PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
1.0 Statistics
Mode
Mean
xi
μ=
(1.1a)
x=
Place data in ascending order.
Mode = most frequently occurring value
xi
(1.4)
(1.1b)
N
n
µ = population mean
x = sample mean
Σxi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, …)
N = size of population
n = size of sample
If two values occur with maximum frequency the data
set is bimodal.
If three or more values occur with maximum
frequency the data set is multi-modal.
Standard Deviation
Median
σ=
Place data in ascending order.
If N is odd, median = central value
If N is even, median = mean of two central values
(1.2)
N = size of population
Range (1.5)
Range = xmax - xmin
(1.3)
xmax = maximum data value
xmin = minimum data value
s=
xi - μ
2
N
xi - x
(Population)
(1.5a)
(Sample)
(1.5b)
2
n ‒1
σ = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation
xi = individual data value ( x1, x2, x3, …)
𝜇 = population mean
x = sample mean
N = size of population
n = size of sample
2.0 Probability
Independent Events
P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC
Frequency
fx =
nx
(2.1)
n
fx = relative frequency of outcome x
nx = number of events with outcome x
n = total number of events
n!(pk )(qn-k )
k!(n-k)!
P (A and B and C) = probability of independent
events A and B and C occurring in sequence
PA = probability of event A
Mutually Exclusive Events
P (A or B) = PA + PB
(2.2)
Pk = binomial probability of k successes in n trials
p = probability of a success
q = 1 – p = probability of failure
k = number of successes
n = number of trials
Conditional Probability
𝑃 𝐴𝐷 =𝑃
𝑃 𝐴 ∙𝑃 𝐷 𝐴
(2.5)
𝐴 ∙𝑃 𝐷 𝐴 +𝑃 ~𝐴 ∙𝑃 𝐷 ~𝐴
P (A|D) = probability of event A given event D
P(A) = probability of event A occurring
P(~A) = probability of event A not occurring
P(D|~A) = probability of event D given event A did not occur
IED POE
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
(2.4)
P (A or B) = probability of either mutually exclusive
event A or B occurring in a trial
PA = probability of event A
Binomial Probability
(order doesn’t matter)
Pk =
(2.3)
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
1
3.0 Plane Geometry
Ellipse
Circle
Rectangle
2b
Perimeter = 2a + 2b (3.9)
2a
Area = π a b (3.8)
Area = ab
(3.10)
Circumference =2 π r (3.1)
Area = π r2
(3.2)
B
Triangle (3.6)
Parallelogram
Area = ½ bh
h
Area = bh
a = b + c – 2bc·cos∠A
2
2
2
b = a + c – 2ac·cos∠B
2
2
2
c = a + b – 2ab·cos∠C
2
(3.3)
b
2
2
c =a +b
sin θ =
tan θ =
Area = n
(3.4)
a
2
b
c
h
(3.12)
(3.13)
A
C
b
(3.14)
c
2
=
ns2
tan(
1
n
(3.15)
)
n = number of sides
θ
(3.6)
a
b
s(12 f)
c
a
(3.5)
c
cos θ =
2
a
Regular Polygons
Right Triangle
2
(3.11)
b
(3.7)
a
h
Trapezoid
Area = ½(a + b)h
h
h
(3.16)
b
h
4.0 Solid Geometry
Cube
Sphere
Volume = s
3
Surface Area = 6s
s
(4.1)
2
Volume = π r
(4.2)
s
s
3
Surface Area = 4 π r
(4.8)
2
(4.9)
Rectangular Prism
Cylinder
Volume = wdh
r
h
(4.3)
Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh) (4.4)
d
w
2
Volume = π r h
h
(4.10)
Surface Area = 2 π r h+2 π r
2
(4.11)
Right Circular Cone
Volume =
h
πr2 h
Irregular Prism
(4.5)
3
Surface Area = π r r2 +h2
r
(4.6)
Volume = Ah
h
(4.12)
A = area of base
Pyramid
Volume =
Ah
3
(4.7)
A = area of base
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
h
5.0 Constants
2
g = 9.8 m/s = 32.27 ft/s
-11
3
2
G = 6.67 x 10 m /kg·s
π = 3.14159
IED POE
DE
2
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
2
6.0 Conversions
Mass/Weight (6.1)
1 kg
1 slug
1 ton
1 lb
Area (6.4)
2
1 acre = 4047 m
2
= 43,560 ft
2
= 0.00156 mi
= 2.205 lbm
= 32.2 lbm
= 2000 lb
= 16 oz
1N
1 kip
1J
1 atm
Volume (6.5)
1L
= 3.28 ft
= 0.621 mi
= 2.54 cm
= 5280 ft
= 3 ft
1mL
= 0.264 gal
3
= 0.0353 ft
= 33.8 fl oz
3
= 1 cm = 1 cc
1psi
Time (6.3)
1d
1h
1 min
1 yr
Energy (6.10)
= 0.225 lb
= 1,000 lb
= 0.239 cal
-4
= 9.48 x 10 Btu
= 0.7376 ft·lbf
1kW h = 3,600,000 J
Pressure (6.8)
Length (6.2)
1m
1 km
1 in.
