Lehninger, The New Edition
Clear writing and illustrations…Clear explanations of difficult
concepts…Clear communication of the ways that biochemistry is
currently understood and practiced. For over 35 years, in edition after
bestselling edition, Principles of Biochemistry has put those defining
principles into practice, guiding students through a coherent introduction
to the essentials of biochemistry without overwhelming them.
LEHNINGER
PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY
international edition
Sixth Edition
David L. Nelson
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Michael M. Cox
University of Wisconsin–Madison
February 2013
Hardback
978-1-4641-0962-1
The new edition brings this remarkable text into a new era. Like its
predecessors, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Sixth Edition strikes a
careful balance of current science and enduring concepts, incorporating
many new research findings, but focusing on those that help illustrate
important principles of biochemistry. With this edition, students will
encounter new information emerging from high throughput DNA
sequencing, x-ray crystallography, and the manipulation of genes and gene
expression, and other techniques. In addition, students will see how
contemporary biochemistry has shifted away from exploring metabolic
pathways in isolation to focusing on interactions among pathways. They
will also get an updated understanding of the relevance of biochemistry to
the study of human disease (especially diabetes) as well as the important
role of evolutionary theory in biochemical research.
These extensive content changes, as well as new artwork, make this edition
of Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry the most impressive yet.
Chaperonins in protein folding.
F I G U RE 4 - 3 1
In This Edition
New Art
The new edition features a dramatically
re-envisioned art program with the
following advantages:
n
New renditions of classic figures are now easier
to interpret and learn from
n
Figures that pair molecular models with
schematic cartoons, generated specifically for this
book use consistent shapes and color schemes
n
Figures with numbered, annotated steps walk
students through complex processes
n
Summary figures help students to keep the big
picture in mind while learning the specifics.
New Sixth Edition
Updated Genomics
n
Transition state analogs and irreversible inhibition (Chapter 6)
Chapter 9, DNA-Based Information Technologies, now
n
Blood coagulation pathways in the context of enzymatic regulation
(Chapter 6)
n
Asymmetric lipid distribution in bilayer (Chapter 11)
n
Role of BAR superfamily proteins in membrane curvature (Chapter 11)
n
Scaffold proteins (AKAPS and others) and their regulatory roles (Chapter 12)
n
Reactive oxygen species as by-products and as signals (Chapter 19)
n
Structure and function of the oxygen-evolving metal cluster in PSII
(Chapter 19)
incorporates the latest genomic methods, such as:
n
n
Next generation DNA sequencing, including the Illumina and 454 sequencing
methods and platforms
Applications of genomics, including the use of haplotypes to trace human
migrations and phylogenetics to locate human genes associated with
inherited disease conditions
Forensic genotyping and the use of personalized genomics in medicine
Numerous other chapters have been updated to reflect advances gained from
new genomic methods.
n
Next generation reversible terminator sequencing.
