19. Electronic Mail
19.1
Electronic mail
Advantages
Advantages
ItIt isis normally
normally much
much cheaper
cheaper than
than using
using the
the
telephone
(although,
as
time
equates
to
money
for
telephone (although, as time equates to money for
most
mostcompanies,
companies,this
thisrelates
relatesany
anysavings
savingsor
orcosts
costs
totoaauser’s
typing
speed).
user’s typing speed).
Many
Manydifferent
differenttypes
typesofofdata
datacan
canbe
betransmitted,
transmitted,
such
as
images,
documents,
speech,
and
such as images, documents, speech, andso
soon.
on.
ItItisismuch
faster
than
the
postal
service.
much faster than the postal service.
Users
Users can
can filter
filter incoming
incoming email
email easier
easier than
than
incoming
telephone
calls.
incoming telephone calls.
ItIt normally
normally cuts
cuts out
out the
the need
need for
for work
work toto be
be
typed,
edited
and
printed
by
a
secretary.
typed, edited and printed by a secretary.
ItItreduces
reducesthe
theburden
burdenon
onthe
themailroom.
mailroom.
ItIt isis normally
more
secure
normally more secure than
than traditional
traditional
methods.
methods.
ItItisisrelatively
relativelyeasy
easytotosend
sendtotogroups
groupsofofpeople
people
(traditionally,
either
a
circulation
list
was
required
(traditionally, either a circulation list was required
or
oraacopy
copytotoeveryone
everyoneininthe
thegroup
groupwas
wasrequired).
required).
ItItisisusually
possible
to
determine
whether
usually possible to determine whetherthe
the
recipient
has
actually
read
the
message
(the
recipient has actually read the message (the
electronic
electronic mail
mail system
system sends
sends back
back an
an
acknowledgement).
acknowledgement).
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
ItItstops
stopspeople
peopleusing
usingthe
thetelephone.
telephone.
ItItcannot
be
used
as
a
legal
cannot be used as a legaldocument.
document.
Electronic
mail
messages
can
Electronic mail messages canbe
besent
sentimpulsively
impulsivelyand
andmay
may
be
later
regretted
(sending
by
traditional
methods
normally
be later regretted (sending by traditional methods normally
allows
allowsfor
foraarethink).
rethink).InInextreme
extremecases
casesmessages
messagescan
canbe
besent
sent
toto the
wrong
person
(typically
when
replying
to
an
email
the wrong person (typically when replying to an email
message,
message,where
whereaamessage
messageisissent
senttotothe
themailing
mailing list
listrather
rather
than
the
originator).
than the originator).
ItIt may
may be
be difficult
difficult toto send
send toto some
some remote
remote sites.
sites. Many
Many
organisations
have
either
no
electronic
mail
or
merely
organisations have either no electronic mail or merely an
an
intranet.
Large
companies
are
particularly
wary
of
Internet
intranet. Large companies are particularly wary of Internet
connections
connectionsand
andlimit
limitthe
theamount
amountofofexternal
externaltraffic.
traffic.
Not
everyone
reads
their
electronic
mail
on
Not everyone reads their electronic mail onaaregular
regularbasis
basis
(although
this
is
changing
as
more
organisations
adopt
email
(although this is changing as more organisations adopt emailasas
the
thestandard
standardcommunications
communicationsmedium).
medium).
Standards
Standards
Simple
Simple Mail
Mail Transfer
Transfer Protocol
Protocol (SMTP)
(SMTP) –– which
which isis used
used
with
the
TCP/IP
protocol
suite.
It
has
traditionally
been
with the TCP/IP protocol suite. It has traditionally been
limited
limitedtotothe
thetext-based
text-basedelectronic
electronicmessages.
messages.
Multipurpose
Internet
Mail
Extension
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME)
(MIME) –– which
which
allows
the
transmission
and
reception
of
mail
that
contains
allows the transmission and reception of mail that contains
various
various types
types ofof data,
data, such
such asas speech,
speech, images
images and
and motion
motion
video.
