Excretion
BIOLOGY 20I
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Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain its internal makeup.
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Excretion is the removal from the body of the waste products of metabolic pathways.
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During the metabolic processes of the body, waste products are removed from the site of production by the blood.
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As these wastes accumulate, the kidney removes them from the blood and excretes them to the environment.
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The excretory product becomes urine .
FUNCTIONS OF THE EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
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Excretion
Carbon Dioxide – is excreted through the respiratory surfaces
Water – excreted through respiratory surfaces as well as kidneys
Nitrogenous Wastes – products of protein and nucleic acid digestion
NITROGENOUS WASTE
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Ammonia – The first metabolic product of amino acid deamination – (i.e protein digestion)
highly toxic
cannot accumulate in body
must be converted into less toxic uric acid and urea
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Uric Acid (in birds) – produced from ammonia
not very soluble – can be excreted as a paste with
little water loss
non toxic
NITROGENOUS WASTE
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Urea (in mammals) – converted from ammonia
less toxic than ammonia
produced in the liver
can be excreted in concentrated form
Problem : requires more water to excrete than uric acid
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Excretion
STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS
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Two kidneys – produce urine by filtering the blood
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Two ureters – take urine from kidneys to the bladder
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Urinary bladder – stores urine
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Urethra – carries urine to environment
LET'S LABEL...
THE KIDNEY
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Three distinct regions of the kidney:
1. Cortex – outer region
2. Medulla – just below cortex
3. Pelvis – a hollow chamber within the medulla
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The cortex and medulla of each kidney are made up of a approximately one million nephrons
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Excretion
THE KIDNEY
11.3.2 Draw and label a diagram of the kidney.
Include the cortex, medulla, pelvis, ureters and renal blood vessels.
THE NEPHRON
THE KIDNEY
the structural and functional unit of the kidney
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Composed of 5 parts:
1. Bowman’s capsule : receives first filtration products of blood.
2. Glomerulus : bundle of capillaries.
3. Proximal tubule : leads from Bowman’s capsule into cortex.
4. Loop of Henle : descends into renal medulla and back into cortex.
5. Distal Tubule & Collecting Duct : reenters cortex and joins with collecting tubule medulla renal pelvis ureters.
THE NEPHRON
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Excretion
THE NEPHRON
• a double walled chamber – start of the tubule.
THE NEPHRON
3. PROXIMAL TUBULE
• active transport of many valuable substances back into blood network happens here
glucose
amino acids
sodium
THE NEPHRON
• network of capillaries within the Bowman’s capsule
• high pressure (4x higher than in capillaries)
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Where filtration of blood plasma occurs; plasma that enters capsule = FILTRATE
THE NEPHRON
3. PROXIMAL TUBULE
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What doesn’t get reabsorbed back into blood?
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Excretion
THE NEPHRON
• the long hairpin turn!!
• some of the remaining water and salt in the filtrate will be returned to the blood
• lies in the medulla which is relatively salty
(hypertonic)
4 STEPS TO URINE FORMATION
11.3.4 Explain the process of ultrafiltration, including blood pressure, fenestrated blood capillaries and basement membrane.
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Ultrafiltration filtration, in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semi permeable membrane. In the case of the glomerulus the hydrostatic pressure is caused by the blood pressure.
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Fenestrated capillaries – contain small gaps between the cells which allow blood plasma to leak through to the Bowman’s capsule.
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Basement membrane forms the boundary between blood and urine. Surrounds the glomerulus http://www.kidneypatientguide.org.uk/site/HKWanim.php
THE NEPHRON
5. DISTAL TUBULE and COLLECTING
DUCTS
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More water reabsorption occurs here
This depends on the presence of certain hormones – antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Exact amounts of substances are reclaimed to the blood
very precise
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Excretion
FILTRATION
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Occurs at the junction of the glomerulus and the wall of the Bowman’s capsule
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Each glomerulus receives blood from an afferent arteriole and discharges its blood into an efferent arteriole (hypertonic).
