Name: ______________________
Date: _______________________
Period: ______________________
Chapter 12 and 13 Review Worksheet
OGT
Section
Page
Person, Place, Date,
Term
Description
12.313.3
12.1
12.1
12.1
424,
449
412
413
413
Charles Lindbergh
Made the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in his plain the Spirit of St.
Louis. He became a hero upon his return home, receiving a ticker tap parade and a
reception form the white house.
12.1
413
12.1
413
12.1
413
Palmer Raids
12.1
413
12.1
413
Red Scare (First
Red Scare)
Sacco and Vanzetti
12.1
413
The trial of Sacco and
Vanzetti came to symbolize
12.1
413
Why did Attorney
General A. Mitchell
Palmer launch a
series of raids
against suspected
Communists?
12.1
414
12.1
414
“Keep America for
Americans”
According to Vanzetti, what
were the reasons for his
imprisonment?
Prejudice against foreign-born people
anarchists
People who opposed any form of government
An Italian immigrant who worked as a fish peddler. Vanzetti
was accused of killing two men during a robbery and was
sentenced to death. Many people blamed nativism.
An economic and political system based on a single-party
government ruled by a dictatorship; classless society; based on
the writings of Karl Marx.
An Italian immigrant who worked as a shoemaker. Sacco was
accused of killing two men during a robbery and was sentenced
to death. Man people blamed nativism.
12.1
415
Bigot
12.1
415
Election of 1924, Democrats
divided over what two
issues?
12.1
415
Emergency Quota
Act
12.1
415
Explain the reasons for and
the outcome of the
Mistrust for immigrants and radicals—fell right into the hands of nativists.
The slogan that many nativists used in their efforts for anti-immigration legislation.
“In all my life I have never stole, never killed, never spilled blood . . . . We
were tried during a time . . . when there was hysteria of resentment and hate
against the people of our principles, against the foreigner. . . . I am suffering
because I am a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have suffered because I
was an Italian and indeed I am Italian. . . . If you could execute me two
times, and if I could be reborn tow other times, I would live again to do what
I have done already.”
A person who is intolerant of any creed, race, religion, or political belief that differs from
his own.
Ku Klux Klan and Prohibition
During and after World War I, a feeling against immigrants existed. As a result, Congress
passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921. This act severely cut the number of people
Emergency Quota Act and
the National Origins Act.
12.1
415
Ku Klux Klan
12.1
415
National Origins Act
12.1
415
quota system
12.1
415
What was the quota system
of the 1920s? Explain why it
was established, who it
affected, and several results
of the policy.
12.1
415
What were the main
goals of the Ku Klux
Klan at this time?
12.1
415
Why did the Ku Klux Klan
flourish in the 1920s? What
does this tell you about
people’s behavior in
troublesome times?
12.1
417
Compare the results
of the Boston Police
Strike and the Steel
Strike of 1919.
12.1
Seattle General Strike
12.1
417
—
N/A
417
—
N/A
417
12.1
417
The Steel Strike of
1919 (The Steel Mill
Strike)
12.1
Technological
Unemployment
admitted to the United States by limiting the total number of people admitted in any
national group to only 3 percent of the total number already living in the United States in
1910. In 1924, the National Origins Act made restriction a permanent policy and further
restricted immigration by setting the quota at 2 percent of those living in the country in
1890. It also provided that after 1927 only 150, 000 immigrants would be admitted
annually, their nationalities apportioned on the basis of the 1920 census. This meant that
most immigrants would be form northern and western Europe. The intention of the
National Origins Act was clearly to discriminate against certain nationalities and races.
Law that made immigration restriction a permanent policy; Made the emergency quota
act permanent and set a new maximum number—2 percent of the number of its nationals
living in the United States in 1890. This discriminated against people from eastern and
southern Europe since they did not come to the U.S. in large numbers until after 1890.
The quota system was established to limit the number of immigrants that were allowed to
enter the United States per year. It was established to limit the number of immigrants that
were allowed to enter the United States per year. It was established because of pressure
from nativists and because the number of U.S. immigrants rose by 600 percent in 3 years.