It
is
a
newer
standard
than
SMTP
and
uses
much
video. It is a newer standard than SMTP and uses muchofofits
its
basic
protocol.
basic protocol.
S/MIME
S/MIME(Secure
(SecureMIME).
MIME).RSA
RSAData
DataSecurity
Securitycreated
createdS/MIME
S/MIME
which
supports
encrypted
email
transfers
and
digitally
which supports encrypted email transfers and digitallysigned
signed
electronic
mail.
electronic mail.
19.2
Email client/server or message transfer agent
Post offices
Message transfer agent
forwards mail to the remote
(store and forward)
Local
post
office
Mail message
is forwarded to
local post office
Real-time
remote
transfer
Message
transfer
agent
Remote
post
office
Message transfer by
real-time transfers
Local
post
office
Real-time
remote
transfer
Remote
post
office
Real-time
remote
transfer
MAPI
MAPI (messaging
(messaging API)
API) –– Microsoft
Microsoft part
part ofof Windows
Windows
Operation
Services
Architecture.
Operation Services Architecture.
VIM
VIM(vendor-independent
(vendor-independentmessaging)
messaging)––Lotus,
Lotus,Apple,
Apple,Novell
Novell
and
Borland
derived
email
API.
and Borland derived email API.
MHS
MHS(message
(messagehandling
handlingservice)
service)––Novell
Novellnetwork
networkinterface
interface
which
is
often
used
as
an
email
gateway
protocol.
which is often used as an email gateway protocol.
CMC
CMC (common
(common mail
mail call)
call) –– Email
Email API
API associated
associated with
with the
the
X.400
native
messaging
protocol.
X.400 native messaging protocol.
Post offices –– where
where outgoing
outgoing
messages
are
temporally
buffered
messages are temporally buffered
(stored)
(stored) before
before transmission
transmission and
and
where
incoming
messages
are
stored.
where incoming messages are stored.
The
The post
post office
office runs
runs the
the server
server
software
capable
of
routing
messages
software capable of routing messages
(a(a message
message transfer
transfer agent)
agent) and
and
maintaining
the
post
office
database.
maintaining the post office database.
Message
Message transfer
transfer agents
agents –– for
for
forwarding
messages
between
post
forwarding messages between post
offices
offices and
and toto the
the destination
destination clients.
clients.
This
software
can
either
reside
on
This software can either reside onthe
the
local
post
office
or
on
a
physically
local post office or on a physically
separate
separateserver.
server.
Gateways
Gateways––which
whichprovide
providepart
partofofthe
the
message
transfer
agent
functionality.
message transfer agent functionality.
They
Theytranslate
translatebetween
betweendifferent
differentemail
email
systems,
different
email
addressing
systems, different email addressing
schemes
schemesand
andmessaging
messagingprotocols.
protocols.
Email
clients
–
normally
Email clients – normally the
the
computer
which
connects
to
the
post
computer which connects to the post
office.
office.ItItcontains
containsthree
threeparts:
parts:
Email
API
(Application
Email API (Application Program
Program
Interface):
MAPI,
VIM,
MHS
Interface): MAPI, VIM, MHSand
and
CMC.
CMC.
Messaging
Messaging protocol:
protocol: SMTP/
SMTP/
X.400.
X.400.
Network
Network transport
transport protocol.
protocol.
Ethernet/
FDDI/etc.
Ethernet/ FDDI/etc.
19.3
Email architecture
Email client
– Email client software
Email server
– Gateway software
External
connection
Email server
– Server post office software
– Email database
– Email message transfer agent
– Email routing information
– Directory synchronization
Gateway
Gatewayprotocols:
protocols:
MHS
(used
MHS
(usedwith
withNovell
NovellNetWare).
NetWare).
SMTP.MIME
(used
with
Internet
SMTP.MIME
(used with Internetenvironment).
environment).
X.400
(used
with
X.400).
X.400
(used with X.400).
MS
Mail
(used
MS Mail
(usedwith
withMicrosoft
MicrosoftMail).