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Only Fluid and dissolved materials (nutrients, wastes, ions) in the blood plasma pass from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule
due to a local increase in blood pressure within the glomerulus
REABSORPTION
11.3.6 Explain the reabsorption of glucose, water and salts in the proximal convoluted tubule, including the roles of microvilli, osmosis and active transport
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Occurs from proximal tubule à collecting duct
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Can return about 85% 99% of filtrate to the blood
Depends on how much water & salt you must conserve
• efferent arteriole feeds into second capillary network that surrounds the tubule (the vasa recta)
• this network receives reabsorbed substances
eventually leads to renal vein
FILTRATION
• this material is then called nephric filtrate
• red blood cells, plasma proteins and platelets are too large to pass through the wall of the capillary and therefore remain within the capillary.
REABSORPTION
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Water rushes into the blood because of osmosis
Problem
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Not enough water is returned this way.
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Excretion
REABSORPTION REABSORPTION
REABSORPTION
SOLUTION:
• active transport solutes into the capillary bed
glucose
amino acids
vitamins
inorganic ions (Na+)
• water is passively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule as these solutes are actively removed from the filtrate
REABSORPTION
Reabsorption and the distal tubule:
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A more selective, precisely regulated reabsorption occurs in the distal tubules
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Additional quantities of salts and water may be reabsorbed
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The exact amount of each substance reclaimed occurs in the distal tubules.
excess is excreted in urine
e.g. glucose and diabetes
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Excretion
SECRETION
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This is the last chance for anything to leave the blood and enter the urine
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Mechanism = Active transport
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Occurs in the distal tubule and collecting duct
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Hydrogen ion secretion – helps regulate blood pH
Distal tubule
Na+ moves into the blood and H+ moves into the tubule filtrate
blood pH increases (ranges 7.3 7.4)
urine pH decreases (ranges 4.5 8.5)
ELIMINATION
• collecting duct
• renal pelvis
• ureter
• urinary bladder
• urethra
• environment
SECRETION
• potassium secretion
prevents accumulation of potassium that can create neural and muscular problems
• some drugs are removed from the body by secretion
• substances eliminated in this manner are
creatine – byproduct of protein metabolism
potassium
penicillin
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Excretion
URINE FORMATION
11.3.8 Explain the differences in the concentration of proteins, glucose and urea between blood plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine.
WHAT HAPPENS?
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HORMONES
11.3.7 Explain the roles of the loop of Henle, medulla, collecting duct and ADH (vasopressin) in maintaining the water balance of the blood.
ADH
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The AntiDiuretic Hormone
influences the RATE of water reabsorption into blood from collecting ducts
released by the pituitary gland in the brain
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Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus of brain stimulated by low blood volume and increased osmotic pressure
both of those means that there is not enough water in the blood.
rate of ADH secretion from pituitary is increased
HORMONES
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Released by adrenal glands in response to a drop in blood pressure or volume
Detected at JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus)
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Aldosterone acts on distal tubule to increase reabsorption of Na+
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As a result, water absorption also increases à less water lost in urine
Urine becomes more concentrated http://highered.mcgraw hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__hormonal_communication.html
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Excretion
URINARY STATISTICS
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How much filtrate is produced by 2 million nephrons/day?
180 liters
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How much blood is filtered every minute?
130 mL
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How much urine enters the bladder per minute?
2 mL (only ~1.5 % of the amount filtered!!)
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
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Lifestyle factors contributing to hypertension (high blood pressure) and kidney function:
alcohol and nicotine
Consuming alcohol may raise blood pressure more than sodium. the increase in blood pressure was especially marked in those who were overweight and drank regularly.
Nicotine in tobacco acts as a stimulant, speeding up the beating of the heart and constricting the arteries. This tends to raise blood pressure.
URINARY STATISTICS
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Approximately how much urine does the average adult bladder volume hold?
