AP Chemistry Summer 2007 Instructor: Judith S. Nuño apnuno@gmail.com http://www.jdenuno.com/APChemistry/APChem.htm Text: Thinkwell Chemistry http://www.thinkwell.com/ Supplemental Text Chemistry, the Central Science, 8 th , 9 th , or 10 th edition, Brown, Lemay, and Bursten http://www.aw­bc.com/campbell/ Course Description: The AP Chemistry course covers selected topics typically found in a first­year college chemistry course and provides an opportunity for students to develop a conceptual framework for chemistry, an appreciation of science as a process, and an ability to explain, discuss, and integrate chemistry concepts. Topics include relationships in the periodic table, structure of matter, atomic theory and structure, chemical bonding, states of matter and solutions, types of reactions and equations, stoichiometry, equilibrium, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and basics of organic chemistry using lecture, discussion, and lab activities. The course emphasizes chemical calculations and the mathematical formulation of chemical principles and includes a laboratory component that allows for the development of both practical and scientific reasoning skills. The objectives of the course correspond with those included in the College Board’s Advanced Placement (AP) Chemistry course description. The course meets online for 30 weeks, and students are expected to spend 6—8 hours per week working with class materials, participating on the class discussion board, interacting with the teacher and classmates, and performing lab activities. Class time consists of a combination of video lectures, discussion, homework assignments, and lab activities. Labs take up approximately 25 percent of instructional time and students are expected to spend an average of 2—3 hours per week on hands­ on and virtual labs during the course. Students collaborate with each other during the labs and communicate questions about the procedures and their results via the discussion board and email. Students communicate their findings in formal lab reports. Assessment consists of multiple choice tests and free response writing assignments, homework assignments, and formal lab reports. Students use Smart Science Labs and other online sites for virtual labs. Course Overview Unit Intro 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chapters Diagnostic Test Lab Safety Quiz Chapter 1: An Introduction to Matter and Measurement Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Chapter 3: Stoichiometry Chapter 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Chapter 5: Gases Chapter 6: Thermochemistry Chapter 7: Modern Atomic Theory Chapter 8: Electron Configurations and Periodicity Chapter 9: Chemical Bonding: Fundamental Concepts Chapter 10: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theory Chapter 11: Oxidation­Reduction Reactions Chapter 12: Condensed Phases: Liquids and Solids Chapter 13: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium Chapter 16: Acids and Bases Chapter 17: Equilibrium in Aqueous Solution Chapter 18: Thermodynamics Chapter 19: Electrochemistry Chapter 20: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 21: Metals Chapter 22: Non­Metals Chapter 23: Instructional Laboratory Demonstrations Final Exam August 31
AP Chemistry Syllabus
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Tests June 13 June 22 July 6 July 20 July 27 Aug 10 Aug 17 Aug 24 Summer 2007 Course Schedule by Week Unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chapters Diagnostic Exam The Diagnostic Exam is not graded. Lab Safety Demonstration Introduction to AP Chemistry Labs: Volume and Density Graphs Chapter 1: An Introduction to Matter and Measurement Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Chapter 3: Stoichiometry Introduction to AP Chemistry Labs: Random and Systematic Errors Unit 1 Exam : Chapters 1, 2, and 3 Chapter 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Lab 1: Empirical Formula of Metal Chlorides Chapter 5: Gases Chapter 6: Thermochemistry Lab 2: Hydrate Analysis Procedure and Analysis of Hydrates Unit 2 Exam : Chapters 4, 5, and 6 Chapter 7: Modern Atomic Theory Chapter 8: Electron Configurations and Periodicity Lab 5: Molar Volume of a Gas Chapter 9: Chemical Bonding: Fundamental Concepts Chapter 10: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theory Lab 18: Chromatography Unit 3 Exam: Chapters 7, 8, 9, and 10 Chapter 11: Oxidation­Reduction Reactions Chapter 12: Condensed Phases: Liquids and Solids Chapter 13: Physical Properties of Solutions Lab 4: Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression Unit 4 Exam: Chapters 11, 12, and 13 Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium Chapter 16: Acids and Bases Lab 12: Reaction Rates /Order of Reaction: Crystal Violet Bleaching or Iron­Tin Rx Chapter 17: Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions Titration Tutorial Lab 11: Acid—Base Indicators and pH Unit 5 Exam: Chapters 14, 15, 16, and 17 Chapter 18: Thermodynamics Chapter 19: Electrochemistry Chapter 20: Nuclear Chemistry Lab 20: Electrochemical Series Unit 6 Exam: Chapters 18,19, and 20 Chapter 21: Metals Chapter 22: Non­Metals Chapter 23: Instructional Laboratory Demonstrations Optional Lab (extra credit) Unit 7 Exam: Chapters 21, 22, and 23 Review for Final Exam Finish all work! Final Exam AP Chemistry Syllabus