Mail).
cc:Mail
(used
with
Lotus
cc:Mail).
cc:Mail
(used with Lotus cc:Mail).
19.4
SMTP (RFC 821)
SMTP
SMTPcommands:
commands:
domain
HELO
HELO domain
MAIL
sender-address
MAILFROM:
FROM:sender-address
receiver-address
RCPT
FROM:
RCPT FROM: receiver-address
DATA
DATA
RSEY
RSEY
QUIT
QUIT
EXPN
mailing-list
EXPNmailing-list
SEND
FROM:
sender-address
SEND FROM:sender-address
sender-address
SOML
FROM:
SOML FROM: sender-address
VRFY
VRFYusername
username
HELO domain
250 OK
MAIL FROM: sender
250 OK
RCPT TO:
receiver
250 OK
DATA
Sender
354
message
LF CR
LF CR
250 OK
Receiver
SMTP
SMTPresponses:
responses:
211
System
211 Systemstatus
status
214
Help
message
214 Help message
220
220 Service
Serviceready
ready
221
Service
closing
221 Service closingtransmission
transmission
channel
channel
250
Request
250 Requestmail
mailaction
actioncompleted
completed
successfully
successfully
251
Addressed
251 Addresseduser
userdoes
doesnot
notexist
existon
on
system
but
will
forward
receiversystem but will forward receiveraddress
address
354
Indicate
354 Indicatetotothe
thesender
senderthat
thatthe
themail
mail
message
can
now
be
sent.
The
end
message can now be sent. The end
ofofthe
themessage
messageisisidentified
identifiedby
bytwo
two
CR,
LF
characters
CR, LF characters
421
Service
421 Serviceisisnot
notavailable
available
450
Mailbox
unavailable
450 Mailbox unavailableand
andthe
the
requested
mail
action
was
requested mail action wasnot
not
taken
taken
19.5
Example (RFC821)
>> mail
mail -v
-v w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk
w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk
Subject:
Test
Subject: Test
This
This is
is aa test
test message.
message. Hello,
Hello, how
how are
are you.
you.
Fred.
Fred.
EOT
EOT
w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk...
w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk... Connecting
Connecting to
to central.napier.ac.uk.
central.napier.ac.uk. (smtp)...
(smtp)...
220
central.napier.ac.uk
ESMTP
Sendmail
8.9.1/8.9.1;
Fri,
18
Dec
220 central.napier.ac.uk ESMTP Sendmail 8.9.1/8.9.1; Fri, 18 Dec 1998
1998 15:55:45
15:55:45 GMT
GMT
>>>
>>> HELO
HELO www.eece.napier.ac.uk
www.eece.napier.ac.uk
250
250 central.napier.ac.uk
central.napier.ac.uk Hello
Hello bill_b@www.eece.napier.ac.uk
bill_b@www.eece.napier.ac.uk [146.176.151.139],
[146.176.151.139], pleased
pleased
to
meet
you
to meet you
>>>
>>> MAIL
MAIL From:<bill_b@www.eece.napier.ac.uk>
From:<bill_b@www.eece.napier.ac.uk>
250
<bill_b@www.eece.napier.ac.uk>...
250 <bill_b@www.eece.napier.ac.uk>... Sender
Sender ok
ok
>>>
>>> RCPT
RCPT To:<w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk>
To:<w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk>
250
250 <w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk>...
<w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk>... Recipient
Recipient ok
ok
>>>
DATA
>>> DATA
354
354 Enter
Enter mail,
mail, end
end with
with "."
"." on
on aa line
line by
by itself
itself
>>>
.
>>> .
250
250 PAA24767
PAA24767 Message
Message accepted
accepted for
for delivery
delivery
w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk...
Sent
(PAA24767
w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk... Sent (PAA24767 Message
Message accepted
accepted for
for delivery)
delivery)
Closing
connection
to
central.napier.ac.uk.
Closing connection to central.napier.ac.uk.
