Vol.46
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Construction Firms
Sr Dr Mohd Saidin Misnan, Prof. Sr Dr Abdul Hakim
Mohammed, Wan Yusoff Wan Mahmood
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Evaluation of Indoor Environmental
Performance In Historical Museum Gallery:
Malaysian Case Studies
Syahrul Nizam Kamaruzzaman and Raha Sulaiman
33
Issues and Challenges in Implementation of
Planned Maintenance
Azlan Shah Ali & Shirley Chua Jin Lin
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Pengaruh Elemen-elemen Persekitaran Fizikal
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THE MALAYSIAN SURVEYOR
| Vol.46 | No.4 | 2011
Evaluation of Indoor Environmental
Performance In Historical Museum Gallery:
Malaysian Case Studies
Syahrul Nizam Kamaruzzaman, Raha Sulaiman
Department of Building Surveying
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya
Email: syahrulnizam@um.edu.my
A balanced indoor environmental (IE) of a museum
consists of indoor air, thermal and lighting. They are
forms of scientific and perceptive agents which
represent a complex and holistic environment. Those
agents may contribute to the climate-induceddamaged to the collection and balanced distillations of
IEQ offer optimum satisfaction to people. This paper is
aimed to evaluate the museum environment by
assessing their ambient temperature (Ta), relative
humidity (RH), lux level and formaldehydes (HCHO)
through continuous field experiments in Gallery C of
National Museum. People’s satisfaction and effect on
health behaviours are evaluated with questionnaire
surveys. Analyses were done by benchmarking the IE
level as well as depicted them in descriptive graph and
table. Results show that HCHO plays a part in
the quality of the indoor air. Thermal
environment seems to have compliance
and incompliance with the recommended
level while lux level may affect the
visitor’s temporal behaviour. This
ongoing evaluation is expected to
establish risk components for
people and collection in
historical museum galleries.
24
INTRODUCTION
alocco (2007) stated that the
present museum and particularly,
historical building should be
considered as places where collections
should have first rate protection and
conservation. Further, he argues on how to
negotiate the demand between collections and
people in an IE of a museum. Other researchers
in museum environment also agreed to have a
balanced IE to simultaneously cater to their
needs. But yet, the results and the solutions are
still largely only on each IE factor. As reported
in Sulaiman et al. (2011), a ‘single museum
environment’ consists of the indoor pollution,
relative humidity, temperatures and lighting
(Michalski, 2004), which can also be called
scientific and perceptive agents. These agents
represent a complex and holistic IE, specifically
in the gallery area. The complexities of these
agents will contribute to the collection’s
deterioration and people’s satisfaction. They are
also notional as scientific due to their objective
characteristics of having precise measurement,
proper intensity estimation, and good
integration with engineering and design of the
building, exhibits and storage fittings (Michalski,
2004). Meanwhile, the perceptive agent is
theoretically based on people’s subjective
evaluation which is merely without having
scientific approach and measurement
(Jeong and Lee, 2006).
B
The Professional Journal of Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia
As this is an ongoing research, it will report only part of
the initial results and this will only be focusing on the
characteristics of the Malaysian IE condition in historical
museum building and their effect on people. The IE
performance will be compared with the established local
and international guidelines to establish benchmarks. This
paper aims to provide a first indication on how well the
museum gallery areas are performing in providing quality
IE to people in terms of their satisfaction, health and
behaviour. There will be no report and results on their risk
and consequences to the specific type of collection
deterioration.
HISTORICAL MUSEUM BUILDINGS
There are quite a number of historical museums across
Malaysia which have accumulated to about 56 of them
(Salleh and Ahmad, 2007). Therefore, a holistic evaluation
on historical museums environment suggests how well
they have performed to date.
