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"Blood and Iron"
Bismarck's idea of always preparing and waging war, and those things can only be done with war
"Bloody Sunday" (1905) Causes, actions, effects
The cause was people wanted to present a petition to the Tsar, the action was people getting shot, the
effect was people disliking the Tsar and turning on him
3.
"Conquistadors"
This was the name given to the Spanish explorers who would conquer the land they discovered and
utilize the resources they found there for Spain
4.
"Crown from the gutter"
This was the expression used after the Revolutions of 1848 where Friedrich Wilhelm refused to just
take the throne of Prussia
5.
"Effective Occupation"
This was the idea of occupying land so that a country could claim it
"Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity"
The motto of the French Revolution and the demands of the popular people
7.
"New Imperialism"
The new idea that revitalized the period of expansion and gathering of colonies
8.
"Separation of powers"
This was the theory developed by Montesquieu that political power should not be divided and share by a
variety of classes and legal estates holding unequal rights and privileges
9.
"Socialism in one country"
Idea that the Soviet Union had the ability to build socialism on its own
10.
"Spanish Armada"
This was the vast amount of ships sent by Phillip II to attack England because of the conflicts between
Phillip II and Mary, Queen of Scots
11.
"The White Man's Burden"
The justification of imperialism, this was created in Kipling's work
"total war" & measures to
prosecute it
This was the effort to completely involve every person and aspect of the economy into the war
13.
"Universal Man"
This was the term given to those in the Renaissance who were able to excel in more than one subject
matter
14.
"White" forces
The opposition to the Bolsheviks and the Red army after the October rebellion and the Russian
Revolution
15.
19th century class structure
Aristocracy > Middle Class (Upper > Middle > Lower) > Working Classes (Labor Aristocracy >
Semiskilled > Unskilled)
1842 Western penetration of
Egypt
This was when the French left, and the British moved in and invaded and captured Egypt
1859 Garibaldi's invasion
An energized movement of radicals from Sicily to the mainland and gaining land for unification
A-bombs - Hiroshima,
Nagasaki
The final straw for the Japanese, resulting in millions of civilian and military death. Little Boy and Fat
Man were used here. These flew on the plane "The Enola Gay"
19.
Abstract-Expressionism
An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and
colors, lines and shapes.
20.
Adolf Hitler
Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.
21.
Adolphe Thiers
Leader of the National Assembly in France, he ordered the Paris Commune to be crushed. He also
declared the Third Republic of France, because it "divided France the least"
22.
Alban Berg
composer of opera Wozzeck, atonal music with half spoken, half sung dialogue, violence and
expression
23.
Albert Einstein
German-Jewish physicist that undermined Newtonian physics and developed theory of relativity
24.
Alexander I
This czar of Russia wanted to restore the kingdom of Poland, which he wanted to bestow the benefits of
his rule
25.
Alexander II
A Russian Tsar who implemented rapid social change and general modernization of Russia.
26.
Alexander III
A determined reactionary Tsar who nevertheless sped forward with economic modernization
27.
Alexander Kerensky
An agrarian socialist who became prime minister. He refused to confiscate land holdings and felt that
continuation of war was most important.
1.
2.
6.
12.
16.
17.
18.
28.
Alexandra
Last Tsarist of Russia, had a son who was a hemophiliac, and was put under the influence of Rasputin,
where he exploited her. Ended up causing the collapse of the Tsars
29.
Alfred Dreyfus
A Jewish military captain in the French Army, he was falsely accused of treason, and his affair split France
apart
30.
Alfred von Schlieffen
German who concocted the plan of "France for breakfast, Russia for dinner"
Alliances 1873-1914 &
German isolation
Germany became more and more isolated because it was aggressive and France had pursued many alliances
against Germany, leaving Germany only with Austria
An Essay Concerning
Human Understanding
This was the work that started the tabula rasa theory where the human mind is blank until it is filled with
experiences that allow a person to think differently
33.
Anabaptists
These were the "radicals" in Reformation in which someone would choose if they wanted to be baptized
34.
Anti-Semitism
A mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races
35.
Anton Denikin
Lieutenant General of the Imperial Russian Army and foremost general for the White Russians in the
Russian civil war.
Antonio de Oliveira
Salzar
served as the Prime Minister and dictator of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. He founded and led the Estado
Novo ("New State"), the authoritarian, right-wing government that presided over and controlled Portugal
from 1932 to 1974.
37.
Appeasement
The idea that Britain could pacify Germany and make sure there was no war at any cost.
38.
Army Order Number 1
Given by the Provisional Government, this stripped the army officers of power, and placed it in hand of
elected committees. This collapsed army discipline
39.
Arnold Schönberg
Viennese founder of 12 tone music and turned back on conventional tones
Assassination of Franz
Ferdinand -- the Black
Hand
the serbs assassinated the archduke to make a statement, and the Austrians got really pissed, because he
was the next in line for the throne and the guy on the throne then was old
Austrian "antinationalism"
The Austrians tried to stop the nationalism of different people in their country from tearing them apart, but
it did not work
Austrian Anschluss
The forceful union of Austria into Germany
Austro-Prussian War Causes & Outcomes
The Germans needed a way to make the Austrians on their side, and they had the superior army. The
Germans won, and were able to make sure that Austria stayed out of German affairs
44.
Austro-Sardinian War
Austria invades Italy and the French come in to help the Italians. The Italians and the French are very
successful and gain Lombardy.
45.
Bacon
This scientist spread the word about the experimental method and formalized the empirical method and
combined his thinking with Descartes to form the scientific method
46.
Banking Families
These were the major families in Europe that had the most power and control of the wealth in a state
47.
Battle of Austerlitz
This massive victory by the French caused Russia and the Austrians to suspend their support against France
48.
Battle of Tannenberg
This battle was a German victory against the Russian, the Russians were crushed
49.
Battle of the Somme
Failed allied offensive that resulted in a lot of loss of life
50.
Battle of Verdun
one of the costliest battles in WWI, was mainly useless and just people died
51.
Battle of Waterloo
This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler
52.
Battles of the Marne
This battle was a French/British victory, because they stopped the German offensive
53.
Bauhaus
A Weimar (German) architectural school created by Walter Gropius which combined the fine arts and
functionalism
54.
Beer Hall Putsch
An armed uprising in Munich of maybe 50 people at most, crushed, Hitler's idea
55.
Béla Kun
was a Hungarian Communist politician who ruled Hungary as leader of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet
Republic in 1919
56.
Benito Mussolini
Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.
31.
32.
36.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Benjamin Disraeli
A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the
conservative party
Bentham
(Utilitarianism)
This man believed that the moral worth of an action is determined by its contribution to happiness as
summed among all persons
Berlin Conference of
1884-5
This event happened to set laws for colonization and claiming land in Africa
Bismarck's plans and
maneuvers
He wanted to unify Germany, but played it safe, with many alliances and pacts, and ends up being amazing
Boers / Afrikaners
These were Dutch settlers in south Africa
Bolshevik (October)
Revolution
Replaces the Provisional Government with Lenin's forces
63.
Bolsheviks/Mensheviks
The two rival communists groups. One weree true revolutionary Marxists, and the other were revisionist
socialists.
64.
Botticelli
The artist shows the ideal for female beauty in the Renaissance in this work slender, pale skin, a high
forehead, red-blond hair, and sloping shoulders
65.
Boxer Rebellion
A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese people who wanted to throw the foreigners out
66.
Boyle
This was the physicist who said nothing can be known beyond all doubt
British Opium Trade /
Opium Wars
The British had a war with the Chinese to make sure they could sell their opium to china
British-French
Tensions
differences between French and British were over the treatment of the Germans, specifically on the payment
of reparations
Brumaire Coup and
The Consulate
This is the act in which Napoleon ended the Directory by ousting the Directors and disbanding the
legislature. He then established a strong military dictatorship in place of the weak Directory
70.
Brunelleschi
He was an architect who designed a hospital for orphans and foundlings set up by the silk-workers guild in
Florence
71.
Cabral
This explorer first saw the mainland of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal while sailing to set up trading posts
in India
72.
Camillo di Cavour
The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern
Italian nation state
73.
Carbonari
These were groups of secret revolutionary societies in Italy
74.
Cardinal Mazarin
This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's
expansionist policies
75.
Cardinal Richelieu
This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an
absolute monarchy
76.