>>>
>>> QUIT
QUIT
221
central.napier.ac.uk
221 central.napier.ac.uk closing
closing connection
connection
19.6
RFC822
From
From FREDB@ACOMP.CO.UK
FREDB@ACOMP.CO.UK Wed
Wed Jul
Jul 55 12:36:49
12:36:49 1995
1995
Received:
from
ACOMP.CO.UK
([154.220.12.27])
Received: from ACOMP.CO.UK ([154.220.12.27]) by
by
central.napier.ac.uk
(8.6.10/8.6.10)
with
SMTP
central.napier.ac.uk (8.6.10/8.6.10) with SMTP id
id MAA16064
MAA16064 for
for
<w.buchanan@central.napier.ac.uk>;
<w.buchanan@central.napier.ac.uk>;
Wed,
Wed, 55 Jul
Jul 1995
1995 12:36:43
12:36:43 +0100
+0100
Received:
Received: from
from WPOAWUK-Message_Server
WPOAWUK-Message_Server by
by ACOMP.CO.UK
ACOMP.CO.UK
with
with Novell_GroupWise;
Novell_GroupWise; Wed,
Wed, 05
05 Jul
Jul 1995
1995 12:35:51
12:35:51 +0000
+0000
Message
Message
Single
text file
sent
Message-Id:
Message-Id: <sffa8725.082@ACOMP.CO.UK
<sffa8725.082@ACOMP.CO.UK >>
X-Mailer:
X-Mailer: Novell
Novell GroupWise
GroupWise 4.1
4.1
Date:
Date: Wed,
Wed, 05
05 Jul
Jul 1995
1995 12:35:07
12:35:07 +0000
+0000
From:
From: Fred
Fred Bloggs
Bloggs <FREDB@ACOMP.CO.UK>
<FREDB@ACOMP.CO.UK>
To:
To: w.buchanan@central.napier.ac.uk
w.buchanan@central.napier.ac.uk
Subject:
Subject: Technical
Technical Question
Question
Status:
Status: REO
REO
Dear
Dear Bill
Bill
II have
have aa big
big problem.
problem. Please
Please help.
help.
Fred
Fred
RFC822
RFC822
header
header
Message
Message
RFC822
RFC822defines:
defines:
AA header
header –– which
which isis basically
basically the
the mail
mail header
header and
and contains
contains
information
for
the
successful
transmission
and
delivery
of
a
message.
information for the successful transmission and delivery of a message.
This
Thistypically
typicallycontains
containsthe
theemail
emailaddresses
addressesfor
forsender
senderand
andreceiver,
receiver,the
the
time
the
message
was
sent
and
received.
Any
computer
involved
in
the
time the message was sent and received. Any computer involved in the
transmission
transmissioncan
canadded
addedtotothe
theheader.
header.
The
contents.
The contents.
Message
Message
19.7
Example email message showing RFC822 part
19.8
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension )
SMTP
SMTPdrawbacks:
drawbacks:
SMTP
can
SMTP canonly
onlytransmit
transmitASCII
ASCIIcharacters
charactersand
and
thus
cannot
transmit
executable
files
or
other
thus cannot transmit executable files or other
binary
binaryobjects.
objects.
SMTP
does
SMTP doesnot
notallow
allowthe
theattachment
attachmentofoffiles,
files,
such
as
images
and
audio.
such as images and audio.
SMTP
SMTPcan
canonly
onlytransmit
transmit7-bit
7-bitASCII
ASCIIcharacter
character
thus
it
does
support
an
extended
thus it does support an extended ASCII
ASCII
character
set.
character set.
RFC1521/RFC1522
RFC1521/RFC1522(MIME)
(MIME)
Five
new
message
header
Five new message header fields
fields inin the
the RFC
RFC
822
header,
which
provide
extra
information
822 header, which provide extra information
about
aboutthe
thebody
bodyofofthe
themessage.
message.
Use
of
various
content
Use of various content formats
formats toto support
support
multimedia
electronic
mail.
multimedia electronic mail.
Defined
Defined transfer
transfer encodings
encodings for
for transforming
transforming
attached
files.
attached files.