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Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Summer 2007 Course Topics by Week Topics Diagnostic Test The Diagnostic Exam is not graded. Lab Safety Quiz Introduction to AP Chemistry Labs 1.1 An Introduction to Chemistry and the Scientific Method 1.1.1 An Introduction to Chemistry 1.1.2 The Scientific Method 1.2 Properties of Matter 1.2.1 States of Matter 1.2.2 A Word About Laboratory Safety 1.2.3 CIA Demonstration: Differences in Density Due to Temperature 1.2.4 Properties of Matter 1.3 Scientific Measurement 1.3.1 The Measurement of Matter 1.3.2 Precision and Accuracy 1.3.3 CIA Demonstration: Precision and Accuracy with Glassware 1.3.4 Significant Figures 1.3.5 Dimensional Analysis 1.4 Mathematics of Chemistry 1.4.1 Scientific (Exponential) Notation 1.4.2 Common Mathematical Functions 2.1 Early Atomic Theory 2.1.1 Early Discoveries and the Atom 2.1.2 Understanding Electrons 2.1.2 Understanding the Nucleus 2.2 Atomic Structure 2.2.1 Mass Spectrometry: Determining Atomic Masses 2.2.2 Examining Atomic Structure 2.2.3 CIA Demonstration: Flame Colors Week 1 2
2.3 The Periodic Table 2.3.1 Creating the Periodic Table 2.4 Chemical Nomenclature 2.4.1 Describing Chemical Formulas 2.4.2 Naming Chemical Compounds 2.4.3 Organic Nomenclature 3.1 Chemical Equations 3.1.1 An Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Equations 3.1.2 CIA Demonstration: Magnesium and Dry Ice 3.1.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 3.2 The Mole 3.2.1 The Mole and Avogadro's Number 3.2.2 Introducing Conversions of Masses, Moles, and Number of Particles 3.3 Solving Problems Involving Mass/Mole Relationships 3.3.1 Finding Empirical and Molecular Formulas 3.3.2 Stoichiometry and Chemical Equations 3.3.3 Finding Limiting Reagents 3.3.4 CIA Demonstration: Self­Inflating Hydrogen Balloons 3.3.5 Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield 3.3.6 A Problem Using the Combined Concepts of Stoichiometry Unit 1 Exam: Chapters 1, 2, and 3 AP Chemistry Syllabus
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Summer 2007 Topics 4.1 An Introduction to Solutions 4.1.1 Properties of Solutions 4.1.2 CIA Demonstration: The Electric Pickle 4.1.3 Concentrations of Solutions 4.1.4 Factors Determining Solubility 4.2 Reactions Involving Solutions 4.2.1 Precipitation Reactions 4.2.2 Acid­Base Reactions 4.2.3 Oxidation­Reduction Reactions 4.3 Stoichiometry Problems in Solutions 4.3.1 Acid­Base Titrations 4.3.2 Solving Titration Problems 4.3.3 Gravimetric Analysis 5.1 Gases and Gas Laws 5.1.1 Properties of Gases 5.1.2 Boyle's Law 5.1.3 Charles's Law 5.1.4 The Combined Gas Law 5.1.5 Avogadro's Law 5.1.6 CIA Demonstration: The Potato Cannon 5.2 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic­Molecular Theory of Gases 5.2.1 The Ideal Gas Law 5.2.2 Partial Pressure and Dalton's Law 5.2.3 Applications of the Gas Laws 5.2.4 The Kinetic­Molecular Theory of Gases 5.2.5 CIA Demonstration: The Ammonia Fountain 5.3 Molecular Motion of Gases 5.3.1 Molecular Speeds 5.3.2 Effusion and Diffusion 5.4 Behavior of Real Gases 5.4.1 Comparing Real and Ideal Gases 6.1 An Introduction to Energy 6.1.1 The Nature of Energy 6.1.2 Energy, Calories, and Nutrition 6.1.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 6.1.4 Work 6.1.5 Heat 6.1.6 CIA Demonstration: Cool Fire 6.2 Enthalpy 6.2.1 Heats of Reaction: Enthalpy 6.2.2 CIA Demonstration: The Thermite Reaction 6.3 Calorimetry 6.3.1 Constant Pressure Calorimetry 6.3.2 Bomb Calorimetry (Constant Volume) 6.4 Hess's Law and Enthalpies of Formation 6.4.1 Hess's Law 6.4.2 Enthalpies of Formation Week 3 4
Unit 2 Exam: Chapters 4, 5, and 6 AP Chemistry Syllabus
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Summer 2007 Topics 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation and the Idea of Quantum 7.1.1 The Wave Nature of Light 7.1.2 Absorption and Emission 7.1.3 CIA Demonstration: Luminol 7.1.4 The Ultraviolet Catastrophe 7.1.5 The Photoelectric Effect 7.1.6 The Bohr Model 7.1.7 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 7.2 Quantum Mechanics 7.2.1 The Wave Nature of Matter 7.2.2 Radial Solutions to the Schrödinger Equation 7.2.3 Angular Solutions to the Schrödinger Equation 7.3 Atomic Orbitals 7.3.1 Atomic Orbital Size 7.3.2 Atomic Orbital Shapes and Quantum Numbers 7.3.3 Atomic Orbital Energy 8.1 Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle 8.1.1 Understanding Electron Spin 8.1.2 Electron Shielding 8.1.3 Electron Configurations through Neon 8.1.4 Electron Configurations beyond Neon 8.1.5 Periodic Relationships 8.2 Periodicity 8.2.1 Periods and Atomic Size 8.2.2 Ionization Energy 8.2.3 Electron Affinity 8.2.4 An Introduction to Electronegativity 8.3 Group Trends 8.3.1 Hydrogen, Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earth Metals 8.3.2 Transition Metals and Nonmetals 9.1 Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonding 9.1.1 Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonding 9.1.2 Ionic Bonds 9.1.3 CIA Demonstration: Conductivity Apparatus—Ionic vv Covalent Bonds 9.2 Lewis Dot Structures 9.2.1 Lewis Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds 9.2.2 Predicting Lewis Dot Structures 9.3 Resonance Structures and Formal Charge 9.3.1 Resonance Structures 9.3.2 Formal Charge 9.3.3 Electronegativity, Formal Charge, and Resonance 9.4 Bond Properties 9.4.1 Bond Properties 9.4.2 Using Bond Dissociation Energies 10.1 Molecular Geometry and the VSEPR Theory 10.1.1 Valence­Shell Electron­Pair Repulsion Theory 10.1.2 Molecular Shapes for Steric Numbers 2­4 10.1.3 Molecular Shapes for Steric Numbers 5 & 6 10.1.4 Predicting Molecular Characteristics Using VSEPR Theory 10.2 Valence Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory 10.2.1 Valence Bond Theory 10.2.2 An Introduction to Hybrid Orbitals 10.2.3 Pi Bonds 10.2.4 Molecular Orbital Theory 10.2.5 Applications of the Molecular Orbital Theory 10.2.6 Beyond Homonuclear Diatomics 10.2.7 CIA Demonstration: The Paramagnetism of Oxygen Week 5 6
