(1993
DBQ)
NorthandSouth
Colonies,
English
Inttoduction:
hadplenty
intellect
English
Thesixteenth-century
Morei
SirThomas
rumination.
of farelor imaginative
with
1551,
beckoned
in
intoEnglish
Iltopia,trans:ited
paradlse,
a smallislandsomewhere
in
society
itsperiect
many0f
Hakluytinterviewed
in theNewWorid.Richard
newlandsandhis
to these
andadventurers
thesailors
expectations
sparked
of the1580s
travelogues
editerl
Even
dreams.
anyone's
beyond
andplunder
of wealth
rornantic
this
to
contributed
WilliamShakeipeare
of Prospero's
beauty
geography
withthecaptivating
islandinTheTempest.
hada particular
visions
oi lar-away
Thefantasy
England.
turbulent
of a troubled,
to theresidents
appeal
had
rebounded
Europe)
of
most
tstes
ftre Sritistr land
of
eflects
andeconomic
social
fromthecatastrophic
was
at
land
anrl
earlier
theBlackDeathtwocenturies
prosperity
Increased
premium.
a population-boom
mercantile
worldwide
trade,and
broughtincreased
A
wereunderway.
expansion
netwirksandcommercial
market
system
new
to
this
contribution
prirnary
English
of
theconversion
thatmade
*u, *ool, a-commodity
pasture
enclosed
to
farmlands
openfeudal
{brmerly
and
peasants
leftthecountryside
Displaced
profitable:
liveliof
in search
to majorcitieslikeLondon
moved
hood,andtheranksof theurbanpoorswelled.
HenryVIII brokehis
century'
Alsoin thesixteenth
andestablished
Chr-rrch
tieswiththeCatholic
country's
asheadAlthough
withhimself
of England
theChurch
had
Reformation
of theProtestant
chapter
thisEnglish
hopefor
andHenry's
succession
moreto dowithdynastic
nonetheless
hisactions
dispute,
a sonthantheological
in hiskingdom
and
sectarianism
religious
dissent
loosed
Mary,
daughteq
of hisCatholic
ascension
Theeventual
a
tirne
until
for
in
England
Catholicism
re-established
timein 1558
a second
tieswithRome
I severed
Elizabeth
anew.
di{Ierences
religious
andrekindled
priedup
disjunctions
andreligious
economic,
Social,
ties.
when
the
and
traditions
fromitsold
a population
there
came,
of NorthAmerica
settlement
timeforEnglish
and
lor
wealth
came
Some
of candidates'
wasnoshortage
whilesome
fledpoverty
Some
for adventure.
came
some
persecutton.
and
discrimination
fledreligious
others
asthe
wereasdifferent
for immigration
Theirreasons
they
andthecommunities
newlandstheyclaimed
in common,
precious
littletheyshared
What
founded.
English
origins,wasthefragilehopeof a better
beyond
JohnSmith
lifein a betterworld.Theywere,asCaptain
spirit,but
with"'great
tellsus,people
of Jamestown
smallmeans'"
a
The College Board
Advanced PIacement Examination
UI{ITED STATES HISTORY
SECTION II
(Suggested writing time-4O minutes)
Directions: The following question requires you to construct a coherent essav that integrates your
interpretation of Documents A-H and your knowiedge of the period referred to in the question.
High scores will be earned only by essays that both cite kelz pieces of evidence from the documents
and draw on outside knowledge of the period. Some of the documents have been edited, and
wording and punctuation have been modernized.
i.
Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by people of
English origin, by 7700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. Why did this difference in development occur?
Use the documents AND your knowledge of the colonial period uB-!a-1200to develop
vour answer.
Document A
Source: John Winthrop, A Model of CWistisn Clmrity (Written on board the Arbelia on the Atiantic
Ocean, 1630)
God Almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the condition of mankind,
[that] in all times some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity, other
mean and in subjection. . . . [Yet] we must be knit together in this work as one man. We must entertain each other in brotherly affection, we must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities,
for the supply of others'necessities. We must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness,
gentieness,patience, and liberality. We must delight in each other, make others'conditions our
own, rejoice together,,mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our
commission and community in the work, our community as members of the same body. So shall we
keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace. . . . We must consider that we shall be as a city upon
a hill. The eyes of all people are Lrpon us, so that if we shall deal faiseiy with our God in this work
we have undertaken, and so cause him to withdraw his present help from us, we shall be made a
story and a b)r-word through tire world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the
ways of God, . . . shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to
be turned into curses upon us.