Catherine the Great
This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code,
and greatly expanded Russia
Causes of the French
Revolution
1) The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political
incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates
78.
Cavour's program
Cavour's plan was to first modernize the econ, and model it off of Britain, then modernize the military, with
lots of railroads to move the troops around to country
79.
Cecil Rhodes
British military commander who believed in expansion and founded the De Beers Mining Company
80.
Cervantes
This man was a poet, playwright and novelist and wrote one of the best known novels ever (Don Quixote)
81.
Charists
Their demand was universal male suffrage
82.
Charles Darwin
This was the scientist who published the theory of evolution after his travels to the Galapagos Islands
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
67.
68.
69.
77.
Charles II
This was the king that took the throne during the Restoration and peacefully had agreements with the Parliament
until he made secret agreements with Louis XIV to relax the laws against the English Catholics and eventually a
Catholic became the next king
Charles
Talleyrand
This was the French supporter of Metternich's balance of power idea
85.
Charles V
This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried
to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation
86.
Cheka
The old Tsarist secret police
China's Hundred
Days of Reform
A period of reform for china in the attempt to meet the foreign challenge
88.
Christian Revival
Was a reaction to the loss of faith in humans, which came from the war, and lead to renewed interest in Christian
view of the world. Major people were Kierkegaard, Barth, and Marcel.
89.
Claude Monet
a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they
were painting
90.
Collectivization
Putting smaller farms together into one large farm so as to increase productivity
91.
Columbus
This was the man who discovered Americas while originally looking for a faster and all-sea route to the East but
instead landed in the West Indies.
92.
Combination Acts
These were the laws passed by the Parliament that prohibited the English people from forming a union
93.
Comintern
was an international Communist organization founded in Moscow in March 1919. The International intended to
fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the
creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State."
Commercial
revolution
This was the period of economic and political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe
Committee of
Public Safety
This was the group that carried out the Reign of Terror
Concert of Europe
(Congress
System)
This was the system set up by the Quadruple Alliance to meet periodically to talk about common issues
Concordat of 1801
This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving
the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power
Congo
exploitation
This event was where king Leopold of Belgium exploited Congo for his personal gain
Congress of
Vienna
This was the meeting between the Quadruple Alliance in order to formulate a peace agreement and to balance the
victories of the Napoleonic wars
Conservatism
This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and
the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on
monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners
Conservative
Authoritarianism
Traditional form of antidemocratic government
102.
Copernicus
This was the man who first theorized that the celestial bodies all revolved around a fixed sun
103.
Corn Laws
These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially
104.
Cosmo deMedici
One of the members of the banker family of Florence that ruled behind the scenes of the government
Costs of the war -monetary &
human
the war lost 15 million lives and cost 196 billion in today's money
Cottage industry
This was the way form of work of the rural classes in which the costumer would give the worker materials and the
worker would create the desirable product
83.
84.
87.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
105.
106.
107.
Council of Trent
This was the meeting called by Pope Paul III that secured reconciliation with the Protestants
108.
Course of WWII
First war in Europe, then war in Asia
Crimean War impact in Britain &
Russia
This war showed that the Russian were way behind the rest of the world, and needed reform.
110.
Cubism
An Artistic movement that focused on geometric shapes, complex lines, and overlapping planes.
111.
D-Day
The most important battle in the European part of the war, allies stormed beaches and made it through to the
mainland, landing in France and moving towards Germany
112.
da Gama
This was the first explorer to round the Cape of Good Hope and sail into the Indian Ocean trade
113.
Da Vinci
One of the best examples of a Renaissance man. He painted, wrote, sculpted, invented, among his philosophical
ideas
114.
Dadaism
An artistic movement that had a purposely nonsensical name, expressing its total rejection of previous modern
art.
115.
Dante
First comedy writer that wrote 100 verses that described the realms of the next world
116.
Danton
One of the leaders of The Mountain
117.
David Lloyd George
Member of the Liberal party in Great Britain who helped raise taxes on the rich, and reform in general
118.
Dawes Plan
The American plan to loan money to Germany, who would pay their reparations to France and Britain, who
would pay back their debt to America, which created a win-win for everyone, and made they people happy and
thought that peace was possible
Declaration of the
Rights of Man and
Citizen
This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts
and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law
Decline of Ottoman
Empire
They fell behind in industrialization, in education, and in general compared to the west
121.
Deism
This was a way of thinking that God exists, but does not intervene in daily life, for he already has a plan for the
universe that cannot be altered
122.
Descartes
This thinker developed a philosophy of two different worlds a material world and a world of the mind. This was
called Cartesian dualism. He combined his ideas with Bacon to form the scientific method
Development of
Anglo-German
rivalry & Naval
arms race
This rivalry developed because of the increasing naval race, and because Germany was becoming increasingly
militaristic
124.
Dialectics
This was the philosophical belief that for every thesis ever, there is an opposing antithesis that creates a
synthesis
125.
Diaz
This was the first explorer who rounded the southern tip of the Cape of Good Hope but was never able to go all
the way around
126.
Diet of Worms
This was the conference that Charles V called to bring Martin Luther to speak
127.
Doge
The ruler of Venice
128.
Donatello
One of the first and best Renaissance sculptors. He was also one of the first artists to sell his works
129.
Douglas Haig
was a British soldier and senior commander (field marshal) during World War I. He commanded the British
Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. Most notably he was commander during the Battle of
the Somme, the 3rd Battle of Ypres and the series of victories leading to the German surrender in 1918.
Dowager Empress
Tzu Hsi
Chinese leader who used conservative forces to maintain her power
Dreyfus Affair
Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it
divided the country
109.
119.
120.
123.
130.
131.
132.
Dual Monarchy
The joining of Austria and Hungary under two different crowns
133.
Duma
This was a legislative parliament in Russia with real political power
134.
Duma
Russia's lower house of politics
135.
Dunkirk
A mass flee of British troops of the coast of France, disaster, lost thousands of machines and vehicles
136.
Dutch Revolt
This was the revolt by the Netherland against the Spanish in order to create their independent state
137.
Edict of Nantes
This was the document published by Henry IV that granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to
the Huguenots
138.
Edward Bernstein
A revisionist social who advocated the gradual gain of socialism and looked towards Darwin's doctrines as a
measure for a change in socialism's tactics
139.
Edward VI
During his short reign of England, Protestant ideas exerted a significant influence on the religious life of the
country
140.
Edwin Chadwick
This was a public health official who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that
poverty was caused by illnesses
Effects of the
Scientific
Revolution
This involved the beginning of using reason to solve problems in the community by using inductive and deductive
reasoning
Egyptian
Nationalist Party
A political party in Egypt that was formed under Ahmed Arabi
143.
El Alamein
Combined German and Italian forces were beaten near Alexandria, which lead to the Allied taking of Morocco
and Algeria
144.
El Cid
This was the Spanish equivalent to the Knights of the Round Table
145.
Eli Whitney
This man invented the cotton gin which allowed for the faster picking of cotton in the Americas
146.
Elie Halévy
was a French philosopher and historian who wrote Era of Tyrannies, which talked about the different kinds of
government and how they all stemmed out of nature of modern war.
147.
Elizabeth I
This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend
church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England
148.
Emile
This work advocated breast feeding and natural dress and that boys' education should have plenty of fresh air and
exercise and he said a women's nature was a life of marriage and child rearing
149.
Emile Zola
This was an influential French writer who wrote about naturalism and was often criticized
150.
Ems Telegram
A telegram which the French gave to the Germans in anger over the Succession of the Throne in Spain, but the
Germans altered it to look like the French were rude and evil. The French declared war.
151.
Enabling Act
Gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for 4 years
Enclosure
movement
This was the way that the English landowners would now organize their land so that the farmers would become
more productive in their work
153.
Encyclopedia
This was the first publication of different essays about the culture and society of France which was put on the
Index of Forbidden Books because it dealt with controversial issues
154.
English Civil War
This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament.
Eventually, the kingship was abolished
155.
Erasmus
This man was a writer who would plea for simple Christian faith and would criticize the complexity of Catholic
faith
156.
Erich Ludendorff
This German, along with his partner Hindenburg, essentially ran Germany during the end of the war
Erich von
Falkenhayn
He was chief of the general staff during WWI for the Germans
Estates-General
This was the group of people called by Louis XVI that would keep the king in check like the English Parliament
Evolutionary
Socialism
This was the work that suggested that socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual
evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions, and further economic development
141.
