Cardiovascular
System
By Meghan Hillis, Gretchen Stolte, Kathleen Burks
Period 5
FUNctions
Heart: Pumps and
delivers blood through the
body
Blood:
●
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●
Delivers nutrients and
oxygen to the body
Carries waste and
hormones
Maintains homeostasis
http://www.cea1.com/anatomy-sistems/human-heart-diagram/
FUNctions
Vessels:
● Arteries and Arterioles
- Carries oxygenated
blood away from the
heart and distributes it
throughout the body
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Artery.svg/275px-Artery.svg.png
FUNctions
Vessels:
● Veins and VenulesCarries deoxygenated
blood back to the heart.
It also carries waste
away from the cells.
http://m.everythingscience.co.za/lifesciences/grade-10/07-transport-systems-inanimals/images/89578f5caf2769cfce331380b14ad96f.jpg
Major Parts of the System
https://www.smm.org/heart/
lessons/gifs/heartDiagram.gif
Atria and Ventricles
Atria:
● Upper Chambers of
Heart
● Thin Walls
● Receive blood returning
to the heart
● Have auricles - ear like
projections extending
anteriorly from the atria
Ventricles:
● Lower Chambers of the
Heart
● Receive blood from
atria
● Contract to push blood
out of the heart into the
arteries
*Right side has thinner walls
Septum
● Solid and wall-like
● Separates the left atria
and ventricle from the
right
● Because of septum,
deoxygenated blood
and oxygen rich blood
will never mix
http://dellchildrens.kramesonline.com/HealthSheets/104527.img
Atrioventricular Valve (A-V Valve)
● Tricuspid Valve:
-has 3 cusps
- lies between right atrium
and right ventricle
- Prevents backflow into
atrium
-Has Chordae Tendineaeoriginate from papillary
muscles and prevents valve
from swinging into atrium
● Mitral Valve:
- lies between the left atrium
and left ventricle
- Shaped like a miter
- Also called Bicuspid Valve
- Prevents backflow into
atrium
- Also contains Chordae
Tendineae
Semilunar Valves
● Pulmonary Valve:
● Aortic Valve:
- lies between right ventricle
and pulmonary trunk leading
to lungs
- At the base of the aorta, an
artery leading to the rest of
the body
- Has 3 cusps
- Has 3 cusps
- Prevents backflow into
ventricle
- Pulmonary trunk divides
into pulmonary veins which
lead to lungs
- Allows blood into aorta and
not back into the left ventricle
*Both named for their half-moon
shapes of their cusps
Coverings of the Heart
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Wall of the Heart
● Myocardium:
- Cardiac Muscle Tissue that
pumps blood out of the heart
chamber
- Muscle fibers are separated
into planes, separated by
connective tissue
- Connective tissue is supplied
with amply blood and lymph
capillaries, and nerve fibers
● Endocardium:
- Epithelium and Connective
tissue that has many elastic
and collagenous fibers
- Contains blood vessels and
Purkinje Fibers
- Continuous with the inner
linings of blood vessels
attached to the heart
Wall of the Heart
http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/
AP/imagesAP2/heart/heartwall.gif
http://www.tooloop.com/picture-of-diagram-of-the-human-body-withveins-and-arteries/
Arteries
● Carries
oxygenated blood
to body cells
● Has thick walls
● A smaller branch of
the artery is an
arteriole which
leads to a capillary
http://www.stiffarteries.com/resources/artery-vein-diagram_edited.JPG?
timestamp=1319089146432
Coronary Arteries
● First two branches of the
aorta
● Supplies blood to the tissues
of the heart
● Openings lie just beyond the
aortic valve
● Myocardial cells needs
oxygenated blood to keep
the heart pumping
● Coronary Arteries supply
blood to the capillaries of the
Myocardium
http://www.edoctoronline.com/media/19/photos_245A975B-66AD-4F7E-86D8-82D3CA7D0120.
jpg
Capillaries
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Venules
● Are the
microscopic
vessels that
continue from
capillaries and
form veins
http://customers.hbci.com/~wenonah/riddick/ridd176.jpg
Veins
● Carries
deoxygenated
blood back to the
heart
● Has thin walls
● Valves prevent
backflow of blood
http://annablogia.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/vein-diagram.jpg
Cardiac Veins and Coronary Sinus
● Branches of the veins
parallel the coronary arteries
● Drains the blood that has
passed from the myocardial
capillaries
● Veins join an enlarged vein
on the heart’s posterior
surface, the Coronary Sinus
● Coronary Sinus empties into
the right atrium
http://o.quizlet.com/U4T4-PYz0XZuJF5uKXCWCw_m.png
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Pathway of Blood in the Heart
1.
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava 9.
Left Atrium
2.
Right Atrium
10. Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
3.
Tricuspid Valve
11. Left Ventricle
12. Aortic Valve
4.
Right Ventricle
5.
Pulmonary Valve
6.
Pulmonary Arteries
15. Goes to Veins
7.
Lungs
16. Back to Vena Cava
8.