PROBLEMS DESCRIPTION
Based on Taha, (2009), Karim (2007) and Pickup (2005),
the dilemmas Malaysian museums are facing now
amongst others are: (1) poor general perception from the
public as dull repository, (2) the alarming decrease in
total number of visitors, (3) dull method of display and
showcase design, and (4) collections deterioration due to
the ignorance on the scientific agents. Based on the
interview with the museum management, there are still
other dilemmas which are: (1) conservation building
works and systems were not really efficient with the
‘make good’ clause that seems to appear in all terms to
minimise cost, (2) poor quality of fibre optic/LED lighting
Therefore, something needs to be done in order to
improve museum performance, especially in the gallery
areas to minimise the risk on people in terms of health,
satisfaction and behaviour. It is hypothesised that the
Malaysian museum environment may be improved in the
perspective of interesting exhibition environment, efficient
and good quality of gallery environment ambiance and
minimum building related illness. In total, it will optimise
the efficiency of the IEal performance of the gallery areas.
Improper thermal environment may contribute to
people’s emotional effects, fatigue and comfort. All these
health behaviours have an indirect effect on their
satisfaction (Jeong and Lee, 2006). Lighting, on the other
hand, helps people interact and to get closer to the
collections and the surrounding. Poor lighting and visual
ambience may affect health and behaviour of the people
such as eye fatigue, glare, blurred vision, dryness and
itchy.
People’s satisfaction and collection deterioration are also
due to improper indoor air quality. It is reported that
formaldehyde is among the frequent and most common
indoor generated gases that pose serious risk on people’s
health (Bluyyssen, 2009). In the museum gallery area, this
gas is released from plywood, particleboard, coatings and
insulating materials which are widely used to redesign the
exhibition and display cabinet (Hatchfield and Caroenter,
1986). The effect on people, some of the prevalence
symptoms from this gas causes irritation of the eyes, nose
and throat, concentration discomfort, nausea, sneezing
and coughing.
The above research problems indicate that evaluation on
the IEal performance need to be carried out on Malaysian
historical museum gallery areas. As identified in Pickup
(2005), the National Museum’s IEs are poorly managed
as there is evidence of negligence to these environmental
agents when the collections start to deteriorate during the
process of display in the gallery (Karim, 2007). Further,
Taha (2009) mentioned that Malaysian museums need
continued support from the public and therefore, it is
essential to investigate their satisfaction on the
performance of museum gallery environment to improve
their perception against dull repository.
THE HISTORICAL MALAYSIA NATIONAL
MUSEUM
The Malaysia National Museum functions as an
anthropological and cultural museum. From year 2000 –
2006, it received approximately 500,000 visitors annually
and it has increased to 1 million on 2010 (Utusan
25
Peer Review Article
It is paramount to preserve and conserve the historical
museum buildings and the collections as the ultimate aim
is to make things last longer (Smith, 1999). People,
including the future generations, will come and visit
museums to experience these natural assets. Through
time, the building, the collection, and people are exposed
to the outdoor and indoor environmental changes and
care cannot be neglected in preserving these elements. In
tropical countries like Malaysia, the all year round regime
of heavy rains accompanied by high temperatures
contribute to the fluctuations of indoor climate, which will
eventually affect the building fabric – from passive design
approach to refurbished active building design. Since the
use of old buildings has changed from the time they were
built; modern services cannot be installed without
considering any risk. All these changes pose unique
problems and therefore, there is a need to ensure that
the risk may not affect the performance of the historical
museum buildings, the collections and the people.
Furthermore, since the last decade, it has become
apparent that research on environmental conditions in
historic buildings, mainly in museum and archival
buildings, is in great demand (Pavlogeorgegatos, 2003).
installation for collection display, and (3) the people
involved in refurbishment works were not specialists in
museum IE. All these problems go back to the main
issues of this paper which is the performance of IE of the
museum.
THE MALAYSIAN SURVEYOR
| Vol.46 | No.4 | 2011
Malaysia, 2010). Furthermore, this purpose-built
museum in Malaysia has been gazetted as a
‘Heritage Building’ by the National Heritage
Department. The Malaysia National Museum is
also ranked as one of the best museums in South
East Asia (Karim, 2007). As a public and a ‘tourist
attraction’ building, occasionally it needs a little
improvement indoor and outdoor in the form of
modernisation yet still keeping within the sense
of conservation. Table 1 below summarised the
characteristics of the Malaysia National Museum.