142.
152.
157.
158.
159.
Existentialism
The idea that human beings simply exist, have no higher purpose, and must exist and choose their actions for
themselves. Existentialism mainly influenced by Nietzsche. Existentialism sustain popularity in Germany with
Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers who appealed to university students.
Extension of
suffrage in Britain
suffrage was extended to more middle class men in Britain so that they conservatives would get a stronger base
Fascism
is a radical, authoritarian nationalist ideology that aims to create a single-party state with a government led by a
dictator who seeks national unity and development by requiring individuals to subordinate self-interest to the
collective interest of the nation or race.
Fashoda Crisis of
1898
This event occurred when both Britain and France wanted the town of Fashoda; in the end, the British gained
control of the town, because the French gave up
Favorable balance
of trade
This was the ideology that most states used to gain the most money from their exports by increasing the amount
of finished materials while decreasing the amount of raw materials
Ferdinand and
Isabella
This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition
Final Solution /
Holocaust
was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War
II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust
First, Second,
Third Balkan War
All of these were wars for nationalistic purposes, the third creating WWI
Five Year plans objectives, methods
& success
Objectives were to increase industrial output by 250% and agriculture output by 150% and have 1/5 of Russian
peasants on collective farms. The methods were forced farming and scare tactics like gulags. The success was
that of industry, which produced 4 times as much as before
Founding of the
British empire in
India
Britain gained this territory by slowly asserting influence and putting people in charge
170.
Fourteen Points
These were part of Wilson's plan to end conflict
171.
Francesco Sforza
The Duke of Florence and the old ruler of the city-states of Italy
172.
Francis I
This was the French king who reached an agreement with Pope Leo X and allowed the French king to select
French bishops and abbots
173.
Francis Xavier
This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of
missionaries he went on to promote Christianity
174.
Francisco Franco
Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini
Franco-Prussian
War - Causes &
Outcomes
The reason behind the war was because a war would bring the Southern German states into the Prussian state,
and the French wanted to teach Germany a lesson. It ended up that the Germans kicked butt, and the French
were humiliated, and the German plan worked completely
176.
Francois Guizot
This man was an active player in the French Revolution of 1848 who helped in the overthrow of Charles X
177.
Franz Joseph
The old leader of Austria in the years before WWI
178.
Franz Liszt
This was a pianist in the Romanticism era that was a star in his day
179.
Franz von Papen
Chancellor of Germany who succeeded Bruning
Frederick Elector
of Saxony
This was the man who supported and hid Luther after the Diet of Worms
Frederick the Great
This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and
philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler
Frederick William
(The Great Elector)
This was the man who starting absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler.
Frederick William
IV
A king and leader of Prussia who was unable to unify Germany "from above," he was replaced by William I
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
175.
180.
181.
182.
183.
Frederick
William IV
This king of Prussia was the king who gave into Prussia's constitution
French
educational
reforms
The Dreyfus affair lead to the separation of church and state, and lead to more people in government backed schools
that were no longer catholic schools but republican schools.
Friedrich
Nietzsche
German philosopher who said that "God is dead," that lackadaisical people killed him with their false values. Said that
Christianity and all religion is a "slave morality." He also said that the only hope for mankind was to accept the
meaninglessness of human life, and to then use that meaninglessness as a source of personal integrity and liberation.
Also stated that from this meaninglessness people called Supermen would exert their mind on other and rise to power.
he appealed to people who liked totalitarianism.
187.
Functionalism
A new principle of building design that focused on buildings being functional which means serving the purpose it was
made for best
188.
Gabriel Marcel
Leading existential Christian thinker, thought catholic church was "hope, humanity, honesty, and piety," after broken
world and WWI, also advocated closer ties with non-Catholics
189.
Galileo
This scientist formulated the experimental method and using this, came up with the law of inertia, among several
discoveries related to the moon
190.
Gallipoli
A failed British offensive in Ottoman empire
191.
Georg Hegel
This man believed that each age is characterized by a dominant set of ideas, which produces opposing ideas and a new
synthesis
Georges
Clemenceau
An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer
Georges
Haussmann
This was the man who planned the reconstruction of Paris
Georges Sorel
A French socialist who thought there socialism would come from a general strike of all workers that would cripple the
capitalist system. Thought that socialism was an improbable religion rather than accepted truth. Thought that the
new socialist governments would not be democratic, rather controlled by a small revolutionary elite. He did not like
democracy.
German 1918
Offensive
A last ditch attempt to beat the allies after the Germans defeated the Russians
German social
legislation
Bismarck placed high tariffs on imported goods, and tried to stop socialism with government measures that banned
the socialist party
197.
Ghibeleines
This is the political faction in Italy that supported the Holy Roman Empire
198.
Giotto
An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and
artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body
199.
Girondists
These were the liberals of France who did not want to execute Louis XVI, but The Mountain did anyway
Giuseppe
Garibaldi
A "super patriot" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts
Giuseppe
Mazzini
This early Italian nationalist believed that doing labor for the principles of one's country is labor for humanity
Giuseppe
Mazzini
a radical idealistic patriot who wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and will of
the people in Italy
Glorious
Revolution
This was the "revolution" that replaced James II with William and Mary that also recognized the supremacy of the
Parliament with minimum bloodshed
Gold Glory
and God
This was the motto of the age of exploration. The explorers were looking for money, glory, or to convert nonChristians
Goldhagen
Thesis
This said that ordinary Germans not only knew about, but also supported, the Holocaust because of a unique and
virulent "eliminationist" anti-Semitism in the German identity, which had developed in the preceding centuries
184.
185.
186.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
Grand Alliance members &
goals
The members of the Grand alliance were America, Britain, and the Soviet Union; their goals were to Smash the
aggressors, Europe first, then Asia
Gravrilo Princip
A Serbian nationalist in the Black hand who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Great
Depression Causes, efforts
to deal with
The immediate cause was the American using margin buying to buy shares of stock that they could not pay back,
and forced a mass selloff of shares, which collapsed the stock market and the economy. The efforts to deal was the
New Deal in America, and different stances of social programs and socialism in Europe.
Great Purges
Stalin's mass systemic murder of millions to instill fear and to have someone to fight against
Great Rebellion
(Indian Mutiny)
This was a insurrection of Muslim and Hindi army officers that spread through northern India before it was
crushed. It was because of people trying to send out the white army officers
Great White
Walls
This was a policy of discriminatory laws designed to keep Asians out of countries
Greek
revolution
The Greeks revolted against the Ottomans for their independence, to which the Concert generally opposed to this
Grigori
Rasputin
a Siberian preacher who became friends of the Tsars, but hated by the public, twisted and cheated and exploited
Alexandra.
Guelph
This is the political faction in Italy that supported the pope
Gustav
Stresemann
German Foreign Minister who assumed leadership of government and got the French to move out of the Ruhr
Habeas Corpus
Act
This was act in which any people unlawfully detained could be prosecuted
217.
Hapsburgs
This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over
Hungary
218.
Harvey
This was the man who first detailed the accounted for the circulation of blood flow
Heinrich
Brüning
The German chancellor during the Weimar Republic who convinced the president to accept rule by decree
Heinrich
Himmler
Inhumane and cruel leader of the SS in Germany, appointed by Hitler
221.
Henri Bergson
A French philosophy professor who said that personal experiences and intuition were more important than rational
thought and thinking
222.
Henrí Matisse
An extreme abstract expressionist, leader of "the beasts," focused on arrangement of color, line and form
223.
Henri Pétain
French military leader who assumed control of France and lead it out of the war successfully
Henri-Philippe
Pétain
French leader of the Vichy republic of France, which was essentially Nazi France. He is seen as a traitor to his
people by some Frenchman.
Henry Bessemer
This man revolutionized the way to manufacture steel by making the process quicker and more efficient
Henry IV of
France
This was the king who issued the Edict of Nantes
Henry
Labouchière
A member of British Parliament who mocked Rudyard Kipling's poem
Henry VIII
This was the man who started the Church of England because he needed a reformation in Catholicism which would
allow him to divorce his wife
Hermann
Göring
A Nazi politician and president of the Reichstag
Hitler's Foreign
Policy
Made friends with Italy, did stuff behind the table with Russia, and hated everyone else.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
219.
220.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
Hitler's goals
He wanted to declare the superiority of Aryan race, create more living space for them, and make himself eternal
supreme dictator for life
232.