600 mL
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Averages
1.5 liters of urine produced per day
yellow
usually acidic
95% water
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
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Lifestyle factors contributing to hypertension
(high blood pressure) and kidney function:
sedentary lifestyle
Obesity causes the heart to beat harder in order to supply the (larger) body with enough blood
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Excretion
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
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Lifestyle factors contributing to hypertension (high blood pressure) and kidney function:
dietary excesses or deficiencies
Too much salt (Na+) will cause an increase in blood pressure.
Too much fat in diet can cause arteriosclerosis and increase blood pressure.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
Explain how an understanding of nephron function is applied to renal and peritoneal dialysis
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Hemodialysis means "cleaning the blood." In hemodialysis, the blood is circulated through an artificial kidney machine, which contains a dialyzer (also called an artificial kidney).
The dialyzer has two spaces separated by a thin membrane.
Blood passes on one side of the membrane and dialysis fluid passes on the other. The wastes and excess water pass from the blood through the membrane into the dialysis fluid, which is then discarded. The cleaned blood is return to the bloodstream.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
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Lifestyle factors contributing to hypertension
(high blood pressure) and kidney function:
Stress
When the body undergoes stress, the heart rate increases and the blood vessels constrict, raising blood pressure.
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Excretion
Explain how an understanding of nephron function is applied to renal and peritoneal dialysis
• peritoneal dialysis the blood is cleaned inside the body in the abdomen in the peritoneal cavity, which is lined by a thin membrane called the peritoneum that surrounds the intestines and other internal organs. This cavity is filled with dialysis fluid that enters the body through a permanently implanted catheter. Excess water and wastes pass through the peritoneum into the dialysis fluid, which is then drained from the body and discarded. The process is repeated from three to five times a day. This treatment can be performed without assistance, either at home or at work
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
Briefly describe how the following disorders would affect the excretory system
11.3.9 Explain the presence of glucose in the urine of untreated diabetic patients.
Diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes)
• blood glucose, is too high.
• pancreas does not make insulin.
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Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose get into your cells to give them energy.
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Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood.
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Too much sugar in blood
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Urinating often
• very thirsty
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Feeling very hungry or tired
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
• a disorder in which the body does not produce sufficient ADH.
• large volumes of dilute urine; dehydration.
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Caused by a problem with the pituitary gland or the kidneys
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Excretion
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
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KIDNEY STONES
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
Kidney stones
Urolithiasis
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A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney from substances in the urine
• small as a grain of sand or as large as a pearl
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Most pass out of the body without help from a doctor
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It may get stuck in the urinary tract, block the flow of urine and cause great pain.
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Extreme pain in your back or side that will not go away
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Blood in your urine
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Urine that smells bad or looks cloudy
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A burning feeling when you urinate http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLO5beZY4zc
KIDNEY STONES
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Excretion
KIDNEY STONES KIDNEY STONES
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
Describe two technologies used to diagnose, treat or assist the excretory system.
Dialysis
Blood/Urinalysis Tests
– blood urea nitrogen (BUN test)
– creatinine
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
Describe two technologies used to diagnose, treat or assist the excretory system.
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Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
uses shock waves to break a kidney stone into small pieces that can more easily travel through the urinary tract and pass from the body.
You lie on a waterfilled cushion. Xrays or ultrasound tests are used to precisely locate the stone. Highenergy sound waves pass through your body without injuring it and break the stone into small pieces.
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Excretion
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
Describe two technologies used to diagnose, treat or assist the excretory system.
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Cystoscopy is the use of a scope (cystoscope) to examine the bladder.
Abnormalities can be detected in this manner, and surgical procedures can be performed.
Areas that can be examined include the following:
Urethra, Bladder, & ureters
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, &
SOCIETY
Identify the challenges of organ and tissue transplants.
People who need an organ transplant often have to wait a long time for one. Doctors must match donors to recipients to reduce the risk of transplant rejection.
This is when the recipient's body turns against the new organ, causing it to fail. People who have transplants must take drugs the rest of their lives to help keep their bodies from rejecting the new organ.
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