APUSH Period 6
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APUSH Period 6 1865-1898 Key Concept 6.1, I: Urbanization and Industrialization brought rapid changes to all aspects of life Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity. I. Large-scale production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies — fueled the development of a “Gilded Age” marked by an emphasis on consumption, marketing, and business consolidation. Period 6 Big Ideas United States transformed from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society Economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural changes were rapid Going Industrial… After Civil War, rapid change from agricultural society to an industrial one Natural Resources and inventions were key Black Gold Oil – wide use by 1840s – kerosene and later gasoline Coal – another important fuel used in industry Both made industry possible Steel Steel – stronger, lighter, & better than iron Iron turned into steel in Bessemer Process Steel – allowed for railroads, skyscrapers Industrialization – impossible without steel Inventions and Machines Edison’s light bulb & electricity increased = more factories Production moved - home to factory Mass-production took off – sheer size of the American market 1890 Railroads Age of Railroads Railroads made local transit reliable & increased westward expansion gov’t made land grants & loans to railroads 1865 – 35,000 miles of track; 1900 – 192,000 miles of track National Network of Rails 1862 – Congress commissioned Union Pacific Railroad to make first transcontinental railroad – bolster the Union Company granted 20 square miles of land for each mile of track May 10, 1869 – Central Pacific and Union Pacific meet in Utah – first Transcontinental Railroad High death toll – Chinese & Irish immigrant labor Four more Transcontinentals by century’s end The Rails Transform the country Over-optimism of rail builders “from nowhere to nothing” – frequent bankruptcies Cornelius Vanderbilt – consolidation Revolutionized transport of goods, connectivity, migration Growth of Rail-related industry Iron, Coal, Steel, lumber, and glass industries all grew in the last third of the 1800s Rail towns grew – trade/interdependence Railroad Time 1883 – US adopted 4 standard time zones, came from need to keep rail schedules straight Industrialization makes millionaires Andrew Carnegie – Carnegie Steel Cornelius Vanderbilt – railroads John D. Rockefeller - Standard Oil J.P. Morgan – investor, railroads, U.S. Steel Fewer Control More Businessmen bought out other companies and merged – Monopolies - late 1800s, early 1900s Monopoly – 1 company controls entire industry How to make a monopoly Vertical Integration – buy up all your suppliers Horizontal Integration – buy up your competitors or merge with them How to be a Robber Baron Drive out competitors Create monopoly Raise prices (without competition it’s easy!) Pay low wages Keep profits Make donations to make yourself look good **Social Darwinism – idea that best get rewarded Key Concept 6.1 I, II – Industrialization brought rapid changes to all aspects of life; this change did not come without issues Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity. I. Large-scale production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies — fueled the development of a “Gilded Age” marked by an emphasis on consumption, marketing, and business consolidation. II. As leaders of big business and their allies in government aimed to create a unified industrialized nation, they were challenged in different ways by demographic issues, regional differences, and labor movements. 1899 Wages - FYI Average Man - $498 a year Average Woman - $267 a year Andrew Carnegie - $23,000,000 a year Grange Farmers’ Organization vs. Rails – ordinary people fight back “Grangers” – pleaded for gov’t regulation of rails “Granger Laws”- laws that set max freight and passenger price rates (1867) Munn vs. Illinois – Supreme Court upheld Granger laws (1877) Abuse of Labor and Corruption Widespread abuses, poor conditions, terrible wages, absurd working hours, few protections, corrupt business practices Conditions - Why Labor fought Common 72 hour workweek Filthy conditions Dying on the job Low wages Child Labor Uncommon Sick leave Vacation pay Unemployment pay Injury pay Labor Unions Emerge As businesses consolidated, labor fought back against poor conditions and low wages Minimum wage – early demand Labor Union Movement Began with Craft Unions – for skilled workers American Federation of Labor (AFL) – founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886 AFL – continues to be one of largest US unions Tactics of Labor Unions collective bargaining – labor and management negotiate Strike – organized work stoppage General Strike – workers across multiple industries strike, creates economic chaos Sit-Down Strike – take control of jobsite Boycott – organized refusal to buy a product or