1 mi
1 yd
Force (6.7)
= 24 h
= 60 min
= 60 s
= 365 d
= 1.01325 bar
= 33.9 ft H2O
= 29.92 in. Hg
= 760 mm Hg
= 101,325 Pa
= 14.7 psi
= 2.31 ft of H2O
Temperature Unit
Equivalents (6.6)
Power (6.9)
1K
1W
= 1 ºC
= 1.8 ºF
= 1.8 ºR
See below for
temperature calculation
1 hp
7.0 Defined Units
1J
1N
1 Pa
1V
1W
1W
1 Hz
1F
1H
= 3.412 Btu/h
= 0.00134 hp
= 14.34 cal/min
= 0.7376 ft·lbf/s
= 55 ft∙lb/sec
= 1 N·m
= 1 kg·m / s2
= 1 N / m2
=1W/A
=1J/s
=1V/A
= 1 s-1
= 1 A·s / V
= 1 V·s / V
8.0 SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One
Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24
decicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-
9.0 Equations
Numbers Greater Than One
Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
1021
1024
d
c
m
µ
n
p
f
a
z
y
decahectokiloMegaGigaTeraPetaExaZettaYottaForce and Moment
Temperature
F = ma
Mass and Weight
TK = TC + 273
(9.4)
m = VDm
(9.1)
TR = TF + 460
(9.5)
W = mg
(9.2)
TF =
(9.6)
W = VDw
(9.3)
V = volume
Dm = mass density
m = mass
Dw = weight density
W = weight
g = acceleration due to gravity
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
Tc + 32
da
h
k
M
G
T
P
E
Z
Y
TK = temperature in Kelvin
TC = temperature in Celsius
TR = temperature in Rankin
TF = temperature in Fahrenheit
M = Fd (9.7b)
(9.7a)
F = force
m = mass
a = acceleration
M = moment
d= perpendicular distance
Equations of Static Equilibrium
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0
ΣMP = 0 (9.8)
Fx = force in the x-direction
Fy = force in the y-direction
MP = moment about point P
IED POE
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
3
9.0 Equations (Continued)
= F∥ ∙ d
(9.9)
W = work
F∥ = force parallel to direction of
displacement
d = displacement
t
=
p=
V1
T1
p1
T1
F
(9.16)
A
V
= T2
(Charles’ Law)
2
(9.17)
p
= T2 (Gay-Lussanc’s Law)
2
p1V1 = p2V2 (Boyle’s Law)
Power
P=
Ohm’s Law
Fluid Mechanics
Energy: Work
E
Electricity
(9.10)
t
P=τω
(9.11)
P = power
E = energy
W = work
t = time
τ = torque
ω = angular velocity
Efficiency (%) =
Pout
Pin
∙1
% (9.12)
Pout = useful power output
Pin = total power input
(9.13)
U = potential energy
m =mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height
A1v1 = A2v2
P = Qp
(9.22)
K = kinetic energy
m = mass
v = velocity
Energy: Thermal
∆Q = mc∆T
(9.15)
∆Q = change in thermal energy
m = mass
c = specific heat
∆T = change in temperature
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
1
1 1
1
+ + ∙∙∙ +
R1 R2
Rn
IT = I1 + I2 + ··· + In
n
or IT = k=1 Ik
VT = V1 + V2 + ··· + Vn
n
or VT = k=1 Vk
V = voltage
VT = total voltage
I = current
IT = total current
R = resistance
RT = total resistance
P = power
Mechanics
Thermodynamics
s=
d
v=
∆d
a=
X=
(9.24)
t
P = Q′ = AU∆T
P=Q =
(9.25)
∆t
vf − vi
(9.36)
t
(9.27)
-g
v = vi + at
(9.28)
(9.29)
v = vi + 2a(d – di)
(9.30)
τ = dFsinθ
(9.31)
s = average speed
v = average velocity
v = velocity
vi = initial velocity (t =0)
a = acceleration
X = range
t = time
∆d = change in displacement
d = distance
di = initial distance (t=0)
g = acceleration due to gravity
θ = angle
τ = torque
F = force
1
(9.39)
k
=L
R
P=
kA∆T
(9.37)
(9.38)
∆Q
∆t
U=
(9.26)
vi 2 sin(2θ)
2
(9.35)
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
