6
MIGRATION AND
INDUSTRIALIZATION
TERM
DEFINITION
Edwin L. Drake
first person to use steam engine to drill for
oil
Thomas Alva Edison
scientist who received more than 1,300
patents for a range of items including the
automatic telegraph machine, the
phonograph, improvements to the light bulb,
a modernized telephone and motion picture
equipment.
Christopher Sholes
invented the typewriter
Alexander Graham
Bell
inventor of the telephone
George M. Pullman
invented sleeping cars for trains and built a
town to house his workers
Munn v. Illinois
an 1877 case in which the Supreme Court
upheld stats’ regulation of railroads for the
benefit of farmers and consumers, thus
establishing the right of government to
regulate private industry to serve the public
interest
Interstate Commerce
Act
a law, enacted in 1887, that reestablished
the federal government’s right to supervise
railroad activities and created a five-member
Interstate Commerce Commission to do so
Andrew Carnegie
a Scottish-American industrialist who led the
enormous expansion of the American steel
industry in the late 19th century
John D. Rockefeller
industrialist who founded the Standard Oil
Company, a monopoly that controlled more
than 90% of the oil business in the US
Sherman Antitrust Act
a law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to
prevent the creation of monopolies by
making it illegal to establish trusts that
interfered with free trade
Samuel Gompers
founder and president of the American
Federation of Labor
Eugene V. Debs
leader of the American Railway Union; he
was the Socialist Party candidate for
president five times
Mary Harris “Mother”
Jones
organized coal miners, their wives, and their
children to fight for better working conditions
a law, enacted in 1882, that prohibited all
Chinese except students, teachers,
Chinese Exclusion Act
merchants, tourists, and government
officials from entering the United States
Gentlemen’s
Agreement
1907-1908 agreement by the government of
Japan to limit Japanese emigration to the
United States
Americanization
movement
education program designed to help
immigrants assimilate to American culture
Social Gospel
movement
a 19th-century reform movement based on
the belief that Christians have a
responsibility to help improve working
conditions and alleviate poverty.
Jane Addams
the founder of Hull House, which provided
English lessons for immigrants, daycare,
and child care classes
Tweed Ring
a group of corrupt New York politicians, led
by William Marcy “Boss” Tweed, who took
as much as $2 million from the city between
1869 and 1871
Thomas Nast
American political cartoonist who helped
turn public attention to the corruption of
Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th President of the United States who
attempted civil service reform
Stalwart
a Republican who supported the new York
political boss Roscoe Conkling and opposed
civil service reform
James A. Garfield
20th President of the United States who was
assassinated four months into his
presidency by Charles Guiteau
Chester A. Arthur
21st President of the United States who
supported the Pendleton Act
Pendleton Act
a law, enacted in 1883, that established a
bipartisan civil service commission to make
appointments to government jobs by means
of the merit system
Grover Cleveland
22nd and 24th President of the United
States who lowered tariffs and handled the
Panic of 1893 poorly
Benjamin Harrison
23rd President of the United States who
won passage of the McKinley Tariff, which
raised tariffs to their highest level ever