The policy mostly affected immigrants from eastern and southern Europe, particularly
Roman Catholics and Jews. It did not affect Canadian and Mexican immigration. As a
result of the quota system, immigration from restricted countries fell dramatically.
Japanese immigrants were also restricted by the quota system, adding further stress to the
relationship between the United States and Japan.
In the 1920s, many American were frightened of radical political thought or of anything
that might change their way of life. They resented immigrants for making employment
more difficult for native-born Americans. The Russian revolution made many Americans
nervous. Many people resented the advances organized labor had made and saw unions as
benefiting only immigrant groups and the urban working poor. The fact that the Ku Klux
Klan flourished indicates that people seek someone to blame for situations that make them
feel insecure. When seeking a scapegoat, the easiest victim is one who is different in
some way from the dormant group. Fear can result in serious intolerance, and the fearful
will grasp at anything that makes them feel safer.
Seattle shipyard workers wanted higher wages and shorter hours. When demands were
not met, 35,000 shipyard workers walked off the docks and were soon joined by 110 other
local unions making a grand total of some 60,000 workers. The strike ended, because of
public pressure, after five days with the workers not winning any of their demands.
Job loss when occupations become obsolete because of technological advancements that
allow for less workers or actual machines doing the job(s) that humans once performed.
The 1919 Boston
Police Strike
2
Why did Congress make
changes in immigration
laws during the 1920s?
Capper-Volstead Act
The number of immigrants increased sharply, and many Americans did not want
people from foreign countries entering the nation, since some of them were
anarchists and socialists and some were believed to be Communists.
Legislation that made farm cooperatives free of antitrust laws
418
Explain the problems of
farmers during the 1920s
and the response of the
federal government to
these problems.
12.1
12.1
418
418
Farm Bloc
Farmers
The average income of farmers was less than one-third of the average income for
the rest of the country. Technological advances led to an increase in production
which caused a decreased in farm prices even while farmers’ costs increased.
With the United States switching from a debtor to a creditor nation, the foreign
market for agricultural products dwindled. The domestic market also diminished
as the use of new fabrics lessened the demand for cotton. Many farmers had
borrowed heavily to buy more land, and the only way to pay off the debt was to
raise more crops. More crops, however, resulted in untellable surpluses which in
turn led to low prices and a heavier debt load. Some legislation was passed that
favored farmers, but none of the laws dealt with the major problem of surpluses
that could not be sold. A bill that would have allowed the federal government to
buy crop surpluses and sell them abroad passed Congress twice, but was vetoed
both times by President Coolidge.
Congressional organization formed to help farmers
They did not enjoy the same prosperity that everyone else enjoyed in the 1920s.
The major problem was surplus. During the war, most farmers had increased
their production for the war demand since they were providing America and the
Allied Powers with their food needs. After the war, most countries started
producing their own food or could not afford to buy from the U.S. anymore. Yet
farmers continued production at the same rate which resulted in a huge surplus
which drove down demand and prices.
12.1
418
12.1
12.1
418
418
McNary-Haugen Bill
12.1
418
Union membership and
power declined in the
1920s (membership
dropped from 5 million to
3.5 million). Why?
12.1
418
United Mine
Workers Strike
(Coal Miners’
Strike)
12.1
418—
N/A
Welfare capitalism
12.2
419
12.2
419
12.1
417
12.1
418—
N/A
12.1
Lewis always fought for workers rights. When he became the head
of the United Mine Workers of America he led a strike for higher
wages and shorter work days. When a court order ended the strike,
Lewis called the strike over but secretly urged the workers to remain
on strike. After an arbitrator ended the strike and the workers got
their pay raise, Lewis became a national hero. His greatest
accomplishment was organizing the Congress of Industrial
Organizations (CIO) for workers in mass-production industries
(automobiles, rubber, etc.) which would later combine with the AFL
to form the largest union.