p = absolute pressure
F = force
A = area
V = volume
T = absolute temperature
Q = flow rate
v = flow velocity
P = power
2
(9.14)
RT (series) = R1 + R2+ ··· + Rn (9.34)
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
(9.21)
2
K = 12 mv2
(9.33)
(9.19)
(9.20)
d = di + vit + ½at
Energy: Kinetic
P = IV
RT (parallel) =
Q = Av
Energy: Potential
U = mgh
(9.32)
(9.18)
absolute pressure = gauge pressure
+ atmospheric pressure (9.23)
Efficiency
V = IR
(9.40)
(9.41)
L
A1v1 = A2v2
(9.42)
Pnet = Ae(T2 -T1 )
(9.43)
k=
PL
(9.44)
A∆T
P = rate of heat transfer
Q = thermal energy
A = area of thermal conductivity
U = coefficient of heat conductivity
(U-factor)
∆T = change in temperature
∆t = change in time
R = resistance to heat flow ( R-value)
k = thermal conductivity
v = velocity
Pnet = net power radiated
= 5.6696 x 10
-8
m2 ∙K
e = emissivity constant
L = thickness
T1, T2 = temperature at time 1, time 2
POE 4 DE 4
AE 4
CIM 4
10.0 Section Properties
y
Moment of Inertia
Ixx =
h
bh3
x
x=
(10.1)
12
x=
Ai
and y =
2
h
and y =
(10.3)
2
x
b
3
and y =
h
y
(10.4)
3
x
y
Semi-circle Centroid
Complex Shapes Centroid
x=
b
Right Triangle Centroid
b
Ixx = moment of inertia of a rectangular section
about x axis
xi Ai
y
Rectangle Centroid
x=r
yi Ai
d y=
(10.2)
Ai
x = x-distance to the centroid
y = y-distance to the centroid
xi = x distance to centroid of shape i
yi = y distance to centroid of shape i
Ai = Area of shape i
r
3
(10.5)
x
x = x-distance to the centroid
y = y-distance to the centroid
12.0 Structural Analysis
11.0 Material
Properties
Beam Formulas
Reaction
Stress (axial)
F
σ=
A
Moment
(11.1)
Deflection
= stress
F = axial force
A = cross-sectional area
Reaction
Strain (axial)
ε=
δ
L
ε = strain
L0 = original length
δ = change in length
E=
ε
(F2 -F1 )L
𝛿2 −𝛿1 )A
max
ωL
2
(12.3)
(12.4)
2
ωL
(12.2)
=
(at center)
(12.5)
Deflection
max
= 35ωLEI (at center)
(12.6)
RA = RB = P
(12.7)
=P
Moment
max
Deflection
max
Moment
(11.3)
E = modulus of elasticity
= stress
ε = strain
A = cross-sectional area
F = axial force
δ = deformation
(at point of load)
EI
RA = RB =
RA =
max
(12.8)
= 2PEI(3L2 Pb
L
2)
=
(at
Deformation: Axial
δ=
FL
AE
(12.9)
P b
L
L
(12.10)
(at Point of Load) (12.11)
2
2
=
P
a a+
2
(12.12)
when a b )
Truss Analysis
(12.13)
δ = deformation
F = axial force
L0 = original length
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
and RB =
=
Deflection
(11.4)
=
(at point of load)
PL3
(at center)
Modulus of Elasticity
E=
=
max
Reaction
σ
max
(12.1)
2
PL
Moment
Reaction
(11.2)
P
RA = RB =
2J = M + R
(12.14)
J = number of joints
M =number of members
R = number of reaction forces
POE 5 AE 5 CEA 4
13.0 Simple Machines
Inclined Plane
Mechanical Advantage (MA)
I A=
DE
(13.1)
DR
% Efficiency= (
A A
I A
)1
A A=
FR
FE
(13.2)
L
I A=
H
(13.6)
(13.3)
Wedge
IMA = ideal mechanical advantage
AMA = actual mechanical advantage
DE = effort distance
DR = resistance distance
FE = effort force
FR = resistance force
L
I A=
H
(13.7)
Lever
Screw
1st
Class
IMA =
C
Pitch
Pitch =
2nd
Class
(13.8)
1
(13.9)
TPI
C = circumference
r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
TPI = threads per inch
3rd
Class
Compound Machines
MATOTAL = (MA1) (MA2) (MA3) . . .