MIME-Version:
MIME-Version: 1.0
1.0
Content-Type:
text/plain;
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset=us-ascii
charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
7bit
New
Newheaders
headers
MIME-version
MIME-version––aamessage
messagethat
thatconforms
conformstotoRFC
RFC
1521
or
1522
is
MIME-version
1.0.
1521 or 1522 is MIME-version 1.0.
Content-type
Content-type––this
thisfield
fielddefines
definesthe
thetype
typeofofdata
data
attached.
attached.
Content-transfer-encoding
Content-transfer-encoding––this
thisfield
fieldindicates
indicates
the
type
of
transformation
necessary
to
represent
the type of transformation necessary to represent
the
thebody
bodyininaaformat
formatwhich
whichcan
canbe
betransmitted
transmittedasasaa
message.
message.
Content-id
Content-id––this
thisfield
fieldisisused
usedtotouniquely
uniquelyidentify
identify
MIME
multiple
attachments
in
the
email
message.
MIME multiple attachments in the email message.
Content-description
Content-description –– this
this field
field isis aa plain-text
plain-text
description
of
the
object
with
the
body.
It
description of the object with the body. Itcan
canbe
be
used
by
the
user
to
determine
the
data
type.
used by the user to determine the data type.
Received:
Received: from
from pc419.eece.napier.ac.uk
pc419.eece.napier.ac.uk by
by
ccmailgate.napier.ac.uk
(SMTPLINK
V2.11.01)
ccmailgate.napier.ac.uk (SMTPLINK V2.11.01)
;; Fri,
Fri, 24
24 Jan
Jan 97
97 11:13:41
11:13:41 gmt
gmt
Return-Path:
Return-Path: <w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk>
<w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk>
Message-ID:
Message-ID: <32E90962.1574@napier.ac.uk>
<32E90962.1574@napier.ac.uk>
Date:
Date: Fri,
Fri, 24
24 Jan
Jan 1997
1997 11:14:22
11:14:22 -0800
-0800
From:
Dr
William
Buchanan
<w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk>
From: Dr William Buchanan <w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk>
Organization:
Organization: Napier
Napier University
University
X-Mailer:
X-Mailer: Mozilla
Mozilla 3.01
3.01 (Win95;
(Win95; I;
I; 16bit)
16bit)
MIME-Version:
1.0
MIME-Version: 1.0
To:
To: w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk
w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk
Subject:
Subject: Book
Book recommendation
recommendation
Content-Type:
Content-Type: text/plain;
text/plain; charset=us-ascii
charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
7bit
19.9
MIME content (mixed)
MIME
MIMEcontent
contentheaders
headers
text/plain
text/plain
text/richtext
text/richtext
multipart/mixed
multipart/mixed
multipart/parallel
multipart/parallel
multipart/alternative
multipart/alternative
multipart/digest
multipart/digest
message/rfc822
message/rfc822
message/partial
message/partial
message/external-body
message/external-body
image/jpeg
image/jpeg
image/gif
image/gif
video/mpeg
video/mpeg
audio/basic
audio/basic
application/postscript
application/postscript
application/octet-stream
application/octet-stream
MIME
MIMEcontent
contentheaders
headers
From:
Dr
William
From: Dr William Buchanan
Buchanan
<w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk>
<w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk>
MIME-Version:
MIME-Version: 1.0
1.0
To:
w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk
To: w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk
Subject:
Subject: Any
Any subject
subject
Content-Type:
Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
multipart/mixed;
boundary=“boundary
boundary=“boundary name”
name”
This
part
of
the
message
This part of the message will
will be
be ignored.
ignored.
-boundary
name
-- boundary name
Content-Type:
Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
multipart/mixed;
boundary=“boundary
boundary=“boundary name”
name”
This
is
the
first
mail
This is the first mail message
message part.
part.
-boundary
name
-- boundary name
And
And this
this is
is the
the second
second mail
mail message
message part.
part.