Copyright O 1993 by Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
{_)
()
iqry3
Document B
Source: Ship's List of Emigrants Bound for New England
John Porter, Deputy Clerk to Edward Thoroughgood
Weymouth, the 20th of March, 7635
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
74.
15.
76.
Joseph Hull, of Somerset,a minister, aged 40 years
Agnes Hull, his wife, aged 25 years
Joan Hull, his daughter, aged 15 years
Joseph Hull, his son, aged 13 years
Tristram, his son, aged 11 Years
Elizabeth Hull, his daughter, aged 7 years
Temperance, his daughter, aged 9 years
Grissel Hull, his daughter, aged 5 years
Dorothy Hull, his daughter, aged 3 years
Judith French, his servant, aged 20 years
John Wood, his servant, aged 20 years
Robert T)abyn, his servant, aged 28 years
Musachiell Bernard, of Batcombe, clothier in the county of Somerset,24 years
Mary Bernard, his wife, aged 28 years
John Bernard, his son, aged 3 years
Nathaniel, his son, aged 1 year
27.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Timothy Tabor, in Someret of Batcomb", ,"r""
Jane Tabor, his wife, aged 35 years
Jane Tabor, his daughter, aged 10 years
Anne Tabor, his daughter, aged B years
Sarah Tabor, his daughter, aged 5 years
William Fever, his servant, aged 20 years
John Whitmarke, aged 39 years
Alice Whitmarke, his wife, aged 35 years
James Whitmarke, his son, aged 5 years
Jane, his daughter, aged 7 years
Onseph Whitmarke, his son, ap;ed5 years
Rich. Whitmarke, his son, aged 2 years
"g"a
35 years
ceo
74. Robert Lovell, husbandman, aged 40 years
75. Elizabeth Lovell, his wife, aged 35 years
76. Zacheus Lovell, his son, aged 15 years
77. Anne Lovell, his daughter, aged 16 years
78. John Lovell, his son, aged B years
7L). Ellyn, his daughter, aged 1 year
80. James,his son, aged 1 year
81. Joseph Chickin, his servant, T6 years
82. Alice Kinham, aged 22 years
83. Angeil Hollard, aged 21 years
84. Katheryn, his wife ,22 years
85. George Land, his servant,22 years
86. Sarah Land, his kinswoman, 18 vears
aoc
i03.
104.
John Hoble, husbandman, 13
Robert Huste, husbandman, 40 . . .
v
Document
Source:Ship's L,istof Emigr:antsBound for Virginia
Ult inr o iuly , 1 6 3 5
Tirese upcterwritten nafiles arretc-rbe transported to Virginia, embarked in the Merchant's Hope,
to
Flugh Vt'eston,-N{aster,per examination by the minister of Gravesend touching their conformity
the Cirurch disciplile cif England, and have taken the oaths of allegiance and suprernacy:
Edward Towers
Lienry Woodman
Itichard Seems
Vvncent Whatter
j a me s Wh i th e d d
joirersWatts
Peter Ltre
Gecl.Bi:ocker
Flenrl, Eele:;
jo. Llennis
T h o . Srv a y n e
C h .tri e sl ti n s c l c rr
jo. Exstor-i
!Vm. Luck
j o . T h o ma s
J o .A rc h e r
Richard Williams
Francis Htrtton
Sa v i l l C a s c o y n e
Iticir. Br-rlfell
R i c h .J o n e s
Tho. Wynes
H u n rp h rc y Wi l l i a ms
Edward Roberts
Martin Atkinson
Edward Atkinson
W m. E d w a rd s
l\athan Braddock
ieffrev Gurrish
F{enry Carrell
Tho. Tvler
Gamaiiel Vt/iriie
trticharciL4arks
Tho. Clever
io. i(itcirin
Ed mo n d E d w a rd s
Lewes h4iles
Jo. I'(ennedy
Sa m J a c l c s o rr
26
22
26
17
74
/_l
22
77
LO
22
-a
LJ
27
77
14
19
27
25
2A
29
29
26
30
22
20
oa
JL
28
30
-1
J,I
23
'r6
24
r\n
,+
19
76
16
2A
79
20
Allin King
Rowland Sadler
Jo. Phillips
Daniel Endick
Jo. Chalk
io. Vynali
Edward Smith
Jo. Rowiidge
Wm. Westiie
jo. Smith
Jo. Saunders
Tho. Bartcherd
Tho. Dodderidge
Richard Wiliiams
Jo. Ballance
Wm. Baldin
Wm. Pen
Jo. Cerie
Henry Baylie
Rich. Anderson
Robert Kelum
Richard Fanshaw
Tho. Bradford
Wm. Spencer
Marmaduke Elia
Wonrcn
Ann Swayne
Eliz. Cote
Ann Rice
I(at. Wilson
Maudlin Lioyd
Mabeli Busirer
Annis Hopkins
Ann Mason
Bridget Crompe
Mary Hawkes
Ellin Hawkes
19
79
28
I6
25
20
20
79
40
1B
22
76
79
18
79
27
26
24
1B
50
51
22
40
I6
22
22
22
aa
/J
aa
-J
24
14
.A
^/-a
1A
LA
1B
79
18
4.4
LA
I
I
I
L-
I
I
I
1993
Documellt
D
3.gr,irce:Articies tlf Agreeinent, Spr ingiiclti, li4assachusetls, 7636
a planta,,,/oie
-,n,l-lose
nilrne:r are urrcir:rwritten, lrelng Llv Goci's providence engaged together to make
,ci'i.. . . . c1, mutr,raijv i-igree to ceriain at'tiilei itnd i';rciers to be ot-rserved ancl kept by us and bv our
s i i c c e s s o i ' s .. . .