service from a certain company Sabotage – destroy workplace!! Focus of AFL and Gompers Primarily collective bargaining 1890 – average wage $17.50 a week, average workweek 54.5 hours 1915 - average wage $24 a week, average workweek – 49 hours Labor Union Movement (cont.) Industrial Unions – labor unions for all (skilled and unskilled) Eugene Debs -American Railway Union - Pullman Strike Big Bill Haywood and the IWW (Wobblies) Highlights - Setbacks of Industrial Unions Industrial Unions – focused on direct action (strikes, boycotts etc.) Great Strike of 1877 – gov’t stopped major rail strike with troops – strike had started as result of poor conditions, wage cuts (aftermath of Panic of 1873), disenfranchisement of voters in ’76 election Saint Louis General Strike of 1877 – offshoot of Great Strike – probably nation’s first general strike – also put down Haymarket Riot -1886- police killed at labor rally for 8 hour day – public then turned against labor 1892 highlights – unity shows strength 1892 New Orleans General Strike – black and white workers stayed united – got most demands met – 10 hour work day, overtime pay 1892 Homestead Steel Strike – battle of locked out workers vs. Pinkerton detective agency, state militia – hired Carnegie Steel Panic of 1893 & Rail Consolidation Panic of 1893 – caused by overbuilding and poor financing of railroads – followed by bank failures and run on gold supply worst economic depression up to that point in time; 3-4 million lost jobs, 600 Banks,15,000 business fail Sherman Act - 1890 1. Find an excerpt of the text that could be used against monopolies or trusts – Explain how it would be used against them. 2. Find an excerpt of the text that could be used against labor unions – explain how it could be used against them Pullman Strike Pullman Strike - 1894 –workers went on strike at George Pullman’s factory town - protest of wage cuts after Panic of 1893, Pullman’s dominance of life - stopped by troops Gospel of Wealth - 1889 Carnegie – Business leaders needed to be responsible with wealth – use for greater good Pullman, Illinois Still – Labor Unions Grew By 1904, the American Federation of Labor had over 1.7 million members Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Set up commission to regulate interstate commerce, req’d railroads to publish rates to the public; forbade discrimination against short-haul shippers Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) Made it illegal to form monopolies or “trusts” that interfered with free trade Law was too weak to be effective Punishments not severe enough Rail Consolidation Opportunists consolidated rails after Panic of 1893 1900 – 2/3 of rails controlled by 7 companies Sherman Anti-trust act – relatively powerless Key Concept 6.1, III: The chaos and instability of change bred conflict Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity. III: Westward migration, new systems of farming and transportation, and economic instability led to political and popular conflicts. Panic of 1873 Overbuilding of railroads and overexpansion of agriculture and industry during Reconstruction blows up Profits don’t materialize, loans go unpaid, credit-based economy collapses Post-war boom falls apart Monetary Policy (policy on money supply) 1868 – Treasury had begun withdrawing paper currency – deflation! – debtors had wanted more money printed 1875 – Resumption Act – pledged further withdrawal of paper money, redemption of paper money for gold beginning 1879 Debtors than clamored for more silver coin production – another scheme for inflation President Grant – policy of Contraction – gov’t began accumulating gold, withdrawing greenbacks – restored value A Gilded Age! Panic of 1893 Sherman Silver Purchase Act – 1890 – a response to farmers and debtors pleas for inflation – raised amount of silver gov’t was required to purchase Clamors for expansion of silver coinage hurt US’s credit – Europe began recalling loans Panic of 1893 – business collapses, bank runs, unemployment Repeal of the Sherman Silver Act Gov’t had to produce greenbacks for the silver it purchased Because of Resumption Act and Redemption, people would trade in the paper for gold – gov’t hemorrhaged gold Sherman Silver Act Repealed – 1893 J. P. Morgan – lent $65 million in gold to gov’t – 1895 – restored some confidence in nation’s treasury Key Concept 6.1 III, 6.2 I, - Massive change brought massive political issues Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity. III: Westward migration, new systems of farming and transportation, and economic instability led to political and popular conflicts. Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women. I. International and internal migrations increased both urban and rural populations, but gender, racial, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic inequalities abounded, inspiring some reformers to attempt to address these inequities. The Political Machine Late 1800s-early 1900s “Machine Politics” common in urban America/immigrant communities Political Machine – offered services to voters – expected votes in return Political Machine and “Bossism” Each Political machine had a boss Characteristics of a boss: Controlled access to city jobs Controlled vast sums of money; paid well Provided services to immigrants; got votes of naturalized citizen immigrants Government Jobs & Corruption Patronage jobs had been commonplace since Andrew Jackson’s spoils system Civil Service System – merit based system for government jobs Municipal Graft and Scandal Graft- use of political office for personal gain Bosses -added votes with fake names, dead voters Tweed Ring Scandal – NYC’s Boss Tweed built Courthouse for $11million – actual cost - $3m (1870s) Calls for Reform Presidents Rutherford Hayes and Chester A. Arthur pushed for a Civil Service System Pendleton Civil Service Act Pendleton Civil Service Act – 1883 – civil service exam for certain federal jobs By 1901 – over 40% of federal jobs =civil service Key Concept 6.1 III, 6.2 I, - Massive change brought massive political issues Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity. III: Westward migration, new systems of farming and transportation, and economic instability led to political and popular conflicts. Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women. I. International and internal migrations increased both urban and rural populations, but gender, racial, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic inequalities abounded, inspiring some reformers to attempt to address these inequities. Increased Mechanization of Farms Farms not untouched by new innovation and invention Mechanization of Agriculture America increasingly became world’s source of food (mechanization of agriculture combined with railroads) Farmers’ Problems Farm machines expensive – cost lots of money Machines = cost money = more output = lower prices = more debt for farmers + deflation Tariffs protected manufacturers; farmers had to sell on globally competitive market Railroads price gouged farmers Farmers Organize 1868 – Grange – 800,000 members by 1875 – some success in attacking rate discrimination Greenback Labor Party – offshoot of Grangers – proinflation and pro-labor – 1 million votes in 1878 midterm More organization? Farmers’ Alliance – late 1870s – over million members by 1890 Excluded blacks, landless farmers Populist Party – emerged out of Farmers’ alliance 1892 US Presidential Election – Populists nominate General James Weaver Attacked Wall Street Proposed nationalizing utilities and infrastructure (rails, telegraph etc) Graduated income tax Direct Election of Senators Free/unlimited coinage of silver – inflation 1892 results Populist party only does well in West – little appeal to industrial workers Ignored landless farmers, sharecroppers and farmworkers Excluded blacks 1896 Presidential Election Populists made appeals to workers in aftermath of Pullman strike Party began to fade, elements merged with Democrats in 1896 – Dem nominee – William Jennings Bryan – supporter of unlimited coinage of silver William McKinley – Republican nominee – from critical state of Ohio – author of McKinley Tariff Bill – (a high tariff) 1896 Presidential Election happenings Bryan and Democrats demanded silver valued at 1/16th the price of gold – would make a dollar worth 50 cents (Inflation – what debtors/farmers wanted) McKinley and Republicans got huge donations from big business Bryan ironically was outspent 16:1 1896 Presidential Election Aftermath Factory workers had little reason to vote for inflation – lived on fixed wages Victory for big business, big cities, financial conservatism After 1896 – voter turnouts would be lower – more concern with regulation and safety standards Gold Standard Act – 1900 – paper currency to be redeemed freely for gold How it got to that… 1872 Presidential “Election” U. S. Grant – being judged a better general than President “Liberal Republicans” revolt and back Horace Greeley – the editor of the New York Tribune Democrats backed Greeley – epic failure 1876 - Hayes Tilden Controversy Republicans agree to end reconstruction if Hayes (their nominee and the loser of the popular vote) gets seated 1880 – James A. Garfield Garfield nominated for Republicans in 1880 – Hayes seen as sellout and fraud Garfield quickly assassinated – his assassin asked those who benefitted politically for donations to his defense fund Chester A. Arthur (new pres.) pushed congress to pass Pendleton Civil Service Act 1884 – Grover Cleveland – first Dem in almost 30 years 1884 – Chester A. Arthur turned away by Republicans – Republicans nominate James Blaine Blaine’s corruption exposed during campaign – Blaine campaign lambasted Cleveland for an alleged love child with a widow Cleveland won but had to battle over high Republican Tariffs 1888 – Tariffs become an issue Cleveland wins popular vote but loses electoral Super