tables of atoms, atomic nuclei, and subatomic particles
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TABLES OF ATOMS, ATOMIC NUCLEI, AND SUBATOMIC PARTICLES Ivan P. Selinov Center of International Data on Atomic Energy and Nuclides of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Ministry on Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation TABLES OF ATOMS, ATOMIC NUCLEI, AND SUBATOMIC PARTICLES I. PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ATOMS D.I.Mendeleev, the discoverer of the periodic law («physical and chemical properties of elements and their compounds are in a periodic dependence on atomic weights of elements»), arranged all elements in a periodic system (1869 —1871) in order of increasing atomic weight. In a present-day table of elements, atoms are arranged in order of increasing number of electrons (Z) in them. Therefore the Mendeleev’s periodic system of elements may also be called the periodic Table (system) of atoms. The number of electrons in the K-, L-, M-, and N-shells of atomic structure (and, respectively, the number of elements in periods) are expressed by the I. P. Selinov n n 2 Pauli-Stoner equation (1925): Zsh = Σ 2(2l+1)l=n-1 = 2n . The scheme inserted in the subgroup VIIIb illustrates the completion of filln=1 6 10 n Nm =184n 114 126n 210 2p 208 4n NαM = 2(n − 2) 4n c Hg 198 134 Hg 196 132 108 192 4n Pt 128 108 190 2p 122 4n Te 184 106 2p Sn W 268 104 hy 4n 180 po th No 260 2n Ar Si 2pS4n 46 44 64 2n 108 Hf Cd 174 Hf 2n Yb 252 Fm 2p Cf 4n 238 Dy U 4n The Table presents the mass numbers M of all known isotopes of elements (nuclides). Mass numbers of 2β-stable isotopes (2β-decay is the simultaneous emission of two β-particles, β+ or β− or the ε-capture of two electrons from an atomic shell by a nuclide) are positioned in middle columns. Side columns contain isotopes that are stable against β-decay but unstable against 2β-decay (M). Pu 2p 242 Er Er 244 2n 246 Cf 2p Pu 4n 3 2 28 Cm 2n M 26 Mg 2n = bNα 24 22 α4 n α6 n NαM = Nα4 + Nα6 = 3n - 2, ∆nNαM = 3, ∆∆n>2Nα4 = −1 LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY CD-ROM ISOTOPES PROJECT 1 2α 4 4 Ne 18 O 2n He pn 2 5α 4 2p n 7α Li np 4 Ne 20 6 Si 2p Mg 2p 2n c β which are either β+ - or ε-radioactive (Mε). Atomic nuclei with Z ≥ 90 may also fission spontaneously (M ) to nuclei of atoms from the . middle of the periodic table. The sign .. stands for intermediate mass numbers between the lowest and the highest M values. M - iso. 8 topes with the highest abundance or the largest half-life (T). M ~ - radioactive isotopes with T > 5 10 years. By analogy with Table I, where neutral atoms are arranged in order of increasing electron number (Z), Table III presents 2β-stable isotopes in order of increasing nucleon number (M) of a nuclear core. Periods of Table III end with nuclides having the number n that is called the «magic» number (Nm). Nuclides with Nm have some peculiar features in their nuclear properties. Each subsequent period increases by six protons. To make Table III compact, the fifth and sixth periods are positioned above the preceding periods. The scheme of nuclear shells and formulas for numbers of protons, neutrons, and nucleons in shells are shown under the Table title. α4- kern * Cm 2p 3 − − Moreover, they contain β-radioactive isotopes: neutron-rich isotopes, which are β -radioactive (M ), and neutron-deficient isotopes, 1α4 8 H pn Be np 10 12 16 O np C np 4 4α 14 B np N np 4 3α 254 Dy 2p 2p III. PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEI 236 4n 4n Fm 4n 164 U 2p 6α4 2p Ru 166 168 Gd 2p Pd 248 No 258 160 The symmetrical table of atoms and atomic nuclei shows general regularities in the structure of electron and nucleon shells of atoms and atomic nuclei. The numbers of electrons and nucleons in these shells are expressed by a single formula. The electromagnetic interaction between leptons (electrons) in an atomic shell and the strong interaction between baryons (protons and neutrons) in atomic nuclei as well as the density of particle packing in them are quite different. However, atoms and atomic nuclei manifest some common regularities as a result of their shell structure determined by values of quantum numbers. The