n Formation, transport of lipoproteins in mammals, including the roles of
SREBP, SCAP, Insig in cholesterol regulation (Chapter 21)
n
Integration of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by PPARs, SREBPs,
mTORC1, and LXR (Chapters 21, 23)
n
Creatine phosphate and the role of creatine kinase in moving ATP to
cytosol (Chapter 23)
n
Microbial symbionts in the gut and their influence on energy metabolism and adipogenesis (Chapter 23)
n
Nucleosomes: their modification and positioning and higher order
chromatin structure (Chapter 24)
n
DNA polymerases and homologous recombination (Chapter 25)
n
Loading eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (Chapter 26)
n
Mutation-resistant nature of the genetic code (Chapter 27)
n
Ribosome structure and the initiation of translation in eukaryotes
(Chapter 27)
F I G U RE 9 - 2 6
n DNA looping, combinatorial control, chromatin remodeling, and positive
regulation in eukaryotes (Chapter 28)
New Science
Every chapter has been thoroughly revised and updated to include both the
most important advances in biochemistry and information needed in a modern
biochemistry text. Among the new and/or thoroughly
updated topics in this edition are:
n
Regulation of the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes (Chapter 28)
n
Steroid-binding nuclear receptors (Chapter 28)
New Biochemical Methods
n
Prebiotic evolution, black smokers, and the RNA world (Chapter 1)
New methods or updates described in this edition include:
n
Intrinsically disordered proteins (Chapter 4)
n
Modern Sanger protein sequencing and mass spectrometry (Chapter 3)
n
Mass spectrometry applied to proteomics, glycomics, lipidomics, and
metabolomics (Chapters 3, 7, 10)
n
Oligosaccharide microarrays to explore protein-oligosaccharide
interactions and the “carbohydrate code” (Chapter 7)
n
Modern genomic methods, including next-generation DNA sequencing
(Chapter 9)
n
The use of genomics to locate genes involved in human disease
(Chapter 9)
n
Quantitative PCR and reverse transcriptase PCR (Chapter 9)
n
Genetic engineering of photosynthetic organisms (Chapter 20)
n
Use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to visualize tumors and
brown adipose tissue (Chapter 23)
n
Development of bacterial strains with altered genetic codes for
site-specific insertion of novel amino acids into proteins (Chapter 27)
Binding of the intrinsically disordered
carboxyl terminus of p53 protein to its binding partners.
F I G U RE 4 - 2 4
New Sixth Edition
New Medical Applications
This icon is used throughout the book to denote material of special
medical interest. Many sections explore what we know about
the molecular mechanisms of disease. A few of the new or
revised medical applications in this edition are:
n
Box 4-6, Death by Misfolding: the Prior Diseases (Chapter 4)
n
Paganini and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (Chapter 4)
n
HIV protease inhibitors and how basic enzymatic principles influenced
their design (Chapter 6)
n
Blood coagulation cascade and hemophilia (Chapter 6)
n
Curing African Sleeping Sickness with an enzymatic suicide inhibitor (Chapter 6)
n
How researchers locate human genes involved in inherited diseases (Chapter 9)
n
Multidrug resistance transporters and their importance in clinical
medicine (Chapter 11)
n
Multistep progression to colorectal cancer (Chapter 12)
n
Cholesterol metabolism, cardiovascular disease, and mechanism of
plaque formation in atherosclerosis (Chapter 21)
n
P450 and drug interactions (Chapter 21) HMG-CoA reductase
(Chapter 21) and Box 21–3, The Lipid Hypothesis and the Development
of Statins
n
Box 24–1, Curing Disease by Inhibiting Topoisomerases, describing the
use of topoisomerase inhibitors in the treatment of bacterial infections and cancer, including material on ciprofloxacin (the antibiotic effective for anthrax) Stem cells (Chapter 28)
Special Theme:
Understanding Metabolism through
Obesity and Diabetes
The urgent world health issue of diabetes provides a defining theme for
the book’s chapters on metabolism and its control. Sections and boxes
highlighting the interplay of metabolism, obesity, and diabetes are:
n
Untreated Diabetes Produces Life-Threatening Acidosis (Chapter 2)
Box 7–1, Blood Glucose Measurements in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes, introducing hemoglobin glycation and AGEs and their role in the pathology of advanced diabetes
n
n
Glucose Uptake Is Deficient in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Chapter 14)
n
Ketone Bodies Are Overproduced in Diabetes and during Starvation
(Chapter 17)
n
Some Mutations in Mitochondrial Genomes Cause Disease (Chapter 19)
n
Diabetes Can Result from Defects in the Mitochondria of Pancreatic Cells (Chapter 19)
n
Adipose Tissue Generates Glycerol 3-phosphate by Glyceroneogenesis (Chapter 21)
n
Diabetes Mellitus Arises from Defects in Insulin Production or Action (Chapter 23)
n
Section 23.4, Obesity and the Regulation of Body Mass, includes a new discussion of the regulatory roles of TORC1 in regulating cell growth
n
Section 23.5, Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes, discusses the role of ectopic lipids and inflammation in the development of
insulin resistance, and the management of type 2 diabetes with exercise, diet, and medication
Overloading adipocytes with triglycerides triggers inflammation in fat tissue, and ectopic lipid deposition and insulin resistance.
