesh M.Nair
Discussion
Coffee break
Parallel Session 9: Crop Physiology and Latex Harvesting II (Hall A)
Chairman: Dr. James Jacob
Director, Rubber Research Institute of India
Chairman, International Rubber Research & Development Board
Influences of Low Frequency Upward Tapping Systems on Hevea
brasiliensis Clone PB 260
Hai V. Truong, Toan A. Nguyen, Trung H. Luong, Nhat V. D. Nguyen,
Tai V. Nguyen and Nang Nguyen
Tapping System and Stimulation of Rubber in Heavy Rainfall
Condition
Fernando L. Marzo Jr.
6
10:30-13:00
A Tentative Composite Climatic Index to Predict and Quantify the
Effect of Climate on Natural Rubber Yield Potential
Eric Gohet, Philippe Thaler, Franck Rivano, Thierry Chapuset, Frederic
Gay and Régis Lacote
Assessment of Rubber Latex Production Based on Diameter Class
and Frequency of Tapping and Collection for Sustainable Latex
Production and Management
Leilani A. Castillo, Myranel S. Canceran, Nicasio M. Balahadia, Arturo
SA. Castillo, Rolly V. Breva, Analyn C. Malayba, Emer C. Gestiada,
Aldin C. Alegre, Nick M. Manlisis and Nathaniel C. Bantayan
Effect of DCA (Double Cut Alternate Tapping System) on Renew
Bark and TPD (Tapped Panel Dryness) Symptom with RRIM 600
Clone
Pisamai Chantuma, Eric Gohet and Regis Lacote
Clonal Variation on Xylem Embolism and Plant Water Status under
Drought Condition of Young Rubber Tree
Ratchanee Rattanawong, Napawan Lekawipat and Krissada Sangsing
Commercial Application of S/2 d4 Harvesting System to Address
Current Issues in Rubber Plantations in Sri Lanka
K. V. V. S. Kudaligama, V. H. L. Rodrigo and R. P. S. Randunu
Impacts of Low Frequency Tapping on Productivity and Production
Cost: A Case Study of Rubber Industry in Vietnam
Loan T. Le, Thanh H. T. Nguyen, Anh T. Le, Long T. Hoang, Cuong Q.
Nguyen and Van H. T. Nguyen
Discussion
Parallel Session 10: Rubber Technology & Standardization (Hall B)
Chairman: Dr. W. M. G. Seneviratne
Director, Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka
New Mixture of Catalysts to Replace Selenium in the Determination
of Nitrogen Using Kjeldahl Method
Nguyen Thi Thanh Ngoc, Nguyen Thanh Truc, Nguyen Thi Anh Hoa and
Lai Ngoc Thien
Organizing Proficiency Testing for Natural Rubber Laboratories –
Experience from RRIV
Nguyen Thanh Truc and Nguyen Thi Thanh Ngoc
Study on Curing Behaviour of a Natural Rubber Injection
Moulding Article by Cadmould Simulation
T. H. Khang and Z. M. Ariff
The Effects of Carbon Black on Properties of Rice Husk Ash
Filled Hybrid Natural Rubber Composites
T. H. Khang, N. T. H. Trang and T. G. Nam
Magnetite (Fe3O4) Embedded NR Nanocomposites for EMI
Shielding Applications
Omorogbe S.O., Aigbodion A. I., Ikhuoria E.U., Ogbebor N. O., Warrier
K.G.K. and Pillai S.
Preparation of Thermoplastic Natural Rubber at Various Graft
Copolymerization Techniques
Santi Puspitasari, Krisnawati, Eti Rohaeti and Adi Cifriadi
7
13:00-14:00
14:00-16:40
Dynamic Properties of NR/ENR/Silica Composites Prepared by Wet
Masterbatch Technique
Liao Lusheng, Wang Yueqiong, Zhang Fuquan, Zhong Jieping, Xu Kui
and Peng Zheng
Montmorillonite Clay Filled Skim Natural Rubber Nanocomposite
as a Value Added Raw Rubber
U.N Ratnayake, L.D.A.N. Kumari, A. K. W. Prasad and W. D. R.