Hitler's Rise
Gained power through feeding off others, and promoting racist nationalist ideals. Gained control of the German
Worker's Party, built his way up from there
Hitler's
Popularity - how
popular &
why
Hitler was popular for promising economic recovery and delivering
234.
Hohenzollerns
This was the royal dynasty of electors in Prussia
235.
Holy Alliance
This was the alliance between Austria Prussia and Russia on the crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual
revolution.
236.
House of Orange
This was the house that took over the English throne after the Glorious Revolution
237.
Huguenots
These were the French Calvinists that were often persecuted until the Edict of Nantes
238.
Humanism
The philosophy of the liberal arts that emphasized human beings and their achievements
239.
Hus
A man who helped to shed some light on the church's problems with hurting the people that follow the religion.
He was seen as a radical and was not allowed to study John Wycliffe's publications yet was executed after he was
tried for heresy
240.
Hyperinflation
When the German economy tried to print bills to pay off their debt, inflation rates of 40% a day
241.
Id, Ego, Superego
Freud said that there was conscious, which you could control, and the subconscious. He said that the Id was
living in the subconscious was just had primordial desires that wanted stuff like food and sex. Then there was the
Superego that did not want pleasures of love, and was just pure intellect and rationality. The ego is the middle
ground, the referee between the two different things, Id and Superego. All of this is going on the subconscious.
242.
Ignatius of Loyola
This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world
243.
Igor Stravinsky
composer, wrote Rite of Spring, expressionist ballet, shocked crowds because of music and scenes
Importance of
Germany's
campaign
through Belgium
When Germany moved through Belgium, it caused Britain to go on the side of the war with France.
Impressionism
An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing
Income inequality
/ Standard of
Living
There was an large inequality of income and standard of living between Europe and the non-industrialized world
because industrialization itself opened the gap
Index of
Prohibited
Literature
This was the list of books that were prohibited by the papacy in order to stop more religious thinkers
Innovations in
weaponry
zeppelins,
airplanes, gas,
machine guns,
tanks
these things were new ideas that really did not work very well
Institutes of the
Christian
Religion
This was the work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of John Calvin
250.
Irish Home Rule
A desire of some people in Ireland to not be ruled by England
251.
Ismail Ali
Khedive of Egypt, he was a westernizing autocrat and grandson of the first leader
233.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
Isolation &
"Opening" of
China and
Japan
Isolation to protect against the corruptive west, and a forced opening for reasons of trace
253.
Iwo Jima
One of the Bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer
to Japan
254.
Jacobins
This was the group of people in the National Assembly that met to discuss the political questions of the day
James
Hargreaves
This was the man who created the spinning jenny which began the actual Industrial Revolution and the beginning of
machines doing a man's work
256.
James II
This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed
Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government
257.
James Joyce
An Irish novelist who wrote Ulysses, a stream of consciousness book that mirrored Homer's book
Japanese
"opening" of
Korea
The Japanese had a war with China and ended up gaining Korea, which they opened to trade; Japan became an
imperialist power
259.
Jean Bodin
This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly
over the instruments of justice
260.
Jean Jaures
French revisionist socialist who repudiated revisionist doctrines to achieve a unified socialist state
Jean Paul
Sartre
A French existentialist who said that people just "turned up" and that there was no God to help honest people. Also said
"man is condemned to be free" and people had to choose their actions.
JeanBaptiste
Lamarck
This man developed the first cohesive theory of evolution after his studies of biology
Jesuits
This was the group of people that was important in converting Asians and Latin Americans to Catholicism which
allowed for the mass spread of Christianity
Johann
Gutenberg
Man who created the printing press and changed the production and reading of books
Johann
Tetzel
This was the man who was hired by Archbishop Albert of Mainz to sell indulgences, which he did extremely
successfully
Johann
Wolfgang
von Goethe
This German Romantic poet influence Walter Scott
John A.
Hobson
This man wrote Imperialism, a critique of imperalism
John Calvin
This was another leader in the Reformation who believed in a simple faith and a simple method of worship
John
Constable
(The
Haywain)
This man was a Romantic painter
270.
John Kay
Man who revolutionized the one-hand loom and increased the production done by one worker
271.
John Knox
This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of
Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops
John
Maynard
Keynes
Young English economist who denounced Treaty of Versailles and said that people needed to revise treaty and help
German econ. He Wrote Economic Consequences of the Peace. Said Britain needed Germany, and if the German market
went under, Britain econ would go under. His book was one of the major reasons that the British were sympathetic
towards Germany.
Josef
Pilsudaski
was the authoritarian ruler of the Second Polish Republic. From mid-World War I he was a major influence in Poland's
politics, and an important figure on the broader European political scene. He is considered largely responsible for
Poland regaining independence in 1918, after a hundred and twenty-three years of partitions
252.
255.
258.
261.
262.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
272.
273.
Joseph Conrad
This man wrote Heart of Darkness, where he criticized the Europeans in their civilizing
Joseph Dzhugashvili
(Stalin)
Dictator of Russia, named man of steel. Was of lowly backgrounds but rose to power. Only in it for himself.
Created 5 year plans.
276.
Joseph Goebbels
Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda, and organizer of Kristallnacht
277.
Joseph II
This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration
and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom
278.
Joseph Lister
This man promoted the idea of sterilizing medical equipment before operating
279.
July Decrees
These decrees limited the voting rights of the wealthy and censored the press
July Diplomacy - the
Blank Check
This was given to Austria form Germany that guaranteed full military backing in any war
June Days
These were the French workers' revolts in 1848 after the closure of the National Workshops
Justifications for
Imperialism
People justified imperialism by the concept of "white man's burden," which stated that European should govern
other because it was right and better for the people
283.
Kant
This philosopher showed the overall attitude of the Enlightenment by saying "have the courage to use your own
understanding"
284.
Karl Barth
A Swiss Protestant theologian who said people were sinful and that religious truth was made know to humans
only through God's grace, and people just had to accept God as true and be obedient.
285.
Karl Lueger
Mayor of Vienna whom Hitler idolized
286.
Karl Lueger
The fiery mayor of Vienna who preached anti-Semitism and appealed to lower middle class
287.
Karl Marx
This man came up with the idea of communism/dialectic socialism that said that two classes have always
battled against each other to form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one
equal class working with each other for each other
288.
Karlsbad Decrees
These decrees required the thirty-eight German member states to root out subversive ideas in the universities
and newspapers an established a permanent committee with spies and informers to investigate and punish any
liberal or radical organizations
289.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Was a pact that said that just said was bad, but did not outline any method for preventing war.
290.
Kepler
This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a
constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun
291.
Khedive
This was the equivalent of a king in Egypt
Klemens von
Metternich
This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political
and military forces that would discourage aggression
293.
Kristallnacht
A night of violence and vandalism against Jews
294.
Kronstadt Rebels
Unsuccessful uprising of sailors, soldiers, and civilians against Russian government (against Bolsheviks)
295.
Kulaks
The well off peasants who were starved or shipped to the gulags
296.
Kulturkampf
Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church
297.
Labor aristocracy
This was the union of skilled workers in the working classes that had a set behavioral code. They were usually
run by construction bosses and factory foremen
Labor-LiberalConservative
Cooperation in
Britain
The three party system that makes sure that both the conservative and the labor party don't get too radical.
Laissez-faire
capitalism
This was the style of capitalism in which the government had no interference with the economy
300.
Lajos Kossuth
This man was a Hungarian nationalist leader who demanded independence and a constitution
301.
Lateran Agreement
In this, Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent state, and gave it heavy financial support
274.
275.
280.
281.
282.
292.
298.
299.
Lawrence of
Arabia
British military officer who incited the Arabs in Arabia to revolt against their Turkish lords
303.
Lebensraum
(German for "habitat" or literally "living space") served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany's territorial aggression.
In his book Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler detailed his belief that the German people needed Lebensraum (for a
Grossdeutschland, land, and raw materials), and that it should be taken in the East. It was the stated policy of the Nazis
to kill, deport, Germanize or enslave the Polish, and later also Russian and other Slavic populations, and to repopulate
the land with reinrassig Germanic peoples. The entire urban population was to be exterminated by starvation, thus
creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement by a German upper class.
304.