periodic systems of atoms and atomic nuclei are adequate to actual shell structures of atoms and atomic nuclei and hence are equally authentic. Th 4n 232 4n Ru 4n Yb 158 2p 2p Gd 2p II. SYMMETRICAL TABLE OF THE ATOMS AND THE ATOMIC NUCLEI Th 2p 230 Ru 2n 104 Pd 170 176 100 102 Sm 154 2p Ni 4n 66 Cd Mo 98 Ni 2p 2p 110 Fe 42 226 4n 60 * Ca Ti Ca 2p 152 2n 2n 2n 32 36 2p 262 α4,α6 - groups of p, n in n-shells of 2β-stable atomic nuclei Ti 2n Sn 114 4n 104 40 120n 30 4n 264 l 2p 2n W 2p 2p Ti 2p 182 Ar Cr 2p Sm Mo Fe 58 Ra 4n 2p 2p 96 Ge Zn 68 4n 70 2p Ge Zn 2p 2n 4n 116 2n Zr 2p 38 74 2p 270 ica 48 Se 120 2 224 Nd 148 54 2n 76 2p et 50 Se 4n 2p Os 92 2p Sr 3 2nCr 56 52 Ra 2p 2n Zr 2p 28n Kr 80 Te 274 186 Kr 4n Os 4n 106 50n 88 2p 146 2n 94 4n 82 Xe 126 4 2p 86 Xe 2p Pt 2p 276 Ba 4n 4n 280 Ba Ce 90 4n 2p 2p 282 2p 138 4n 220 Nd 2n 82n 140 Rn 2n −1 110 110 Pb 218 =n 202 Nd 144 2p 4n 2p 2p Po 2p Rn 2p M 204 112 Pb 142 5 NUCLEON SHELLS a Nα 112 288 216 4n 294 292 2p Po 4n 3α4 114 214 6 116 b 298 4 300 Nα6 = M– 2Z 2 286 a 3α Magic number n Nα4 = 3Z –M 2 ing K-, L-, M-, and N-shells by s2-,p -,d -, and f14-subshells in first periods of dyads. Among hundreds of versions of graphic representations of the Table that are known, tables with 8 and 18 squares are in most common use. In an eight-square table, a-subgroups containing atoms with incomplete peripheral s- and p-subshells are positioned on the left and b-subgroups containing atoms with d- and f-subshells are positioned on the right. In 18-square tables, the relationship between a- and b-subgroups is less evident. In some of them (e.g., in the Japanese chart of nuclides of 1992), atoms with incomplete p-subshells are erroneously positioned in b-subgroups. Moreover, some 18-square tables have an outdated zeroth group instead of the VIIIa-subgroup and vacant squares at the beginning of a table. These erroneous features are often available in eight-square tables, too. Atomic weights of elements and atomic masses of isotopes are adapted from «Atomic Weights of the Elements 1991», Pure and Applied Chemistry 64, 1519 (1992), and G. Audi and A. H. Wapstra, «The 1993 Mass Evaluation», Nucl. Phys. A565, 1 (1993). New names of elements with Z = 104 - 109 are placed in parenthesis because they are not affirmed by IUPAC. The names of elements with Z > 111 are designated by symbols of their homologues with a prefix (by Mendeleev’s suggestion) «eka» (that means «following» in Sanskrit). For elements of the seventh period, which are yet to be discovered, hypothetical (Table III) β-stable isotopes with the largest half-life are given. The scheme illustrates nucleon shells existing in the 2β-stable nuclear core and combining n- and p- levels. In neutron-rich β−-radioactive and proton rich β+- and ε-radioactive nuclides, independent n- and p-shells are described by the shell model. Neutrons (n) and protons (p) alternate regularly in nucleon shells and form 2n2p (α4) and 4n2p (α6) groups. The α4-group is 6 formed in elements Zeven ≥ 8 with three or less 2β-stable isotopes (e.g., 28−30 14Si) and the α -group is formed in elements with five (or 32−34,36 4 6 four) 2β-stable isotopes (e.g., 16S). These groups are identical to the composition of helium isotopes: 2He2 (α-particle) and 2He4. Therefore they may be called heterohelion groups of p and n. Rigid alternation of protons and neutrons with heterohelion-group formation results from superdense packing of nucleons in a nucleus, which occupy more than half of its volume. By analogy with the mol4 6 ecule of the biological code, where different hydrocarbon molecules alternate regularly, α and α quasimolecules alternate in accor(9n-n 2-12) ) and position of α4 (at the beginning of a-, b-, and cdance with the «nuclear code» determining their number ( n>2Nα4= 2 groups) in nucleon shells, Therefore a nucleus is a peculiar kind of a «nuclear molecule» with a heterohelion 2β-stable core [1]. In the lightest atomic nuclei, groups of protons and neutrons alternate in the following way: npnp (α4) for Z from 1 to 7 and 2n2p (α4) for Z from 8 to 14. Nuclides with α4-composition of p and n, namely, 42He, 84Be, 12 16 20 24 6C, 8O, 10Ne, 12Mg, and 28 14Si have the 1 maximum abundance and the highest