The
Underwood-Simmons
Democratic
A
Colossal
to
Labor,
As
and
Failure
Has
Industry
Been
"Tariff
from
An
Most
and
All
for
Tariff
Agriculture,
Legislation for
Revenue
1789
Only"
1913
to
Address
FREDERIC
Disastrous
by
E.
KIP
of
Montclair,
New
Jersey
Bill
"
""
yJ
UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS
DEMOCRATIC
THE
BILL
TARIFF
MOST
DISASTROUS
AGRICULTURE.
AND
by Frederic
Address
-FAltU RE AMD,
TRY
INDUSLABOR,
A COLOSSAL"
TO
/ "'.
Kip, of Montclair, N. J.
E.
(excludingthe }012
high water mark of prosperity
and High
arisingfrom the great European war
prosperity
months
few
after
here
orders rushed
a
the huge war
the declaration of hostilities)
judged by the remunerain industry and agrition to labor, and the returns
culture,
The
;
Labor
was
reached in 1911 and 1912.
the
California
at
from
Maine
to
highest
fullyemployed
States
to the
in
the
United
ever
previous
paid
wages
ditions
declaration of the present European war, and the conmore
of industryand agriculture
were
ous
prosperindustrial
reached in our
than at any periodever
and agricultural
development. At a manufacturers'
in
the
city of Bridgeport, Connecticut, in
meeting
of manufacturers
and merchants
October, 1912, a number
in
all
that
and
voiced
the
never
opinion
spoke
of
their previousexperience,the experienceof some
"
was
"
ranging through
them
ever
known
weeks
away,
forty years,
some
"
had
they
election,then only two
presidential
v/hen business was
so
generallygood all
a
the country.
cratic
The
election of November,
1912, put the Demolative
party in full control of the executive and legisfunctions of our
government, and shortlyafter
called a special
Wilson
March
4th, 1913, President
the
session of Congress to consider
framing of a new
tariffbill. When
Congress convened and the general
public obtained an inkling of the character of the
after,
tariff bill that would be enacted, immediately thereof
the
business
like a bitingfrost over
night,
this country in all lines of industry restricted itself
mark
possibleand the high water
by every means
in industry,commenced
of 1912, of prosperity
rapidly
ment
curtailin
to recede, resulting
constantlyincreasing
ployment
of business,closingof factories and loss of emOctober
for labor.
1913,
3rd,
on
Finally,
tariffbill was
the Underwood-Simmons
passed. Now
that all the Democratic
at last the country knew
form
platdisturb
to
labor,
and campaign promises not
fakes
and
business
were
or
simply
industry,
legitimate
over
"
evidentlymade
now
an
lowest
to
be broken, because
actual law,
duty
rates
grantingto
ever
heard
here
was
by
foreigners
of in the United
3
bM623
a
bill,
far the
States.
Point
Passage ofJ
Underwood
:
"
Tariffand
result of this half
fre'e-tVadetariff bill was
immediately felt in every city,
of
and
hamlet
factories
town
our
Many
country.
labor walked
the streets
closed completely and honest
thousands
thousands,
vainly searching for
by
upon
After its
"
'
the
passage
disastrous
'
Immediate
Recession
Pf
Prosperity
employment.
Just get
the
From
after
of the Underwood
passage
disaster
and ruin were
1913)
and
agony
will
by
Disaster,
and
Ruin
Agony
following fact well in
great prosperity of 1912, within
the
the
people.
our
upon
The
mind
.your
six months
:
tariff bill (October,
industries
our
upon
following examples
wrought
of the disaster
idea of the extent
give
this "half free-trade" tariff bill:
an
Soup kitchens to help feed the unemployed were
opened up, through charity,in all of the large cities,
York, Chicago, Cleveland,
including the cities of New
Los Angeles, etc., and the mayor
York
of New
City,
for and
in a public appeal, asked
implored that there
be
formed
of prominent
immediately a committee
citizens to obtain
relief for unemployed
and
starving
workers
and their families in New
York
City. It was
"
estimated
of
out
were
to
that
450,000
between
employment
mention
at
all those
in New
who
500,000 workers
York
City alone, not
and
were
working
on
short
time.
In
York
New
of
winter
the
City Morgue
history of New
Opened
at
York
1914, for the
first time
City, the
in the
opened up
morgue
of the city officials,
order
as
a
night
lodging
by
Place to
for the unemployed
who
had
to sleep.
no
place
place
Sleep
who
workmen,
Just think of it, honest, industrious
before had had steady employment, with full
one
year
and
home
of work
out
by the
pay envelopes, thrown
tariff fallacyof "Tariff for revenue
Democratic
only,"
and compelled, in order to keep themselves
ing,
from freezin
the house
the morgue,
of the unto sleep
or
known
as
a
This
dead.
awful
a
destitution
department
4,000,000
Workmen
( February,
Unemployed, States.