(13.10)
Gears; Sprockets with Chains; and Pulleys
with Belts Ratios
Wheel and Axle
GR =
Effort at Axle
dout
din
=
Nout
Nin
=
dout
=
τout
ωin
ωout
din
τin
=
ωin
ωout
=
(pulleys)
τout
τin
(13.11)
(13.12)
Compound Gears
B
GRTOTAL = (
Effort at Wheel
Pulley Systems
IMA = total number of strands of a single string
supporting the resistance
(13.4)
IMA =
DE (string pulled)
DR (resistance lifted)
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
(13.5)
D
) (C)
A
(13.13)
GR = gear ratio
ωin = angular velocity - driver
ωout = angular velocity - driven
Nin = number of teeth - driver
Nout = number of teeth - driven
din = diameter - driver
dout = diameter - driven
𝜏in = torque - driver
𝜏out = torque - driven
POE 6
14.0 Structural Design
Steel Beam Design: Moment
Steel Beam Design: Shear
Va ≤
Vn
(14.1)
Ωv
Vn = 0.6FyAw
a
n
b
Mn = FyZx
(14.2)
(14.3)
Spread Footing Design
qnet = qallowable - pfooting
pfooting = tfooting ∙15
(14.4)
q=
Ma = internal bending moment
Mn = nominal moment strength
Ωb = 1.67 = factor of safety for
bending moment
Fy = yield stress
Zx = plastic section modulus about
neutral axis
= allowable bending strength
Va = internal shear force
Vn = nominal shear strength
Ωv = 1.5 = factor of safety for shear
Fy = yield stress
Aw = area of web
𝑉𝑛
= allowable shear strength
𝛺
𝑣
15.0 Storm Water Runoff
Storm Water Drainage
Q = CfCiA
Cc =
C1 A1 + C2 A2 + ∙∙∙
A1 + A2 + ∙∙∙
(15.1)
(15.2)
3
Q = peak storm water runoff rate (ft /s)
Cf = runoff coefficient adjustment
factor
C = runoff coefficient
i = rainfall intensity (in./h)
A = drainage area (acres)
Runoff Coefficient
Adjustment Factor
Return
Period
Cf
1, 2, 5, 10 1.0
25
1.1
50
1.2
100
1.25
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
Rational Method Runoff Coefficients
Categorized by Surface
Forested
0.059—0.2
Asphalt
0.7—0.95
Brick
0.7—0.85
Concrete
0.8—0.95
Shingle roof
0.75—0.95
Lawns, well drained (sandy soil)
Up to 2% slope
0.05—0.1
2% to 7% slope
0.10—0.15
Over 7% slope
0.15—0.2
Lawns, poor drainage (clay soil)
Up to 2% slope
0.13—0.17
2% to 7% slope
0.18—0.22
Over 7% slope
0.25—0.35
Driveways,
0.75—0.85
walkways
Categorized by Use
Farmland
0.05—0.3
Pasture
0.05—0.3
Unimproved
0.1—0.3
Parks
0.1—0.25
Cemeteries
0.1—0.25
Railroad yard
0.2—0.40
Playgrounds
0.2—0.35
(except asphalt
or
Business Districts
concrete)
Neighborhood
0.5—0.7
City (downtown)
0.7—0.95
Residential
Single-family
0.3—0.5
Multi-plexes,
0.4—0.6
detached
Multi-plexes,
0.6—0.75
attached
Suburban
0.25—0.4
Apartments,
0.5—0.7
condominiumsIndustrial
Light
0.5—0.8
Heavy
0.6—0.9
P
A
lb
ft
(14.5)
(14.6)
(14.7)
qnet = net allowable soil bearing
pressure
qallowable = total allowable soil
bearing pressure
pfooting = soil bearing pressure
due to footing weight
tfooting = thickness of footing
q = soil bearing pressure
P = column load applied
A = area of footing
16.0 Water Supply
Hazen-Williams Formula
hf =
1 .