Unit 3 Exam: Chapters 7, 8, 9, and 10 AP Chemistry Syllabus
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Summer 2007 Topics 11.1 Looking In­Depth at Redox Reactions 11.1.1 Oxidation Numbers 11.1.2 Balancing Redox Reactions by the Oxidation Number Method 11.1.3 Balancing Redox Reactions Using the Half­Reaction Method 11.1.4 The Activity Series of the Elements 11.1.5 CIA Demonstration: The Reaction between Al and Br2 12.1 Intermolecular Forces 12.1.1 An Introduction to Intermolecular Forces and States of Matter 12.1.2 Intermolecular Forces 12.2 Physical Properties of Liquids 12.2.1 Properties of Liquids 12.2.2 CIA Demonstration: Boiling Water at Reduced Pressure 12.2.3 Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point 12.2.4 Molecular Structure and Boiling Point 12.2.5 Phase Diagrams 12.2.6 CIA Demonstration: Boiling Water in a Paper Cup 12.3 Solid State: Structure and Bonding 12.3.1 Types of Solids 12.3.2 CIA Demonstration: The Conductivity of Molten Salts 12.3.3 Crystal Structure 12.3.4 Calculating Atomic Mass and Radius from a Unit Cell 12.3.5 Crystal Packing 13.1 Characterizing Solutions 13.1.1 Types of Solutions 13.1.2 Molarity and the Mole Fraction 13.1.3 Molality 13.1.4 Energy and the Solution Process 13.2 Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility 13.2.1 Temperature Change and Solubility 13.2.2 Extractions 13.2.3 Pressure Change and Solubility 13.3 Colligative Properties 13.3.1 Vapor Pressure Lowering 13.3.2 Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression 13.3.3 Boiling Point Elevation Problem 13.3.4 Osmosis 13.3.5 Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions Week 7
Unit 4 Exam: Chapters 11, 12, and 13 AP Chemistry Syllabus
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Summer 2007 Topics Week 14.1 Reaction Rates 14.1.1 An Introduction to Reaction Rates 14.1.2 Rate Laws: How the Reaction Rate Depends on Concentration 14.1.3 Determining the Form of a Rate Law 14.2 Orders of Reaction 14.2.1 First­Order Reactions 14.2.2 Second­Order Reactions 14.2.3 A Kinetics Problem 14.3 Temperature and Rates 14.3.1 The Collision Model 14.3.2 The Arrhenius Equation 14.3.3 Using the Arrhenius Equation 14.4 Reaction Mechanisms 14.4.1 Defining the Molecularity of a Reaction 14.4.2 Determining the Rate Laws of Elementary Reactions 14.4.3 Calculating the Rate Laws of Multistep Reactions 14.4.4 Steady State Kinetics 14.5 Catalysts 14.5.1 Catalysts and Types of Catalysts 14.5.2 A Word About Laboratory Safety 14.5.3 CIA Demonstration: Elephant Snot 14.5.4 CIA Demonstration: Cobalt(II)­Catalyzed Reaction: Potassium Sodium Tartrate 14.5.5 CIA Demonstration: The Copper­Catalyzed Decomposition of Acetone 15.1 Principles of Chemical Equilibrium 15.1.1 The Concept of Equilibrium 15.1.2 The Law of Mass Action and Types of Equilibrium 15.1.3 Converting Between Kc and Kp 15.2 Using Equilibrium Constants 15.2.1 Approaching Chemical Equilibrium 15.2.2 Predicting the Direction of a Reaction 15.2.3 Strategies for Solving Equilibrium Problems 15.2.4 Solving Problems Far from Equilibrium 15.2.5 An Equilibrium Problem Using the Quadratic Equation 15.3 Shifting Chemical Equilibrium 15.3.1 Le Châtelier's Principle 15.3.2 The Effect of Changing Amounts on Equilibrium 15.3.3 The Effect of Pressure and Volume on Equilibrium 15.3.4 The Effects of Temperature and Catalysts on Equilibrium 15.3.5 CIA Demonstration: NO2/N2O4 15.3.6 CIA Demonstration: Shifting the Equilibrium of FeSCN 2+ 16.1 Acid­Base Concepts 16.1.1 Arrhenius/Brønsted­Lowry Definitions of Acids and Bases 16.1.2 Hydronium, Hydroxide, and the pH Scale 16.2 Acid and Base Strengths 16.2.1 Strong Acids and Bases 16.2.2 CIA Demonstration: Natural Acid­Base Indicators 16.2.3 Weak Acids 16.2.4 Weak Bases 16.2.5 Lewis Acids and Bases 16.2.6 Trends in Acid and Base Strengths 8
AP Chemistry Syllabus
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Summer 2007 Topics 17.1 Reactions of Acids and Bases 17.1.1 Strong Acid­Strong Base and Weak Acid­Strong Base Reactions 17.1.2 Strong Acid­Weak Base and Weak Acid­Weak Base Reactions 17.1.3 The Common Ion Effect 17.2 Buffers 17.2.1 An Introduction to Buffers 17.2.2 CIA Demonstration: Buffers in Action 17.2.3 Acidic Buffers 17.2.4 Basic Buffers 17.2.5 The Henderson­Hasselbalch Equation 17.3 Acid­Base Titration 17.3.1 Strong Acid­Strong Base Titration 17.3.2 CIA Demonstration: Barium Hydroxide­Sulfuric Acid Titration 17.3.3 Weak Acid­Strong Base Titration 17.3.4 Polyprotic Acid­Strong Base Titration 17.3.5 Weak Base­Strong Acid Titration 17.3.6 Acid­Base Indicators 17.4 Solubility Equilibria 17.4.1 The Solubility Product Constant 17.4.2 CIA Demonstration: Silver Chloride and Ammonia 17.4.3 Solubility and the Common Ion Effect 17.4.4 Fractional Precipitation Week 9