Leon Blum
Leader of the French socialist party Popular Front, made first and real attempt to deal with the economic and social
problems
Leon
Gambetta
A successful politician in France, he was a moderate republican who helped stabilize government
306.
Leon Trotsky
Supporter of Lenin who helped in the takeover of Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution
307.
Leopold II
Belgian king who ruthlessly exploited the natives on his African land for personal gain.
Liberal v.
Conservative
Parties in
Britain
The conservative party in Britain was put down when the king threatened to make more liberal seats to pass bills that
the conservatives were vetoing
Liberalism
(Classical
Liberalism)
This was the political idea in which the government did not intervene in the economy and liberty and equality were
stressed
Liberty
Leading the
People
(Delacroix)
This work of art shows the glory of the French Revolution
Line of
Demarcation
This was the line drawn by Alexander VI that gave Portugal most of Brazil and Spain the rest of South America
Locarno Pact
/ Spirit of
Locarno
The pact was an agreement to define the border between France and Germany, and in which Britain and Italy would
gang up on the aggressor if the treaty was broken. The spirit was this feeling that war could be stopped again by peace
talks that settled in Europe after the pact
Logical
Empiricism
The philosophical ideology that simply rejected the concerns of modern philosophy, like god and morality. Mainly
started with Austrian philosopher Wittgenstein.
Lord Byron
This English poet joined the Greeks and died fighting so that they may be free
Lorenzo the
Magnificent
This was an artistic patron that spent vast sums on family chapels, frescoes, religious panels and
Louis Blanc
This man urged people to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully
Louis
Napoleon
(Napoleon
III)
This was the first French president as a result of the election after the Revolution of 1848
Louis
Napoleon
(Napoleon
III)
France's first elected president by universal male suffrage, and developed strong nationalism like his cousin
Louis
Napoleon's
rise & ideas
on gov't
He thought that the Government should be powerful and that there should be strong nationalism, but mainly guided by
the people's interests
Louis
Pasteur
This was the man who began studying fermentation to develop a way to avoid spoilage through pasteurization by
heating the beverage
302.
305.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.
316.
317.
318.
319.
320.
321.
Louis XIII
This French king appointed Cardinal Richelieu
322.
Louis XIV
This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly
wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France
323.
Louis XVIII
This was the king of France before and after Napoleon's exile
324.
Luddites
These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a
result, they began to secretly destroy the machines
325.
Ludwig van Beethoven
This pianist was considered the master of Romanticism music
326.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Was an Austrian philosopher and a logical empiricist who argued in Essay on Logical Philosophy that great
philosophical questions like god freedom and morality were "quite literally senseless."
Lusitania and
Unrestricted
Submarine Warfare
This ship was sunk with Americans on it, and this action by the Germans was what ultimately caused the
Americans to enter the war
328.
Magellan
This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world
329.
Magyar policies
The Magyar pushed through bills that changed voting laws to help the elite and to force through the teaching
of Hungarian in schools. They created the nationalism that would tear them apart
Malthus (On
Population)
This man said that population would always grow faster than the food supply and the only hope of warding o
war, famine, and disease was that young men and women had to limit the growth of population by marrying
late
331.
Maria Theresa
This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political
influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had
over their serfs
332.
Marie Curie
A Polish physicist who, with French husband Pierre, discovered radium emits subatomic particles
333.
Martin Luther
This was the most famous and one of the first concrete reformer who began to reject some of the more
obscure and selfish laws of the Catholic Church
334.
Mary I
This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she
executed many Protestants
335.
Mary Wollstonecraft
This was an English feminist who supported the women's revolution in France
336.
Masaccio
He used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions
337.
Matthew Perry
This American naval officer was the driving factor in Japan's opening by using gunboat diplomacy
338.
Max Planck
German physicist who proved that subatomic energy was emitted from particles, he called them "quanta"
339.
Meeting at Marburg
This was the meeting that tried to settle the dispute between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the
presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper.
Meiji Restoration of
1867
This was a replacement of the Japanese government with the emperor, done so by samurai
341.
Mein Kampf
Hitler's book in which he outlined his ideas on race, living space, and the Fuhrer
342.
Methodism
This movement said that all men and women who sought salvation might be saved, giving the people a
message of hope
Miasma Theory / Germ
Theory
These were the theories of the spread of disease. The miasma theory said that disease was spread by a bad
odor. The new germ theory developed by Louis Pasteur said that diseases were spread by bacteria called
germs
344.
Michelangelo
This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the
Sistine Chapel ceiling
345.
Middle class values
The middle class frowned upon heavy drinking and the women were fond of fashion. Education was
necessary and sexual purity was considered a virtue
346.
Midway
An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers
327.
330.
340.
343.
Migration: Who
went where, and
why?
(demographics)
1/3 of European migrants came from British Isles; less that ½ went to the US; most often a small peasant
landowner/village craftsman; left because they were threatened by industrialization; many returned to their
homelands
Modern
imperialism
This was the start of the building of foreign empires for trade and military advantages over other states
349.
Modern liberalism
This was new thought that the governments should be subject to change. This was the counterpart to
conservatism
350.
Modernization
An occurrence in Russia that lead to the increase of its stature in world power standings and revitalized the
economy and industry
Moroccan Crisis &
Algeciras
Conference 1906
This event showed that Germany was war hungry and turned the British onto the side of the French
352.
Muhammad Ali
Egyptian army general who stepped into power after the French left. He reformed the army, the land, and the
communication of Egypt
353.
Munich Conference
An agreement/conference that gave Germany the Sudetenland
Mussolini's
Rise - role of Black
Shirts
These were Mussolini's bullies who pushed socialist out of Northern Italy
Napoleonic Code
This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted
absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France
which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy
national selfdetermination
The idea that people should determine who and what they want leading them
National
Workshops
This was the group that gave work to the unemployed
358.
Nationalism
This was the new feeling of pride for one's country after the Napoleonic era
359.
Natural laws
These were conclusions reached by the philosophes against which debate was impossible
360.
Nazi racial theories
Felt that Aryan white people were most superior, Scandinavian were 2nd best, French were 3rd, and the slavs,
jews, and pretty much the rest were the worst
Nazi-Soviet NonAggression Pact
A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other
362.
Nepotism
This was the other common crime in which the members of the church would give positions to relatives
363.
Neville Chamberlain
Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement
New Economic
Policy
Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry
365.
Newton
This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of
science
366.
Nicholas II
Russia's last tsar, he witnessed the fall of Russia from great power, to the entering into WWI and total collapse
367.
Nicholas II
Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after
his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.
368.
Nicholas II
Last Tsar of Russia, he involved the Russians in WWI
369.
Nievelle's Offensive
French offensive that resulted in an almost mutiny by the French military
370.
Nikolai Bukharin
Bolshevik revolutionary and political and intellectual thinker for Stalin. Supported the NEP
371.
Ninety-five Theses
This was the letter Martin Luther wrote to Archbishop Albert which explained that indulgences undermined the
seriousness of the sacrament of penance
347.
348.
351.
354.
355.
356.
357.
361.
364.
North German
Confederation
Constitution
This stated that local government had some power, but that ultimate power rested in the hands of Bismarck
and William
373.
Northern Humanism
This humanism philosophy interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity,
individualism, and humanism in terms of their own traditions
374.
Northwest Passage
This is the passage that many European explorers attempted but never succeeded to navigate to reach other
nations more quickly
375.
Nuremburg Laws
Laws that classified a jew as someone having one or more jewish grandparent
376.
October Manifesto
This granted full civil rights to people and opened up the Duma
377.
Oedipal Complex
A Freudian physiological idea that if you did not get over loving your parent of the opposite sex, you would
have this complex where you hated your other parent and have issues with parental relations.
378.
Oligarchy
The rule of a nation or state by a few people
379.
Oliver Cromwell
This was the dictator who ruled over England after the English civil war. His death provided the military
government collapse of England
380.
Omdurman
A battle between Muslim warriors and British machine gunners, a bloody massacre
On Liberty (John
Stuart Mill)
This work advocated economic and moral freedom of individuals from the state. This work is enormously
influential to politics today
One man, one plan,
one mustache
The amazing movie that dictates the life and failure of Hitler
383.
Open Door Policy
A policy in which US made formal annexation of China
384.
Oswald Spengler
an obscure German high school teacher who wrote Decline of the West, said the west was about to be
conquered by Asians.
385.
Otto von Bismarck
German Political mastermind who spearheaded Prussian expansion
386.
