Assessment
CHAPTER
3
NY
Assessment
Reviewing Content
Choose the letter that best answers the question or
completes the statement.
1. Which of the following is NOT one of the three
major types of rocks?
a. anthracite
b. igneous
c. metamorphic
d. sedimentary
2. Which of the following forms as the result of
surface processes?
a. metamorphic slate
b. igneous basalt
c. magma
d. intrusive granite
3. Which of the following would NOT be a major
process in the formation of sedimentary rocks?
a. erosion
b. melting
c. deposition
d. compaction
4. The formation of igneous rocks is powered by
a. internal heat.
b. the rock cycle.
c. erosion.
d. the sun.
5. A fine-grained igneous rock forms
a. deep within Earth.
b. from magma.
c. as the result of slow cooling.
d. as the result of quick cooling.
6. Cementation often occurs after Earth
materials are
a. eroded.
b. weathered.
c. intruded.
d. deposited.
7. Ripple marks indicate that the rock formed
a. underground.
b. under a glacier.
c. in water.
d. from lava.
8. A major process in the formation of clastic
sedimentary rocks is
a. contact with magma.
b. cementation.
c. hardening.
d. foliation.
9. Metamorphic rocks that have a banded
appearance due to the alignment of minerals are
called
a. foliated.
b. nonfoliated.
c. clastic.
d. glassy.
Interactive textbook with
assessment at PHSchool.com
Reviewing Content
1. a
4. a
7. c
10. a
10. Which rock is made of the smallest sediments?
a. sandstone
b. conglomerate
c. breccia
(4) shale
Understanding Concepts
12. Which igneous rock forms when basaltic lava
hardens? When basaltic magma hardens? NY
13. A rock has a porphyritic texture. What can you
conclude about the rock?
14. How are granite and rhyolite the same, and how
do they differ? NY
NY
16. What are the most common minerals in clastic
rocks? Why?
17. Distinguish between regional and contact
metamorphism. NY
18. How could you easily distinguish a black and
white gneiss from a similar-colored granite?
NY
Use the following diagram to answer Questions 19–22.
Magma
E
A
Metamorphic
rocks
Igneous
rocks
D
B
Sedimentary
rocks
Sediments
C
19. What process occurs at point A?
NY
20. What three processes can occur at point B?
NY
21. Name two processes that occur at point C.
NY
22. What two processes occur at points D and E?
NY
Rocks 89
Homework Guide
Section
1
2
3
4
Questions
1–4, 11, 19–22, 36, 37
5, 12–14, 23, 35
6–8, 15, 16, 24, 25, 29–34
9, 10, 17, 18, 26–28
3. b
6. d
9. a
Understanding Concepts
11. Use what you have learned about the rock cycle
to explain the following statement: One rock is
the raw material for another rock. NY
15. Explain three types of weathering.
2. b
5. d
8. b
11. Igneous rocks form from magma,
which can be produced when any type
of rock melts. Sedimentary rocks form as
the result of changes in igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks.
Likewise, metamorphic rocks form when
any type of rock is changed by heat,
pressure, and/or hot fluids.
12. Basalt forms when basaltic lava
hardens; gabbro, the coarse-grained
(intrusive) equivalent of basalt, forms
when basaltic magma hardens.
13. A porphyritic texture indicates that
the rock underwent at least two
different episodes of cooling.
14. Both are igneous rocks that have the
same composition. Granite forms deep
beneath the surface and therefore is
coarse-grained. Rhyolite forms at much
shallower depths and thus is finegrained.
15. Chemical weathering changes the
composition of a rock. Physical
weathering breaks the rock into smaller
pieces. Weathering by organisms can be
both physical and chemical.
16. Clay minerals and quartz are the
most common minerals in clastic rocks
because clays are common products of
chemical weathering and quartz is very
resistant to weathering.
17. Regional metamorphism subjects
rocks to extreme changes in
temperatures and pressures. As a result,
the rock undergoes structural and
compositional changes. During contact
metamorphism, intruding magma
causes a rise in temperature of the
parent rock. Changes are often slight.
18. The gneiss is foliated—bands of
white minerals alternate with bands of
black minerals. The color distribution of
the granite is more random.
19. Magma or lava solidifies.
20. weathering, erosion, deposition
21. compaction and cementation
22. metamorphism (D) and melting (E)
Rocks 89
Chapter 3 (continued)
Critical Thinking
23. No, if two rocks have the same
composition, then they are the intrusive
and extrusive equivalents of one
another. Thus, they cannot have the
same textures.