Unit 5 Exam : Material from Chapters 14, 15, 16 and 17 AP Chemistry Syllabus
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Summer 2007 Topics 18.1 An Introduction to Thermodynamics 18.1.1 Spontaneous Processes 18.2 Entropy 18.2.1 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 18.2.2 Entropy and Temperature 18.3 Gibbs Free Energy and Free Energy Change 18.3.1 Gibbs Free Energy 18.3.2 Standard Free Energy Changes of Formation 18.4 Using Free Energy 18.4.1 Enthalpy and Entropy Contributions to K 18.4.2 The Temperature Dependence of K 18.4.3 Free Energy Away from Equilibrium 19.1 Principles of Electrochemistry 19.1.1 Reviewing Oxidation­Reduction Reactions 19.2 Galvanic Cells 19.2.1 Electrochemical Cells 19.2.2 Electromotive Force 19.2.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 19.2.4 Using Standard Reduction Potentials 19.2.5 The Nernst Equation 19.2.6 Electrochemical Determinants of Equilibria 19.3 Batteries 19.3.1 Batteries 19.3.2 CIA Demonstration: The Fruit­Powered Clock 19.4 Corrosion 19.4.1 Corrosion and the Prevention of Corrosion 19.5 Electrolysis and Electrolytic Cells 19.5.1 Electrolytic Cells 19.5.2 The Stoichiometry of Electrolysis 20.1 Radioactivity 20.1.1 The Nature of Radioactivity 20.1.2 The Stability of Atomic Nuclei 20.1.3 Binding Energy 20.2 Rates of Disintegration 20.2.1 Rates of Disintegration Reactions 20.2.2 Radiochemical Dating 20.3 Nuclear Fission and Fusion 20.3.1 Nuclear Fission 20.3.2 Nuclear Fusion 20.3.3 Applications of Nuclear Chemistry Week 10
Unit 6 Exam: Material from Chapters 18, 19, and 20 AP Chemistry Syllabus
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Summer 2007 Topics 21.1 An Introduction to Metals 21.1.1 Metallurgical Processes 21.1.2 Band theory of Conductivity 21.1.3 Intrinsic Semiconductors 21.1.4 Doped Semiconductors 21.2 Physical and Chemical Processes of Metals 21.2.1 The Alkali Metals 21.2.2 The Alkaline Earth Metals 21.2.3 Aluminum 21.2.4 CIA Demonstration: The Reaction between Al and Br2 22.1 An Introduction to Nonmetals and Hydrogen 22.1.1 General Properties of Nonmetals 22.1.2 Hydrogen 22.2 Group IV A: Carbon and Silicon 22.2.1 General Properties of Carbon 22.2.2 Silicon 22.3 Group V A : Nitrogen and Phosphorus 22.3.1 Nitrogen 22.3.2 Phosphorus 22.4 Group VI A: Oxygen and Sulfur 22.4.1 Oxygen 22.4.2 CIA Demonstration : Creating Acid Rain 22.4.3 Sulfur 22.5 Group VII A: The Halogens 22.5.1 Halogens 22.5.3 Aqueous Halogen Compounds 22.6 Group VIII: The Noble Gases 22.6.1 Properties of Noble Gases 23.1 Laboratory Techniques 23.1.1 Laboratory Safety 23.1.2 Chromatography 23.1.3 Distillation 23.1.4 Pipetting 23.1.5 Dilutions 23.1.6 Titrations 23.1.7 Extractions 23.1.8 Filtrations 23.1.9 Weighing on an Analytical Balance 23.1.10 Recrystallization Week 11 Unit 7 Exam: Chapters 21, 22, 23 Final Exam AP Chemistry Syllabus
12
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Summer 2007 Grading Information Activity Description of Activity The AP Exam consists of both multiple choice questions and free response questions. Free response questions generally have several parts and require that you integrate information from various areas of chemistry. Unit Tests Homework Lab Participation Thinkwell Exercises Final Exam The weekly tests will consist of multiple choice and free response questions from the chapters indicated in the Course Overview. There will be 7 unit tests. Each test is worth 100 points Responses to the multiple­choice and free response questions will be submitted online in the Thinkwell classroom. There will be 21 problem sets that are in multiple­choice format, similar to those in the Thinkwell exercises and to those that will be on the unit tests. Each chapter homework assignment is worth 10 points Instructions for Hands­on and Virtual Lab activities will be available in the Thinkwell classroom and online at Smart Science Labs. Specific instructions on how to complete and submit lab reports will be posted in the Thinkwell Classroom. Students should expect to spend 3—5 hours per week on lab activities! Formal lab reports are required for all labs. Students may have a choice of labs to complete each week. Labs are worth 25 points. Discussing concepts and ideas is a very important part of learning any subject but it is particularly important in an online environment. Students are required to post questions and responses in the discussion board for the different chapters. The questions and responses will focus on communication about chemistry concepts and calculations, mathematical principles, and lab findings. Participation is worth 5 points. Each section of the textbook has 4­12 questions associated with it. These questions are scored automatically and can be repeated up to three times. Although these exercises are not required to complete the course and not graded for the course grade, it is highly recommended that students work through them for extra practice. This exam will consist of 80 multiple­choice questions and 4 free response questions. This format and questions will be similar to those found on the AP Chemistry exam. The final exam is worth 200 points. Grading Scale Letter A A­ B+ B B­ C+ C C­ D F Percent 93 90 87 83 80 77 73 70 60 Below 60
AP Chemistry Syllabus
Johns Hopkins University Center For Talented Youth