Wijesinghe
The Effect of Coupling Agent and Mixing Methods on Properties of
Natural Rubber and Low Density Polyethylene Blends
W.D.M Sampath, S. M. Egodage and D.G. Edirisinghe
Discussion
Lunch
Parallel Session 11: JST-JICA Establishment of Carbon Cycle
System with Natural Rubber (ESCANBER) Project (Hall A)
Chairman: Prof. Dr. Masao Fukuda
Head, Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of
Technology
Study on the Effect of Polar Organic Solvent on the Removal of
Protein from Natural Rubber
Phan Trung Nghia, Trinh Thi Hang and Seiichi Kawahara
Survey of Process Performance and Greenhouse Gases Emission of
Wastewater Treatment System in Natural Rubber Processing
Factories
K. Syutsubo, D. Tanikawa, T. Watari, M. Fukuda, N. B. Nguyen and T.
Yamaguchi
Pilot Study of Wastewater Treatment in Natural Rubber Processing
Factory
D. Tanikawa, K. Syutsubo, T. Watari, M. Fukuda, N. B. Nguyen and T.
Yamaguchi
Characterization of Latex-clearing-protein from a Rubberdegrading Bacteria Isolated in Vietnam
Dao Viet Linh, Nguyen Lan Huong, Daisuke Kasai and Masao Fukuda
Analysis of Deproteinized Natural Rubber Degradation by
Rhodobacter gummiphilus strain NS21
Michiro Tabata, Shunsuke Imai, Shota Asano, Daisuke Kasai and Masao
Fukuda
Characterization of Commercial Natural Rubber Through NMR
Spectroscopy
Nghiem Thi Thuong, Yoshimasa Yamamoto, Phan Trung Nghia and
Seiichi Kawahara
Naturally Occurring Nanomatrix Sructure Formed in Natural
Rubber and Its Effects on Viscoelastic Properties
Kenichiro Kosugi and Seiichi Kawahara
Analysis of Pretreatment Methods of Waste Rubber Tree for
Effective Cellulose Degradation
Yosuke Shida, Pham Tuan Anh, To Kim Anh, Masao Fukuda and Wataru
Ogasawara
8
Cultivation of Microorganisms: Why We Cannot Isolate Most of
Them?
ESCANBER Project Guest Speaker: Prof. Dr. Yoichi Kamagata, Deputy
Director General, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology,
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan
Discussion
14:00-17:00
17:00 – 17:30
17:30 – 18:30
Parallel Session 12: Socio-economy (Hall B)
Chairman: Mr. Picheat Prommoon
Director, Rubber Research Institute of Thailand
Vice-Chairman, International Rubber Research & Development Board
Effect of Planting Density on Yield and Timber Production of
Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)
Tran Thanh and Le Mau Tuy
When to Replace Rubber Plantation in Nigeria
Mesike, C.S. and Okoh, R.N
Resource Productivity and Efficiency of Rubber Smallholders
Mesike C.S and Esekhade T.U
Possibility for ASEAN to Establish Partnership in Natural Rubber
(NR) Development
Suthee Intraskul and Buncha Somboonsuk
Defining the Formulation of Tapping Opening Under the Current
Economic Conditions
ImanSatra Nugraha, Aprizal Alamsyah, Sigit Ismawanto and AndiNur
Cahyo
Socio-economic Conditions as Affected by Fall of Natural Rubber
Price: Case Study in South Sumatra
Lina Fatayati Syarifa, Dwi Shinta Agustina, Cicilia Nancy and
Muhammad Supriadi
Roles of Agricultural Institutes for Resolving the Crisis of Rubber
Price in the South of Thailand
Orn-anong Luanruk, Buncha Somboonsuk and Prawut Wettayaprasit
Attributes of Rubber Nurseries and Its Influence on the Income of
Nursery Operators In Region XII
Lorna G. Valdez
Potential of Increasing the Planting Density of Rubber in Sri Lanka
T.U.K. Silva and V.H.L. Rodrigo
Effects of Clone, Planting Density and Fertilizer Application on
Growth and Wood Production during 7 Years-old of Rubber Tree
Krissada Sangsing
Level of Tapper Welfare and Tapper Availability in Indonesia
Rubber Enterprises
Iif Rahamat Fauzi, Erwin Pane, Abdul Rahman, Tumpal H. S. Siregar
Discussion
Coffee break
Panel Session
“Research & Development in the Rubber Low-price Circumstance”
Chairman: Datuk Dr. Abdul Aziz bin S.A. Kadir
Secretary General, International Rubber Research & Development
Board
9
Panel members: Mr. Phan Thanh Dung, Dr. James Jacob, Dr. W.
M. G. Seneviratne, Prof. Dr. Zhou Jiannan, Mr. Picheat Promoon,
Dr. Ir Karyudi
Closing Ceremony
Concluding remarks
-Datuk Dr. Abdul Aziz bin S. A. Kadir, Secretary General,
International Rubber Research and Development Board
Closing address
-Mr. Phan Thanh Dung, Director, Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam
November 4, 2015
8:00-16:30
Field Visit (Phuoc Hoa Rubber Company and Rubber Research
Institute of Vietnam)
November 5, 2015
8:30-16:30
Meeting of the IRRDB Committee of Directors and Chief
Executives
November 6, 2015
8:30-16:30
Meeting of the Board
10