binding energy. In nuclides H — 28 4 SYMMETRICAL TABLE OF THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES Si, the α -kern is formed. In subsequent nuclides, nucleon 4 shells surrounding the α -kern appear. Nucleon shells are formed by filling a unified system of ground neutron (2n) and proton (2p) levels (the scheme on the cover). Hypothetical pleiads of β-stable isotopes of elements with Z ≥ 102 are calculated by the equation: =0 for Z odd + β=0, ±1,2, 4 for Zeven, where β is the pleiad number denoting the excess or deficit of neutrons in comparison 4 with the central isotope (M ) with β = 0. The value of Nα4, the number of α -alternations of p and n, is given in the Table near the isoo tope completing the 2n2p-alternation. Nα4 = Nα4 − 1 is the number of α -alternations of p and n up to and including the central M isotope of a pleiad. even All Z 4 -elements having three 2β-stable isotopes at α -alternation of p and n are positioned at the beginning of a-,b-, and c4 groups of nuclides in periods. It seems likely that in the sixth period, at the beginning of the c-group, the last α -alternation of p and n in this shell is positioned. Therefore it is suggested that nobelium has three 2β-stable isotopes (260− 262 102No). Each element has its own value of β. For example, in the pleiad of β-stable isotopes of the element with Z = 104, we have: o n Hadrons − + − + p ~ ~ ~ ~ ud du d2u d2u o 0 0 n Pions ~ ~ u2 d u2d Nucleons o 4 π Not stable against electromagnetic decays M104 = 3⋅104 - 2⋅23 + β (= 0, ±1, 2, 4) = 262, 264÷26 6÷268, 270. All β-stable isotopes of elements with Z from 92 up to 100 inclusive predicted from the alternation of α4- and α6-groups of p and n as early as 1950, have already been discovered.[1] − + By now a number of predicted particles have been discovered: quarks and gluons, Z - and W -bosons, J/Ψ- and Y - mesons, and a great number of resonances (short-lived excited states of particles). In the future, after the discovery of new particles (including more primary particles: preons creating quarks and leptons, Higgs particles determining mass), the symmetrical table of subatomic particles will change, but its contours will probably remain the same. The triangle diagram contains only the so-called stable hadrons. Particles of the same quark composition as in the diagram but 2 nq=1 3 nq=1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ uu,dd uu,dd,ss Κ ds ds Λ , 0Σ0 u↑d↓s * 0 0 Ξ u2s + − Σ 2ds + − Ξ d2s − + Σ 2us + − Λ+c , Σ+c udc Ξ+c usc 0 0 ~ ~ 0 0 ΚL II − + D ~ ~ cd dc ~ ~ uc uc 0 0 ΚS − + Ds ~ ~ 0 0 D sc sc III + − 0 0 B 0 0 Bs B ~ ~ ~ db db ub ub ~ ~ sb sb ~ tt ~ Σc 2uc ++ 0 0 Ξc Σoc 2dc o o * Strange ~ ~ ~ ~ dt d t ~ st s t ~ ~ ct c t ~ ~ n -13 s Mesons, τ > ∼ 10 N=2 atoms*** 0 0 νe N=3 nuclei*** + − VI M~qq −2 3 0 0 ντ + − e +1 3 + − µ τ Electromagnetic γ, m=0, 1 (1− − ) Interactions: Gravitational Gauge bosons: graviton?, m=0, J=2 u2b d2b s2b c2b uct dct sct 2ct ubt dbt sbt cbt 2bt -13 s Baryons, τ > ∼ 10 n 0 0 νµ ucb dcb scb 2cb +2 u 3 ∆ ddd bbb nq=1 u2t d2t s2t c2t b2t Not stable against electromagnetic decays 7.4 .10−20 s ttt n ~ n Bqq, Zsh,nM=an2+bn a=1, b=3 baryons Top n ~ B qq a=2, b=0 atoms*** −2 + 2 3c 3 + 1 −1 3s 3 −1 3 d − o ∆ udd o o Σ u↓d↓s Charmed Bottom ust dst 2st V N=1 mesons ∆+ uud ccc Ω 2sc udt 2dt 2ut bt b t ∆++ uuu u2c d2c s2c dsc usb dsb 2sb +* − Ω sss + 0(3/2 ) o *Ξ− *Ξ uss dss + nq=1 *Σ *Σo *Σ uus uds dds nq=1 2db 2ub ut u t ~ ,nZ ,nZ = Mqq e p =2(Nl+1)l=n-1 Ω Λob udb ~ cb cb IV ~ a=1, b=9 nuclei*** −2 + 2 3t 3 +1 3 b Weak W+ m=80.22 J=1 Γ=2.08 GeV 0 Z m=91.187 J=1 Γ=2.490 GeV −1 3 Quarks Leptons Strong Gluons (8g) m=0, 0(1−) − Physical Vacuum u o [1] I.P.Selinov. The Structure and Systematics of Atomic Nuclei, Nauka, Moscow, 1990; I.P.Selinov, Nuclidography, Moscow, 1995. [2] Summary Tables of the Review of Particle Properties, Particle Data Group, Phys. Rev. D50, 1173 (1994). [3] L.B.Okun. Particle Physics. The Quest for the Substance of Substance. Contemporary Concepts in Physics. Volume 2, page 79. Harwood Academie Publishers, Chor-London-Paris-NewYork, 1985. [4] Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions. Fundamental Particles and Interactions. Chart Committee, 1988 Κ us u~s 50% nq=1 