F I G U RE 2 3 - 4 4
N elson | Co x
LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY
Special Theme: Evolution
Evolution is presented as a foundational principle of biochemistry
throughout this edition, including:
n
Section 1.5, Evolutionary Foundations, discusses how life may have evolved
and canvasses some of the early milestones in the evolution of eukaryotic cells (Chapter 1)
n
Genome Sequencing Informs Us about Our Humanity (Chapter 9)
n
Genome Comparisons Help Locate Genes Involved in Disease (Chapter 9)
n
Genome Sequences Inform Us About Our Past and Provide Opportunities for the Future (Chapter 9)
n
BOX 9–3, Getting to Know the Neanderthals (Chapter 9)
n
ABC Transporters Use ATP to Drive the Active Transport of a Wide Variety of Substrates (Chapter 11)
n
Signaling Systems of Plants Have Some of the Same Components Used by Microbes and Mammals (Chapter 12)
The β-Oxidation Enzymes of Different Organelles Have Diverged during Evolution (Chapter 17)
n
n
Section 19.10, The Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis
n
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Evolved from Endosymbiotic Bacteria (Chapter 19)
n
Photosystems I and II Evolved from Bacterial Photosystems (Chapter 19)
n
RNA Synthesis Offers Important Clues to Biochemical Evolution (Chapter 26)
Box 27–1, Exceptions That Prove the Rule: Natural
Variations in the Genetic Code (Chapter 27)
n
n
Box 27–2, From an RNA World to a Protein World
(Chapter 27)
n
Box 28-1, Of Fins, Wings, Beaks, and Things
(Chapter 28)
Lehninger Teaching Hallmarks
Students encountering biochemistry for the first
time often have difficulty with two key aspects
of the course: approaching quantitative problems
and drawing on their previous studies of organic
chemistry. Those same students must also learn a
complex language, with conventions that are often
unstated. As always, Principles of Biochemistry
helps students cope with these challenges:
Focus on Chemical Logic
n Section 13.2, Chemical logic and common
biochemical reactions, discusses the common
biochemical reaction types that underlie all
metabolic reactions, helping student to connect
organic chemistry with biochemistry.
n NEW chemical logic figures highlight the
conservation of mechanism and illustrate patterns
that make learning pathways easier. Chemical
logic figures are provided for each of the central
metabolic pathways: glycolysis (Fig 14-3), citric
acid cycle (Fig. 16-7), and fatty acid oxidation (
Fig 17-9).
F I G U RE 1 6 - 7
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
S i x th E dition
n Mechanism figures feature step-by-step descriptions to help students
understand the reaction process. These figures use a consistent set of
conventions introduced and explained in detail with the first enzyme
mechanism encountered.
Problem-Solving Tools
n In-text Worked Examples take students through some of the most
difficult equations step by step. New worked examples appear in
Chapters 1, 2, and 19.
n More than 600 end-of-chapter problems (over 75 of them new) give
students further opportunity to practice what they have learned.
n Data Analysis Problems (one at the end of each chapter), contributed
by Brian White of the University of Massachusetts–Boston, encourage
students interpret data from the literature.
Key Conventions
The text highlights clear statements of many assumptions and
conventions that students are often expected to assimilate without
being told (for example, peptide sequences are written from amino-to
carboxyl-terminal end, left to right; nucleotide sequences are written
from 5’ to 3’ end, left to right).