Loss of
loss of
Wages
$10,000,000
Per Day
our
portrays
unemployed
most
vividlythe
workers.
opened by the United
as
an
employment
States
Also,
ernment
Gov-
Mr.
agency.
and
other
that aplabor
leaders
estimated
proximat
then
four million (4,000,000)persons
were
to
Gompers
was
action
of
was
act
1914) out of employment in the United
together with short time, resulted in
This,
dollars
($10,000,000)
three
($3,000,000,000)dollars per
per day or
ness
in
low
resulting
purchasing power, poor busiannum,
and
the well known
"bad
times"
of that period,
which extended
of the European war.
to the outbreak
wages
"
alone
of ten
billion
million
contention
Democratic
The
bill did
Underwood
not
that
protect
the
was
fully realized.
bill
the
When
inquiryof
made
this
Senator
of the
(the framer
the
Senate, the
of Connecticut,
McLean,
North
of
Carolina
Simmons,
Senate), which
bill in the
elicited
reply:
"I do
here
We
know, Mr.
not
difference
the
abroad.
in
and
have
A
from
of
cost
I have
been
not
in labor
here
cost
and
the
ence
differ-
abroad, because
Senator
Simmons
a
emphatic
more
the
we
on
Labor by tin
Democratic
Party
of
statement
party
:
Senator
from
Connecticut
is talking
about protection. He says : 'One givesadequate
protectionand the other *does not give adequate
protection.' I have stated to the Senator that
in the duties
not tryingto giveprotection
were
here."
imports
Truly, the
bill did
American
industry nor
invited
imports,
only
of
deluge
imports ever
States
for
a
not
protect
American
but
American
labor,
agriculture. It
in
resulted
in the
known
similar period.
the
not
greatest
history of
the
of comparison of imports
for the fiscal years 1911 to 1916 inclusive,show
at a
that
the
three
for
the
glance
imports
ending
years
June 30th, 1914, 1915 and 1916 under the Underwoodthe imports under
the
Simmons
bill,increased over
bill
three
for
the
Republican Payne
previous
years
1913
of over
the terrific extent
to
1911, 1912 and
$772,000,000,as set forth in the following statistics:
followingstatistics
OF
COMPARISON
For
(a)
Betrayalof
we
further
"Now,
The
balance
trying to
positionof the Democratic
United
President,what is the
producing this article
not
investigatedthat.
tryingto make a protectivebill."
provoked
inquiryfrom Senator McLean
not
were
the
in
pending
was
Republican Senator, Mr.
i months
IMPORTS
fiscal years
1911 to 1916
General
Imports.
of Payne;
9 months
of
Underwood.
5
inclusive.
Terrific
Increase of
Imports
Under
Underwood
Tariff
Summary
Payne,
Underwood, 3 years
Increase of importations
under
3 years
$4,993,499,273
5,765,978,907
the
Underwood
Tariff
Bill of
$772,479,634
Tremendous
increase
of
importations of
merchandise,
notwithstanding the
complete cessation of shipments
from
Great
in
Decrease
in
with
Germany,
Central Powers
that
of
in the
mind
your
the
significantfact
Austria, Turkey, Bulgaria and
all the
exporting
not
a
dollar's
worth
last two
States,
years, into the United
Britain's prevention thereof by her
Great
control
of the sea, the importations into the United
States for the fiscal years ending June 30th, 1914, 1915,
and
1916
of 1911, 1912
increased
above
those
and
1913
but
collected
the duties
$772,000,000,
by over
goods,
standing
the
owing
Notwith-
Powers.
retain
Kindly
Customs
Receipts,
Central
the
to
Tremendous
Increase
in
Imparls
during the same
$230,000,000,as
of over
period fell off to the extent
the
statistics.
following
by
shown
Customs
Receipts
Payne-Aldrich
Underwood-Simmons
Fiscal
Year
Receipts
1914
1912
311,321,672
1915
209,786,672
1913
318,891,396
1916
211,866,223
months
of
Payne;
9 months
failure
$713,972,910
Total
of Underwood.
of Customs
Receipts
$944,710,139
Payne, 3 years
Underwood, 3 years
in receiptsby
Decrease
nderwood
....
$944,710,139
Summary
Complete
Receipts
(a)$292,320,015
$314,497,071
(a) J
Tariff o
Customs
Year
1911
Total
I
Fiscal
Customs
713,972,910
Underwood
Bill
$230,737,229
These
the
figuresalone, without any other facts,prove
Underwoodcomplete failure of the Democratic
Simmons
tariff bill.
proof
on
every
labor, for industry and
The
the
on
admissions
their face
proof
side
for
of the
Secretaryof the
ditional
adis,however, abundant
of its utter
failure,for
There
agriculture.