Summer 2007 AP Chemistry Summer 2007 Instructor: Judith S. Nuño apnuno@gmail.com http://www.jdenuno.com/APChemistry/APChem.htm Text: Thinkwell Chemistry http://www.thinkwell.com/ Supplemental Text Chemistry, the Central Science, 8 th , 9 th , or 10 th edition, Brown, Lemay, and Bursten http://www.aw­bc.com/campbell/ Course Description: The AP Chemistry course covers selected topics typically found in a first­year college chemistry course and provides an opportunity for students to develop a conceptual framework for chemistry, an appreciation of science as a process, and an ability to explain, discuss, and integrate chemistry concepts. Topics include relationships in the periodic table, structure of matter, atomic theory and structure, chemical bonding, states of matter and solutions, types of reactions and equations, stoichiometry, equilibrium, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and basics of organic chemistry using lecture, discussion, and lab activities. The course emphasizes chemical calculations and the mathematical formulation of chemical principles and includes a laboratory component that allows for the development of both practical and scientific reasoning skills. The objectives of the course correspond with those included in the College Board’s Advanced Placement (AP) Chemistry course description. The course meets online for 30 weeks, and students are expected to spend 6—8 hours per week working with class materials, participating on the class discussion board, interacting with the teacher and classmates, and performing lab activities. Class time consists of a combination of video lectures, discussion, homework assignments, and lab activities. Labs take up approximately 25 percent of instructional time and students are expected to spend an average of 2—3 hours per week on hands­ on and virtual labs during the course. Students collaborate with each other during the labs and communicate questions about the procedures and their results via the discussion board and email. Students communicate their findings in formal lab reports. Assessment consists of multiple choice tests and free response writing assignments, homework assignments, and formal lab reports. Students use Smart Science Labs and other online sites for virtual labs. Course Overview Unit Intro 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chapters Diagnostic Test Lab Safety Quiz Chapter 1: An Introduction to Matter and Measurement Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Chapter 3: Stoichiometry Chapter 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Chapter 5: Gases Chapter 6: Thermochemistry Chapter 7: Modern Atomic Theory Chapter 8: Electron Configurations and Periodicity Chapter 9: Chemical Bonding: Fundamental Concepts Chapter 10: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theory Chapter 11: Oxidation­Reduction Reactions Chapter 12: Condensed Phases: Liquids and Solids Chapter 13: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium Chapter 16: Acids and Bases Chapter 17: Equilibrium in Aqueous Solution Chapter 18: Thermodynamics Chapter 19: Electrochemistry Chapter 20: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 21: Metals Chapter 22: Non­Metals Chapter 23: Instructional Laboratory Demonstrations Final Exam August 31
AP Chemistry Syllabus
Johns Hopkins University Center For Talented Youth
Tests June 13 June 22 July 6 July 20 July 27 Aug 10 Aug 17 Aug 24 Summer 2007 Course Schedule by Week Unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chapters Diagnostic Exam The Diagnostic Exam is not graded. Lab Safety Demonstration Introduction to AP Chemistry Labs: Volume and Density Graphs Chapter 1: An Introduction to Matter and Measurement Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Chapter 3: Stoichiometry Introduction to AP Chemistry Labs: Random and Systematic Errors Unit 1 Exam : Chapters 1, 2, and 3 Chapter 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Lab 1: Empirical Formula of Metal Chlorides Chapter 5: Gases Chapter 6: Thermochemistry Lab 2: Hydrate Analysis Procedure and Analysis of Hydrates Unit 2 Exam : Chapters 4, 5, and 6 Chapter 7: Modern Atomic Theory Chapter 8: Electron Configurations and Periodicity Lab 5: Molar Volume of a Gas Chapter 9: Chemical Bonding: Fundamental Concepts Chapter 10: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theory Lab 18: Chromatography Unit 3 Exam: Chapters 7, 8, 9, and 10 Chapter 11: Oxidation­Reduction Reactions Chapter 12: Condensed Phases: Liquids and Solids Chapter 13: Physical Properties of Solutions Lab 4: Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression Unit 4 Exam: Chapters 11, 12, and 13 Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium Chapter 16: Acids and Bases Lab 12: Reaction Rates /Order of Reaction: Crystal Violet Bleaching or Iron­Tin Rx Chapter 17: Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions Titration Tutorial Lab 11: Acid—Base Indicators and pH Unit 5 Exam: Chapters 14, 15, 16, and 17 Chapter 18: Thermodynamics Chapter 19: Electrochemistry Chapter 20: Nuclear Chemistry Lab 20: Electrochemical Series Unit 6 Exam: Chapters 18,19, and 20 Chapter 21: Metals Chapter 22: Non­Metals Chapter 23: Instructional Laboratory Demonstrations Optional Lab (extra credit) Unit 7 Exam: Chapters 21, 22, and 23 Review for Final Exam Finish all work! Final Exam AP Chemistry Syllabus