Lehninger Contents
1 The Foundations of Biochemistry
1.1 Cellular Foundations
1.2 Chemical Foundations
Box 1–1 Molecular Weight, Molecular Mass, and Their Correct Units
Box 1–2 Louis Pasteur and Optical Activity: In Vino, Veritas
1.3 Physical Foundations
Box 1–3 Entropy: Things Fall Apart
1.4 Genetic Foundations
1.5 Evolutionary Foundations
2 Water
2.1 Weak Interactions in Aqueous Systems
2.2 Ionization of Water, Weak Acids, and Weak Bases
2.3 Buffering against pH Changes in Biological Systems
Box 2–1 Medicine: On Being One’s Own Rabbit [Don’t Try
This at Home!]
2.4 Water as a Reactant
2.5 The Fitness of the Aqueous Environment for Living Organisms
3 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
3.1 Amino Acids
Box 3–1 Methods: Absorption of Light by Molecules:
The Lambert-Beer Law
3.2 Peptides and Proteins
3.3 Working with Proteins
3.4 The Structure of Proteins: Primary Structure
Box 3–2 Consensus Sequences and Sequence Logos
4 The Three-Dimensional Structure
of Proteins
4.1 Overview of Protein Structure
4.2 Protein Secondary Structure
Box 4–1 Methods: Knowing the Right Hand from the Left
4.3 Protein Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
Box 4–2 Permanent Waving Is Biochemical Engineering
Box 4–3 Why Sailors, Explorers, and College Students Should Eat Their
Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
Box 4–4 The Protein Data Bank
Box 4–5 Methods: Methods for Determining the Three-Dimensional
Structure of a Protein
4.4 Protein Denaturation and Folding
Box 4–6 Medicine: Death by Misfolding: The Prion Diseases
5 Protein Function
5.1 Reversible Binding of a Protein to a Ligand: Oxygen-Binding
Proteins
Box 5–1 Medicine: Carbon Monoxide: A Stealthy Killer
5.2 Complementary Interactions between Proteins and Ligands: The
Immune System and Immunoglobulins
5.3 Protein Interactions Modulated by Chemical Energy: Actin, Myosin,
and Molecular Motors
6 Enzymes
6.1 An Introduction to Enzymes
6.2 How Enzymes Work
6.3 Enzyme Kinetics as an Approach to Understanding Mechanism
Box 6–1 Transformations of the Michaelis-Menten Equation: The
Double-Reciprocal Plot
Box 6–2 Kinetic Tests for Determining Inhibition Mechanisms
Box 6–3 Curing African Sleeping Sickness with a Biochemical
Trojan Horse
6.4 Examples of Enzymatic Reactions
6.5 Regulatory Enzymes
7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology
7.1 Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
Box 7–1 Medicine: Blood Glucose Measurements in the Diagnosis and
Treatment of Diabetes
Box 7–2 Sugar Is Sweet, and So Are . . . a Few Other Things
7.2 Polysaccharides
7.3 Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids
7.4 Carbohydrates as Informational Molecules: The Sugar Code
7.5 Working with Carbohydrates
8 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
8.1 Some Basics
8.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
8.3 Nucleic Acid Chemistry
8.4 Other Functions of Nucleotides
9 DNA-Based Information Technologies
9.1 Studying Genes and Their Products
Box 9–1 A Powerful Tool in Forensic Medicine
9.2 Using DNA-Based Methods to Understand Protein Function
9.3 Genomics and the Human Story
Box 9–2 Medicine: Personalized Genomic Medicine
Box 9–3 Getting to Know the Neanderthals
10 Lipids
10.1 Storage Lipids
10.2 Structural Lipids in Membranes
Box 10–1 Medicine: Abnormal Accumulations of Membrane Lipids:
Some Inherited Human Diseases
10.3 Lipids as Signals, Cofactors, and Pigments
10.4 Working with Lipids
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L E H N I N G E R P R I N C I P L E S O F B I O C H E M I S T R Y I N T E R N A T I O N A L E D I T I O N S i x th E dition
11 Biological Membranes and Transport