Democratic
Treasury
of the
in
President
bill's complete failure.
Secretary of the Treasury on
appealed to Congress for what
and
September, 1914, are
The
September 21st, 1914,
he
called
a
"War
add
Act," which, it was
estimated, would
the Underwood
000,000 to the receiptsunder
enue
Rev-
$100,Bill.
The
J
r
given by
reason
for resortingto
"that it was
due solelyto
crats
October,
1913,
"\
/"time
1914, the
was
the
to
increased, as
{ failure of
and
the
Demoact
revenue
was
the
of
as
a matter
tions,"when
and
tremendously increased,
of
"
President Wilson
this emergency
fallingoff of importafact the importations had
even
in the
very
month
of
ber,
Octoimportations over
over
$5,000,000;furthermore, from that
present the importations have terrifically
shown
previouslyherein. The complete
excess
Underwood
tariff to provide revenue
is
due
solely to the fact that the duties therein are
entirelytoo low, far the lowest on record in the
historyof the United States, the average
duty rates
for June, 1916, being only a trifle over
8 per cent.
The monthly duty rates, under
the Underwood
tariff,
for the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1916, have been
follows :
as
the
"
1915.
Per
cent.
July
10.04
Underwood
August
11.10
TariffRates
September
9.85
11.65
10.75
9.45
October
November
December
1916.
January
February
8.49
9.92
March
April
May
9.79
8.69
-
8.81
June
Or
If
Note.
8.09
for the year of
duty had not been
sugar
the
would
rate
be
restored,
now
9.72%
about
7.32%
an
average
.
.
.
.
the
The
Underwood
Bill as passed provided that sugar
cratic
Demoentirelyfree, beginning May 1st, 1916. The
then in most
party was
desperate straits for funds, due to
lack of customs
ever,
receipts. Shortly before this date arrived,howwas
legislation
passed cancellingthis provision of the law.
should
"
be
When
the European war
is over
be
(as it must
in 1917),and Germany, Austria,Turkey and the other
Central Powers
resume
production and shipments to
this
country
(now
tariff law remains
on
in importationsmust
prohibited), if the
our
amount
statute
to
Underwood
books, the increase
at least double
the
the
Our
Lowest
in
History
and
in all
importations labor
necessity be affected most
terrific
such
With
of
industries must
above.
of honest
thousands
mentally
detri-
will have
the influx
workmen
employment unsuccessfully,due to
tariff rate of a trifle
of imported goods at an average
wish
I
which
emphatically to affirm is
over
8%,
today lower than the tariff rate of any large nation
than
of Europe, namely, lower
France, Germany,
"free-trade"
England.
Russia, Italy,or even
seek
to
2%
Our
wages
in the best
Disaster,
Ruin
and
Agony After
the European
War
is Over
parts of
paid
those
3 times
to
Europe.
States are 2l/zto 3 times
in the United
wages
10 to 15
those paid in the best parts of Europe, and
The
the
in
Orient.
times as high as the wages
paid
if
only be maintained
higher wages
paid here can
The
the difference
is
the labor cost here and abroad
tariff. Certainlyand most
phatically
em-
between
compensated by
an
a
tariff rate, for
average
the
last
ending June 30th, 1916, of 9.72%, which
year
than
of
fiscal
is lower
pensate
comtoday, cannot
higherin this country.
this tariff bill is changed, when
and the influx of importationsis still
the war
is over
extent
further increased
known
to an
unprecedented and unthese
of
before
in our
a
history,
necessity
domestic
similar
must
articles
displace
imported
tariff rate
any
for wages
Inevitably,unless
of which
thousands, yes
and
"
of
these
States, in the
United
in the
employed,
now
are
numbers
"
here
articles made
Europe
3 times
2l/2to
workmen
millions
of a
will be
of
our
facture
manu-
men
work-
necessity great
thrown
of
out
to
employment, creating chaos, disaster and agony
United
of
the
a
nd
all
the
people
industry,agriculture
States.