Proposed that the government have price-supports
Price-supports
When employers are providing workers with fair—welfare capitalism. Also:
much of the work force consisted of immigrants willing to work in poor
conditions,
since immigrants spoke a multitude of languages, unions had difficulty
organizing them
farmers who had migrated to cities to find factory jobs were used to
relying on themselves
most unions excluded African Americans
System in which an employer provides stock, profit-sharing, and benefits such as
medical insurance to employees
Harding’s oft-used campaign slogan that seemed to express
what Americans wanted
Charles Evans
Hughes
3
12.2
419
Five-Power Treaty
12.2
419
Four-Power Treaty
12.2
419
Nine-Power Treaty
12.2
12.2
419
419
Warren G. Harding
12.2
420
Andrew Mellon
12.2
12.2
420
420
Charles G. Dawes
12.2
420
Fordney-McCumber
Tariff
12.2
420
Kellogg-Briand Pact
12.2
420
12.2
420
12.2
420
12.2
421
12.2
421
12.2
421
US, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed to freeze their navies at 1921
levels along w/ several other provisions
US, Great Britain, France, and Japan agreed to respect one another’s Pacific
holdings.
Put the Open Door policy into the form of a treaty, US, Great Britain, Japan,
France, Italy, Belgium, China, the Netherlands, and Portugal agreed to preserve
equal commercial rights in China and to refrain from “taking advantage of
conditions in China to seek special rights or privilege.”
Republican candidate elected President in 1920
An eight nation conference in Washington, D.C. conference of major
world powers (except Russia b/c they were Communist) that
attempted to look at some post-WWI problems: arms control, war
debts, ad reconstruction of war-torn countries. The Four-Power,
Five-Power, and Nine-Power Treaty treaties were signed as a result.
One of Harding’s Cabinet members that did good—Secretary of treasury
between 1921 and 1932 that set out to set about drastically cutting taxes and
reducing the nation debt
A U.S banker who negotiated the Dawes Plan.
Dawes Plan
Adopted by the U.S. in 1922, it raised taxes on U.S. imports to 60 percent00the
highest level ever. The tariff was put in place because
As a result of the war, Americans had two main concerns. First, they
wanted to ensure economic self-sufficiency so that no future enemy
could manipulate the American economy. Second, many industries
wanted to preserve the benefits of the increased wartime demand.
These special interests feared European competitors attempting
economic recovery through increasing exports to America.
Treaty that attempted to outlaw war—signed by fifteen countries. It was futile
since it provided no means of enforcing.
Harding’s poker-playing crony friends who were mostly from Ohio.
Harding appointed many of them to positions in his administration.
The Ohio gang was plagued by scandal as they sought to use their
connections to the president to enrich themselves at the public’s
expense.
What do Harding’s
appointments indicate
about his judgment?
What were the reasons
European countries were
not paying their war debt?
That although he made some good appointments, his appointment of cronies
from his home state showed poor judgment.
Their economies had been weakened in the war; they were unable to raise money
because U.S. exports were limited by high tariffs; Germany failed to pay them
expected reparations.
Albert B. Fall
Was the head of the Veterans Bureau and was caught illegally selling
government and hospital supplies to private companies. During his
trial, Forbes attempted to implicate Treasury Secretary Andrew
Mellon in his actions, however Mellon's well-known standards of
ethics trumped Forbes claim when he failed to produce any evidence
to back his claims.
Colonel Thomas W.
Miller
Was the head of Alien Property and was caught taking bribes. He served 18
months in prison. He was paroled in 1929 and pardoned by United States
President Herbert Hoover in 1933.
4
12.2
421
How did the scandals of
the Harding
administration hurt the
country economically?
12.2
421
Teapot Dome Scandal
12.2
421
12.3
422
Warren G. Harding’s
presidency was plagued
by scandal, and it was
later regarded as
unsuccessful. Explain
why President Harding
was popular with the
American public despite
these facts.
Henry Ford
12.3
423—
N/A
423—
N/A
“Tin Lizzie”
12.3
423
—
N/A
Assess the effects of the
automobile on life in the
United States.
12.3
423
12.3
423
What was the impact of
the automobile?