11.1 The Composition and Architecture of Membranes
11.2 Membrane Dynamics
11.3 Solute Transport across Membranes
Box 11–1 Medicine: Defective Glucose and Water Transport
in Two Forms of Diabetes
Box 11–2 Medicine: A Defective Ion Channel in Cystic Fibrosis
14.3 Fates of Pyruvate under Anaerobic Conditions:Fermentation
Box 14–2 Athletes, Alligators, and Coelacanths: Glycolysis at
Limiting Concentrations of Oxygen
Box 14–3 Ethanol Fermentations: Brewing Beer and Producing Biofuels
14.4 Gluconeogenesis
14.5 Pentose Phosphate Pathway of Glucose Oxidation
Box 14–4 Medicine: Why Pythagoras Wouldn’t Eat Falafel: Glucose
6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
12 Biosignaling
15 Principles of Metabolic Regulation
12.1 General Features of Signal Transduction
Box 12–1 Methods: Scatchard Analysis Quantifies the
Receptor-Ligand Interaction
12.2 Protein–Coupled Receptors and Second Messengers
Box 12–2 Medicine: G Proteins: Binary Switches in Health and
Disease
Box 12–3 Methods: FRET: Biochemistry Visualized in a Living
Cell
12.3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
12.4 Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases, cGMP, and Protein Kinase G
12.5 Multivalent Adaptor Proteins and Membrane Rafts
12.6 Gated Ion Channels
12.7 Integrins: Bidirectional Cell Adhesion Receptors
12.8 Regulation of Transcription by Nuclear Hormone
Receptors
12.9 Signaling in Microorganisms and Plants
12.10 Sensory Transduction in Vision, Olfaction, and
Gustation
Box 12–4 Medicine: Color Blindness: John Dalton’s Experiment from
the Grave
12.11 Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Protein Kinases
12.12 Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and
Programmed Cell Death
Box 12–5 Medicine: Development of Protein Kinase Inhibitors for
Cancer Treatment
15.1 Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
15.2 Analysis of Metabolic Control
Box 15–1 Methods: Metabolic Control Analysis: Quantitative
Aspects
15.3 Coordinated Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
Box 15–2 Isozymes: Different Proteins That Catalyze
the Same Reaction
Box 15–3 Medicine: Genetic Mutations That Lead to Rare
Forms of Diabetes
15.4 The Metabolism of Glycogen in Animals
Box 15–4 Carl and Gerty Cori: Pioneers in Glycogen Metabolism
and Disease
15.5 Coordinated Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis and Breakdown
16 The Citric Acid Cycle
16.1 Production of Acetyl-CoA (Activated Acetate)
16.2 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
Box 16–1 Moonlighting Enzymes: Proteins with More Than One Job
Box 16–2 Synthases and Synthetases; Ligases and Lyases; Kinases,
Phosphatases, and Phosphorylases: Yes, the Names
Are Confusing!
Box 16–3 Citrate: A Symmetric Molecule That Reacts Asymmetrically
16.3 Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
16.4 The Glyoxylate Cycle
13 Bioenergetics and Biochemical
Reaction Types
17 Fatty Acid Catabolism
13.1 Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics
13.2 Chemical Logic and Common Biochemical Reactions
13.3 Phosphoryl Group Transfers and ATP
Box 13–1 Firefly Flashes: Glowing Reports of ATP
13.4 Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
17.1 Digestion, Mobilization, and Transport of Fats
17.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Box 17–1 Fat Bears Carry Out Oxidation in Their Sleep
Box 17–2 Coenzyme B12: A Radical Solution to a Perplexing Problem
17.3 Ketone Bodies
14 Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and
the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
14.1 Glycolysis
Box 14–1 Medicine: High Rate of Glycolysis in Tumors Suggests
Targets for Chemotherapy and Facilitates Diagnosis
14.2 Feeder Pathways for Glycolysis
.