International
Merchant
and Manu-
I
am
owning
the
an
Germany
manufacturer
States.
and
merchant,
France, England and
therefore, well acquainted
operatingmills
I am,
in
of wages
paid in France, England,
and
I
wish
to strongly emphasize
Italy,
with the higher wages
here, unless the
amount
and
fact that
Underwood
are
international
and
United
with
the
facturer
the
(
tariff rates
materiallyincreased
of 8% to
of the averages
before
the European war
10%
is
her productivepower
as
Europe just as soon
will
full
swing,
simply inundate us with
gets
heard
merchandise
extent
of
to an
simply unimportations
of before, and in my
opinionlabor and industry
over,
under
will
suffer
to
an
previous period
extent
of United
far, far greater than
States
8
history.
in any
financial
Our
after
the
.
seen
not
two
1916
increased
000.
the
When
Central
Powers
suppose
lowest
that
in
The
be
the
world's
in
8%
in
for
of the
eight
remains
on
States
of
an
ruin
to
States
to
will
the
greatest
our
workmen
be
and
industries
and
far
so
all
greater
following
created
the
commerce
and
facts
for
will
the
industry
show
sole
of
the
over
duties
no
usual
un-
of
domination
the
tente
Ennation
domi-
industrial
tariff with
if
influx
still
it
United
the
make
of
imports
millions
throw
and
aster
dis-
the
and
agriculture
the
the
any
the
previous
in
son
compari-
Europe's
purpose
the
entire
of
people
than
of
former
titanic
binations,
com-
dominating
world.
Titanic
European
Combination
of Nations;
for
the
Industrial
remarkable
and
that
trade
depression
period of semi-free
like a gentle zephyr
experiences will seem
with
full-fledged tornado.
a
The
to
is over,
war
the
necessity, will
of employment,
of
out
our
will
War
amount.
duties,
average
books,
for
prey
which,
distress
United
cent,
per
workmen
honest
and
the
our
and
the
Great
the
of
were
the
of
Conditions
After
(the
being
Underwood
trade, the
statute
easy
known,
ever
nine
the
Powers
Central
commercial
the
world's
to
for
view
in
of
its average
if there
Europe
industry,
by the
instead
when
even
but
made
Allies
its
tariff bill,with
Economic
and
rates
years
double
that
(June, 1916),
combinations
tariff
three
be
and
1911,
$772,000,-
production
only reasonable
is
Financial
years
over
history)
detrimental
most
alliances
it
our
1915
the
Underwood
importations for
it will probably
over
must
and
over
the
of this
of
extent
resumed
is
results
little
is
known
$772,000,000
of
Our
practically
in the
goods
1914,
years
the
previous
terrific
under
ever
increase
those
war
of
worth
fiscal
the
the
to
Powers
Central
the
dollar's
a
above
1913
1912, and
of
all
(with
shipping
years) for
last
a
that
also
table
that
the
foregoing
little
June, 1916, was
a
the
duty for the entire
average
30, 1916, was
June
only 9.72%
into
that
the
the
importations
of
month
States
United
of
the
ending
year
have
We
for
and
8%,
over
the
from
seen
duty
average
fiscal
War.
have
We
conditions
economic
and
Great
Supremacy
of the World
THE
GREAT
GERMANY"
OPPOSING
Efforts
FORCES.
for industrial
supremacy.
From
the best information
obtainable at this time
Foreign it
the representatives
that
25,
on
1916,
January
appears
Nations in
the
of
Central Powers
garia
Germany, Austria and BulTwo
met
to appoint a
Commission
at Dresden
Separateand
to
Controlling work out an agreement which, according to the official
Combinadeclaration of the allied powers
at Paris, on
June 22,
for
has
the
for
its
evident
of
establishment
1916,
object
Industrial
and
the
and
the
markets
their domination
over
production
Commercial
of the whole
world
and to impose upon
the other
Domination
countries
an
unacceptablehegemony.
the JP orld
In i/vp.Great
"
"
tions
of
ENTENTE
ALLIES"
Efforts for
industrial supremacy.
To meet
this declaration of a renewed
world-wide
trade war,
of the allied powers
held
a conference
was
March
and
the
at Paris on
convention
of
a
28, 1916,
of Great Britain,France, Belgium,Jarepresentatives
pan,
Russia
and
ized.
authorwas
Servia,
Portugal,
Italy
This
resulted in a convention
held
which
was
of the convenat Paris,July 14 to 17, 1916, and a copy
tion's
be found
in the Appendix A,
can
agreement
57 of this article.
page
I would
like to call your specialattention to the
industrial equipment and possessionsof the contending
industrial giants and
of the principal
to
some
points contained in the agreement arrived at by the
Convention
at Paris, July 14-17,1916, so
that we
can
the
confront
understand
condition
which
must
clearly
the United
the European war
States when
is over, a
situation which would be bad enough with an ordinary
but which
becomes
tariff,
absolutelyimpossible under
the Democratic
Underwood
low tariff with its average
duties of 8% to 9%.
First"
THE
i
Central
I 'on
ers
CENTRAL
ONE
POWERS
ON
HAND
(Germany,
Bulgaria,Turkey).
tria,
Aus-
be about
the raw
material
essential to the
160,000,000.
many
Gerworld's domination, aside from
iron, of which
is the second
these
are
largestproducer,
powers
utilization of bydistinctlylacking. In efficiency,
produc
technical education of her people, intensive
agriculture,co-ordination of industries at home, and
Their
population,includingTurkey, will
In
scientific
abroad, Germany
sellingorganizations
the world.
