Chemistry 11 Properties of Matter and Nomenclature Properties of Matter and Inorganic Nomenclature 1. Qualitative: is non‐numerical information (descriptions) Quantitative: is numerical information (measurements) Observation: Qualitative information collected through the direct use of senses Interpretation: an attempt to put meaning to observations Description: a list of properties of something Data: quantitative information which is experimentally determined or obtained from a reference Experiment: a test or procedure that is carried out in order to discover a result Hypothesis: a single unproven assumption or idea which attempts to explain why nature behaves in a specific manner Theory: a set of hypothesises that tie together a large number of observations of the real world into a logically consistent pattern Law: is a broad generalization or summary statement which describes a large amount of experimental evidence stating how nature behaves when a particular situation occurs Matter: is anything that has mass and occupies space (volume) Substance: are things that have a unique set of identifiable properties Physical property is a property that can be found without creating a new substance Chemical property the ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction and change into new substances Intensive a physical property that does not depend on how much of the substance is present Extensive a physical property that depends on how much of the substance is present Plasma a gas made of charged particles such as electrons and naked atomic nuclei at extremely high temperature (107 degrees Centegrade). Examples Lightning, interior of stars, neon lights Chemistry 11 Properties of Matter and Nomenclature Hardness the ability of a solid to resist abrasion or scratching Malleability the ability to be flattened into sheets Ductility the ability to be stretched into wires Lustre the manner in which a solid surface reflects light when polished Viscosity the resistance of fluid to flow Diffusion the mixing of fluids (gases or liquids) as a result of random motion within the fluid Vapour the gaseous material formed by the evaporation of a substance which boils above room temperature Vapour pressure the pressure created by the vapour evaporating from a liquid Boiling temperature the temperature at which a liquid changes state to gas Melting temperature the temperature at which a solid changes state to liquid Phase The state of matter, eg solid, liquid or gas Element a substance which cannot be separated into simpler substances as a result of any physical processes Atom the smallest possible unit of an element which retains the properties Molecule a group of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds Ion an atom or molecule which possesses an electrical charge Particle the general term used to describe a small bit of matter such as an atom, molecule or ion Homogeneous consisting of only one phase that is visibly evident Heterogeneous consisting of different phases that are visibly evident Pure substance a substance that is homogeneous and has an unchangeable composition Mixture a substance that is made up two or more substances with a variable composition Mechanical mixture a heterogeneous mixture of two or more substances Solution a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances Chemistry 11 Properties of Matter and Nomenclature Solvent the component of the solution which is in greater quantity Solute the component of the solution which is in smaller quantity Compound substances composed of two or more types of atoms but only one type of molecule is present Kinetic energy the energy that molecules possess when in motion Anion an ion with a negative charge Cation an ion with a positive charge Ionic Compound Compounds that are composed of a anion and a cation Covalent binary compounds of two non‐metals 2. a) physical b) physical c) chemical d)physical e)chemical 3. a)extensive b)intensive c)extensive d)intensive e)extensive f)intensive 4. Solids: are rigid, do not readily change shape and experience very little changes in volume when heated or subjected to pressure. Particles are packed closely together in which particles are in direct contact with each other. Are not compressible Liquids: conform to the shape of their container but do not fill it, only a slight change in volume when subjected to heat or pressure. Particles remain in close contact with each other but have enough room to slide past each other and prevent organized packing. Are not compressible Gasses: Conform to the shape of the container but will occupy entire volume. Particles are widely separated and only contact each other during collisions. Most volume is empty space and thus are compressible 5. A) mechanical mixture b) solution c) solution d)element e)compound