RESEARCH APPROACH AND
METHODOLOGY
On this part, further measurements were only
done in Gallery C. Basically, the exhibition in
Gallery C illustrate the fall of the Malacca Empire
in 1511 to the colonies. The total floor area of the
gallery is 1,487.24 m2. A continuous
measurement strategy was conducted for all IEQ
measurement protocol during weekend and
weekdays. Based on DOSH (2005), three
sampling points were required to do the
measurement. The points were located not closer
than one meter to any wall and positioned one
meter above the floor. The measurements were
conducted on 8-hours continuously with 30
minutes intervals for thermal and indoor air. The
equipment used was PPM Formaldemeter TM htv
and TES-1364/TES1465 Data logging Humidity
Temperature Meter. For lighting, 56 test points
were selected based on the location of all the
showcases. Measurements were carried out at
It is hypothesised that the Malaysian
museum environment may be improved in
the perspective of interesting exhibition
environment, efficient and good quality
of gallery environment ambiance and
minimum building related illness.
Table 1: Brief Summary of National Museum Background
Story line
Collection
materials
Refurbishment
and renovation
works
Climate system
Lighting system
Natural
opening
Maintenance
activities
26
Gallery A
Early History
Gallery B
Malay Sultanate
High sensitive
Medium sensitive
Latest was on 2005 until 2007
Gallery C
Colonisation
Gallery D
Malaysia Kini
Low sensitive
Latest was on early 2008 and
completed end of 2008
Centralised air-conditioning with water cooled package unit (WCPU) and 1 cooling
tower
• 2 units of WCPU • 1 unit of WCPU
• 2 units of
• 2 units of
and 2 units split
WCPU
WCPU
system
• Fibre optic
• Fibre optic lighting
lighting system
system for
for collection
collection
showcases
showcases
• Halogen lamps for • Halogen lamps for
general visual
general visual
ambient
ambient
• Fluorescent lamp
• Fluorescent lamp
during
during maintenance
maintenance
activities (8.00 –
activities (8.00 –
9.00 am only)
9.00 am only)
• No fibre
optic
• Halogen
lamp for
general
visual
ambient
• Fluorescent
lamp during
maintenance
activities
(8.00 – 9.00
am only)
• No fibre
optic
• Halogen
lamp for
general visual
ambient
• Fluorescent
lamp during
maintenance
activities
(8.00 – 9.00
am only)
• Enclosed with exceptional on main entrance which open from 9 am to 6 pm
• According to museum’s management planned and scheduled maintenance
The Professional Journal of Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia
Figure 1: Type of display found in Gallery C, National Museum, (a) Japanese soldier,
(b) replica of mining , (c) original old bicycle during Japanese colonisation, (d)
original and (e) ????
(a)
(b)
a comprehensive table,
statistics including charts and
any necessary diagram will be
generalised.
INDOOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY EVALUATION
The purpose of this study is to
collect and evaluate the
performance of IEQ in the
National Museum focusing on
indoor temperature and relative
humidity, formaldehyde
(HCHO) and lux level.
(c)
(d)
(e)
Table 2: HCHO level in Gallery C, National Museum
Average HCHO
Benchmark for the collection
Benchmark for the people
<0.1 – 5 ppb1 and 10 – 20 ppb2
0.10ppm3 and 80 ppb (30 min)4
Weekdays
0.045 ppm
Weekend
0.045 ppm
1 Sensitive material 2 Other materials
3Benchmark of HCHO based on Malaysian DOSH (2005)
4World Health Organization TWA Limits
visual height of approximately
1.5 meter above the floor. As all
of them were artificial lighting,
the interval selected was at
every two hours continuously
for 8-hour. All measurements
were then contrasted with
DOSH (2005), ASHRAE (2004),
Rules of Thumb, UK (2001),
and WHO (2002).