1. 5
C
1. 5
LQ
d
. 655
(16.1)
hf = head loss due to friction
(ft of H2O)
L = length of pipe (ft)
Q = water flow rate (gpm)
C = Hazen-Williams constant
d = diameter of pipe (in.)
Dynamic Head
dynamic head = static head
– head loss (16.2)
static head = change in elevation
between source and
discharge
(16.3)
17.0 Heat Loss/Gain
Heat Loss/Gain
Q′ = AU∆T
U=
1
R
(17.1)
(17.2)
Q = thermal energy
A = area of thermal conductivity
U = coefficient of heat
conductivity (U-factor)
∆T = change in temperature
R = resistance to heat flow (Rvalue)
CEA 5
18.0 Hazen-Williams Constants
19.0 Equivalent Length of (Generic) Fittings
Pipe Size
Screwed Fittings
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1¼
1½
2
2½
3
4
Elbows
Regular 90 degree
Long radius 90 degree
Regular 45 degree
2.3
1.5
0.3
3.1
2.0
0.5
3.6
2.2
0.7
4.4
2.3
0.9
5.2
2.7
1.3
6.6
3.2
1.7
7.4
3.4
2.1
8.5
3.6
2.7
9.3
3.6
3.2
11.0
4.0
4.0
13.0
4.6
5.5
Tees
Line Flow
Branch Flow
0.8
2.4
1.2
3.5
1.7
4.2
2.4
5.3
3.2
6.6
4.6
8.7
5.6
9.9
7.7
12.0
9.3
13.0
12.0
17.0
17.0
21.0
Return Bends
Regular 180 degree
2.3
3.1
3.6
4.4
5.2
6.6
7.4
8.5
9.3
11.0
13.0
Valves
Globe
Gate
Angle
Swing Check
21.0
0.3
12.8
7.2
22.0
0.5
15.0
7.3
22.0
0.6
15.0
8.0
24.0
0.7
15.0
8.8
29.0
0.8
17.0
11.0
37.0
1.1
18.0
13.0
42.0
1.2
18.0
15.0
54.0
1.5
18.0
19.0
62.0
1.7
18.0
22.0
79.0
1.9
18.0
27.0
110.0
2.5
18.0
38.0
4.6
5.0
6.6
7.7
18.0
20.0
27.0
29.0
34.0
42.0
Strainer
Flanged Fittings
Elbows
Tees
Return
Bends
Valves
Pipe Size
1/2
3/4
1
1¼
1½
2
2½
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Regular 90 degree
Long radius 90 degree
Regular 45 degree
Line Flow
Branch Flow
Regular 180 degree
0.9
1.1
0.5
0.7
2.0
0.9
1.2
1.3
0.6
0.8
2.6
1.2
1.6
1.6
0.8
1.0
3.3
1.6
2.1
2.0
1.1
1.3
4.4
2.1
2.4
2.3
1.3
1.5
5.2
2.4
3.1
2.7
1.7
1.8
6.6
3.1
3.6
2.7
2.0
1.9
7.5
3.6
4.4
3.4
2.5
2.2
9.4
4.4
5.9
4.2
3.5
2.8
12.0
5.9
7.3
5.0
4.5
3.3
15.0
7.3
8.9
5.7
5.6
3.8
18.0
8.9
12.0
7.0
7.7
4.7
24.0
12.0
14.0
8.0
9.0
5.2
30.0
14.0
17.0
9.0
11.0
6.0
34.0
17.0
18.0
9.4
13.0
6.4
37.0
18.0
21.0
10.0
15.0
7.2
43.0
21.0
23.0
11.0
16.0
7.6
47.0
23.0
Long radius 180 degree
Globe
Gate
Angle
Swing Check
1.1
38.0
1.3
40.0
1.6
45.0
2.0
54.0
2.3
59.0
18.0
10.0
18.0
12.0
4.2
120.0
2.9
38.0
38.0
5.0
150.0
3.1
50.0
50.0
5.7
190.0.