Johns Hopkins University Center For Talented Youth
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Summer 2007 Course Topics by Week Topics Diagnostic Test The Diagnostic Exam is not graded. Lab Safety Quiz Introduction to AP Chemistry Labs 1.1 An Introduction to Chemistry and the Scientific Method 1.1.1 An Introduction to Chemistry 1.1.2 The Scientific Method 1.2 Properties of Matter 1.2.1 States of Matter 1.2.2 A Word About Laboratory Safety 1.2.3 CIA Demonstration: Differences in Density Due to Temperature 1.2.4 Properties of Matter 1.3 Scientific Measurement 1.3.1 The Measurement of Matter 1.3.2 Precision and Accuracy 1.3.3 CIA Demonstration: Precision and Accuracy with Glassware 1.3.4 Significant Figures 1.3.5 Dimensional Analysis 1.4 Mathematics of Chemistry 1.4.1 Scientific (Exponential) Notation 1.4.2 Common Mathematical Functions 2.1 Early Atomic Theory 2.1.1 Early Discoveries and the Atom 2.1.2 Understanding Electrons 2.1.2 Understanding the Nucleus 2.2 Atomic Structure 2.2.1 Mass Spectrometry: Determining Atomic Masses 2.2.2 Examining Atomic Structure 2.2.3 CIA Demonstration: Flame Colors Week 1 2
2.3 The Periodic Table 2.3.1 Creating the Periodic Table 2.4 Chemical Nomenclature 2.4.1 Describing Chemical Formulas 2.4.2 Naming Chemical Compounds 2.4.3 Organic Nomenclature 3.1 Chemical Equations 3.1.1 An Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Equations 3.1.2 CIA Demonstration: Magnesium and Dry Ice 3.1.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 3.2 The Mole 3.2.1 The Mole and Avogadro's Number 3.2.2 Introducing Conversions of Masses, Moles, and Number of Particles 3.3 Solving Problems Involving Mass/Mole Relationships 3.3.1 Finding Empirical and Molecular Formulas 3.3.2 Stoichiometry and Chemical Equations 3.3.3 Finding Limiting Reagents 3.3.4 CIA Demonstration: Self­Inflating Hydrogen Balloons 3.3.5 Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield 3.3.6 A Problem Using the Combined Concepts of Stoichiometry Unit 1 Exam: Chapters 1, 2, and 3 AP Chemistry Syllabus
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Summer 2007 Topics 4.1 An Introduction to Solutions 4.1.1 Properties of Solutions 4.1.2 CIA Demonstration: The Electric Pickle 4.1.3 Concentrations of Solutions 4.1.4 Factors Determining Solubility 4.2 Reactions Involving Solutions 4.2.1 Precipitation Reactions 4.2.2 Acid­Base Reactions 4.2.3 Oxidation­Reduction Reactions 4.3 Stoichiometry Problems in Solutions 4.3.1 Acid­Base Titrations 4.3.2 Solving Titration Problems 4.3.3 Gravimetric Analysis 5.1 Gases and Gas Laws 5.1.1 Properties of Gases 5.1.2 Boyle's Law 5.1.3 Charles's Law 5.1.4 The Combined Gas Law 5.1.5 Avogadro's Law 5.1.6 CIA Demonstration: The Potato Cannon 5.2 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic­Molecular Theory of Gases 5.2.1 The Ideal Gas Law 5.2.2 Partial Pressure and Dalton's Law 5.2.3 Applications of the Gas Laws 5.2.4 The Kinetic­Molecular Theory of Gases 5.2.5 CIA Demonstration: The Ammonia Fountain 5.3 Molecular Motion of Gases 5.3.1 Molecular Speeds 5.3.2 Effusion and Diffusion 5.4 Behavior of Real Gases 5.4.1 Comparing Real and Ideal Gases 6.1 An Introduction to Energy 6.1.1 The Nature of Energy 6.1.2 Energy, Calories, and Nutrition 6.1.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 6.1.4 Work 6.1.5 Heat 6.1.6 CIA Demonstration: Cool Fire 6.2 Enthalpy 6.2.1 Heats of Reaction: Enthalpy 6.2.2 CIA Demonstration: The Thermite Reaction 6.3 Calorimetry 6.3.1 Constant Pressure Calorimetry 6.3.2 Bomb Calorimetry (Constant Volume) 6.4 Hess's Law and Enthalpies of Formation 6.4.1 Hess's Law 6.4.2 Enthalpies of Formation Week 3 4
Unit 2 Exam: Chapters 4, 5, and 6 AP Chemistry Syllabus
Johns Hopkins University Center For Talented Youth
Summer 2007 Topics 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation and the Idea of Quantum 7.1.1 The Wave Nature of Light 7.1.2 Absorption and Emission 7.1.3 CIA Demonstration: Luminol 7.1.4 The Ultraviolet Catastrophe 7.1.5 The Photoelectric Effect 7.1.6 The Bohr Model 7.1.7 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 7.2 Quantum Mechanics 7.2.1 The Wave Nature of Matter 7.2.2 Radial Solutions to the Schrödinger Equation 7.2.3 Angular Solutions to the Schrödinger Equation 7.3 Atomic Orbitals 7.3.1 Atomic Orbital Size 7.3.2 Atomic Orbital Shapes and Quantum Numbers 7.3.3 Atomic Orbital Energy 8.1 Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle 8.1.1 Understanding Electron Spin 8.1.2 Electron Shielding 8.1.3 Electron Configurations through Neon 8.1.4 Electron Configurations beyond Neon 8.1.5 Periodic Relationships 8.2 Periodicity 8.2.1 Periods and Atomic Size 8.2.2 Ionization Energy 8.2.3 Electron Affinity 8.2.4 An Introduction to Electronegativity 8.3 Group Trends 8.3.1 Hydrogen, Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earth Metals 8.3.2 Transition Metals and Nonmetals 9.1 Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonding 9.1.1 Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonding 9.1.2 Ionic Bonds 9.1.3 CIA Demonstration: Conductivity Apparatus—Ionic vv Covalent Bonds 9.2 Lewis Dot Structures 9.2.1 Lewis Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds 9.2.2 Predicting Lewis Dot Structures 9.3 Resonance Structures and Formal Charge 9.3.1 Resonance Structures 9.3.2 Formal Charge 9.3.3 Electronegativity, Formal Charge, and Resonance 9.4 Bond Properties 9.4.1 Bond Properties 9.4.2 Using Bond Dissociation Energies 10.1 Molecular Geometry and the VSEPR Theory 10.1.1 Valence­Shell Electron­Pair Repulsion Theory 10.1.2 Molecular Shapes for Steric Numbers 2­4 10.1.3 Molecular Shapes for Steric Numbers 5 & 6 10.1.4 Predicting Molecular Characteristics Using VSEPR Theory 10.2 Valence Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory 10.2.1 Valence Bond Theory 10.2.2 An Introduction to Hybrid Orbitals 10.2.3 Pi Bonds 10.2.4 Molecular Orbital Theory 10.2.5 Applications of the Molecular Orbital Theory 10.2.6 Beyond Homonuclear Diatomics 10.2.7 CIA Demonstration: The Paramagnetism of Oxygen Week 5 6