On people’s satisfaction,
questionnaire forms were
distributed to almost 300
respondents including visitors
and museum staff. The
questionnaires were divided
into two types: one for visitor
and the other for museum staff.
For visitors, there were four
sections: (i) Demographic
section, (ii) Perception on
gallery areas in general, (iii)
Perception on IEal quality, (iv)
Information about sick building
symptom, and (v) Information
about health and well being.
These questionnaires were
developed based on the
existing established
questionnaires from other
researches with similar research
scope (Kamaruzzaman et al.,
2011; Jeong and Lee, 2006;
Yau, 2009; Levermoore, 1994;
Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht,
2007; Lighting Research Centre,
1998; Skov et al., 1990 and
Wiszniewska et al., 2009). Then,
Table 1 and Figure 1 shows the
HCHO level found in the Gallery
C and compared with the
benchmark from Malaysian
DOSH (2005) and World Health
Organization (WHO). The result
shows the maximum limit of
eight-hour time-weighted
average of HCHO
concentration. It is found that
the HCHO concentration for
both weekend and weekdays
were equal at 0.045 ppm.
Based on the benchmark in the
Table 2, all HCHO
concentrations were
maintained below the
benchmark level of 0.1 ppm.
Hence, the level of
concentration of HCHO is at the
recommended level for the
visitor. The sources of HCHO in
this gallery are generally from
the emission of construction
and building materials, floor
finishes, wall hanging and
furniture covering. Beside,
display cases, wood, plastics
and adhesive are also
estimated to produce HCHO
gaseous.
Since the use of old buildings has
changed from the time they were built;
modern services cannot be installed
without considering any risk.
27
Peer Review Article
Formaldehyde
THE MALAYSIAN SURVEYOR
| Vol.46 | No.4 | 2011
Table 3: Comparison of average indoor temperature and relative humidity with standard
Time
People comfort
Collection demand
Environment
Rules of
guideline
Weekdays Weekends ASHRAE Thumb Remarks for museum Remarks
(2004) (Bousher,
(David and
2001)
Michalski,
2010)
Indoor
temerature
23.7°C
24°C
23 –
24°C
24°C
Comply
22 – 26°C
Comply
Relative
humidity
(%)
73.26
67.4
40 – 60
35 – 40
Not
comply
65
Not
comply
Table 4: Materials of the sensitive and low sensitive collection
Sensitive material
Oil and tempera paintings, undyed
leather, horn, oriental lacquer.
Low sensitive material
Metal, stone, ceramics and glass,
jewellery.
Source: Michalski (2010)
Thermal
Lighting
Table 3 above shows the average measurement of
temperature and relative humidity in the Gallery C and their
comparison with the recommended level for people comfort
and collection demand. Results show that the temperature
was complying with the recommended level for both
demand but for relative humidity, they deviated slightly.
Michalski (2010) reported that traditional rules
on lux level for the collections, published since
1970s, were based on 50 lux benchmark.
Additional rules were added to differentiate the
lux level according to differences of collection
sensitivity which were 150 and 300 lux. But in
normal practice, museum management prefers
maintaining the lux level at 50 to 150 lux. These
are quite different from the recommended levels
for people where visual comfort may be
achieved at least 150 – 300 lux. The
comparisons between recommended levels and
the lux levels in Gallery C are shown in Figure 2
and 3. Table 4 indicates the type of collections of
each group, which is presented in each figure.
Figure 2: Illuminance at exhibition displayed sensitive material collection
Figure 3: Illuminance at exhibition displayed the sensitive material collection
28
Figure 2 shows the lux level for low sensitive
material, while the latter figure shows the lux
level for sensitive material in the gallery. The
measurements obtained were then compared
with the recommended lux level for collections
as well as for visitors. In Figure 2, the lux level for
almost all of the exhibitions were complied with
the reputable benchmark, the others seemed to
have a higher lux level than the allowable
standard. While in Figure 3, nearly the entire
exhibition exceeded the acceptable lux level set
for sensitive material.