12.3
12.3
424
424
12.3
12.3
12.3
424
424
425
—
N/A
Amelia Earhart
How did the widespread
use of the automobile
affect the environment
and the lives of
Americans?
Spirit of St. Louis
Urban sprawl
12.3
425
12.3
425
12.3
Assembly Line
The government lost revenue when veterans’ hospital overcharged it; in the
Teapot Dome scandal, public oil reserves were leaded for private gain.
Haring promised the American people a “return to normalcy” after World War I.
This appealed to a public that was trying to recover form a war that had
drastically changed American life. One of Harding’s first priorities as president
was working with other world powers to agree on peace. Of course, the idea of
peace very much appealed to post-war Americans. Also, Harding “looked like”
a president, and the American people saw him as a “good-natured” man. He died
just as the scandals of his administration were coming to light, possibly saving
him from public ridicule.
Business leader who used the assembly line means of production for
automobiles.
Henry Ford’s Model T automobile
Method of manufacturing in which production is divided into simple tasks; made
popular and refined by Henry Ford (considered his greatest achievement)
Ford’s use of mass production and low prices produced a mass market for
automobiles. The automobile stimulated some small businesses such as garages,
gas stations, diners, and tourist homes. Tractors replaced draft animals on farms
and rural areas were no longer isolated. Workers could commute to their jobs
and people, in general, became more mobile.
U.S. Route 66, (also known as Route 66, The Main Street of America,
The Mother Road and the Will Rogers Highway) was a highway in
the U.S. Highway system. One of the original federal routes, US 66
was established on October 11th, 1926, though signs did not go up
until the following year. It originally ran from Chicago, Illinois
through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona
and California before ending at Los Angeles for a total of 2,448 miles.
Roads were paved, and shopping centers and other services for cars were built;
people commuted to work, and urban sprawl developed; regional differences
diminished.
Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic.
It changed the American landscape through the construction of paved roads. It
liberated the isolated rural family, and it allowed workers to live miles from their
jobs.
Small plane that Charles Lindbergh used to fly nonstop across the Atlantic
The unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions
Advertisers talked
less about the facts
of a product and
appealed more to
the _____ of
consumers?
How did the use of
electricity affect
Americans’ lifestyle?
What were three main
components that drove the
consumerism during the
1920s?
It transformed the nation. Factories used electricity to run their machines. Electricity
could now be transmitted to the countryside. Well-to-do families had electric
refrigeration, cooking ranges, and toasters, vacuums, electric irons, fans, etc.).
Excess money (rationing and lack of products during the war), new products, and
installment plans.
5
12.3
425
Why were advertisements
so successful in the
1920s? DO they serve the
same purpose today?
Explain your answer.
12.3
426
Installment plan
12.3
427
12.3
427
How do you think the
changes in spending will
affect the economy?
What were the main
advantage and
disadvantage of buying on
credit?
13.1
434
13.1
435
How did small-town life
and city life differ?
13.1
436
Prohibition
13.1
436—
N/A
Prohibition Bureau
13.1
436
13.1
436
Volstead Act
13.1
436
What and who was the
driving force behind
Prohibition?
13.1
437
13.1
437
13.1
437
13.1
437—
N/A
13.1
13.1
437
437
—
N/A
Ads made people think they need certain products. They used psychological
techniques to appeal to people’s vanities and fears. There were many new
products, and they were marketed in clever ways. People were tired of the
deprivation they had faced during the war and were eager to indulge themselves.
Ads today are still used to entice people to buy new products by appealing to
their vanities and fears. They still tempt to create a sense of need for products
that are in many cases, unnecessary.
The economy may falter when consumers are unable to meet their credit
obligations.
A: People could buy goods they could not otherwise afford.
D: People could go far into debt without realizing.
Vice President who took over after Harding’s death. Known as
Silent Cal, Coolidge’s stern, reserved natured contrasted with
Harding’s outgoing personality. He was very much pro-business and
generally opposed laws designed to help farmers or workers—he
argued that such legislation limited private initiative and harmed the
economy.