o o electromagnetic decays (π, η, Σ ). The Table presents formulas for determination of the number of mesons and baryons in hadron groups and the number of atoms and atomic nuclei in periods of tables of elements and nuclei. A peculiar similarity principle shows itself in similar formulas for the number of particles in shell structures of atoms, atomic nuclei, and for the number of mesons and baryons in quasi-stable hadron groups. From these formulas it follows that the number of electrons in atomic subshells and the number of protons in nucleon shells increase n n n groups of quasi-stable baryons is characterized by constant increments, too: ∆∆ M, ∆∆ N, ∆∆ Bq~q = 2. In addition to the fundamental systematics of hadrons and their resonances (which was used to predict the Ω-baryon and other particles), in the quark model (see p.1319, 1321 in [2]), the systematics of quasi-stable hadrons exists, which is similar to the systematics of atoms and atomic nuclei in the periodic tables of elements (Table I) and nuclides (Table III). At the bottom of Table IV, two examples of particle decay modes [4] and the table of the main properties [2] of hadrons stable against strong interactions are presented. The author is grateful to Prof. D. Saxon, the Chairman of the Advisory Committee of the 27th International Conference on High Energy Physics (Glasgow, July 1994), for valuable remarks that were accounted for in the tables. − ~ o o with different quark orientation ( Σ (u↓d↓)) and those which are unstable against electromagnetic decays are positioned near this diagram. All hadrons in the triangle diagram are composed of different quarks and are stable against both electromagnetic and strong interactions. Therefore their lifetimes are much longer than those of the same-quark particles (J/Ψ, Y ) and particles unstable against n n n by constant increments ∆ Ze = 4 and ∆ Zp = 6, respectively. An increase in the numbers of electrons in shells of atoms (∆∆ Zch = 4) and numbers of nucleons and neutrons in periods of the system of atomic nuclei and in the numbers of particles and antiparticles in π * I η* + 0 0 ~ m= 9460.3 Y ~ Γ=0.052 bb MeV ? (1− − ) Ipsilonium m= J/Ψ 3096.9 ~ Γ=0.088 cc MeV 0−(1− − ) Charmonium IV. SYMMETRICAL TABLE OF THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES o ** states ~ ~ ~ ~ 1/ (uudd) c1(~uu+dd)+ √2 τ = 8.4. c2(ss) .10−17s o π τ=6.09. η .10−19 s o The symmetrical Table of subatomic particles with data taken from the tables [2] is prepared for teaching purposes. It is called symmetrical because different forms of symmetry manifest themselves in particle properties at all levels of the structure of matter. This symmetry is so obvious that «when thinking about the history of elementary particle physics, one is tempted to imagine that symmetry itself, breaking through the asphalt crust of human lack of understanding guides a theorist’s pen and thus persuades an experimentalist to discover its existence». (L.B.Okun)[3]. Five groups of the triangle diagram show mesons and baryons (hadrons) consisting of a quark and an antiquark, of three quarks or of three antiquarks. (For brevity, particles and antiparticles are indicated by the same symbol: with the sign of the charge written to the right of a particle and to the left of an antiparticle). Each subsequent group has a new heavier quark (this quark gives the name to the group). The ordinal number of a group is n = nq-1, where nq is the number of different quarks in a group. The ordinal number n = 6 corresponds to the numbers of leptons (or quarks) in their mysterious quark-lepton symmetry. Four types of interactions (forces) between subatomic particles (with virtual particles acting as their carriers) are given above six groups of particles. nq - the number of different quarks in a hadron Ω-decuplet Ω-baryon m=1672.45 MeV −10 τ=0.822.10 s nq=1 d d wu eνe An electron and positron (antielectron) colliding at high energy can annihilate to A neutron β--decays to a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino via a virtual (mediating) + produce D and D mesons via a virtual Zo boson or a virtual photon.[4] W- boson.[4] +e e- γ or Zo on glu fie ld -c -D d d + cD Hadrons Stable against Strong Interactions, τ ≥10-20 s ** Κ 1/2 (0−) m = 493.677 MeV τ = 1.2371 . 