[ . !4/einter-rdby Llocl's grace, clssoon c'ls\A/ecan, rvith all convenient speed, to procuresomeGodlY
wavs
alci faithful nrinister rvitlr wirorn w,e purpose tci join in cirurch covenant to walk in all the
of Ctrrrist.
2.
?Vcip;enel tir;rt glir tor,vnsiratiibe,:onrposeciof forty families, - . . rich and poor.
3
for
l hai every iniralritant shall have a convenient proportion for a house lot, as we shall see [fit]
quality atrtl t:state.' . evervcll-Ie's
5.
Tliat evervonc shaii have a sliare t>i thc meaciow or planting ground.
D ocument E
'WatgeiltrC Itrict'i{.eguiationsiii CotrnecticuL,i676
Sor-rrce:
is hearcl alTrons us, anci.that principally pointed at workmen ancl
Wl-lerels a lgreatcry ef <-rppressior-l
-without
a standard for pay, it is therefore orderecl that. ' . [prices
ti.arlers,r,vSichis harcj tci,egr-rlate
(leireral
Courts annuaily, . . . [A]ll breachesof this order to be
arr<,iivaqer;!be clsiy set aiteirr-hof onr
,.rf
. . . This court . . ' in tl'reinterim recomp.lpisheC irrcportioniibie to l.lie v,rrlue the op-rpression.
end of their callings, which is that
religious
tire
i*e6,ls itlratj ill tla.lesmen arrrl laborers corlsirlcr
.,:cr:civing
ancl their neighbors with their arts
Gcld
to
serve
such mgcieratepr:oi'itas mn\,'eual-,leihern
inordinately (by oppressing
and
,r*rl tnaciescgrnfgrtabi)r,tirey tio nor enrich ttremseivessucldenly
the practice of that crying sin
in
.
.
.
li','e
ancl lv;rses tr; i:l'reinipove risiring iof I their neighbors
i-rr.rci::;
iiit o;ll.rrt-'ssiiltt, btli atlilid
it.
1l
7993
Document F
Source: Captain John Smith, Ilistory of Virginio,7624
When the [large ship] departed, . . . those of us that had money, spare clothes, credit to give bills of
payment, gold rings, fur, or any such cornmodities, were ever welcome to [purchase supplies. The
rest of us patiently obeyed our] viie commanders and [bought] our provisions at fifteen times the
value. . . . yet did not repine but fasted, lest we should incur the censure of [being] factious and
seditious persons. . . . Our ordinary [food] was but meal and water so that this . . . little relieved
our wants, whereby with the extremity of the bitter cold frost . . . more than half of trs died.
The worst [among us were the gold seekers who] with their golden promises made all men their
slaves in hope of recompenses. There was no talk . . . but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load
gold. . . . Smith, perceiving [we lived] from hand to mouth, caused the pinnace [small ship] to be
provided with things fitting to get provision for the year foilowing.
[T*o council]ors] Wingfield and Kendall, . . . strengthened themselves with the sailors and other
confederates [ancl planned to go] aboard the pinnace to alter her course and to go for England.
Smith had the plot discovered to hirn. Much trouble he had to prevent it, till with store of saker and
musket shot he forced them to stay or sink in the river; which action cost the life of Captain Kendall.
These brawls are so disgustful, as some will say, they were better forgotten.