Pablo Picasso
a Spanish artist, founder of Cubism, which focused on geometric shapes and overlapping planes
387.
Pan-Slavism
A movement to create a nation state of Slavic people
388.
Paris Commune
The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their
own government
389.
Paris Reconstruction
This was planned by Georges Haussmann, who was assigned by Napoleon III, to provide employment,
improved living conditions, and to show the glory of the French empire
390.
Partition of Poland
This was the splitting up of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria
391.
Passchendaele
a COMPLETELY worthless battle that resulted in millions dead
392.
Paul Cézanne
A postimpressionist and expressionist who had a profound impact on 20th century art and committed to form
393.
Paul Gaugin
French stockbroker turned painter, pioneered expressionist techniques and fled to South Pacific
394.
Paul Valéry
French poet and critic that spoke of a "crisis of the mind," and "a dark future for Europe"
395.
Paul von Hindenburg
This German, along with his partner Ludendorff, essentially ran Germany during the end of the war
396.
Paul von Hindenburg
President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933
397.
Peace of Augsburg
This was the treaty that was reached that ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars which also made Charles V
recognize Lutheranism as a legitimate following
398.
Peace of Utrecht
This was the treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession
399.
Peace of Westphalia
This was the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War that recognized the independent authority of over three
hundred German principalities
400.
Peasants' War
This was the revolt that occurred in Germany where the peasants rebelled alongside the new Protestant
thought. They were viciously quashed and the public appeal to the Reformation went substantially down
372.
381.
382.
401.
Peninsular War
This war was the beginning of the end of Napoleon's Grand Empire after the Spanish rebelled against France for
its independence
402.
People's Budget
A plan in British parliament that increased spending on social services
403.
Peter the Great
This was the czar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. He also was interested
in building grand cities like those in Western Europe
404.
Peterloo
This was the extremely lopsided victory by English army over the protestors as a result of the Corn Laws
405.
Petrarch
The man who began the humanism movement and he believed that he was living the start of new era
406.
Petrograd Soviet
the political party with whom the Provisional Government had to share power with
407.
Phalansteries
These were the types of buildings designed by Charles Fourier for a utopian society
408.
Philip II of Spain
This was the king who started the success of Spain's foreign colonies
409.
Philosophes
These were the French philosophers
Philosophy of the
Enlightenment
This dealt with skepticism, the government, and the role of reason in everyday life
Physiocrats
This was the group of economists who believed that the wealth of a nation was derived solely from the value of its
land
Pierre Auguste
Renoir
a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they
were painting
Pierre-Joseph
Proudhon
This socialist man believed that property is theft
414.
Pietism
This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship,
allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs
415.
Pius IX
Pope who denounced unification and published the Syllabus of Errors
416.
Polish Corridor
The strip of Poland that the Germans wanted to take, specifically Danzig
Pope Alexander
VI
This was the pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and
also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America
418.
Pope Leo X
This was the pope that used the sale of indulgences to rebuild a basilica and he was also the pope who challenged
Martin Luther
419.
Pope Paul III
This was the Pope that called the Council of Trent
420.
Popular Front
was the French political alliance that allied the Communists, the Socialists, and the Radicals together.
PostImpressionism
An artistic movement that expressed world that could not normally be seen, like dreams and fantasy.
Potato Famine
This was the famine that occurred in Ireland that killed of thousands of people because the main potato crop could
not grow because of bad soil that year
Pragmatic
Sanction
This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to
allow his daughter to be ruler
Predestination
One of the main points of Calvinism that said that God had already determined if you were damned or saved
Prince Henry the
Navigator
This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators
Problems of
trench life
the trench was dirty, wet, smelly, and full of death, and you waited to die at any moment
Progress of the
War
WWI progressed so the Germans were winning at first, and then the Americans came and kicked butt. It also was
so pointless and full of death
428.
Proletariat
This was the working class in that was constantly battling against the bourgeois factory owners
429.
Protestantism
This was caused by the strictness and the incompetence of the Catholic Church.
410.
411.
412.
413.
417.
421.
422.
423.
424.
425.
426.
427.
Psycho-social impact of
WWI
Social Impact was impact on social class structures and breakdown of aristocracy and other inter class
structures. After the war more people did not have servants. The Psycho impact was that people viewed
humanity as both savage and pointless, because they just fought a pointless war
431.
Puritan
This was one of the reforms in England in which the leaders wanted all Catholic elements in the Church
of England eliminated
432.
Qing Dynasty
The two hundred year old Chinese dynast that was the last emperors of China
433.
Quadruple Alliance
This was the alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the Napoleonic era
434.
Quakers
A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of
the Lord
435.
Rabelais
He was a major French Renaissance writer, doctor and humanist. He is regarded as an avant-garde
writer of fantasy and satire
436.
Radical Dictatorships
leaders who violently rejected parliamentary restraint and liberal values, as well as exercised
unprecedented control over masses and sought to mobilize them for war.
Raft of the Medusa
(Géricault)
This Romantic work shows a crew shipwrecked
438.
Ranjit Singh
This man was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire in India
439.
Raymond Poincaré
French Prime Minister who moved and occupied into the Ruhr to collect war reparations
440.
Realism
This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person.
This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion
Reasons for and against
German unity
Upper class and Conservatives did not want unification because they would have less power, but the rest
of the people wanted it because of nationalism and German identity
Reasons for and against
Italian unity
People wanted Italian unity because it would unify Italy, and they wanted a different government. People
did not want unification because it went against the church, there were very different areas in the north
and the south, and because they wanted to just keep things the same
Reasons for Bolshevik
victory
Three reasons anarchy was about and any person could create power; the Bolsheviks had better leaders;
the Bolsheviks appealed to many workers
Reasons for Russian
weakness
These were the reasons of bad leadership, and lack of organized or effective army
Reform Bill of 1832
This bill gave representation to most people in England
Regulatory Legislation
(Factory, Mines & 10
Hours Acts)
These acts all started to regulate and ameliorate the conditions of work in the factories and helped make
the Industrial Revolution better and the living conditions in the urban areas better
447.
Reichstag fire & fallout
Hitler used this to launch his dictatorship and used this to give him power. It was a fire of a capital
building
448.
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home
front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed
Relationship between
Alexandra & Rasputin /
Rasputin's assassination
He used her to gain politically and to gain money for sex and drugs. He was then "assassinated" aka tried
to be killed something like 8 times, then thrown in a river.
450.
Renaissance Popes
These were general title given to the popes that would convince the Renaissance artists to work for them
in order to enhance the majesty of the churches
451.
reparations
Germany had to pay billions of dollars in war reperations
Responses to
Imperialism:
Traditionalist v.
Modernist
Some people thought that we should accept and learn from the people who were taking over our land,
these being the modernists; and other thought that we should completely try to get rid of them, these
people being the traditionalists
Revanchisme
The French idea of revenge for what Germany did in the Franco-Prussian war
430.
437.
441.
442.
443.
444.
445.
446.
449.
452.
453.
Revisionism
The socialist idea that we should embrace socialism in a gradual advance, with no bloody war
Revolutions of
1830
The French Revolution of 1830 occurred because Louis XVIII only granted a small percentage of people the right to
vote and Charles X attack of Algeria and as a result, he censored the press and limited the voting rights of the
wealthy
Revolutions of
1848
These revolutions occurred in 1)France, because of the depression and rising unemployment rates caused starvation
in France in which they then overthrew the bourgeois monarchy 2)Austria, because the Hungarians rebelled against
the Austrian Empire and were joined by the urban poor looking for employment, and 3) Prussia, because the artisans
and factory workers joined with the middle-class liberals to rebel against the monarchy and eventually, Prussia
became a constitutional monarchy
Rhineland
remilitarization
when Germany moved into the Rhineland and beefed up the military, Britain and France still wanted appeasement
and did nothing
Ricardo (Iron
Law of Wages)
This man stated that because of population growth, the wages would always sink to subsistence level
Robert
Castlereagh
This British foreign minister was a supporter of Metternich
460.
Robert Clive
This man was a British soldier who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in
Southern India and Bengal. He is credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown.
461.
Robert Koch
This was the first man to isolate a bacterium and a virus and as a result h could create new vaccines for the disease
462.