10−8 s o KL τ = 5.17.10−8 s 50% KSoτ = 0.8926 . 10−10 s 1/2 (0 −) 50% m = 947.672 MeV − + − + − + 1 (0 ) antipart icle part icle m = 139.56995 MeV −8 τ = 2.6030 ⋅ 10 s Positron 0 η Mesons π− + − + 0 (0 ) 1 (0− +) m = 547.45 MeV m = 134.9764 MeV −17 Γ = 1.20 keV s τ = 8.4 ⋅ 10 0 0 D 1/2 (0−) m = 1864.6 MeV τ = 0.415 . 10−12 s 0 0 BS 0 0 − + p Baryons 1/2 (1/2+) m = 938.27231 MeV Stable 0 0 Λ 0(1/2+) m = 1115.684−10 MeV τ = 2.632⋅ 10 s − + Σ 1 (1/2+) m = 1179.37 MeV −10 s τ = 0.799 . 10 + − Ξ 1/2 (1/2+) m = 1321.32 MeV τ = 1.639 . 10−10 s Λ+c 0 (1/2+) m = 2285.1 MeV τ = 2.00 . 10−13 s o o 0 0 + − 0 0 Σ++ c Σ+c o Σc IG(JPC) + − e n 1/2 (1/2+) m = 939.56563 MeV τ = 887.0 s + − π − − Σ 1(1/2+) m = 1192.55 MeV −20 τ = 7.4.10 s + − 0 0 e Stable νe m = 0.51099906 MeV J=1/2 m < 7 eV ~ dd m = 5 - 15 Mev − + ~ uu m = 2 - 8 MeV J =1/2 Σ (1/2+) m = 1179.436 MeV τ = 1.497.10−10 s D 1/2 (0−) m = 1869.4 MeV τ = 1.057 . 10−12 s Ξ 1/2 (1/2+) m = 1314.9−10 MeV τ = 2.9 . 10 s o o µ , τ = 2.19703.10−6 s νµ m = 1 0 5 . 6 5 8 3 8 9 M e V J = 1 / 2 m < 0.27 MeV Ds 0 (0−) m = 1968.5 MeV τ = 0.467 . 10−12 s 1/2 (0−) m = 5375 τ =1.34 .10−12 s B 1/2 (0−) m = 5278.7 MeV τ = 1.54 . 10−12 s B m = 5279 MeV τ = 1.50 .10-12 s 1/2 (1/2+) + m = 2465.1 MeV Ξc −13 s τ = 3.5 .10 o m = 2470.3 MeV Ξc .10−13 s + τ = 0.98 m=2453.1 MeV 1(1/2 ) o m = 5641 MeV Λb m = 2453.8 MeV −12 s τ = 1.07 .10 + m = 2452.4 MeV 0 (1/2 ) + − + − τ , τ = 295.6.10−15s m = 1777.1 Mev o o ντ Leptons m < 0.31 MeV ~ ss Strange m = 100 - 300 Mev ~ ~ Properties, Particle Data Group, Phys. Rev. D50, 1173 (1994) [1] ** Particle *** Periodic Tables of atoms and nuclei. ~ cc Charmed m = 1.0 ÷ 1.6 GeV bb Bottom m = 4.1 - 4.5 GeV tt Top Quarks m ≈ 174 GeV ? Type-Setting Layout by TANGRAM α4o r Γ= eson 9 ÷ an 30 ces 0M eV o MZ ≥ 102 = 3Z - 2 N 4 2 He2 Z 28 α4-kern (14p Si14n) Number of p in a shell Period (Shell) 1 M 1 H 1 3β 2 β 1α 4 30ε +p 4 8α 23ε .. . ε 31 32 33 34 35β 36 +4n ε .. +p 35 βε 34ε 36 ~~~ 37 ε 31 .. . ε 37 39 ε β 40 +2n 53ε 54ε 55 35ε β 38 . .. . .. 38ε 51β 1α Nm= =20 41β .. . 51β .. . 48ε .. . ε 53 54 55ε 11α4 56 57 58 13 20 15ε 65β 59β 60β .. . 42β 39 βε .. . 40 ~~~ 46β 41 68β 40ε 46 47β 45 44ε .. . 24β 4 17 5α 19ε 20 21 22 .. . 19β .. . 24β .. . 23 ε 22 β 35 22εp .. . 23 24β .. . 30β ε 20 6α 23ε 24 25 26 .. . 91 Pa β . 234β 26 .. . 10α4 ε 44 45ε Nm=28 27 Co 50ε 59 58 β 70 55ε .. . 62ε 28 Ni 53 12α .. . 60 61 62 β 63 64 4 .. . 63 64ε 65 α(ε) 52β 65 .. . 74β 57ε .. . ε .. . 57β ε 43 .. . ε 49 50 51ε 27 .. . 36β εp 63 64 65ε 60β 66β 67β ... 78β 62 ε .. . 67βε 68ε .. . 141 140ε 70 β 71 .. . 127 .. . .. . 53 54 81β 61 .. . 67ε 68ε 69ε 236εα 27ε .. . 83β 71 13α 70 71β 72 73 74 4 75 76 77β .. . β 85 ∆Zb=6 97 Bk 238β 237∗∗ . 244β 238 240ε 242εα 99 Es .. . 248εβ 247 ε α .. . 251β 241 .. . 252 (ε)α εα α . 257β 98 Cf 142βε 130ε 143β .. .. . . 154β 144ε 73ε 74εβ ε 65 ε 68 .. . 73ε 74 75ε β 145εεβ 148 . 146β .. 147 158β 134ε .. . 150εβ 62 Sm ε 151 152βε 153 65 Tb 154β 140ε .. . .. . 162β 158εβ 64 Gd 146αα 3⋅108a 147α 153β ε 159 35 Br 76β 75 .. . 88β 70ε .. . 77ε 78ε β 81 76 77 78 82 β 79 80 80βε 81 82β .. . 94β 74ε .. . εβ 84 83β .. . 91 β ε 71 .. . 77ε 78 ε 79 5α6 80 81β 82 83 84 85 86 εβ 86 87 β 50n 87β 97β ε 83ε 84 ε 85 6α6 86 87 88 .. . 88β 78ε .. . β 102 – .. . 163 164εβ ε .. . β 169β .. . 102 .. . Nm=50n 102 50n 80ε .. . β 90 91 92 94 95 β 89ε 96 14α4 97β. . . 104β 262α(ε) α .. . 165ε .. . (263 ) 104 (ε)α 69 Tm .. . 172β ε 92 169β 147ε .. . 168 ε 169 170βε 150p .. 171β 85 .. . .. . 99 91ε 92 4 15α 93ε 94 95 96 97 98 .. . α(ε) (269)α β (270 ) 262 263α(ε) (Rf) 106 β 4 259 (ε)α (Sg) (270αα (275β ) 271α (276α) 272α (277β ) 273α .. . 175 . 177β 174ε 176β ~~~ 151 ε β .. . β 96 90 100 101β .. . 110 β ε 103 .. . 95ε 96 16α 97ε 4 179ε 181β β 182 .. . 185 β 158ε .. . 179ε 98 104 99 105β 100 106β 101 ... 102 114β 186β 184ε 180 181ε 185 190 β 94ε .. . .. . 162 ε 102 ε .. . 103 117 β 96ε .. . 106 107 ε ε 94 .. . 101ε 17α4 102 103ε 109 108 εβ 77 Ir 188β 185 . 186εβ .. β 192β 187 ~~~ 166α .. . 190ε 191 192εβ 193 109 108 120 125 β 100ε .. . 112 ε 48 Cd β 97 ε 194β .. . 198β 173εα .. . .. 108 109ε 115β 130 β (299α) 116 Eka-Po 32 VI 21α ε .. . 205 β 113 114 116β .. . β β β 115 ~~~ 133 .. . 