Document C
Source: Covernor Berkeley and His Council on Their Inability to Defend Virginia Against a Dutch
Attack, December 1673
We thotrght it our duty . . . to set forth in this our Declaration, the true state and condition of this
country in general and our particular . . . disabilit[y] to . . . [engage in] war at the time of this invasion [by the Dutcir]
[V/e] therefore do most humbly beseech your majesty and your most honorable council to consider that Virginia is intersected by so many vast rivers as makes more miles to
defend thar-rwe have men of trust to defend them. For by our nearest computation we leave at our
backs as many servants (besides Negroes) as there are freemen to defend the shores and all our
frontiers [against] the Indians. . . . [This] gives men fearful apprehensions of the danger they leave
their estates and families in, while they are drawn from their houses to defend the borders. Also at
least one third [of the freemen arrailable for defer-rse]are single freemen (whose labor will hardly
maintain them) or men much in debt, . . . [whom] we may reasonabiy expect upon any small advantage the enemy may gain Lrpot-lus, . . [to defect] to them in hopes of bettering their condition by
sharing the plunder of tire country with them.
t2
7993
Document H
Source: Bacon's "Manifesto," justifying his rebellion against Virginia Governor Berkeley in 7676
We cannot in our hearts find one single spot of rebellion or treason or that we have in any manner
aimed at subverting the settled government. . . . All people in all places where we have yet been can
attest our civil, quiJt, peaceablelehavior far different from that of rebellion. . . . Let truth be bold
and ail the world know the real foundations of pretended guilt. . . . Let us trace . . . [the] men in
authority and favor to whose hands the dispenJation of the countr[y's] wealth has been committed.
Let us observe the sudden rise of their estates . . . [compared] with the quality in which they first
entered this country. Let us consider their sudden advancement. And iet us also consider whether
any public work for our safety and defense or for the advancement and propagation of trade, liberal
arts or sciencesis in any [way] adequate to our vast charge. Now let us comPare these things
together and see what ipor,g.r have sucked up the public treasure and whether it has not been
pJvately contrived u*iy by unworthy favorites and juggling parasites whose tottering fortunes
have been repaired and supported at the public charge.
END OF 1993DBQ DOCUMENTS
t3
7993
Notes.for Teuchers:
about
{lolonialhistorians
arevirtuallyunanirnous
regional
whicharose
almost
thesignificanl
differences
immediately
settlements
alongtheAtlanticseaboard
Englishstock.This
despite
theirinhabitants'common
"spectrum
describes
of settlement,"as
onehistorian
this
dominates
environmental
differentiation,
theorganizaof mostbasaltextbooks,
tionof thefirstlewchapters
mostoftencontrasting
NewEngland's"rocks
and
"sotweed
religion"with Southern
andslavery."
Middle
acldition
colonydiversity
isanoccasional
andnewer
textshavebegunto consider
aswell.This
theCaribbean
question
morefrom
s analytic
tension,
then,emanates
in development"of
thereasons
behindthis"difference
colonial
American
society
thanfromanysubstantive
historical
Put
disagreement
aboutthese
difierences.
another
relationwayto moreclearly
showhistorical
ships,
if theneteffecl
English
of seventeenth-century
colonization
in NewEngland
andtheChesapeake
was"twodistinctsocieties""what
werethecauses
of
thisdifference?
Thedocuments
have
beenchosen
to
andorganized
suggest
linesof causal
at leastthreepossible
argument:
themotives
andincentives
the
of theEnglish
settlers;
groups;
composition
of therespective
regional
andthe
formsof governance
in NorthAmerica.
theyestablished
Consistent
withthequestion,
thedocuments
suggest
l<ey
diflerences
in eachof these
threeareas
between
NewEngland
andChesapeake
society.
Forexample,
Winthrop's
vision
is"knit
o{'a"cityona hill"which
"brotherly
together"
lvith
in Docurnent
affection"
A
contrasts
withJohnSmith's
sharply
Document
F recollectiottsof shipboard
scuflles,"brawls
. . . disgustful"and
the'"\.vorst
among
us. . . thegoldseel<ers."
lmmigrants
to NewEngland
in i635(Docurnent
B)
wereprimariiyyoungtarnllies
withchildren
andservants.
Therewerenearly
asnianywomen
aslnen,2trversus
22,
andf.hepartyincluded
skilledcraftsmen
andl-armers.
A Virginiaship's
year(Document
listin thesame
C)
reporlssixtime:;asrranylnenaswomenwitirlittle
evidence
of'anyrelationships
amongthem.Therelative
stabilityo1'thenuclear
familyanclitsorderiiig
influence
suggests
averydiflbrent
NewEngland
society
thanthe
Virginiapopulated
in thisexample
byyoungsingles.