Lehninger Contents
18 Amino Acid Oxidation and the
Production of Urea
Box 21–3 Medicine: The Lipid Hypothesis and the
Development of Statins
18.1 Metabolic Fates of Amino Groups
18.2 Nitrogen Excretion and the Urea Cycle
Box 18–1 Medicine: Assays for Tissue Damage
18.3 Pathways of Amino Acid Degradation
Box 18–2 Medicine: Scientific Sleuths Solve a Murder Mystery
22 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides,
and Related Molecules
19 Oxidative Phosphorylation
and Photophosphorylation
22.1 Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism
Box 22–1 Unusual Lifestyles of the Obscure but Abundant
22.2 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
22.3 Molecules Derived from Amino Acids
Box 22–2 On Kings and Vampires
22.4 Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
Oxidative Phosphorylation
19.1 Electron-Transfer Reactions in Mitochondria
Box 19–1 Hot, Stinking Plants and Alternative Respiratory Pathways
19.2 ATP Synthesis
Box 19–2 Methods: Atomic Force Microscopy to Visualize
Membrane Proteins
19.3 Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation
19.4 Mitochondria in Thermogenesis, Steroid Synthesis, and
Apoptosis
19.5 Mitochondrial Genes: Their Origin and the Effects of
Mutations
Photosynthesis: Harvesting Light Energy
19.6 General Features of Photophosphorylation
19.7 Light Absorption
19.8 The Central Photochemical Event: Light-Driven Electron Flow
19.9 ATP Synthesis by Photophosphorylation
19.10 The Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis
20 Carbohydrate Biosynthesis
in Plants and Bacteria
20.1 Photosynthetic Carbohydrate Synthesis
20.2 Photorespiration and the C4 and CAM Pathways
Box 20–1 Will Genetic Engineering of Photosynthetic Organisms
Increase Their Efficiency?
20.3 Biosynthesis of Starch and Sucrose
20.4 Synthesis of Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Plant Cellulose
and Bacterial Peptidoglycan
20.5 Integration of Carbohydrate Metabolism
in the Plant Cell
23 Hormonal Regulation and Integration
of Mammalian Metabolism
23.1 Hormones: Diverse Structures for Diverse Functions
Box 23–1 Medicine: How Is a Hormone Discovered? The Arduous
Path to Purified Insulin
23.2 Tissue-Specific Metabolism: The Division of Labor
Box 23–2 Creatine and Creatine Kinase: Invaluable Diagnostic Aids
and the Muscle Builder’s Friends
23.3 Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism
23.4 Obesity and the Regulation of Body Mass
23.5 Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes
24 Genes and Chromosomes
24.1 Chromosomal Elements
24.2 DNA Supercoiling
Box 24–1 Medicine: Curing Disease by Inhibiting
Topoisomerases
24.3 The Structure of Chromosomes
Box 24–2 Medicine: Epigenetics, Nucleosome Structure,
and Histone Variants
25 DNA Metabolism
25.1 DNA Replication
25.2 DNA Repair
Box 25–1 Medicine: DNA Repair and Cancer
25.3 DNA Recombination
Box 25–2 Medicine: Why Proper Chromosomal Segregation Matters
21 Lipid Biosynthesis
26 RNA Metabolism
21.1 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids
Box 21–1 Medicine: Mixed-Function Oxidases, Cytochrome
P-450s and Drug Overdoses
21.2 Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols
21.3 Biosynthesis of Membrane Phospholipids
21.4 Cholesterol, Steroids, and Isoprenoids: Biosynthesis, Regulation,
and Transport
Box 21–2 Medicine: ApoE Alleles Predict Incidence of
Alzheimer’s Disease
26.1 DNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA
Box 26–1 Methods: RNA Polymerase Leaves Its Footprint on
a Promoter
26.2 RNA Processing
26.3 RNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA and DNA
Box 26–2 Medicine: Fighting AIDS with Inhibitors of HIV
Reverse Transcriptase
Box 26–3 Methods: The SELEX Method for Generating RNA Polymers
with New Functions
Box 26–4 An Expanding RNA Universe Filled with TUF RNAs
N elson | Co x
L E H N I N G E R P R I N C I P L E S O F B I O C H E M I S T R Y I N T E R N A T I O N A L E D I T I O N S i x th E dition
F I G U RE 2 3 - 3 0
Fuel metabolism in the liver