120 ε 114 . 111ε 116 122 . 112 113ε .. . 123 136 123 β 108 109p 110ε .. . 126εβ β 120 124 121β 125β 126β. . . 134β . 204 202ε 205 β 181(ε)α .. . 201ε 202ε ε 203 204 206 ε 206 207 208 128 129β .. . 127 142 54 Xe β 113p .. . 132εβ 133 127ε .. . ε 216β 208 Nm−1 209αβ .. . Nm = 126n 192α(ε) 214β .. . Nm= 209αε =126n Nm-1 26 V α 210 VI α 215βα 211α 216α 212α 217β−α 213α 218αβ 214 57 La 134βε 120ε 135β . .. .. . ε ε 138 ~~~ 139 137 56 Ba Nm=82n .. . 209 84 Po 148β ε 133ε 128 134 117 . 106 122 128 .. 129 133β .. 134 . .. ε β . 123 ~~~ 129 2 123ε 130 136 129ε 135 119ε 124 130 β 124 131 137β 130 136 120 125 131β 125ε 132 ... 131ε 137 . 121ε 126 .. β β 132 138 126 133 145 β β 127 . . . 138 210β 210βα 187(ε)α 55 Cs β 110εα ε .. .. 122 124β βε β 203 206 .. β .. . 53 I 52 Te 103ε .. . 121 83 Bi 82 Pb εα 108ε 179εα 80 Hg 51 Sb 304 ) (308 ..) m 81 Tl 198β 197 195 196εβ β 4 50 Sn 110 116 β 111 117 . 112 .. . 104 110 105 ε β 105 111 106 113β ~~~ 106 ... 107ε 114 β β 107 .. . 114 Eka-Pb 79 Au 78 Pt 49 In 110β (300β ) (...298ε) (...292ε) (295 ) 191 203 α 192 197β 175 .. .. 186 192 168 198 204 . ε 193 198 . 183ε 187 193β 194ε 199 205β ε β 189 194 199 . 184 188 194β 195ε 200 206β .. 190 195 .. β 185ε 189 ε β . 191 196 202 196 201 207 β ε ~~~ 190 196 197 202 .. . 47 Ag 104β (294 ...) (293αα) (295 ) n (...285 ) α (289 ...) 76 Os 182 186 183 187β 184 ... β ε 269 Nsm−1 α (282αα 271 α 273 283α (...279ε) 284 α α 75 Re 160p β α 115 Eka-Bi nZ 113 Eka-Tl 110 unnamed 112 Eka-Hg (283 ...) .. 111 unnamed Nm=184n α .. α (293ε) (294 300 (276αα (286 ) (288 α(ε) . α 295α Nm−1 VII 265α(ε) 277 (287ε) 289 α α 296α (...299ε) (301 (305β...) (274α) 278 290αα α α 297 ε β β β 302α (306α−) (275 ) 279 (281 ) (280 ) 285 (287 ...) 291α (293 ) α α α α α α 298 ) (299β...) ε 303α (307αβ ) 280 ) (282 ) (281 ) 286 ) (288 ) 292 ) (294 ) β N =(184n) β β β 264 74 W 46 Pd β 108 (Hs) α(ε) (ε) β 180 ~~~ 182 . 181 109 (Mt) α 44 Ru β .. . 45 Rh 97εβ 100β 98 β ... 99 112β ε 184β 156ε 72 Hf .. . 90ε .. . Groups 261α(ε) (276β...) 266α(ε) (282β...) 272α Nsm-1 (288β...) α (ε)α (281α) (287α) 262 (275 ) (...274ε) (...280ε) (...286ε) 73 Ta 177β 43 Tc 106 ε 255 71 Lu 70 Yb 94β 93 (264β ) (αε) 107 (Ns) (269 ) 42 Mo 93β .. . 175 ε 176 .. 170 176 154 . 4 β ε 171 177 173ε 177 161 166 170 20α ε β 167 172 ... 174 178 162 167 171 .. 179 ε 168 173 180β 163 168 . 175ε 180 ε β 169 174 164 174 145 40 Zr 89β 90β 252(ε)α 105 (Hn) (24α ) (269 ) . α α 253 . α 250α(ε) 260 (264 ) .. (264 (270α) . (ε)α . .. α . α ... (261 ) (265β ) 260α 265α (271β ) 263 α(ε) (260 ) 257α(ε) 262α (266α) 261αε 266α 265 β – α α α αβ β (261 ) 258 (263 ) (267 ) 262 267 266α(ε) 274 ) α αε εα (268α) 259 Nsm-1 (263 ) 268 ) ε εα 83ε β 260 259β 41 Nb 90β 88 165 α(ε) 259α β *** 68 Er 165 89 258 (ε)α 103 Lr 102 No 166β ε 39 Y IV 76 .. . 165β 144ε 66 Dy 38 Sr β .. . 85 ~~~ 36 Kr 6 4α 79 .. . ε 37 Rb .. . 67 Ho 160β 137 153 142 82n 133 ε 159ε .. 154 160 141 .. 143α 148 ... . 160 . β 144 149β 143ε 148 154 149ε α 155 161 . 155ε 161 145 1502β 19α4 149 155β 150 156 .. 156 162 β . 151ε 157 164β 146 151 144 150 .. 157ε 163 .. εβ β β 152 158 147β . 145 151 160 158 164 156β 159β 152 66ε .. . 63 Eu 247 100 Fm 4 61 Pm 101 Md β 253α 254 .. 246 96 Cm ∆Zc=4(n-2) c ε 232 α 234εα 241∗∗ 244β .. εα εβ 237 242 .. α . . 243 247β 240εα 94 Pu 34 Se β 2β-stable isobars with the maximum binding energy mass number of an isotope of an element and the type of radioactivity 95 Am α .. β 33 As 72β 70β ε 141 18α4 62β 69 Σ n=2 242 121εp 32 Ge ε .. . 60 Nd 55β 31β 28 I 32β . +n 29 .. +n 30 37β .. . α 231 ε 52 III 7 α4 22 α εα 23α 243β α 238εα 244 Nsm-1 232αα∗∗ 237β 230αε 238 ∗∗ α α .. α α(β ) 239α(ε) 248α 253αβ 242ε 254 α 232 ∗∗ 239 244 .. α 245 247 . ∗∗ . α 233∗∗ 238 ∗∗ .. α α α α .. εα 249α 254 . αε 255α α 240 245β β ∗∗ 241 246 248 . ∗∗ 234∗∗ 239 (ε)α .. α εα β 250α 255β 251 α 256α . 249β 245 235αα .. 235 α 241 α . β 242αε α . 246 251α 256β 252αε 257α . 243 . 230α 236 240β 236εα∗∗ 242 247 εα 258 253 252 237 εα β 251β 247 31 Ga 69β 66 67 68 .. 238β 225α(ε) α(ε) 24 Cr 51β 232 α 231∗∗ 233β . 230αε β .. . 51 Nm=28 βε 59 Pr 52β .. . 50ε ~~~ 30 Zn β .. 237β 28 14Si εα 226α 231 218 227α 232α–∗∗ 222α(ε) 228α 233β 224α(ε) .. 229α∗∗ ... . β 230 ∗∗ .234 229εα 43ε 29 Cu 60β .. . 