However, the lux level measured in Gallery C
was measured from outside the showcase. The
light received by the lux meter did not contain
the same amount of lux received by the
collections.
The Professional Journal of Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia
(a)
Peer Review Article
(b)
Figure 4: Duration of time spent in the gallery area for (a) visitors
and (b) museum staff
To eliminate air
pollutant agents
completely is
unattainable, but it is
possible to minimise
or control the effects
of these sources.
Visitors’ Satisfaction
Visitors’ evaluations were measured under four sections:
socio-demographic, perceptions on exhibition
environment, perception on indoor environmental quality
and lastly, possible sick building syndromes. Through
these detailed questionnaires, a thorough understanding
on people’s satisfaction and their evaluation on the IEQ in
the gallery area can be obtained.
items asked in IEQ perception (ambient environment),
the answers will be changed into seven-point scale of
satisfaction (Levermoore, 1994 and Kamaruzzaman et al.,
2011). Results from Figure 5 below shows that all the
respondents were satisfied with the exhibition
environment in Gallery C. At the scale of -3 to +3, the
average mean for all items were between 5.45 and 6.15,
which is equivalent to ‘slightly satisfied’ and ‘satisfied’.
Section 1: Socio-demographic
Figure 4 (a) and (b) below illustrates the result from part
of the socio-demographic surveys. It shows that visitors
will spend their time in the gallery area for mostly about
31 to 60 minutes (42.8%) and the least time duration is
>150 minutes, which is only 2.23%. For museum staff,
they also frequently spend their time in the gallery area
for about 31 – 60 minutes (36.36%) while about 18.18%
spend their time more than 150 minutes. Further to this
data, the analysis was done to identify whether within this
timeframe, the visitors and the museum staff can
perceptively evaluate their satisfaction level on the IEQ
performance of the Gallery C, National Museum.
Section 2: Perception on exhibition environment
The items were developed based on a research done by
Jeong and Lee (2006) with slight modification on their
five point Likert-scale. To make it generally the same with
Figure 5: Perception of people on exhibition environment
29
THE MALAYSIAN SURVEYOR
| Vol.46 | No.4 | 2011
As a museum is one of the
significant products of tourism in
Malaysia which will affect the
economy of the country...
Section 3: Perception on ambient environment
Ambient environments were items asked specifically on IE
parameters which were thermal, lighting and indoor air. With
the scale of -3 to +3, results are shown in Figure 6 (a) below.
Each parameter was divided into several details indication as
shown in Figure 6 (b). Same as the above perception on
exhibition environment, almost all respondents were
satisfied with the ambient environment of the gallery within
the range of ‘slightly satisfied’ and ‘satisfied’. Thermal
environment and visual environment was the most and the
least indoor parameter which respondents were satisfied
with respectively.
(a)
(b)
Figure 6: People perception on ambient environment of the Gallery C
where (a) total satisfaction and (b) detail level of satisfaction
30
Section 4: Health behaviour
Items on building related illness were developed to ask
the respondents on sick building symptoms
Kamaruzzaman et al. (2011), Yau (2009) and Skov et al.
(1990) as well as on museum fatigue’s symptoms.
Questions were asked based on five scale (1 =
unnoticeable, 2 = rarely noticeable, 3 = slightly
noticeable, 4 = noticeable, and 5 = very noticeable).
Figure 7 shows that all respondents reported that the
prevalence of the symptoms were rather ‘more
unnoticeable’ to ‘rarely noticeable’ (with mean between
1.18 and 1.05). However, still some of the respondents,
as shown in Figure 8, did experience the effect of the
ambient environment in Gallery C to their health
behaviour. The highest symptoms were sinus and nose
at 10% and the symptoms were runny nose, itchy nose
and sneezing. Throat was the second illness which the
respondents experienced with 8% and the symptoms
were sore throat and cough. Most of the answers fall
between 2 and 4 which is ‘rarely noticeable’ to
‘noticeable’.