during prolonged fasting or in
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
27 Protein Metabolism
28 Regulation of Gene Expression
27.1 The Genetic Code
Box 27–1 Exceptions That Prove the Rule: Natural Variations in the
Genetic Code
27.2 Protein Synthesis
Box 27–2 From an RNA World to a Protein World
Box 27–3 Natural and Unnatural Expansion of the Genetic
Code
Box 27–4 Induced Variation in the Genetic Code: Nonsense
Suppression
27.3 Protein Targeting and Degradation
28.1 Principles of Gene Regulation
28.2 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria
28.3 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
Box 28–1 Of Fins, Wings, Beaks, and Things
Appendix A Common Abbreviations in the Biochemical Research
Literature
Appendix B Abbreviated Solutions to Problems
Glossary
Credits
Index
Media and Supplements
F or I nstructors
F or S T U D E N T s
Instructor’s Resource DVD ( ISBN: 978-1-4641-0969-0 )
FREE
The DVD includes fully optimized JPEG files of text art, animated enzyme
mechanisms, animated biochemical techniques, protein data bank IDs, Living
Graphs, and the Test Bank.
Book Companion Site, www.whfreeman.com/lehninger6e
provides tudents with media designed to enhance their understanding of
biochemical principles and improve their problem-solving ability.
Molecular Structure Tutorials —
students use the Jmol interactive Web browser to explore the molecular
structures in the textbook, including:
n
n
Fully optimized JPEG files —every figure, photo, and table
in the text is available as a separate jpeg or in PowerPoint, with colors,
resolution and labels enhanced. These files have been reviewed by course
instructors and tested in a large lecture hall to ensure maximum clarity and
visibility.
Animated Enzyme Mechanisms and Animated
Biochemical Techniques —available in Flash files and preloaded into
n
PowerPoint, in both PC and Macintosh formats.
▶▶
Protein Architecture
▶▶
Bacteriorhodopsin
▶▶
Lac Repressor
▶▶
Nucleotides
▶▶
MHC Molecules
▶▶
Trimeric G Proteins
▶▶
Oxygen-Binding Proteins
▶▶
Restriction Endonucleases
▶▶
Hammerhead Ribozyme
n Protein Data Bank IDs for the structures in the text and the Jmol
interactive Web browser applet, arranged by figure number.
n Living Graphs —with these dynamic versions of key equations from the
textbook, students can see the graphic results of changing parameters.
The Absolute, Ultimate Guide to Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry,
Sixth Edition, Study Guide and Solutions Manual
Marcy Osgood, University of New Mexico School of Medicine
Karen Ocorr, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute Pape
ISBN 978-1-4292-9476-8
n Protein Data Bank IDs for the structures in the text and the Jmol
interactive Web browser applet, arranged by figure number.
n
Living Graphs —with these dynamic versions of key equations from the
textbook, you and your students can see the graphic results of changing
parameters.
A comprehensive Test Bank ( in PDF and editable Word
formats ) —150 multiple-choice and short-answer problems per chapter,
n
rated by level of difficulty.
The Absolute, Ultimate Guide combines an innovative study guide with a
reliable solutions manual (providing extended solutions to end-of-chapter
problems) in one convenient volume. Thoroughly class-tested, the Study
Guide includes for each chapter:
▶▶ Major Concepts: a roadmap through the chapter
▶▶ What to Review: questions that recap key points from previous chapters
▶▶ Discussion Questions: provided for each section; designed for individual
review, study groups, or classroom discussion
▶▶ A Self-Test: “Do you know the terms?”; crossword puzzles; multiple-choice,
fact-driven questions; and questions that ask students to apply their new
knowledge in new directions—plus answers!
To request your inspection copy visit
www.palgrave.com/lehninger6e
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The premier introduction to the
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Clearly.