Robert Nievelle
He took command of one of the main French armies engaged in the Battle of Verdun, leading it during its successful
counter-strokes against the Germans, but was accused of wasting French lives during some of his attacks. He
became Commander-in-Chief of the French armies on the Western Front in December 1916, and was criticised in
that capacity for not exploiting good opportunities to attack the Germans. He was responsible for the Nivelle
Offensive, which faced a very large degree of opposition during its planning stage. When the offensive failed to
achieve a breakthrough on the Western Front, Nivelle was replaced as Commander-in-Chief in May 1917.
463.
Robert Owen
This man both helped to lead the first national union in England and advocated the use of children in factories
464.
Robespierre
The main leader of The Mountain and the man who ruled France after the First Revolution
465.
Role of reason
The Enlightenment thinkers used reason to deduct conclusions about everyday life
466.
Romanovs
This was the ruling class of Russia after the Cossack Rebellion
467.
Romanticism
This was the response to the Enlightenment in which they believed that not everything could be measured, because
of the passion of emotion
Rome-BerlinTokyo Axis
The three countries of Italy, Germany, and Japan allied together
Rosa
Luxembourg
German socialist revolutionary who was assassinated after the war
Roundheads
and Cavaliers
These were the two sides of the English civil war. The Roundheads were the Puritan supporters of the Parliament
and the Cavaliers were the supporters of Charles I
471.
Rousseau
This man's work was extremely influential for the Romantic Movement
472.
Rudolf Hess
Deputy to Hitler in the Nazi party person who dictated Mein Kampf
Rudyard
Kipling
British writer who wrote of "the white man's burden" and justified imperialism
Ruhr Crisis
1923
When France occupied the Ruhr coal fields to demand that the German pay their reparations
Rump
Parliament
This was the Parliament after Oliver Cromwell dismissed the Cavaliers
454.
455.
456.
457.
458.
459.
468.
469.
470.
473.
474.
475.
Russian
(March)
Revolution/
Provisional
Government
The revolution of the unplanned overthrowing of the Tsarist government, and the government that followed the
revolution.
Russian
Modernization
The most of these were economical and not political, and even then were mostly only halfway efforts
RussoJapanese War
A war between Russia and Japan for Port Arthur, and for more influence in CHina
RussoJapanese War
- impact in
Russia
This war showed that Russia was still not strong, and it caused revolution back at home.
Saint-Simon
This man was one of the early and influential socialist thinkers who proclaimed the tremendous possibilities of
industrial development
Sale of
Indulgences
This was the way that many people were granted salvation. This was a common method of the church to gain power
and money
482.
Salons
These were meeting places for philosophical discussion that were for the upper and middle class citizens who would
talk about different doctrines
483.
Savonarola
A Dominican friar that predicted the French invasion of Florence from the paganism and the moral vice of the city
SchleswigHolstein crisis
A desire for success abroad lead to this. It was a short war against Denmark to gain these providences
Scramble for
Africa
This was an event where Europe tried to claim Africa as quickly as it could
Second
International
A group of socialist national parties that met and discussed Marx, and planned action
Seditious
Meetings Act
This act made it illegal to meet with a group of more than fifty people
Serbian
nationalist
movement
This was a movement to create a Serbian state and break from Austria Hungary
489.
Sergei Kirov
A Political opponent of Stalin's who was executed for being more popular that Stalin
490.
Sergei Witte
A tough finance minister who thought that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening Russia's power and
greatness
Seven Years'
War
This war was began as a follow-up of the War of Austrian Succession when Prussia invaded Austria
492.
Shakespeare
This man wrote several plays and poems and is regarded as one of the best writers of all time
493.
Sicily
An important invasion that lead to the removal of Mussolini from government, only to have him put back later
Sigmund
Freud
The love of my life. Said that there were three points were man was stripped of his specialness. Copernicus said that
man was not center of universe; Darwin said that man is not God's special creation; and Freud said that man is
savage. Freud said that there was conscious, which you could control, and the subconscious. He said that the Id was
living in the subconscious was just had primordial desires that wanted stuff like food and sex. Then there was the
Superego that did not want pleasures of love, and was just pure intellect and rationality. The ego is the middle ground,
the referee between the two different things, Id and Superego. All of this is going on the subconscious. His most
controversial idea was that all humans are sexual beings and have sexual desires. Then he said there were three
phases of human development the Oral phase, the Anal phase, and the Oedipal phase. After WWI it became ok to talk
about Freud's ideas.
Simony
The common crime of paying for holy offices for the position of power
476.
477.
478.
479.
480.
481.
484.
485.
486.
487.
488.
491.
494.
495.
496.
Sino-Japanese War
A war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory
497.
Social Darwinism
The twisted social idea that used the theory of evolution and applied to people
498.
Social Democrats
The largest political party in Sweden, who pushed for social reform legislation, and drew support from
community and socialist and capitalist working together.
Socialists and
Nationalism
The socialist opposed nationalism and thought that the German worker had more in common with the
French worker than the German boss
500.
Søren Kierkegaard
Danish religious philosopher who made a total religious commitment to a remote and majestic god, after
rejecting formalistic religion
501.
Soviet quality of life
Life was hard, there was no improvement in the average standard of living, but unemployment was
unknown and communism had real appeal
502.
Spanish Inquisition
This was the harsh and violent conversion of Spain back into Catholicism. They used several versions of
torture and fear tactics to convert people back to Catholicism
St. Bartholomew's Day
Massacre
This was the massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that would resolve
the conflict between the two conflicting parties
504.
Stadholder
This was the name given to the person appointed by the States General to carry out ceremonial functions in
a province in the Netherlands
505.
Stalin's rise
He was totally focused on himself, double and tripled crossed, rose by gaining support of party
506.
Stalingrad
Decisive battle in German invasion of Russia, the Germans were surrounded and systemically destroyed
507.
Stalinization of culture
The acceptance of Stalin though propaganda
Strains of the war on the
Great Powers
The strains lead to millions of people dead, and many revolutions and restructuring
Stream-ofConsciousness
Literary technique that explored the psyche through different idea randomly bubbling up in a story.
Structure of German
government
They had a strong top government and they had a Reichstag, or the lower house of parliament
511.
Sturm und Drang
This was what the early German Romantics called themselves
512.
Sudetenland
The area near Czechoslovakia that was mainly German ethnicity that Germany took.
513.
Suez Canal
An important canal to the British in Egypt
514.
Sun Yatsen
This man was a radical Chinese reformer who sought to overthrow the government
515.
Surplus Value
This is the value of the unpaid surplus labor performed by the worker for the capitalist for profit
516.
Surrealism
An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images
517.
Swallows / Repatriation
These were people who migrated to new lands, but then came back to either farm, or to stay
518.
Syllabus of Errors
A document by the pope in which he denounced rationalism, socialism, religious liberty, and separation of
the church and state.
519.
Tanzimat
This was a short ottoman parliament designed to model the western model of an empire
520.
Tennis Court Oath
This is the oath that the representatives of the third estate took when they swore that they would never
disband until they had proper representation
521.
Test Act of 1673
This was the bill passed that those who did not receive the Eucharist of the Anglican Church had little
rights
522.
The "Big Four"
The big 4 were US, Britain, France and Italy
The Commonwealth of
England
This was the name that England took on after the civil war and the kingship was abolished
The Courtier
A treatise that sought to train, discipline, and fashion the young man into the courtly ideal, the gentleman
499.
503.
508.
509.
510.
523.
524.
The Decameron
A work that portrays an acquisitive, sensual, and worldly society through descriptions of merchants, friars, and
husbands
The Little
Entente
The French alliance between the smaller countries of Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.
The Middle
Way
The Scandinavian system of in the middle of socialism and capitalism, an ideology that you can have some of your
own things and keep some of your money, and have higher tax rates.
The New
Physics
Pioneered by the Curies, Plank and Einstein, a new view of physics that shattered the perfect world of Newtonian
physics and made the world seem much more random and not as much certainty.
The Prince
A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli
explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own
interests
The
Protectorate
This was the name of the military dictatorship that England took on during the reign of Oliver Cromwell
The
Restoration
This was the re-establishment of the monarchy in England under Charles II. Both houses of Parliament were
restored but the religious tensions still were present in England
the Schlieffen
Plan
The plan that Germany would attack France quickly and then move towards Russia
The Stuarts
This was the Scottish royal family that ruled England after Elizabeth I
Theobald von
BethmanHollweg
German chancellor who hoped for WWI to happen, but without Britain
Theodor Herzl
German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish
people.