Small towns were bound by traditional morals and close ties of family, friends,
and religion. Cities offered varied perspectives and options because of their
large, mixed population; cultural variety; and greater tolerance of values and
ideas.
Agency established to enforce the law against the selling of liquor
Illegal Saloons—so called because when inside, one spoke
quietly, or “easily” to avoid detection.
Movement led predominately by women (temperance movement) who believed
alcohol led to violence (domestic violence), unemployment (firing for alcohol
related issues), and economic hardships (spending money on liquor—i.e. Saloons
allowing workers to have credit and then cashing pay checks at end of week,
workers had already spent half their paychecks.
An entrepreneur in the illegal business of producing and providing
alcohol during prohibition. Became a very powerful man, not only in
the underworld but also in legitimate world including politics.
People who illegally produced and/or transported alcohol. Name
comes from days when Georgia was a colony and prohibited
alcohol—people who hide their flask in the bootleg.
How did criminals take
advantage of Prohibition?
Moonshiners
Rumrunners/Shinerunners
What led to the start of
NASCAR?
Criminals broke the law by smuggling, as well as by making alcohol and selling
it for profit.
People who illegal produced alcohol in stills from corn and potatoes; an illegal
profession that still exists today (mostly in Appalachian America).
Individuals who were hired to transport alcohol from producers to saloons.
Early race drivers were often involved in bootlegging. Some accounts say that they all
were. That is how (at least most of them) afforded the fastest and therefore most
expensive machines--with their excessive moonshine profits. They ran moonshine down
the twisty mountain roads to people during alcohol prohibition. The runners would modify
their cars in order to create a faster, more maneuverable vehicle to evade the police, and
came to love the fast paced driving. When the U.S. alcohol prohibition was lifted in 1933,
the owners of these first "racecars" watched their profitable businesses dry up. Since they
had no reason to use them for "runnin' shine" anymore and found themselves with time on
their hands and lots of money, many wanted to race their cars for pride and money.
6
Why do you think the
Eighteenth Amendment
failed to eliminate alcohol
consumption?
13.1
437
13.1
438
13.1
438
American Civil
Liberties Union
(ACLU)
13.1
438
Billy Sunday
13.1
438
Fundamentalism
13.1
438
John T. Scopes
13.1
438
Scopes Trial
(Monkey Trial)
13.1
438
Summarize the beliefs of
fundamentalism.
13.1
438
13.1
439
Clarence Darrow
13.1
439
13.1
440
What was the conflict
between fundamentalists
and those who accepted
evolution?
Analyze the changes in
women’s lives during the
1920s.
13.2
440—
N/A
Feminists
13.2
441
Double standard (as it
relates to women in the
1920s)
13.2
441
Flappers
The consumption of alcohol was a tradition part of many cultures; the
government failed to provide sufficient staff and resources to enforce the law; the
means of manufacturing, selling, and transporting liquor were many and could
easily be concealed.
A leading fundamentalist preacher who presented a more
sophisticated image/Hollywood-showmanship to preach—she was
especially well known for healing the sick through prayer
A leading fundamentalist preacher—A baseball layer turned preacher who staged
emotional meetings across the South—he was also very much against alcohol
consumption.
John Thomas Scopes, a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee at the age of 24, was
charged on May 25, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which
prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools. He was in court in a
case known as the Scopes Trial.
Fundamentalist believed that all important knowledge could be found in the
Bible and that what was in the Bible was true. They rejected Darwin’s theory of
evolution.
Bryan actively supported state laws banning public schools from
teaching evolution, and several southern states passed such laws after
Bryan addressed them. His participation in the highly publicized
1925 Scopes Trial served as a capstone to his career. Bryan was
asked by William Bell Riley to represent as counsel the World
Christian Fundamentals Association at the trial.
Fundamentalists believed that God created the world in six days, whereas
evolutionists argued that modern species developed form earlier forms of life
over millions of years.
During the 1920s women expressed a greater personal freedom. They sought
financial independence and began to seek jobs in business rather than in
traditional fields. Women continued to earn considerable less than men for the
same work, and they continued to have difficulty entering prestigious professions
such as science and law. Women continued to believe that their roles were
separate from men that they were to be mothers and homemakers. With new
technology, the nature of being a homemaker changed.