10
leads
Second"
THE
ENTENTE
ALLIES
OTHER
ON
(Great
HAND
ain,
Brit-
France, Belgium, Japan, Portugal,
Servia, Italyand
The
Russia).
allies with
000,000 people.
control
the
their colonies number
They
essential
Powers
about
1,100,-'
"
'
even
world's
monopolize or practically
tral
products which the Cen-
lack.
Namely, they control coal, iron,
tin, nickel, platina,the metallic alloys,
manganese,
aluminum, wool, jute,hemp, flax, silk and rubber.
Russia
has the largest reserve
in
supply of lumber
the world, and
and
India
Russia
are
Egypt,
rapidly
increasingtheir growth of cotton.
They mine 150
times as much
and pracgold as the Central Powers
tically
three-quartersof the world's production, and
boldly proclaim their complete control of the seas.
These
the
are
Six-tenths
the
the
other
opposing forces.
of the world
against one-tenth and
with
three-tenths neutral
voice in
no
matter.
if the press reports are
And
correct, the request of
the
France
that
United
States might be admitted
to
the convention
of the allies was
refused by Great
Britain.
This great combination,by far the greatest the world
has ever
known
dreamed
wield a teror
ever
of, must
rific
and
it
be
not
aimed at neualthough
tral
power,
may
the commercial
ruin
countries, it certainly
means
*
of some
and a bitter industrial war
with others.
The
provides for jointaction during the
reconstruction
period,and for permanent
of mutual
assistance thereafter. A few quotations
from the agreements
will be most
illuminating:
agreement
for the
war,
measures
"To
for themselves
conserve
natural
own
resources"
activities
economic
and
the
to
"to develop their own
end of assuring
their
independence
both
and
financial,commercial
in their
in
before all others their
regard
to
sources
and
organization."
This, undoubtedly,they have a rightto
do not transgress the rightsof neutrals, but
declare that they will
"devise
Powers
their
and
which
measures
will prevent
from
own
of supply
maritime
do if
when
the Central
within
exercisingin time of peace,
territories,the industries and
which
economic
concern
their
own
independence"
11
they
they
national
sions
profesdefense
?/'"
they thereby declare
the trade
of the
every
commercial
and
Warfare
for the
Industrial
Domination
of the World
upon
Full notice
world
power
relations
to
dominate
and to
purposes,
surrender
their own
with other powers
on
own
to
which
any
nations
two
may
served
has, therefore,been
upon
all the
by eightsovereignnations, bound
together by
sealed
and
on
one
side, and by
signed
agreements,
three nations on
the other side, that they propose
to
fan into life again the flame which
set all of Europe
fire two
to start
on
again (only with
years ago and
tion)
greater determination, and with far greater organizacommercial
In
in Europe
and Talent
in the U, S.
for their
conditions
of the
Talent
intention
own
for themselves.
agree
Commercial
world
neutral
compel
right to
terms
their
for
the
industrial
tion
domina-
of these
existing conditions it might be
to look into the compocertainlyprofitable,
sition
view
well, and
warfare
world.
of the
individuals
of the
that
different nations
for
industrial
titanic
combinations
premacy
suup
them
with
and compare
the talent of the
Democratic
Party, opposed thereto in the United
make
these
States.
Merchants
and
business
in
and
of
charge
supervisionof Europe.
in
politics
governmental
men
In England the men
of great business capacityare
invited
the
become
Members
of
to
by
government
European
GovernParliament
that
successful
business
when
so
a
man,
he reaches 50 to 55, gives to his government
ten
to
Politics
of
his
for
life
The
service.
quence
consetwenty years more
is that England, by this method, has become
the greatest commercial
nation in the whole
world.
who
knows
all
about
at
Everyone
nomics
ecoanything
knows
that the prosperity of a nation is a
pendent
thing of careful and delicate adjustment a thing deof
them
subtle,
conditions, some
upon
many
and that it is only
remote, and all closelyinterrelated
to get the best results
possible for any government
houses
along this line by having in their legislative
BusinessMen
in
ments'
"
"
men
and
of
experiencein business, economics, industry,
of these
in
England are
in business ways.
knighted merely for their success
Again, in France, they go through the same
process,
of the Legion
members
only there they are known
as
of Honor.
ods
methAgain, in Germany exactly the same
and
successful
business
the
are
man
employed,
the
known
There
sought by
they are
government.
as
commerce.
Many
"Commercienrath."