Theory of Class
Struggle
This was the theory that two opposing classes have always battled against eachother to form another class that will
battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class working with each other for each other
Theory of
Evolution
This theory stated that animals could evolve from other animals in order to adapt to their environments. This theory
was not widely accepted for it could possibly account for humans which would defeat the whole purpose of
creationism
Thermidorian
Reaction and
The Directory
This was the reaction to the despotism after the Second Revolution which led to the establishment of the five-man
executive that supported the French military which was not popular with the French people
Thirty Years'
War
This was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in
Europe
Thomas
Hobbes
This was the philosopher that believed that a strong central government was needed to avoid rebellion and civil war
541.
Three Estates
The clergy made up a very small percentage but owned 10% of the land; the nobles made up another small percentage
but also owned most of the land; and the rest of the people made up 97% of France and owned very little land
542.
Titan
A Venetian man who created the style of mannerism in which artists sometimes distorted figures to express emotion
and drama
543.
Totalitarianism
is a concept used to describe political systems whereby a state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life.
These regimes or movements maintain themselves in political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology
and propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that controls the state,
personality cults, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of free discussion and criticism, the use of
mass surveillance, and widespread use of state terrorism. These states always have to be at war with something
Trans-Siberian
Railroad
A railroad that went across Siberia
Treaty of Aixla-Chapelle
This was the treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession by giving the Prussians land, taking land away from
Maria Theresa, but still allowing her to rule
525.
526.
527.
528.
529.
530.
531.
532.
533.
534.
535.
536.
537.
538.
539.
540.
544.
545.
Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk
Document that announced the withdrawal of Russia from WWI
Treaty of
Nanking
A treaty with Britain and China that gave Hong Kong to Britain and opened 4 cities for trade
Treaty of
Paris (1763)
This treaty ended the Seven Years' War
Treaty of
Versailles
terms
These terms said that Germany had to pay money, that Germany had to give up land, and that Germany had to keep its
army size down
Triple
Entente &
Triple
Alliance
The triple Entente was an alliance between France, Britain and Russia, the Triple alliance was an alliance between
Germany, Austria and Russia
Troppau
Conference
This was the conference at which the Troppau Protocol was signed in which any country that underwent a revolution
was no longer part of the European Alliance
Two Treatises
on
Government
(John Locke)
This was the document that stated that if a ruler steps over its proper function to protect the natural rights of life, liberty,
and property, than that ruler was a tyrant and must be overthrown
Ukrainian
Famine
The forced famine of Ukraine by Stalin over not producing enough grain
Ulrich
Zwingli
This was a man who believed that Christian life rested on the Scriptures and a prominent leader in the Swiss
Reformation. He went on to attack indulgences, the Mass, the institution of monasticism, and clerical celibacy
Uncertainty
Principle
The idea that we do know no anything for certain and all we know is possibilities, probabilities, and tendencies. Put
forth by German physicist Heisenberg.
Urban living
conditions
These were awful in the 19th Century as a result of poor sewage treatment, water conditions and bad foundations for
buildings
Urban
planning and
public transit
This was the act of planning out a city and building it from the blueprints. This caused in increase in public transit that
millions of people used a day instead of their own transportation or walking
558.
Utopia
A work that presents a revolutionary view of society and describes an ideal socialistic community on an island
somewhere off the mainland of the New World. He created the name utopia as a good place which is no place
559.
Valois
This was a German dynasty that often had conflicts with the Habsburgs that often involved other countries and papal
troops
Varieties of
Socialism
There were the early French socialists who believed in economic planning and argued that the government should
rationally organize the economy and not depend on destructive competition to do the job. There was also dialectic
socialism in which the followers believed that eventually, the proletariat will battle against the bourgeois to create one
single class
561.
Vesalius
This was the scientist who began to study anatomy in depth. He is referred as the father of anatomy
562.
Vespucci
This was the man who first said that the Americas were completely separate from Asia, thus the continent was named
after him
Victor
Emmanuel
Sardinia's monarch who helped unite Italy
Victor
Emmanuel III
King of Italy who gave Mussolini legitimacy as dictator
Victor Hugo
This was a Romantic writer who wrote prose and poetry
Vincent Van
Gogh
A Dutch expressionist who painted a "moving visions in his mind's eye"
546.
547.
548.
549.
550.
551.
552.
553.
554.
555.
556.
557.
560.
563.
564.
565.
566.
567.
568.
569.
570.
571.
572.
573.
574.
575.
576.
577.
578.
579.
580.
581.
582.
583.
584.
585.
586.
Vincenzo
Gioberti
A catholic priest who called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope in Italy
Vladimir
Ilyich Ulyanov
(Lenin)
opponent of Tsarist Russia, began to immerse himself in Marxian socialist ideas as a law student. He then went on to
form the Bolsheviks, and tried to start a revolution in July 1917. It failed, he went into hiding, but regrouped in
Petrograd, where he and his partner Trotsky gained power. He then moved on government buildings, and was
declared the head of the new Bolshevik government.
Voltaire
This was a playwright and a philosophe who said that the best that one could hope for in a government is a good
monarch and he even often criticized the Catholic Church and government in his plays
Walter
Gropius
German architect who broke form previous design with light, airy, bright buildings of glass and iron
Walter Scott
This Scottish Romantic poet used history to write his poems
Walther
Rathenau
was a German industrialist, politician, writer, and statesman who served as Foreign Minister of Germany during the
Weimar Republic.
Wanderer in
the Clouds
(Friedrich)
This work of art shows the insignificance of the human and the supremacy of nature
War
Communism
The political idea that applied the total war concept on a civil conflict
War of
Austrian
Succession
This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely
ruling the state
War of
Spanish
Succession
This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V
War of the
Three Henrys
This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of
France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV)
Warren
Hastings
This man was the first governor of British Bengal
Wassily
Kandinski
Russia painter who "turned away from nature" and focused on nonrepresentational, abstract art
Wealth of
Nations
This work criticized mercantilism by saying that it meant a combination of stifling government regulations and unfair
privileges for state-approved monopolies and government favorites
Werner
Heisenberg
A German physicist that speculated that there was no real certainty in where an electron was, and only tendencies.
This broke down Newton's dependable laws to only probabilities.
Whigs and
Tories
These were the two parties in the Parliament. The Whigs were mostly liberal and wanted change while the Tories
wanted to keep the government as it was
Why the
Western
Front became
stalemated
The western front became stalemated because it was full of trench warfare and needless death
Why war
preparations
were
"unstoppable"
War preparations were unstoppable because once you started to prepare, you knew that your enemies were doing the
same, and you could not stop, because if you did, your enemies could attack you
Why war was
seen as a good
thing in 1914
War was seen as a good thing because it would cover up all of the problems that every country involved had going on at
home
Wilhelm II
Mustafa
Kemal
the so called "father of the Turks," he founded what is now known as Turkey and defended against British attack
587.
William and Mary
These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the
supremacy of the English Parliament
588.
William Gladstone
A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced
bills for Irish self-governance
589.
William I
The Leader of Prussia who wanted military expansion, and hired Bismarck to further his goals
590.
William II
This new German emperor opposed Bismarck, fired him, and ended up being less successful than
Bismarck anyway
591.
William Wordsworth
Leader of English Romanticism who published works in the countryside
592.
Witte's reforms
He "used the west to catch up to the west" in Russia, by having foreigners build factories and
making new transport lines.
593.
Women in totalitarian states
They were given more rights and had complete equality of rights
594.
Women's March on Versailles
This was the march by the women of Paris to the home of Marie Antoinette in order to demand
action for the ridiculous raise in the price of bread
595.
Woodrow Wilson
American president at the time of WWI who came up with 14 points
596.
Working class leisure
The working class still enjoyed drinking, although it was discouraged, they started to enjoy sports
and music halls, although blood sports declined
World Markets / European
foreign investment
Europe mainly invested most of its money back into Europe, and then into the US
598.
Wycliffe
This was one o the original men to challenge the church. His writings became "scriptures" for
other reformers to follow.
599.
Young Turks
Young rebellious people in the Ottoman Empire who forced the Sultan to reform
600.
Zemstvo
A local coulcil of politicians to deal with local problems in Russia
601.
Zionism
A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine
602.
Zollverein
A German customs union founded to increase trade and stimulate revenues of its members
597.