Figure 7: Health behaviour on sick building symptoms and fatigue
Figure 8: Percentage of respondent who had prevalence symptom
The Professional Journal of Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia
CONCLUSION
As for thermal research, it can be proven
that there are in non-compliance with
indoor environment for people and the
collection. As a museum is one of the
significant products of tourism in Malaysia
which will affect the economy of the
Visitors need to be satisfied and the
museums need visitors to promote
their collections.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
ASHRAE (2004), Standard 55 – Thermal
Environment Conditions for Human Occupancy,
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating,
Ventilating and Air-Conditioning
Balocco C and Grazzini G, (2007) Plant
refurbishment in historical buildings turned into
museum, Energy and Buildings 39 (2007) pp
693–701
Bluyssen P. (2009) The Indoor Environment
Handbook: How to make buildings healthy.
Earthscan with co-published with RIBA Publishing.
London.
Boushear, M. (2001), Rules of Thumb, UK 3rd
Edition, Guidelines for assessing building services.
Foremans
Last but not least, lighting; it has been
proven that lighting does affect the visitors’
well-being as well as their satisfaction.
Migraines and eye strains are no stranger to
lighting issues. Lighting in museums has
been predisposition between collections
requirement and visitors’ comfort for a long
time. Thus, these issues have to be taken
care of by the museum management.
In brief, poor IE quality may impact visitors’
satisfaction and building performance,
which can lead to decreasing numbers of
museum visitors. Visitors’ satisfaction is a
crucial matter that needs to be considered.
Visitors need to be satisfied and the
museums need visitors to promote their
collections.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Grateful acknowledgement goes to Nadia
Fatihah Ab.Patah, Ummu Khadijah Ili Abd.
Ghani, Goh Wen Shuang and Boh Jin Chai,
the former final year students of Bach.
Building Surveying, University of Malaya
2011, for helping the authors during data
collection. Appreciation also goes to the
Department of Museum, Malaysia and the
National Museum for all their support,
cooperation and hospitality. l
5.
Croome, D.C. (2006). Creating the productive
workplace (2nd ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis.
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David G and Michalski S (2010), Environment
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DOSH. (2005). Code of practice on indoor air
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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht, (2007)
Information on lighting applications Booklet 18,
Good Lighting for Museums, Galleries and
Exhibitions, Germany.
31
Peer Review Article
In brief, there are many factors that
influence the IE of a museum. The level of
HCHO concentration plays a part in the air
quality of Gallery C. Therefore, it is
important to determine the major sources
of indoor air pollutants in the building. To
eliminate air pollutant agents completely is
unattainable, but it is possible to minimise
or control the effects of these sources. For
the museum visitors, they will mostly spend
their time inside the building to see and
view the collections displayed. So the IE has
to be designed to limit the possibilities of
poor indoor air quality that affects illnesses
such as asthma, SBS and others (Croome,
2006).
country; therefore, acceptable thermal IE
condition is important in order to preserve
the works of art and for the comfort of the
people visiting the museum.
THE MALAYSIAN SURVEYOR
9.
| Vol.46 | No.4 | 2011
Hatchfield, P. B and Carpenter J.M, (1986),
The problems of formaldehyde in museum
collection, Museum Management and
Curatorship, Vol. 5, Issue 2, 1986, pp 183 –
188
10. Jeong JH and Lee KH, (2006) The physical
environment in museums and its effects on
visitors’ satisfaction. Building and
Environment 41 (2006) pp 963 – 969
11. Levermore G.J., (1994) A questionnaire and
rating score method for occupants’
assessment of indoor environment,
University of Manchester.
12. Lighting Research Centre (1998),
Archeology and Collection Series: Museum
Lighting Protocol Project. Report submitted
to The National Center for Preservation
Technology and Training, 1998,
Northwestern State University.
13. Michalski S, (2004) Care and preservation
of collection. In Boylan PJ (ed.) Running a
museum: a practical handbook.
International Council of Museum. France.
14. Michlaski S. (2010) Ten agents of
deterioration: Light, ultraviolet and infrared.
Canadian Conservation Institute, Canadian
Heritage, 2010 accessed May 15, 2010 at
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