12
men
So we
have seen
that we
will have, after the war,
of nations or trusts
that the
the greatest combination
dreamed
known
has ever
world
or
of, formed and
ever
of the rebusiness
the
men
spective
organized by
greatest
countries, all operating for the sole purpose
domination
of commercial
Again,
have
we
in England,
particularly
that
seen
Germany the experienced business man
and placed in the
by the government
and
France
is
of the world.
after
sought
high seat of honor
abilityworking for
have
What
in order
get his constructive
to
the benefit of the
in the United
we
people.
cratic
Demo-
States, under
Democratic
Talent
legislationand statesmanship, to offset these
does
the personnel
gigantic combinations, and how
and
talent
those
of the Democratic
of the
European
of the Hon.
Martin
with
statesmen
compare
I quote from a
in the House
of
nations?
B. Madden
speech
Representatives,
January 7, 1915.
Clayton
Mr.
was
anti-trust
bill and
who
framed
Madden,
in
provisions
and
that
functions.
or
this
referringto
drawn
illogically
so
gressmen
Con-
the
it.
no
illuminatingspeech
understood
man
winds
He
bill,said that it
up
this
on
a
its
esting
inter-
most
lows
fol-
subjectas
:
"You
have
passed legislationto regulate the
of the ten
conduct
in which
in which
line,not
on
different kinds
of business
not
a
a
of Mason
north
man
Democrat,
the committee
and
allowed
was
Dixon's
have
into chaos
he
more
any
by
what
the
should
legislation
the business
thrown
this
legislation.No
is to be affected
the
to disturb
Democratic
Talent
to
engineered
through
is
business
living in that section, whose
make
to
were
an
given
raising,
opportunity
"You
Madden's
serve
drafted the legislation
and
None
but men
the House.
that
it
to
man
people are engaged, Description
vested,
$250,000,000,000of capitalinof Our
have
even
as
Congress-
the American
they
and
thousand
by
it.
The
business
which
legislation
has
been
cotton
a
gestion
sug-
be.
of the country
knows
man
Clayton
of the
country
considered
how
bill does
by
than
this
and
Congress during my recollection,
any
cial
yet it will be noted that the industrial and finanthe greatest development
interests of the North, where
or
other
along these
no
part in the
lines has
preparationof the
13
taken
place,had
which
legislation
vitallyaffects
these interests
of either the Democratic
so
that
;
sentative
Repre-
no
Republican
or
and
Dixon
line was
Party north of the Mason
permitted to assist in the preparationof the Clayton
anti-trust bill.
"The
of
section
the
representedin
country
Congress by men
having experience in business
and
understanding the country's business needs
was
ignored in the preparation of this bill,and
Sub-Committee
the
which
framed
Democrats
of the
JudiciaryCommittee
the bill consisted
of three
Floyd, of Yellville,Ark.,
"
400
Southern
of
town
a
foot of the Ozark
Mountains,
people
where
business
transaction
no
exceeding $1,000
has probably ever
been heard of; Clayton, of Euwhose most
faula,Ala., a town
important business
the
at
is conducted
and
by
a
who
man
sells hard
Carlin,of Alexandria, Va., a
Twain
eggs
Mark
which
;
the only finished city in the
'was
last nail having been driven in it,and
said
the
world,
the grass
Refusal
boiled
town
growing
was
establish
to
cost
"
on
its streets.'
for
system
plate works.
armor
The
Party in
very best brains of the Democratic
the United
States Senate and House
of Representatives
for the so-called
Plate Bill"
Armor
"Government
appropriating$11,000,000 for site and building of an
armor
plateplant. Of course, it will take $20,000,000
to
to $30,000,000 more
operate such a plant. The
voted
avowed
the
save
for
purpose
worth
government
while
find
to
money,
out
the
accept
the
and
exactly
both
However,
relative thereto.
and
to
establishingsuch
if
what
is to
be
it should
the facts are
a
so
plant
in the House
States Senate
following amendment
United
of
resentatives
Repclined
they deto
their
bill:
shall be
chartered
accountants
hibit
employed to open a set of books which shall exdirect and collateral,
every item of expense,
"That
expert
charged against the preparation of
the plant, the selection and purchase of a site,the
and equipment of the proposed plant,
construction
which
may
be
the cost per ton of the output
of the operationof the plant."
and
for each
month
of Representatives
and in the
Both in the House
voted
down
Senate
this
amendment
United States
was
that any
votes.
Everyone knows
solelyby Democratic
14
manufacturing
their
of
productionare
about
or
course
the
times
what
will
one
Democratic
ernment Methods
gov-
they
could
that Would
RUIN
Any
Business
Under'
ever
know
taking
refuse, while
be made, and if the
three
have
they
costs
will
this system and the extra
expense
from
the pockets of the people.
be deducted
it under
simply
of business
those pracimbecile methods
as
tised
and
gressmen
ConDemocratic
Senators
Democratic
our
further
without
argument, the
any
prove,
Such
by
of the
character
these
Yet
two
to
all, must
of
can
suppliesfor outside, no
their
buy
costs
at
But
States
United
allow
to
votes,
exist
costs.
proper
of the
have
to
concern,
and
costs
in
talents
the
are
in power
now
men
the
at
Washington.