high tariffs come in - McKinley Tariff of 1890 FARMERS CRY FOUL – they never get a break Key Concept 6.2 II: The transcontinental railroad and industrialization reshaped life for American Indians Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women. II. As transcontinental railroads were completed, bringing more settlers west, U.S. military actions, the destruction of the buffalo, the confinement of American Indians to reservations, and assimilationist policies reduced the number of American Indians and threatened native culture and identity. Treaties and Movements Fort Laramie Treaty – 1851 –beginnings of Reservations Fort Atkinson Treaty – 1853 – further established “boundaries” * Whites did not understand decentralized authority of tribes Series of treaties erodes Indian holdings 1834 – “Indian Territory” - Oklahoma By 1860s – Great Sioux Reservation Battles and Massacres Sand Creek Massacre (1864 – white on Indian) Fetterman Massacre (1866 – Sioux ambushed US Army), Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) Buffalo Soldiers (African-Americans) sent to police Indians Apache and Comanche in southwest – most difficult to subdue Plains Indians Buffalo herds decimated by railroad, overhunting Dawes Act and other death knells Dawes Act – 1887 – Indian heads of household given 160 acres, tribes broken up as legal entities – much more Indian land taken Dawes Act – tried to make rugged individualists out of collectivists Opening of Indian Territory – 1889 - Oklahoma Battle of Wounded Knee – 1890 – destruction of the Ghost Dance Cult Supplanting of Indian Cultures Takeover of Indian Lands – Mining Industry – Beef Bonanza – fueled by barbed wire, stockyards, refrigerator cars, Beef Barons Homestead Act (1862) and other land sales – allowed for expansion of agriculture into more arid climate By 1890 – frontier no longer existed National Parks Yellowstone 1872, Yosemite 1892 Wild West Shows Immigration greatly changed the face fo the country in the late 1800s. Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women. I. International and internal migrations increased both urban and rural populations, but gender, racial, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic inequalities abounded, inspiring some reformers to attempt to address these inequities. Immigration Boom Post Civil War – millions of immigrants arrive in US Changed CUL, ID of US Birds of Passage – immigrants who intended to return home – many ended up staying anyway Reasons for Immigration “Push” Factors – poverty, land loss, war, persecution, or lack of opportunities at home “Pull” Factors – higher wages, jobs, relative peace and tolerance in the US Survival in America Many immigrants lived in crowded ethnic neighborhoods – poor conditions – familiarity made survival easier Shift in European Immigration Late 1800s-shift in immigration patterns from Northern/Western Europe to Southern/Eastern; lesser extent Asia Conditions were improving in Northern/Western Europe Political chaos, poverty, persecution worsening in areas of “New immigration” Asian Immigration Chinese & Japanese immigrants came in smaller numbers to West Coast Chinese began – mid 1800s Japanese - Hawaii (1884) 1920 – 200,000 Japanese on West Coast Ellis Island and Angel Island Ellis Island –New York – Europeans 1 week voyage 1892-1924- 17 mil. Immigrants Angel Island – San Francisco – Asians Difficult tests, filthy conditions, long detentions after 3 week voyage across Pacific Economy of the South Sharecropping and tenant farming prevailed Tobacco manufacturing, cotton mills Calls for a “New” Industrial South – cheap southern labor – 1880s Rate discrimination in moving manufactured goods northward by northern run railroads Key Concept 6.3 II – society’s changes made various groups question the established social order Key Concept 6.3: The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social policies. II. New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age. Dire conditions of black Americans Civil Rights Act of 1875 - last feeble attempt of Radical Republicans to guarantee civil rights mostly considered unconstitutional – 1883 Civil Rights Cases – claimed 14th amendment only prohibited government violations of civil rights, not violations by individuals Society of Jim Crow Masters became landlords, black tenant farmers and sharecroppers often permanently indebted Jim Crow Laws – discriminatory laws imposed on blacks Literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, poll taxes Lynchings and other terror Plessy v. Ferguson – 1896 – declared “separate but equal” as legal under 14th amendment Homer Plessy Booker T. Washington Born a slave Tuskegee Institute – Alabama – an industrial training school Self-help approach, emphasized practical training, economic betterment of blacks Avoided going for full-scale equality W. E. B. DuBois Born in north Condemned Washington as an “Uncle Tom” – a sellout First black PhD from