Women rights activists
Set of principles granting great sexual freedom to men than to women
7
How was the flapper like
and unlike women of
today?
How did the growth of
business and industry
affect women?
Like: Flappers used clothing, hairstyles, and behavior to claim a new freedom.
Unlike: Today’s women have more freedoms.
13.2
441
13.2
442
13.2
442
13.2
443
How did the lives of
women change during the
1920s?
13.2
443
What changes affected
families in the 1920s?
13.2
444
Flagpole Sitting
13.2
445
Bobbed hair
13.3
13.3
447
447
1st Radio station
13.3
448
13.3
448
Babe Ruth
13.3
448—
N/A
Bobby Jones
13.3
448
Gertrude Ederie
13.3
448
Helen Wills
13.3
448—
N/A
Red Grange
13.3
448—
N/A
What led to the sports
mania of the 1920s?
13.3
448
Why did radio
become so popular?
13.3
448
—
N/A
450
—
N/A
450
—
N/A
Why did sports become
an important part of
society?
New laws limiting working hours and increased national productivity led to
significant increases in people’s leisure time and income. People now had time
to play sports and the time/money to attend/listen to sporting events.
Alfred Stieglitz
Internationally renowned photographer
Charlie Chaplin
One of the brightest silent movie stars of the 1920s
13.3
13.3
Big business and industry produced timesaving appliances that freed women
from some household chores, and business growth also created jobs for millions
of women, but most women were confined to tradition jobs.
Women activist who fought for women to have the right to birth
control. She opened the first birth-control clinic in the U.S. and
founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 as she openly
fought to allow for physicians to have the right to give birth control
to their patients.
How did schools change
during the 1920s?
The changes in fashion were extreme and liberating, with shorter skirts and
shorter hair. In addition, dance styles and relaxed attitudes toward casual dating
allowed more freedom for women. Women began to enter the work force in
increasing numbers, even though they worked in support positions and did not
earn salaries equal to those of men. Even though women were still responsible
for managing the home, new time- and energy-saving devices mad these tasks
easier, freeing up time for work outside the home. Also, many women chose not
have children, instead focusing on romantic relationships.
The birthrate dropped; household labor was simplified by technology; children
spent their days in school; adolescent rebelliousness increased.
An extremely short haircut that freed women from long tresses that had been
fashionable for years
More students were able to attend school during this prosperous time; schools
had to adapt to teaching students of new immigrant families; schools offered a
broad range of courses for students to train for industrial jobs.
As successful pitcher and team manager, he made his greatest
contribution by founding the Negro National League—earned the
title “The Father of Black Baseball.”
Legendary slugger for the New York Yankees who hit a record 60 homeruns in
1927.
In 1926, at the age of 19, she became the first woman to swim the English
Channel.
Helen Willis dominated women’s tennis, winning the singles title at the U.S.
Open seven times and the Wimbledon title eight times.
Became one of the first modern day football stars. He was a college star before
going on to star for the Chicago Bears.
New laws limiting working hours and increased national productivity led to
significant increases in people’s leisure time and income.
8
Considered America’s finest playwright—his plays forced
Americans to reflect upon modern isolation, confusion, and
family conflict.
13.3
450
13.3
450
F. Scott Fitzgerald
13.3
450
George Gershwin
13.3
450
Georgia O’Keeffe
13.3
450
Jazz Singer
13.3
450—
N/A
Nickelodeons
13.3
450
Sinclair Lewis
13.3
13.3
13.3
450
450
450
Talkies
13.3
451
Edna St. Vincent Millay
13.3
451
Ernest Hemingway
13.3
451
13.4
452
Why did some writers
reject American culture
and values?
How did Harlem
Renaissance create pride
for African Americans?
13.4
453
Back to Africa
Movement
13.4
453
How did the influx of
African Americans
change Northern cities?