Democratic
Party
have arrayed against the greatest combination
that we
and the greatest business and constructive brains the
If such
known.
to be continued
men
are
world has ever
dustry,
inresults
to
disastrous
the
our
in power
labor
and
are
easily imagined.
agriculture,
unless
the
of this
that
voters
It simply means
this,
the
return
country
and
executive
7th
the
Republican Party to full power
bodies of the country
legislative
November
next,
and
agriculture
to
hour
God
results
labor, industry,
to
astrous
our
people will be the most disdreamed
of. May God
has ever
seen
or
ever
all
that America
May
the
in
on
grant
our
voters
wisdom
in
this, the
of their need.
Our
Grant
I 'oters
II isdom
President of the
of America, considers
tariff bill a failure and
John Golden, General
Textile Workers
the Underwood
looks
is
with
over,
attendant
the v/ar
great alarm, when
greater imports with
upon
disastrous
results
to
labor.
in
tariff bill resulting
of the Underwood
in the history of
known
the lowest
tariff rates
ever
of any previous
rates
the United
the
far
below
States,
industrial
at all an
nation became
tariff bill since our
and agriculturalfactor, and lower
today than those
of Europe, together
of any
large commercial
power
in
fact that the wages
and admitted
with the known
in
the
obtained
and
3
those
times
America
are
2T/2
it is noteworthy what
of
sections
Europe,
best-paid
President
of the
General
labor, through John Golden,
which
of America
United Textile Workers
operates
States
in the entire textile industry of the United
the
has to say relative to the dumping of goods on
the
trous
disasand
is
when
the
American
war
market,
over,
labor.
effects of these imports on American
In view
"
"
15
John
Goldei
President,
Textile
Workers of
America
Sees Disaste
Ahead
j
followingstatistics
The
of each
dollars
with
of
the
branch
of
number
of
the
annual
in
output
of the textile
industry,together
people employed and the number
people dependent thereon,
is most
instructive:
Output and
Persons
Employed
in Textile
Industry
3,465,700 people directly dependent thereon
4
Labor's View
of the
Underwood
TariffRates
5 times that number
or
John Golden, certainlyis
whether
the
not
or
and
indirectly
dependentthereon.
in
position to
a
present
know
tariff,with
Underwood
in the
duty rates
history of
average
men,
workthis country, is so detrimental
to the American
the heading
and
therefore his remarks, under
its
"A
lowest
September "Protectionist,"are
writes of the necessityof proper
tection
proin all of the textile industries, viz. : cotton,
Taking
wool, silk,flax,jute,etc.
in the
the
woolen
but
he
past there
a
specialexample
placed
products
that
states
on
some
abnormal
no
of
tariffs,
says:
this is
"Nevertheless
of the
a
been
have
worsted
and
as
industry,he
worsted
and
woolen
doubt
most
Golden
Mr.
the
Industry,"in the
sideration.
worthy of con-
Tariff for the Textile
Protective
in the
is
(which
one
the
a
million
wool
the whole
suffer.
Nearly
rectly
a
people are employed diwoolen
age
industry,and taking an avereach
on
working
dependents
person
that
conservative
estimate),it means
people are directlydependent upon
of
of three
why
reason
be made
industry should
quarter
no
to
million
for their
manufacturers
means
of livelihood.
there are 600,000 wool growers
States.
"The
Report of the United States Tariff Board
for argument
in 1912 left no
room
regarding the
workers
of
wool
standard
paid to
higher
wages
"It is estimated
in the
United
16
the
about
judgment
greatest
industry,immediately after the
will be the opening of our
our
that
menace
under
textile fabrics, manufactured
all of
prevailing in
the
on
war
doors
side is over,
the
European
threatens
the
low
other
foreign
to
standards
countries, forcing
textile industries in this country a foreign
upon
competitionwith which it will be impossibleto cope."
the
Labor
Leaders
When
Claim
the War
is
Over, ifthe
Underwood
TariffRates
Are Still in
Force, it ivill
Kindly
Golden
that Mr.
note
will be impossible to cope." Also
with his great experiencehe knows
he
is
that
no
which
know
only
those
fact, any
In
tariff in the United
8%
little over
a
times
talking.
of the
"with
states
which
that
kindly note
the
sane
it
facts about
must
person
States that averages
with
here 2y2 to 3
wages
can
best-paid sections of Europe
to
9%
"
"
for the. great difference
between
be Impossible possibly compensate
the higher wages
paid here and the lower wages paid
for the U.S.
to
Cope with
abroad.