46 47 48 49 50 β M=22 36 52 70 90 ∆∆nM=2 ∆∆nNβ=2 α4=−1 32 50 52 86 88 138 140 208 210 298 300 n=I S II Ti Cr III Kr Sr IV Ba Ce V Pb Po VI EPb EPo 184n=Nm 16 24 28n 38 50n 58 82n 84 126n 116 n Z=2 8 14 20 26 32 ∆nZ=6 n0 Magic numbers of neutrons (N m ) **** and protons (Z m ) in the α 4 -kern and +3α 4 → . 40 Nm = n0Zm = 2 (3n0 - 2 )n0= 1, 2, 3, 4 = 2, 8, 14, 20 20 Ca 20 : n even o o o Z 4 =0,2 for Z odd (n2+3n+4)=28,50,82,126,(184) Mz>14=3Z-2Nα4+β=0, Nα4=3Z-M Nα6=M-2Z NαM=Nα4+Nα6= ±1,2,4,6 for Zeven, β=0 in M, Nα4 n≥2Nm=14(α -kern)+ 2 2 2 n β 38 93 Np 92 U α .. . 27 ε 14 Si β 4 The numbers of nucleons nM=(n2+9n)n≥2 and protons .nZ=2(3n-2)n≥1 in nucleon shells and nuclides and elements in n-periods 28β 12 Mg β PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEI 13 Al b 23 V ε 48 20n= Nm = 28n 49β . . . 54β 59ε 17*εp 10 Ne 90 Th 46β .. . 40 42 43 44 58 β 27 pε ) 22 Ti 39ε 40 .. . 19 ε 18 4 224 232α(β 21 Sc 45β 57ε 22 (ε)α 88 Ra 41ε .. . ε .. . 11 Na 20β 16p* 89 Ac α 9α 35ε ε .. . 16 17 18 .. . β . 4 .. . 15 β 4α 13ε βα 20 Ca 6 26 Fe III 14 3α4 εα 19 K 56β .. . 14β (ε)α α 198αε 216 220 205(ε)α 22α4 226 ∗∗ 212 .. α α β β– 37β 220α 227 . . 217 221 . .. α α . .. . 211εα 218 222 221α∗∗ . – . 44β 212α 219βα 223β 222 ∗∗ .. . (ε)α (ε)α 223(ε)α Nm .. 223αα∗∗ 213 217 α β Nm=20n 214α 224α 228 218 224 ∗∗ (ε)α (ε)α 215α(ε) 225β 234β 225 219 25 Mn 46ε 11 16β 8 O .. . 223β α +2p 38 n=II ε 86 Rn I and II 36 35 12 .. . εα 214 42β 18 Ar II 8 9ε 14 201 220 216 209 226 215 . .. .. α βα 219α .. . 215α 217 225 ∗∗ 227αβ .. . .. .. . (ε)α (ε)α 218(ε)α 223βα .. . 17 Cl 31 . 13 87 Fr α(ε) 16 S I 2 ε 9 F Z MZ=8÷14 β=0 =0 ,1,2 Zeven ∆Za=2(n-1) 194 .. . 31 .. . 6 C 85 At 32β +p 11ε .. . a 15 P .. . 11 15β 17β 8 4 Be 5α,n 8α 10β 3 6nβ 2α4 6.7 .10-17s .. . *7 4 8nβ 7ε 14β *9 n 9 *10 Period 26ε 11βα 7 12β o dd 4 +3α4(28 14Si)=7α 3=n0 7 N 10 7pα+* β α .. . 5αp ,1 Z MZ=1÷7 β=−0 =+0 ,1 Zeven 5 B 8β 9β 6 2 He M-Z= =Nm= =2n n .nZ 3 Li .. . 5 odd +3α4(168O8) 2 140εβ .. . 149β 58 Ce 139β .. . 149 β ε 123 V 135ε 139β 136 140 .. . ε 137 138 20 IV 141 β 142 143β .. . 152β Nm=82n *Other exotic nuclides with a half-life of 10−19 ÷ 10–22 s are not given −in the table. **Nuclides, along with α-decay, possess «nuclide radioactivity», i.e., they emit the nuclides 14C, 24Ne, 28Mg, 34Si20n and get transmuted to the nuclides with Nm = 126 and/or Zm = 82 owing to the fact that these fragments at the beginning of the sixth nucleon shell are more weakly bound with the nuclear core than the preceding shell. 262 3β 131 128,130 129,131 258 259,260 258,262 260 ***Bimodular (symmetrical) spontaneous fission ( 102 No → 131 Rf. ****The discover in 1934: I.P.Selinov Nm=20,50,82, J.J.Guggenheimer Nm=50,82, W.J.Elsasser Nm=126 and Zm. 51Sb → 54Xe) predicted for No by I.P.Selinov in 1964 from an anomalously high abundance 52Te, 54Xe [1] and discovered by E.K.Hulet and co-authors in ≥1986 for 100Fm, 101Md, 102No, GROUPS C 2p1 2p2 N 2p3 O 2p4 F 2p5 Ne 2p6 Al Ca 4s2 3d14s2 Si 3p1 22.989768 24.3050 26.981539 Potassium 19 Calcium 20 21 Scandium 22 4 39.0983 29 63.546 III Rubidium Rb 5 18 85.4678 47 Silver 107.8682 Ag 6 6s1 132.90543 79 Gold 5d106s1 196.96654 IV Au Francium Fr 7s1 LANTHANIDES 272α,(287αΦ) 58 59 69.723 4p2 72.61 As 3p4 32.066 V Cl 3p5 35.4527 Ar 3p6 39.948 Y Zr 4d25s2 91.224 Cr Iron Mn 51.9961 54.93805 33 Selenium 34 Bromine 55.847 35 Krypton 4p3 4p5 74.92159 40 Zirconium 41 Yttrium 87.62 88.90585 S Se 4p4 78.96 Br 79.904 Kr Fe 36 4p6 83.80 IV in s ,p ,d ,f subshells 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 5f 7s 27 Cobalt 3d74s2 58.93320 6p Co 6d 28 7p Nickel 3d84s2 58.6934 Ni n - principal quantum number in the nth shell atomic weight Niobium 42 Molybdenum 43 Technetium 44 Ruthenium 45 Rhodium 46 Palladium 4d45s1 4d55s1 4d55s2 4d75s1 4d85s1 4d10 92.90638 Nb Mo 95.94 − 97.9072β Tc Ru 101.07 102.9055 Rh 106.42 Pd 48 Cadmium Indium 49 Tin 50 Antimony 51 Tellurium 52 Iodine 53 Xenon 54 4d105s2 5p1 5p2 5p5 5p6 of electrons in an atom and protons in Cd In 112.411 Ba 114.818 56 57 Lanthanium 6s2 5d16s2 137.327 138.9055 La Sn 118.710 Ra Hg Tl Hf 5d26s2 178.49 Pb 121.757 Te 5p4 127.60 I 126.90447 Xe 131.29 5d36s2 180.9479 Ta W 5d46s2 183.84 Re 5d56s2 186.207 Z - atomic number equal to the number an atomic nucleus