Pulmonary Veins
13. Aorta
14. Distributed through Arteries
Pulmonary vs Systemic Circulations
http://fce-studymode.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/883783/524576_m.jpg
Heart Sounds
●
●
●
●
●
Sounds come from the closing
of the valves of the heart
First Sound = Lubb
The Lubb sounds during
ventricular contraction when the
A-V Valves close
Second Sound = Dupp
The Dupp sounds during
ventricular relaxation when the
Semilunar Valves close
http://heart-symptoms.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Normalheart-sounds.jpg
Components of Blood
Fun Facts:
- Slightly heavier than water
- 3 or 4 times more viscous than
water
Components:
-Red Blood Cells
-White Blood Cells
-Blood Platelets
-Blood Plasma
-Gases and Nutrients
http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/images/red-blood-cells.jpg
Components of Blood
http://images.wisegeek.com/diagram-of-blood-composition.jpg
Red Blood Cells
● Also called
erythrocytes
● Biconcave discs - this
shape allows the cell
membrane to be closer
to the oxygen-carrying
Hemoglobin
● Transports Oxygen and
Carbon Dioxide
http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/images/blood%
20cells/RBC.jpg
White Blood Cells
● Also called Leukocytes
● Protect against disease
- destroys pathogenic
microorganisms and
parasites
● Removes worn cells
● 5 types: Granulocytes,
Agranulocytes,
Neutrophils,
Eosinophils, Basophils
http://image.wistatutor.com/content/feed/u1330/leukocytes%20.gif
Blood Platelets
● Also known as
thrombocytes
● Helps control blood loss
from broken vessels by
closing breaks in damaged
blood cells and initiating the
formation of blood clots
● Arise from large cells in red
bone marrow called
megakaryocytes
http://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg
Blood Plasma
● Clear straw Colored liquid
protein of the blood in
which the cells and
platelets are suspended
● 92% water
● Functions: Transporting
nutrients, gases and
vitamins; Helps regulate
fluid and electrolytes;
Maintaining a favorable
pH
Gases and Nutrients
Gases:
●
●
Most important gases are
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Blood also contains dissolved
Nitrogen
Nutrients:
●
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Include amino acids, simple
sugars, nucleotides, and lipids
Plasma Lipids include fats,
phospholipids, and
cholesterol
Lipoproteins
●
●
Plasma lipids combine with proteins to
make lipoprotein complexes
4 types of Lipoproteins:
-Chylomicron: transports dietary fats to
muscle and adipose cells
-Very low-density Lipoproteins (VLDL):
transports triglycerides from the liver to
adipose cells
-Low-density Lipoproteins (LDL): Delivers
cholesterol to various cells including
liver cells
-High-density Lipoproteins (HDL):
Transports to the liver remnants of
Chylomicrons that has given up their
triglycerides
http://people.csail.mit.edu/seneff/IDL_LDL_HDL.gif
Blood Types
ABO Blood Group:
●
●
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Antigens: Red blood cell
surface molecules (also called
agglutinogens) and react with
protein antibodies (agglutinins)
Antibody: a protein that B cells
of the immune system produce
in response to the presence of a
nonself antigen
Blood is grouped according to
the presence or absence of
antigens A and B
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Blood Transfusions
● The major concern in blood
transfusion procedures is that
the cells in the donated blood
do not clump due to
antibodies in the recipients
plasma
● An antibody of one type will
react with an antigen of the
same type and clump red
blood cells therefore such
combinations must be
avoided
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The Rh Factor
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The Rh Factor are antigens, the
most important of these is
antigen D
If any of the Rh antigens are
present on red blood cell
membranes = Rh Positive
If there are not any Rh antigens
= Rh Negative
Rh antibodies only appear due
to a special stimulation
Rh is what determines the
negative or positive aspect of
blood : AB- or AB+
http://waynesword.
palomar.
edu/images/blood1.gif
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/blood1.
gif
The Rh Factor
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Diseases
Heart Diseases:
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●
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Atherosclerosis: arterial
disease; deposits of fatty
materials (cholesterol) form
within and on the walls of the
heart
Pericarditis: inflammation of
the pericardium because of a
bacterial infection
MVP (Mitral Valve Prolapse):
cusps of mitral valve stretch and
bulge in left atrium during
ventricular contraction
http://www.omnimedicalsearch.com/conditionsdiseases/images/atherosclerosis-plaque1.jpg
Diseases
Blood Diseases:
●
Sickle Cell Disease: a single
DNA base change causes an
incorrect amino acid to be
incorporated into globin, causing
hemoglobin to crystallize in a
low oxygen environment and
blends red blood cells with
hemoglobin in a sickle shape
which blocks circulation in a
small blood vessels
http://www.sicklecellanaemia.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/03/adenosine.gif
Diseases
Blood Diseases:
● Leukemia: cancer of
the white blood cells;
too few red blood cells
and platelets and too
many white blood cells
● Hemophilia: clotting
disorder causing
uncontrollable bleeding
http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/images/pictures/health/leukemiasymptoms.jpg