Harvard Demanded complete legal, social and economic equality for blacks …"Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" - Lazarus Nativist Backlash American Protective Association (1887) – anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic Immigration Restriction League (1894) – Northwestern Europeans= okay; distrust of Jewish, Catholic, Asian immigrants Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 - limited Chinese immigration for 10 years (few exceptions) 1892 – renewed for 10 years 1902 - renewed indefinitely –repealed -1943 Anti-Japanese Sentiments San Francisco made segregated schools for Japanese (1906) Gentlemen’s Agreement – Japan would limit emigration of unskilled laborers in exchange for desegregated schools in San Francisco Urban problems for all Poor conditions in late 1800s cities led to improvements: Building Mass codes transit Clean running water Sewage Police lines and trash pickup and Fire departments Settlement House Movement Social Gospel Movement – preached “salvation through service” Settlement Houses –(Jane Addams, Ellen Gates Star & Hull House) – services for poor/immigrants Run mostly by middle-class, white women Americanize! Americanization Movement –assimilate a wide range of cultures Sponsored Taught by gov. and concerned citizens English literacy, US history, social etiquette On Suffrage City housekeeping has failed partly because women, the traditional housekeepers, have not been consulted as to its multiform activities. The men have been carelessly indifferent to much of this civic housekeeping, as they have always been indifferent to the details of the household.…The very multifariousness and complexity of a city government demand the help of minds accustomed to detail and variety of work, to a sense of obligation for the health and welfare of young children and to a responsibility for the cleanliness and comfort of other people. – Jane Addams Women – late 1800s/Early 1900s Women paid less; assumed single Divide between middle & working-class women Less rights lead middle class women to take lead in fight for greater equality Opposition to Women’s Suffrage Liquor Industry Textile Industry General male hostility Voting Rights for women Call for voting rights – began in 1840s – Seneca Falls National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA)– 1890s Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton – whites only Women & Economics – Charlotte Perkins Gilman – women should enter public life 1893 – New Zealand became first country to grant women suffrage Early Suffragist Strategies Target States –(Wyoming Territory – 1869) Test “equal protection clause” of 14th amendment, 15th Amendment Push for constitutional amendment*** Winning Suffrage Movement spread from educated women to all classes – wide support – Carrie Chapman Catt Early 1900s – victories in Western States 1920 – 19th Amendment to US constitution – made women’s suffrage federal law NAWSA – became League of Women Voters Prohibiting Alcohol and Promoting Reform Women’s Christian Temperance Union – 1874 National Prohibition Party- 1869 Carrie Nation – saloon smasher Anti-Saloon League – 1893 – Criticisms of alcohol – it made families poor, husbands irresponsible Criticisms of temperance – a middle class assault on working-class lifestyles 18th Amendment – 1919 – national alcohol prohibition – after many states and counties had become “dry” Key Concept 6.3 II: Great change had great effect on ways of thinking and senses of self Key Concept 6.3: The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social policies II: New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age. Edward Bellamy – Looking Backward Looking Backward – Edward Bellamy- written 1888 – fictionalized year 2000 – socialistic themes – envisioned a better future free of bad trusts; nationalization of industries Progress & Poverty - Henry George – 1879 – proposed 100% tax on income earned from land speculation Pragmatists Pragmatism – saw value in ideas that solved problems – evolved from foundations of Metaphysical Club – 1872 Boston John Dewey – laboratory school – U. Chicago – learning by doing Oliver Wendell Holmes – SCOTUS judge – dissents – defended free speech at all costs Literature – Postwar writing Focused on harsh realities Mark Twain – coined term “gilded age” in Gilded Age - Stephen Crane – Maggie, Girl of the Streets Jack London – Call of the Wild New Morality Comstock Laws – laws on sexual obscenity – America’s Puritan roots Divorce rate increases, delayed marriage ages, changing values Free Love Movement – Victoria Woodhull Institutional Changes Morrill Act - 1862 – land-grant colleges – bound selves to provide services like military training, benefitted from gov’t funding Hatch Act - 1887 – federal funds for experiment stations at land-grant colleges Black Colleges, Women’s Colleges, New Colleges Refinement of the Ivy League – focused on secular educational missions