Osmium 77 Iridium 78 Platinum 5d66s2 5d76s2 5d96s1 Os 190.23 Ir 192.22 195.08 82 Bismuth 83 Polonium 84 Astatine 85 Radon 86 6p2 6p3 6p5 6p6 with the largest half-life and Bi Po 6p4 208.9824αε At 209.9871αε Rn Pt atomic mass of the isotope (known) 222.0176α the type of radioactivity 204.3833 207.2 208.98037 88 89 Actinium 104 Rutherfordium 105 Hahnium 106 Seaborgium 107 Nielsbohrium 108 Hassium 109 Meitnerium 110 unnamed Ac 7s2 6d17s2 226.0254α − 227.0278β E-Hg E-Tl αΦ (6d10) 113 (7p1) (295αΦ) (291 ) 60 Sb 5p3 72 Hafnium 73 Tantalum 74 Tungsten 75 Rhenium 76 Mercury Thallium 81 Lead 10 2 5d 6s 6p1 80 111 unnamed 112 (6d9) ACTINIDES Sr 30.973762 Ti Ge 4p1 5s2 4d15s2 200.59 87 Radium − 223.0197αβ 7 32 65.39 55 Barium Cesium Cs Zn Ga 3p3 47.88 50.9415 31 Germanium 32 Arsenic Zinc Gallium 37 Strontium 38 39 5s1 4d105s1 32 N 40.078 44.955910 Copper 30 10 1 3d 4s 3d104s2 Cu Sc 58-71 18 M 28.0855 P Titanium 23 Vanadium 24 Chromium 25 Manganese 26 2 2 3d 4s 3d34s2 3d54s1 3d54s2 3d64s2 90-103 K 4s1 3p2 3p 61 (6d2) (Rf) αΦ 261.1089 114 E-Pb 62 (7p2) (298αΦ) 63 (Hn) αΦ (6d3) 262.1144 E-Bi 115 (7p3) (299αΦ) 64 (6d4) (Sg) αΦ (6d5) 263.1186 E-Po αε 262.1231 116 (7p4) (299 ,300αΦ) 65 (Ns) αΦ E-At 66 117 (7p5) (Hs) εΦ (6d6) 265.1306 E-Rn αΦ 118 68 (Mt) εΦ 266.1378 (6d8) mass number of the hypothetical 28 14Si Ce Pr Nd 140.90765 144.24 91 92 Pm 144.9127ε 93 Sm 150.36 94 Eu 151.965 95 Gd 157.25 96 Tb Dy 158.92534 162.50 97 98 69 Ho Er 164.93032 167.26 99 100 232.0381 Pa U 231.03588 238.0289 Np α 237.0482 Pu α 244.0642 Am α 243.0614 Cm α(β−) 247.0703 Bk α 247.0703 Cf α 251.0796 *n - ordinal number of dyads consisting of two periods with 2n2 atoms in each of them and the number of K-, L-, M-, and N-shells completed in the first periods of dyads. **the first dyad can be supplemented with the second period (z=0), containing the neutron and the antineutron. ***see Table III. Es α 252.083 Fm α 257.0951 3 2 1 n P O N M L K Shells n 72 50 32 18 8 2 s2 s2 s2 s2 s2 s2 6 6 6 6 6 1α6 p p p p p 1α4 2α6 4 4 4 f14 f14 f14 1α 1α2α6 1α2α6 4 4 4 4 18 18 1α 3α 1α 1α (g ) (g ) 2α6 2α6 2α4 1α4 (h22) 6 6 1α 3α 2α6 3α6 1α4 3α6 3α6 3α6 3α6 3α6 d10 d10 d10 d10 M 4α M 7α 1α4 M Zsh 2n2 n M NαM M 10α 13α 16α 3n-2 n +22 +36 +52 +70 +90 2 M n +9n 32 16S 50 22Ti 86 36Kr 138 56Ba 208 82Pb (298 114EPb184) Nm 70 71 Tm Yb 168.93421 173.04 101 102 Lu 174.967 103 Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium 7s26d2 5f26d1 5f36d1 5f46d1 5f6 5f7 5f76d1 5f9 5f10 5f11 5f11 5f13 5f14 (5f146d1) III / IV Th 4 half-life Cerium Praseodymium Neodimium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium 1 1 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 9 10 11 12 4f 5d 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 5d 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f13 4f14 4f145d1 140.115 90 5 28 271α,(285αΦ) (7p6) β-stable isotope with the largest (305αΦ) (307 )(312αΦ) 67 (6d7) 6 Q 3s2 3s s ell Mg Ze=2(2n-1) 2 6 10 14 P 3s1 n sh 3 Na 8 III 2p O 6.941 9.012182 10.811 12.011 14.00674 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797 11 Magnezium 12 Aluminium 13 Silicon 14 Phosporous 15 Sulfur 16 Chlorine 17 Argon 18 Sodium II 2s 118Eka-Rn et e pl m B b 9 Neon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 co 2s2 b a 8 Fluorine I 4.002602 II 10 1s2 In Be b a b a 6 Nitrogen 7 Oxygen He VIII / II N 2s1 VII s ell 2 Li b a 5 Carbon VI M 8 L V sh b a 1.00794 a 3 Beryllium 4 Boron Lithium IV NαM =nNα4 + nNα6 , groups: 2n2p (α4), 4n2p (α6) - nuclear «subshells» in the n th shell III n II 1s1 d 1 H I / VII Electron shells 2 K n period 1s et e pl m Co L I 2 Helium K b Hydrogen 1 dyads** SYMMETRICAL TABLE OF THE ATOMS AND THE ATOMIC NUCLEI VIII b Atomic subshells in the nth shell 2n2 PERIODS a VIII b a PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ATOMS α4-kern(7α4) I Nucleon shells n* Md αε 258.0984 No 259.1011 Lr αε 262.1098 n n 36 16S20 52 24Cr28 88 38Sr50 140 210 300 58Ce82 84Po126 (116EPo184) 2 8 14 20 26 (32) Zp 2(3n-2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 n n Ze,nZp=2(Nl+1)l=n-1; N=2 for atoms, N=3 for nuclei * Zsh,nM=an2+bn; a=2, b=0 for atoms; a=1, b=9 for nuclei ** *N=1 for mesons ; ** b=3 for baryons Symmetrical Table of Subatomic Particles (Table IV).