-boundary
name
--- boundary name --
19.10 MIME content (partial)
MIME
MIMEcontent
contentheaders
headers
text/plain
text/plain
text/richtext
text/richtext
multipart/mixed
multipart/mixed
multipart/parallel
multipart/parallel
multipart/alternative
multipart/alternative
multipart/digest
multipart/digest
message/rfc822
message/rfc822
message/partial
message/partial
message/external-body
message/external-body
image/jpeg
image/jpeg
image/gif
image/gif
video/mpeg
video/mpeg
audio/basic
audio/basic
application/postscript
application/postscript
application/octet-stream
application/octet-stream
!
! Example
ExampleMIME
MIMEfile
filewith
with33fragments
fragments(first
(firstpart)
part)
From:
Fred
Bloggs
<f.bloggs@toytown.ac.uk>
From: Fred Bloggs <f.bloggs@toytown.ac.uk>
MIME-Version:
MIME-Version: 1.0
1.0
To:
a.body@anytown.ac.uk
To: a.body@anytown.ac.uk
Subject:
Subject: Any
Any subject
subject
Content-Type:
Content-Type: message/partial;
message/partial;
id=“xyz@toytown.ac.uk”;
id=“xyz@toytown.ac.uk”; number=1;
number=1; total=3
total=3
Content=type:
Content=type: video/mpeg
video/mpeg
First
First part
part of
of MPEG
MPEG file
file
!
ExampleMIME
MIMEfile
filewith
with33fragments
fragments(second
(secondpart)
part)
! Example
From:
From: Fred
Fred Bloggs
Bloggs <f.bloggs@toytown.ac.uk>
<f.bloggs@toytown.ac.uk>
MIME-Version:
MIME-Version: 1.0
1.0
To:
To: a.body@anytown.ac.uk
a.body@anytown.ac.uk
Subject:
Subject: Any
Any subject
subject
Content-Type:
Content-Type: message/partial;
message/partial;
id=“xyz@toytown.ac.uk”;
id=“xyz@toytown.ac.uk”; number=2;
number=2; total=3
total=3
Content=type:
video/mpeg
Content=type: video/mpeg
Second
Second part
part of
of MPEG
MPEG file
file
!
ExampleMIME
MIMEfile
filewith
with33fragments
fragments(third
(thirdpart)
part)
! Example
From:
Fred
Bloggs
<f.bloggs@toytown.ac.uk>
From: Fred Bloggs <f.bloggs@toytown.ac.uk>
MIME-Version:
MIME-Version: 1.0
1.0
To:
a.body@anytown.ac.uk
To: a.body@anytown.ac.uk
Subject:
Subject: Any
Any subject
subject
Content-Type:
Content-Type: message/partial;
message/partial;
id=“xyz@toytown.ac.uk”;
id=“xyz@toytown.ac.uk”; number=3;
number=3; total=3
total=3
Content=type:
Content=type: video/mpeg
video/mpeg
Third
Third part
part of
of MPEG
MPEG file
file
19.11 MIME encodings
7bit
7bit –– no
no encoding,
encoding, and
and allall ofof the
the characters
characters are
are 7-bit
7-bit ASCII
ASCII
characters.
characters.
8bit
8bit––no
noencoding,
encoding,and
andextended
extended8-bit
8-bitASCII
ASCIIcharacters
charactersare
areused.
used.
quoted-printable
–
encodes
the
data
so
that
non-printing
quoted-printable – encodes the data so that non-printing
ASCII
are
Quotable-printable:
ASCII characters
characters (such
(such asas line
line feeds
feeds and
and carriage
carriage returns)
returns)
are
Quotable-printable:
displayed
in
a
readable
form.
Message
displayed in a readable form.
Message has
has been
been encoded
encoded so
so that
that allall
base64
ofof
non-printing
characters
base64––encodes
encodesby
bymapping
mapping6-bit
6-bitblocks
blocksofofinput
inputto
to8-bit
8-bitblocks
blocks
non-printing
characters have
have been
been
output,
all
of
which
are
printable
ASCII
characters.
converted
output, all of which are printable ASCII characters.
converted to
to printable
printable characters.
characters. AA
x-token
typical
x-token––another
anothernon-standard
non-standardencoding
encodingmethod.
method.
typical transform
transform isis to
to insert
insert =xx
=xx where
where
xxxx isis the
hexadecimal
equivalent
for
the hexadecimal equivalent for the
the
E.g.