Unit 3 Exam: Chapters 7, 8, 9, and 10 AP Chemistry Syllabus
Johns Hopkins University Center For Talented Youth
Summer 2007 Topics 11.1 Looking In­Depth at Redox Reactions 11.1.1 Oxidation Numbers 11.1.2 Balancing Redox Reactions by the Oxidation Number Method 11.1.3 Balancing Redox Reactions Using the Half­Reaction Method 11.1.4 The Activity Series of the Elements 11.1.5 CIA Demonstration: The Reaction between Al and Br2 12.1 Intermolecular Forces 12.1.1 An Introduction to Intermolecular Forces and States of Matter 12.1.2 Intermolecular Forces 12.2 Physical Properties of Liquids 12.2.1 Properties of Liquids 12.2.2 CIA Demonstration: Boiling Water at Reduced Pressure 12.2.3 Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point 12.2.4 Molecular Structure and Boiling Point 12.2.5 Phase Diagrams 12.2.6 CIA Demonstration: Boiling Water in a Paper Cup 12.3 Solid State: Structure and Bonding 12.3.1 Types of Solids 12.3.2 CIA Demonstration: The Conductivity of Molten Salts 12.3.3 Crystal Structure 12.3.4 Calculating Atomic Mass and Radius from a Unit Cell 12.3.5 Crystal Packing 13.1 Characterizing Solutions 13.1.1 Types of Solutions 13.1.2 Molarity and the Mole Fraction 13.1.3 Molality 13.1.4 Energy and the Solution Process 13.2 Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility 13.2.1 Temperature Change and Solubility 13.2.2 Extractions 13.2.3 Pressure Change and Solubility 13.3 Colligative Properties 13.3.1 Vapor Pressure Lowering 13.3.2 Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression 13.3.3 Boiling Point Elevation Problem 13.3.4 Osmosis 13.3.5 Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions Week 7
Unit 4 Exam: Chapters 11, 12, and 13 AP Chemistry Syllabus
Johns Hopkins University Center For Talented Youth
Summer 2007 Topics Week 14.1 Reaction Rates 14.1.1 An Introduction to Reaction Rates 14.1.2 Rate Laws: How the Reaction Rate Depends on Concentration 14.1.3 Determining the Form of a Rate Law 14.2 Orders of Reaction 14.2.1 First­Order Reactions 14.2.2 Second­Order Reactions 14.2.3 A Kinetics Problem 14.3 Temperature and Rates 14.3.1 The Collision Model 14.3.2 The Arrhenius Equation 14.3.3 Using the Arrhenius Equation 14.4 Reaction Mechanisms 14.4.1 Defining the Molecularity of a Reaction 14.4.2 Determining the Rate Laws of Elementary Reactions 14.4.3 Calculating the Rate Laws of Multistep Reactions 14.4.4 Steady State Kinetics 14.5 Catalysts 14.5.1 Catalysts and Types of Catalysts 14.5.2 A Word About Laboratory Safety 14.5.3 CIA Demonstration: Elephant Snot 14.5.4 CIA Demonstration: Cobalt(II)­Catalyzed Reaction: Potassium Sodium Tartrate 14.5.5 CIA Demonstration: The Copper­Catalyzed Decomposition of Acetone 15.1 Principles of Chemical Equilibrium 15.1.1 The Concept of Equilibrium 15.1.2 The Law of Mass Action and Types of Equilibrium 15.1.3 Converting Between Kc and Kp 15.2 Using Equilibrium Constants 15.2.1 Approaching Chemical Equilibrium 15.2.2 Predicting the Direction of a Reaction 15.2.3 Strategies for Solving Equilibrium Problems 15.2.4 Solving Problems Far from Equilibrium 15.2.5 An Equilibrium Problem Using the Quadratic Equation 15.3 Shifting Chemical Equilibrium 15.3.1 Le Châtelier's Principle 15.3.2 The Effect of Changing Amounts on Equilibrium 15.3.3 The Effect of Pressure and Volume on Equilibrium 15.3.4 The Effects of Temperature and Catalysts on Equilibrium 15.3.5 CIA Demonstration: NO2/N2O4 15.3.6 CIA Demonstration: Shifting the Equilibrium of FeSCN 2+ 16.1 Acid­Base Concepts 16.1.1 Arrhenius/Brønsted­Lowry Definitions of Acids and Bases 16.1.2 Hydronium, Hydroxide, and the pH Scale 16.2 Acid and Base Strengths 16.2.1 Strong Acids and Bases 16.2.2 CIA Demonstration: Natural Acid­Base Indicators 16.2.3 Weak Acids 16.2.4 Weak Bases 16.2.5 Lewis Acids and Bases 16.2.6 Trends in Acid and Base Strengths 8
AP Chemistry Syllabus
Johns Hopkins University Center For Talented Youth
Summer 2007 Topics 17.1 Reactions of Acids and Bases 17.1.1 Strong Acid­Strong Base and Weak Acid­Strong Base Reactions 17.1.2 Strong Acid­Weak Base and Weak Acid­Weak Base Reactions 17.1.3 The Common Ion Effect 17.2 Buffers 17.2.1 An Introduction to Buffers 17.2.2 CIA Demonstration: Buffers in Action 17.2.3 Acidic Buffers 17.2.4 Basic Buffers 17.2.5 The Henderson­Hasselbalch Equation 17.3 Acid­Base Titration 17.3.1 Strong Acid­Strong Base Titration 17.3.2 CIA Demonstration: Barium Hydroxide­Sulfuric Acid Titration 17.3.3 Weak Acid­Strong Base Titration 17.3.4 Polyprotic Acid­Strong Base Titration 17.3.5 Weak Base­Strong Acid Titration 17.3.6 Acid­Base Indicators 17.4 Solubility Equilibria 17.4.1 The Solubility Product Constant 17.4.2 CIA Demonstration: Silver Chloride and Ammonia 17.4.3 Solubility and the Common Ion Effect 17.4.4 Fractional Precipitation Week 9
