CHAPTER 11
PERSONALITY DEFINITION
• PERSONALITY =An Individual’s UNIQUE PATTERN of
THOUGHTS, FEELINGS & BEHAVIORS that persist over
time and across situations
– Unique Differences
– Stable & Enduring
PERSONALITY THEORIES
• Psychodynamic Theories
– Psychological forces that interact within the individual-outside of
conscious awareness
– Freud, Horney, Jung, Adler, Erikson
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
• Central “themes” :
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Unconscious
Emotions, Motivations & Thoughts operate together
Childhood formation, early childhood experiences
Self representation guides our relationship with others
Regulate sexual & aggressive feelings and socially interdependent
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
• SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
– Psychoanalytic Theory
– Psychoanalysis
• Structure
– Id, Ego, Superego
• Libido - energy generated by the sexual instinct
SIGMUND FREUD
• PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Fixations
– Oral Stage (birth to 18 mo.)
– Anal Stage (18 mo. - 31/2 yrs.)
– Phallic Stage (3 yrs +)
• Oedipus Complex for males
• Electra Complex for females
– Latency Period (5/6 yrs. - 12/13 yrs.)
– Genital Stage (12/13 yrs. +)
CARL JUNG
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Analytic Psychology
Libido is generated by ALL life forces
Personal vs. Collective Unconscious
Archetype = thought forms common to all humans, part of the
collective unconscious
• Introverts or Extroverts; internal or external
• Rational vs. Irrational Individuals
• Myers Brigs Test of Personality
ALFRED ADLER
• Inferiority Complex
• Man can master his own fate
• Considered father of Humanistic Psychology
KAREN HORNEY
• Considered that Freud overemphasized the sex drive
• Anxiety = strong motivating force
• Neurotic Trends;
– submission
– aggression
– detachment
ERIK ERIKSON
• Studied with Freud in Vienna
• Stages of Development
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Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame & doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
Identity vs. role confusion
Intimacy vs. isolation
Generativity vs. stagnation
Integrity vs. despair
HUMANISTIC THEORIES
• Humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher
levels of functioning
• CARL ROGERS
– Actualizing tendency = to become what we are inherently capable of
– Self-actualizing tendency = to fulfill our self-concept or our self image
– Fully functioning person = self concept resembles inborn capacities
• Unconditional & conditional Positive Regard
TRAIT THEORIES
• Differences between people on specific traits; such as,
depencency, anxiety, aggressiveness
• Gordon Allport - dispositions
• Raymond Cattell - factor analysis
TRAIT THEORIES
• THE BIG FIVE
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extroversion
agreeableness
conscientiousness
emotional stability
culture
• A lot of research support
COGNITIVE-SOCIAL LEARNING
THEORIES
• Albert Bandura = we evaluate situations according to internal
expectancies
• Rotter = Locus of Control
– internal or external---reinforcers
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
• Personal Interview
– structured or unstructured
• Observation
– direct observation; does knowledge of observation change the person’s
behavior?
• Objective Test---yes/no responses
– Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
– NEO-PI-R--related to Big Five concept
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
• Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)
– good validity scale
• PROJECTIVE TEST
• Rorschach Test
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)`12