Content-transfer-encoding:
quoted-printable
ASCII
character.
A
form
feed
(FF)
would
E.g. Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable
ASCII character. A form feed (FF) would
be
beencoded
encodedwith
with‘=0C’
‘=0C’
Bit value
Encoded
character
Bit value
Encoded
character
Bit value
Encoded
character
Bit value
Encoded
character
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
a
b
c
d
e
f
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
w
x
y
z
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
+
/
19.12 Just for fun
Smilie
Description
Smilie
Description
:-)
;-)
:.-)
:-D
:-P
:-<
:.-(
:-@
:-X
:-O
O:-)
:-/
:-x
?-(
smile
wink
laughing tears
laughing
tongue
sad
weeping
angry
mute
surprised/shocked
halo
sceptical
kissing
sorry, I don't know what went
wrong
stared too long at monitor
unconscious
bald
punk
chinese
little girl
robot
wearing glasses / wide-eyed grin
sunglasses on head
moustache
wig
vampire
boxer's nose
robot
variations on a theme
(what?)
laughter
sad
:->
:-)))
;-)=)
:-}
:-(
:-I
:-II
}-)
:-()
=:-)
:-3
:-Z
:-*
:*)
sarcastic
laughing or double chin
grin
wry smile
sad, angry
indifferent/sad
angry
evil
talking
shocked
has eaten a lemon
sleeping
sorry, I didn't want to say that
drunk (red nose)
#-)
:-Q
.-)
<:-)
@:-)
:-)-8
::-)
B-)
.^)
_O-)
:-E
(-:
:)
:]
:}
:@
:I
dead
smoking
one-eyed
stupid question (donkey’s hat)
arab
big girl
wearing glasses
horn-rimmed glasses
side view
aquanaut
vampire
left-handed
happy
gleep, friendly
(what should we call these?)
(what?)
hmmm...
%-)
X-)
(:-)
-:-)
<|-)
8:-)
[:-]
8-)
B:-)
:<)
{:-)
:-[
:o)
[:]
=)
:>
:D
:(
19.13 JFF Part II
Acronym
Description
Acronym
Description
2U2
AFAIK
ASAP
BOT
BTW
C4N
CFV
CUL
DIY
EOT
FAI
FOAF
FYI
GFC
GTG
HTH
IC
IMHO
IMO
to you, too
as far as I know
as soon as possible
back on topic
by the way
ciao for now
call for vote
see you later
do it yourself
end of transmission
frequently argued issue
friend of a friend
for your information
going for coffee
got to go
hope this helps
I see
in my humble opinion
in my opinion
AAMOF
AFK
BBL
BRB
BYORL
CFD
CU
CYA
EOD
F2F
FAQ
FWIW
GAL
GRMBL
HAND
IAC
IDGI
IMNSHO
IMPE
IMVHO
in my very humble
opinion
in real life
laughing out loud
oh no, not again!
on the other hand
rolling on the floor laughing
somebody had to say it
thanks
three letter acronym
ta-ta for now
what it is we do
you get is what you pay for
IOW
as a matter of fact
away from keyboard
be back later
be right back
bring your own rocket launcher
call for discussion
see you
see ya
end of discussion
face to face
frequently asked questions
for what it's worth
get a life
grumble
have a nice day
in any case
I don’t get it
in my not so humble opinion
in my previous/personal
experience
in other words
KISS
NC
OOTC
REHI
RTDox
SO
TIA
TOS
TTYL
WWDWIIWD
keep it simple stupid
no comment
obligatory on-topic content
hello again (re-Hi!)
read the documentation
significant other
thanks in advance
terms of service
talk to you later
when we do what it is we do
IRL
LOL
ONNA
OTOH
ROFL
SHTSI
THX
TLA
TTFN
WIIWD
YGWYPF