13.4
453
James Weldon
Johnson
13.4
453
13.4
453
13.4
454
Universal Negro
Improvement Association
(UNIA)
Claude McKay
13.4
454
Harlem Renaissance
A famous American novelist who coined the term “Jazz Age” to describe the
1920s—he revealed the negative side of the period’s gaiety and freedom,
portraying wealthy and attractive people leading imperiled lived in gilded
surroundings. His two most famous books were This Side of Paradise and The
Great Gatsby.
A famous American concert music composer who merged tradition elements
with American jazz, thus creating anew sound that was identifiably American.
A famous painter of the 1920s who produced intensely colored canvases that
captured the grandeur of America.
First movie with sound and grossed over $2 million dollars (talkies=speaking
movies).
Movie theatres charging a nickel to see the show.
A famous American writer who was the first American to win a Nobel Prize in
literature—he ridiculed Americans for their conformity and materialism.
Walt Disney’s film which was the first animated film with sound.
Movies with speaking dialogue—doubled movie attendance
Why were
Americans so
delighted by movies
in the 1920s?
An American poet who wrote poems celebrating youth and a life of
independence and freedom from traditional constraints.
Ernest Hemingway, wounded in World War I, became the best-known
expatriate author. In his novels The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms,
he criticized the glorification of war. He also introduced a tough, simplified
style of writing that set a new literary standard, using sentences a Time
reporter compared to “round stones polished by rain and wind.”
Many American writers found American culture shallow and materialist; they
believed society lacked any unified ideas.
Gave African Americans public role models to look up to, gave an identity to the
people and the communities, allowed them to see white people paying to see
African Americans perform, etc.
The movement of millions of African Americans to Northern cities greatly
increased their black populations, and heightened racial tensions that sometimes
resulted in discrimination and violence.
An immigrant from Jamaica believed that African Americans should
build a separate society. His different, more radical message of black
pride aroused the hopes of many—he would later lead a movement
that advocated a return to Africa.
An organization founded by Marcus Garvey that started the “Back to Africa”
Movement
A novelist, poet, and Jamaican immigrant, was a major figure whose militant verses urged
African Americans to resist prejudice and discrimination. His poems also expressed the
pain of life in the black ghettos and the strain of being black in a world dominated by
whites.
9
13.4
454
Langston Hughes
13.4
454
What approach to race
relations did Marcus
Garvey promote?
13.4
456—
N/A
Blues
13.4
456
13.4
456
In what ways did writers
of the Harlem
Renaissance celebrate a
“rebirth”?
13.4
456
Louis Armstrong
13.4
456
Paul Robeson
13.4
457
13.4
457
Besides literary
accomplishments, in what
areas did African
Americans achieve
remarkable results?
Consider the Great
Migration and the Harlem
Renaissance and their
consequences. Describe
the effects that these
events had on the country.
13.4
441,
445
Dance Fads
13.4
444,
457
Bessie Smith
The most best-known poet of the Harlem Renaissance. Many of Hughes's 1920s
poems described the difficult lives of working-class African Americans. Some of
his poems moved to the tempo of jazz and the blues.
Garvey believed that African Americans should build a separate society; he
preached a message of self pride and he promoted African American businesses.
A jazz pianist and composer who won renown as one of America’s
greatest composers.
They expressed their pride in African American experience; they celebrated their
heritage and folklore.
Paul Robeson, the son of a one-time slave, became a major dramatic actor. His
performance in Shakespeare's Othello, first in London and later in New York
City, was widely acclaimed. Subsequently, Robeson struggled with the racism he
experienced in the United States and the indignities inflicted upon him because
of his support of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party. He took up
residence abroad, living for a time in England and the Soviet Union.
African Americans were outstanding in the performing arts.
The Great Migration of African Americans to northern urban areas often created
racial tension, which resulted in the formation of the UNIA and the NAACP.
These organizations worked to insure that African Americans received fair
treatment and worked to eliminate lynching and other threats to citizens. The
Harlem Renaissance gave many African Americans opportunities to express
themselves through music, drama, literature, and other creative forms. This
movement gave voice to the African-American experience of the time.
10