FIalfof thedocuments
address
thepoliticalorganizationandpolicies
0f thecolonies
in question.
I'iew
t4
(Docuntents
anclenfbrce
l) andE) covenant
Englanders
to
access
withuniversal
a strongsense
of comrnunity
prices,
regulated
by
a
property
and
all
andfairwages
eyeof God.Virginiais
underthewatchful
civilcompact
their"servants"and
into"menof estates"and
stratified
"freemen"(Document
Governor
G), a socialcondition
in timeof crisis.
HisoppoBerkeley
laments
anddreads
Bacott,
attacks
thisTidenentanclnemesis.
Nathaniel
"LtnworH as"sponges,"
in Document
wateraristocracy
thyfavorites,"
and"jugglingparasites."
DBQ,
I short-format
Consistent
withthepost-l98
mucheviclence
hasalsobeenomittedwirichwould
thenotives,
demography',
introcluce
beyond
otherfactors
Thereis no mentioti,
above.
anclgovenlance
discussed
naturalenvironmostglaringly,
of theNorthAmerican
by
mentandthedifferences
of lifeandliftstyledictated
geographl'and
particularly
theevolution
resources,
of
indentured
regional
servitude
economies.
Consequently,
cash-cropping
andslavery
asanoutgrowth
of Southern
bythedocuments
andrnonoculture
arenotsuggested
perse.Aspotential
thenewcitizens
or actualcolonists,
from
originally
of NewEngland
andtheChesapeake.
England,
werealsosubject
to theturnsof European
particularly
history,
of Parliament
by
thedissolution
I, theEnglish
andtheStuartRestoraCharles
CivilWar,
tionof 1660.
The1993question
isoneof thechronological
thel9BBexam's
atoniic
bookends
of theDBQsequence;
bombquestion
is theother- extending
thecoverage
fromtheseventeenth
colonies
to theoriginsof
century
ashistoryhasmoved
inexorably
theColdWar.However,
forward,moreandmoreteachers
havebeenopting
course$
to begintheirsurvey
at laterandlaterdates
to maximize
coverage.
Forexample,
onepopular
approach
hasbeento startat ll63, immediately
after
Years
theSeven
War,andthenmoveright on to the
American
ltevolution.
But,rviththisquestion
English
abouttheearliest
(in tireschool
yearof theColurnbian
settlement
theDevelopnrent
Committee
appears
Quincentennial),
to bereminding
teachers
everywhere
thattheemergent
patterns
historyarecentralto a full
of earlycolonial
understanding
historythat
of muchof lJnitedStates
followed particularly
thoseoriginairegional
differences
whichcontributed
to a NortliAmerican
civiiwar
twocenturies
later.
STANDARDS
1993DBQSCORNG
on thequestron.
wellwritten,andfocused
weilorganized,,
13-15l. Strongthesisclearlydeveloped;
)
L .
required.
balance
of bothsections,
in development
of thediflerence
explanation
andsubtle
Detailed
1'l
number
of documents.
useof substantial
Sophisticated
A
information.
relevant
outside
Substantial
errors.
Mayhaveinsignificant
organized
andwritten.
thesis;
clearly
developed
tr0-1?l. Consistent,
acceptable.
someimbalance
in development
of bothsectious,
of thediflference
/-. Clearexplanation
,l
.a
J.
documents.
Effective
useof several
'A
1.
information.
relevant
outside
Considerable
\
J.
Mayhaveminorerrors.
andwriting.
organization
acceptable
thesis,
1^9 l. Partiallydeveloped
1 . Explanation
which
or anessay
imbalance
acceptable;
in development
of bothsections,
of thedifference
,/-
bothsections.
describes
I
ljsessomedocuments.
/,| Some
inforrnation.
relevant
outside
-t.
not major.
5 Maycontainerrors,usually
andwriting.
thesis;
weakorganrzation
and/orpoorlydeveloped
4-6 l. Confused
whichmaycoveronlyonesection.
essay
2. A descriptive
mayonlybrieflyciteor quotedocuments.
useof docurnents,
3. ineffective
A
I
or irrelevant.
whichis inaccurate
information
or infbrmation
Littleoutside
Maycontainrnajorerrors.
poorlywritten.
disorganized,
1-3 l. No thesis;
of thequestion.
Littleunderstanding
"|
J.
or nouseof documents.
Poor,conf'used,
information.
or nooutside
4 . lnappropriate
errors.bothmaiorandminor.
5. Numerous
i
t5