f)element g)mechanical mixture h)compound i)compound 6. A)molecule b)ion c)atom d)molecule e)ion f)atom 7. A) b, c b)d c)a,e d)a,b e)c,d f)e 8. A)a,b b)c,e c)c = element, e=compound d)a,c e)a=atom, c=molecule 9. Hand separation: Used for solids in liquid or solid in solid when solid is large enough or has magnetic properties to be removed from mixture Chemistry 11 Properties of Matter and Nomenclature Filtration: Solids in large amounts of liquids, liquid is drawn through filter paper leaving the solid behind Evaporation: Solid in liquid, heat is applied to heat liquid above boiling point. Liquid evaporates leaving solid behind. Used when liquid is not needed Distillation: Solid in liquid or liquid in liquid heat is applied to boil one of the liquids. First liquid evaporates rises out of mixture and is then captured into a condensing tube where is condenses to a liquid state for collection. Used when all liquids need to be collected Solvent Extraction: Used in Solid in Solid or solid in liquid or liquid in liquid where one of the two is more soluble in a particular solvent while the second is not. The solvent is added dissolving one of the components. The solvent is then removed along with the dissolved component leaving the other components. The solvent is then removed by evaporation or distillation leaving the other component Recrystallization: Use to remove a solid in a liquid where the solid is much less soluble than the rest of the dissolved solids. The liquid is not required Gravity separation is used to separate a solid in solid or solid in liquid where the density of one material is much greater than the others. By applying vibration or by using a centrifuge the denser material will collect at the bottom while the less dense will collect at the top. Chromatography is used when solids or multiple coloured solids are mixed in a small amount of liquid that is not required. A small amount of the sample is placed upon chromatography paper. When solvent is drawn through the paper, the difference in the charge on the substance will cause the different solids to travel different distances and thus they can be separated. 10. To separate, use filtration to filter the sand from the liquids. This will give the two types of sand together and the two liquids together. To separate the sands use gravity separation by applying vibration to the sample. The heavier black sand will settle at the bottom while the white sand will settle on top. The two layers can then be separated by hand. For the liquids, use distillation to heat the liquids above 65 degrees Celsius but below 158 degrees Celsius. This will cause the methanol to evaporate while leaving the hexanol in liquid state. The gaseous methanol will then condense in the condensing tube and can be collected. 11. First use filtration to separate the sand and iron filings from the rest. Use hand separation using a magnet to remove the iron filing from the sand. Then the water with both dyes should be separate from the gasoline as the two liquids are immiscible. Use a separation funnel to separate the two liquids. Use evaporation to remove most of the water, use distillation if you want to retain the water, once down to a small amount of water the dyes can be separated using chromatography. The dyes are placed on the chromatography paper and when the solvent is run through the dyes will travel different distances on the paper and can be cut apart. Remove Chemistry 11 12.
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Properties of Matter and Nomenclature separated dyes from the paper using a solvent and then evaporate the solvent to leave the dye in a solid powder form Use hand separation to remove the pennies or run through a sieve. Remove the nails using a magnet (hand separation) Use gravity separation on the sand and platinum to apply vibration. This will cause the heavier platinum to settle, while the lighter sand will settle on top. “c” is a cooling curve, as time increases, temperature decreases. When the substance reaches its condensing temperature the temperature will level off as the substance changes from a gas to a liquid. This will occur again when the temperature falls to the solidification temperature when the substance will change from a liquid to a solid. Again, the temperature will remain constant while the change in state occurs. If more PDB was used the time between each phase change and the time during phase change would be longer. Thus the graph will be stretched wider but the temperature that each flat portion of the graph would be the same. The plateaus will get longer A)physical b) chemical c)chemical d)chemical e)physical f)physical High Lustre, Ductile, Malleable, Good conductor of heat and electricity, high melting point, usually solid at room temperature Dull or Lack Lustre, Brittle, Poor conductor of heat/electricity, most are gasses at room temperature A)A,P b)N,P c)C,M d)A,D e)C,P f)N,M c)U(SO4)2 d)W2(C2O4)5 A) Ca(H2PO4)2 b) Sr3P2 A) silver phosphate b)Vanadium(III) Chloride c)Sodium Monohydrogen Phosphate d)Tin (II) Dichromate b)Si3N4 c)OI2 d) SF6 A) P2Cl3 A) tetrasulphur dinitride b)Xenon hexafluoride c)Chlorine trifluorine d)dinitrogen tetroxide b) CuSO4•5H2O c)Fe2(SO4)3•9H2O d)Hg2(NO3)2•2H2O A) Zn(ClO4)2•6H2O A) Iron(II) Sulphate Pentahydrate b) Nickel (II) Sulphate Heptahydrate c) Cobalt (II) Phosphate octahydrate d)Copper (II) Nitrate hexahydrate c)HNO3 d)HCl A)H2SO4 b) HC2H3O2 or CH3COOH A) hydrofluoric acid b)Sulphurous acid c)Phosphoric acid d)nitrous acid