3.2
63.0
63.0
7.0
260.0
3.2
90.0
90.0
8.0
310.0
3.2
120.0
120.0
9.0
390.0
3.2
140.0
140.0
11.0
17.0
7.2
3.4
94.0
2.8
285.0
27.0
10.0
15.0
5.3
2.9
77.0
2.7
22.0
21.0
9.4
15.0
3.8
2.7
70.0
2.6
21.0
17.0
3.2
160.0
3.2
190.0
3.2
210.0
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
20.0 555 Timer Design
quaons
T = 0.693 (RA + 2RB)C
f =
(20.1)
1
(20.2)
T
duty-cycle =
(RA+ RB)
∙1
(RA+2RB)
%
(20.3)
T = period
f = frequency
RA = resistance A
RB = resistance B
C = capacitance
21.0 Boolean Algebra
Boolean Theorems
Commutative Law
Consensus Theorems
X• 0 = 0
(21.1)
X•Y = Y•X
(21.10)
X + XY = X + Y
(21.16)
X•1 = X
(21.2)
X+Y = Y+X
(21.11)
X + XY = X + Y
(21.17)
X• X =X
(21.3)
X + XY = X + Y
(21.18)
X • X=
(21.4)
X + XY = X + Y
(21.19)
X+0=X
(21.5)
X+1=1
(21.6)
X+X=X
(21.7)
Distributive Law
X+X=1
(21.8)
X(Y+Z) = XY + XZ
(21.14)
X=X
(21.9)
(X+Y)(W+Z) = XW+XZ+YW+YZ
(21.15)
Associative Law
X(YZ) = (XY)Z
(21.12)
X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z
(21.13)
DeMorgan’s Theorems
XY = X + Y
(21.20)
X+Y = X • Y
(21.21)
22.0 Speeds and Feeds
N=
CS(12in.
)
ft
πd
fm = ft·nt·N
(22.1)
(22.2)
Plunge Rate = ½·fm
N = spindle speed (rpm)
CS = cutting speed (in./min)
d = diameter (in.)
fm = feed rate (in./min)
ft = feed (in./tooth/rev)
nt = number of teeth
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
DE 5
CIM 5
23.0 Aerospace
Equations
Propulsion
F N=
Forces of Flight
CD =
2D
Aρv2
R e=
ρvl
CL =
2L
μ
Aρv2
= Fd
(23.1)
(23.2)
(23.3)
(23.4)
CL = coefficient of lift
CD = coefficient of drag
L = lift
D = drag
A = wing area
ρ = density
Re = Reynolds number
v = velocity
l = length of fluid travel
μ = fluid viscosity
F = force
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
M = moment
d = moment arm (distance from
datum perpendicular to F)
Orbital Mechanics
vj - vo
(23.5)
I = Fave ∆t
(23.6)
Fnet = Favg - Fg
(23.7)
a=
𝑣𝑓
T = 2π
(23.8)
∆t
F=
FN = net thrust
W = air mass flow
vo = flight velocity
vj = jet velocity
I = total impulse
Fave = average thrust force
t = change in time (thrust
duration)
Fnet = net force
Favg = average force
Fg = force of gravity
vf = final velocity
a = acceleration
t = change in time (thrust
duration)
(23.9)
G m
(23.11)
2R
m
G = 6.67 × 10−11 kg × 𝑠2
(23.14)
G
(23.15)
r2
ρv2
) =
2 1
(Ps +
ρv2
)
2 2
(23.16)
PS = static pressure
v = velocity
ρ = density
Atmosphere Parameters
T = 15.
- .
(23.12)
K = kinetic energy
m =mass
v = velocity
U = gravitational potential energy
G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body
m = mass of orbiting object
R = Distance center main body to
center of orbiting object
E = Total Energy of an orbit
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
a2
(23.10)
R
E=U+K=−
μ
= 2π
Ber oulli’s L w
Energy
−G m
a2
G m
(Ps +
U=
(23.13)
a2
𝑒 = eccentricity
b = semi-minor axis
a =semi-major axis
T = orbital period
a = semi-major axis
μ = gravitational parameter
F = force of gravity between two
bodies
G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body
m = mass of orbiting object
r = distance between center of two
objects
NOTE: Fave and Favg are
easily confused.
K = 12 mv2
b2
𝑒= 1-
h
T + 273.1 5.256
p = 1 1.2
ρ=
6
2
.
p
.2 6 T + 273.1
(23.17)
(23.18)
(23.19)
T = temperature
h = height
p = pressure
ρ = density
AE 6