24. Both clastic and chemical
sedimentary rocks form at or near
Earth’s surface as a result of weathering,
erosion, deposition, compaction, and/or
cementation. They differ in their
textures and compositions. Clastic rocks
include sandstone, conglomerate,
breccia, siltstone, and shale. Chemical
rocks include most limestones, rock salt,
rock gypsum, chert, and flint.
25. The length of time that the
sediments that compose the rocks are
eroded causes the sediments in a
conglomerate to become rounded.
26. Both change rocks. Heat provides
the energy needed to drive chemical
reactions. Some of these reactions cause
existing minerals to recrystallize. Other
reactions cause new minerals to form.
Pressure can cause changes in
composition and texture.
27. The sandstone could become buried
and thus be subjected to changes in
temperature and/or pressure. If
conditions are right, these changes
could cause recrystallization of minerals
in the sandstone and change the rock
to quartzite.
28. The metamorphic rocks often have
a different composition; they can be
foliated, unlike the parent rocks; the
minerals might be larger than in the
parent rocks; and the metamorphic
rocks are often more dense than the
rocks from which they formed.
29. coarse-grained
30. sedimentary
31. coarse-grained clastic sedimentary
rock
32. Rocks were weathered to form
sediments. The sediments were eroded,
deposited, compacted, and cemented
to form the rock.
33. This rock could become an igneous
rock if it were subjected to increases in
temperatures and pressures high
enough to cause melting.
90
Chapter 3
CHAPTER
3
Assessment continued
Critical Thinking
Concepts in Action
23. Synthesizing Is it possible for two different
types of igneous rocks to have the same
composition and the same texture? Explain.
NY
24. Comparing and Contrasting Compare and
contrast the two types of sedimentary rocks and
give at least two examples of each type. NY
25. Formulating Hypotheses Think about the
sediments that compose both conglomerate and
breccia. What one sedimentary process makes
these two rocks different? Explain.
26. Comparing and Contrasting Compare and
contrast the effects of heat and pressure in the
formation of metamorphic rocks.
27. Explaining Explain all of the processes that
might change a sandstone into a quartzite.
NY
28. Synthesizing In what ways do metamorphic
rocks differ from the sedimentary and igneous
rocks from which they form? NY
Use the photograph to answer Questions 29–33.
34. Applying Concepts Your friend shows you a
rock with distinct layers. How can you and your
friend determine if the rock is a sedimentary rock
or a metamorphic rock? NY
35. Applying Concepts Name two rocks discussed
in this chapter that might be used as flooring,
countertops, or facades on museums and
government buildings. Name two rocks that
might be used for monuments and statues. NY
36. Calculating Each year, roughly 9100 kilograms
of rock, sand, and gravel are mined for each
person in the United States. Calculate how many
kilograms of rock, sand, and gravel have been
mined for you thus far in your life. Then calculate
how much will be mined when you are 75 years
old.
37. Writing in Science Suppose you’re a writer for
the school newspaper. You have been asked to
do a story on one of the rocks described in this
chapter. Pick a rock and write a short,
newspaper-type story. Include facts about the
rock—its texture, mineral composition, and how
it formed. Also describe how the rock might
change into a rock in each of the other two
categories of rocks. Be creative, but scientifically
accurate. NY
Performance-Based Assessment
Applying Concepts Go on field trip around your
house, neighborhood, and community to find at
least 10 items that are made from rocks or show
ways in which rocks are used. Make a poster that
shows what you found and display it for the class.
29. Observing Describe the texture of the rock.
NY
30. Identifying To which of the three major groups
of rocks does the rock belong? NY
31. Classifying Classify the rock as specifically as
possible. NY
32. Formulating Hypotheses Briefly describe how
this rock formed. NY
33. Applying Concepts Explain how this rock
might become an igneous rock. NY
90 Chapter 3
Concepts in Action
34. A metamorphic rock will be denser and more
compact than its sedimentary parent rock. It will
also have a different composition. The layers in a
sedimentary rock indicate different periods of
deposition whereas the layers in a metamorphic
rock are compositional layers.
35. Polished marble, sandstone, conglomerate,
and granite are often used for facades, flooring,
countertops, and monuments. Marble is used to
produce some statues and sculptures.
36. Sample answer: 9,100 kg/year ⫻ 14 years ⫽
127,400 kg; 9,100 kg/year ⫻ 75 years ⫽
682,500 kg
37. Use the information on the rock cycle and
Tables 1, 2, and 3 to evaluate students’ newspaper stories’ features. Allow time for a few
volunteers to read their stories to the class.