Unit 5 Exam : Material from Chapters 14, 15, 16 and 17 AP Chemistry Syllabus
Johns Hopkins University Center For Talented Youth
Summer 2007 Topics 18.1 An Introduction to Thermodynamics 18.1.1 Spontaneous Processes 18.2 Entropy 18.2.1 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 18.2.2 Entropy and Temperature 18.3 Gibbs Free Energy and Free Energy Change 18.3.1 Gibbs Free Energy 18.3.2 Standard Free Energy Changes of Formation 18.4 Using Free Energy 18.4.1 Enthalpy and Entropy Contributions to K 18.4.2 The Temperature Dependence of K 18.4.3 Free Energy Away from Equilibrium 19.1 Principles of Electrochemistry 19.1.1 Reviewing Oxidation­Reduction Reactions 19.2 Galvanic Cells 19.2.1 Electrochemical Cells 19.2.2 Electromotive Force 19.2.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 19.2.4 Using Standard Reduction Potentials 19.2.5 The Nernst Equation 19.2.6 Electrochemical Determinants of Equilibria 19.3 Batteries 19.3.1 Batteries 19.3.2 CIA Demonstration: The Fruit­Powered Clock 19.4 Corrosion 19.4.1 Corrosion and the Prevention of Corrosion 19.5 Electrolysis and Electrolytic Cells 19.5.1 Electrolytic Cells 19.5.2 The Stoichiometry of Electrolysis 20.1 Radioactivity 20.1.1 The Nature of Radioactivity 20.1.2 The Stability of Atomic Nuclei 20.1.3 Binding Energy 20.2 Rates of Disintegration 20.2.1 Rates of Disintegration Reactions 20.2.2 Radiochemical Dating 20.3 Nuclear Fission and Fusion 20.3.1 Nuclear Fission 20.3.2 Nuclear Fusion 20.3.3 Applications of Nuclear Chemistry Week 10
Unit 6 Exam: Material from Chapters 18, 19, and 20 AP Chemistry Syllabus
Johns Hopkins University Center For Talented Youth
Summer 2007 Topics 21.1 An Introduction to Metals 21.1.1 Metallurgical Processes 21.1.2 Band theory of Conductivity 21.1.3 Intrinsic Semiconductors 21.1.4 Doped Semiconductors 21.2 Physical and Chemical Processes of Metals 21.2.1 The Alkali Metals 21.2.2 The Alkaline Earth Metals 21.2.3 Aluminum 21.2.4 CIA Demonstration: The Reaction between Al and Br2 22.1 An Introduction to Nonmetals and Hydrogen 22.1.1 General Properties of Nonmetals 22.1.2 Hydrogen 22.2 Group IV A: Carbon and Silicon 22.2.1 General Properties of Carbon 22.2.2 Silicon 22.3 Group V A : Nitrogen and Phosphorus 22.3.1 Nitrogen 22.3.2 Phosphorus 22.4 Group VI A: Oxygen and Sulfur 22.4.1 Oxygen 22.4.2 CIA Demonstration : Creating Acid Rain 22.4.3 Sulfur 22.5 Group VII A: The Halogens 22.5.1 Halogens 22.5.3 Aqueous Halogen Compounds 22.6 Group VIII: The Noble Gases 22.6.1 Properties of Noble Gases 23.1 Laboratory Techniques 23.1.1 Laboratory Safety 23.1.2 Chromatography 23.1.3 Distillation 23.1.4 Pipetting 23.1.5 Dilutions 23.1.6 Titrations 23.1.7 Extractions 23.1.8 Filtrations 23.1.9 Weighing on an Analytical Balance 23.1.10 Recrystallization Week 11 Unit 7 Exam: Chapters 21, 22, 23 Final Exam AP Chemistry Syllabus
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Johns Hopkins University Center For Talented Youth
Summer 2007 Grading Information Activity Description of Activity The AP Exam consists of both multiple choice questions and free response questions. Free response questions generally have several parts and require that you integrate information from various areas of chemistry. Unit Tests Homework Lab Participation Thinkwell Exercises Final Exam The weekly tests will consist of multiple choice and free response questions from the chapters indicated in the Course Overview. There will be 7 unit tests. Each test is worth 100 points Responses to the multiple­choice and free response questions will be submitted online in the Thinkwell classroom. There will be 21 problem sets that are in multiple­choice format, similar to those in the Thinkwell exercises and to those that will be on the unit tests. Each chapter homework assignment is worth 10 points Instructions for Hands­on and Virtual Lab activities will be available in the Thinkwell classroom and online at Smart Science Labs. Specific instructions on how to complete and submit lab reports will be posted in the Thinkwell Classroom. Students should expect to spend 3—5 hours per week on lab activities! Formal lab reports are required for all labs. Students may have a choice of labs to complete each week. Labs are worth 25 points. Discussing concepts and ideas is a very important part of learning any subject but it is particularly important in an online environment. Students are required to post questions and responses in the discussion board for the different chapters. The questions and responses will focus on communication about chemistry concepts and calculations, mathematical principles, and lab findings. Participation is worth 5 points. Each section of the textbook has 4­12 questions associated with it. These questions are scored automatically and can be repeated up to three times. Although these exercises are not required to complete the course and not graded for the course grade, it is highly recommended that students work through them for extra practice. This exam will consist of 80 multiple­choice questions and 4 free response questions. This format and questions will be similar to those found on the AP Chemistry exam. The final exam is worth 200 points. Grading Scale Letter A A­ B+ B B­ C+ C C­ D F Percent 93 90 87 83 80 77 73 70 60 Below 60
AP Chemistry Syllabus
Johns Hopkins University Center For Talented Youth
Summer 2007