Europe
Therefore, the influx of tremendous
tions,
importais
the
is
when
war
simply inevitable,and
over,
tariff bill
Underwood-Simmons
the
tariff
rates
1917,
during
displacedby higher
results to labor, industry and
chaotic and disastrous
States will be such as have
United
in
the
agriculture
the Democratic
unless
is
before even
experiencein the
never
If It Is So
Clear Low
Tariffsare
Detrimental
If it is
benefit
Made
clear that
so
a
low
previous
tariff cannot
agriculture,
trous
possibleto place such disasthe Underwood-Simmons
tariff legislation
as
labor, industry,or
is it
why
for Us, Why
and
Are
approached by any
historyof our country.
been
How
tariff bill
They
on
our
ute
stat-
books?
Laws?
will say, if it is so clear that, with wages
than those of the
2y2 and 3 times higher in America
of 8% or 10%
low
tariff
best-paidparts of Europe, a
be disastrous
to
must
labor, industry and
average
is it that our
how
United
of
the
States,
agriculture
can
possiblybe so foolish as to place such
legislators
Underwooddisastrous tariff laws as the Democratic
its
tariff bill (with
Simmons
duty of 8.09% for
average
June, 1916, and an average of 9.72% for the entire fiscal
But,
year
have
The "Solid
South" and
Its Political
Faith
some
ending June 30, 1916)
on
our
statute
books?
I
tant
personallyanalyzedthis phase of this very imporendeavor
to
is
to
and
present
subject
purpose
my
will readily see,
that you
such
clear reasons
to you
faith in
unless the "solid South"
changes its political
ern,
it is impossiblefor the northof protection,
the matter
cratic
Demothe
vote
to
voters
the western, and eastern
and the country's
ticket and not have their own
best interest
severelydetrimented thereby.
18
Democratic
Early
Presidents
including Thomas
statesmen,
and
son,
Jeffer-
the great leader of the Democratic
strong protectionists.
Party, were
I
herewith
from
the present
notations
the records
of all the Presidents,
George Washington (electedin 1789) to
House, with the
occupant of the White
give you
to
as
faith and tariff views
political
faith
consequentlythe political
them:
the statesmen
surrounding
the
and
said Presidents
their cabinets and
Note.
Kindly note that every U.
President previous to 1836 was
strong protectionist.
Buren
Democrat
Martin Van
"
1836
of
of
S.
a
"Free Trade"
for
Tariff
revenue
only
1840
William
1844
James
rison
Har-
Henry
Polk
K.
Whig
Protectionist
Democrat
Free
for
1848
1852
Zachary Taylor
Whig
Franklin
Democrat
Pierce
James Buchanan
1860
Abraham
1864
1868
1872
Ulysses
Lincoln
Republican
revenue
tariff
only
Protectionist
Trade ;
Free
for
1856
Trade ;
revenue
tariff
only
Trade ; tariff
Free
for revenue
only
Protectionist
S. Grant
1876
Rutherford
1880
James
1884
Grover
B.
Hayes
Garfield
Cleveland
A.
Democrat
Tariff
for
revenue
only
Note.
"
House
so
1888
1892
and
no
Senate were
publican,
Redetrimental Democratic
was
legislation
Benjamin Harrison
Grover
Cleveland
passed.
Republican Protectionist
Democrat
Tariff
for
revenue
only
McKinley
1896
1900
William
1904
Theodore
Roosevelt
William H. Taft
Woodrow
Wilson
1908
1912
Republican Protectionist
Democrat
Tariff
only
19
for
revenue
All U. S.
Presidents
Previous
to
1836 Were
Protec-
32 Presidential elections or administra
Government
formed
in
was
the
You
from
1789.
will note
preceding table this
significantfact, that of the 32 Presidential terms,
There
have
been
since
tionists, 25
Including
and
Democratic
Presidents
only
As
7
will
for Revenue
Terms
to
our
Administrations
were
Protection
were
"Tariff for Revenue
be
seen
later, six of these
administrations
were
all our
people, and the only reason
trous
disasadministration
not
(1884-1888) was
because
both
the
and
House
of
Senate
other
was
Republican, thereby preventing
Representatives were
the
theories
of "Free-Trade"
from
being carried
Only"
"Tariff
for
highlydisastrous
Only"
industry and
the
"Free Trade."
only"or
and
"Tariff for Revenue
out.
the above Table of Presidents
the first
Buren, elected in 1836, was
President
Democratic
the doctrine of free
to espouse
and
that "Protection
is
trade, tariff-for-revenue-only
and
all
Presidents
that
Unconstitutional,"
preceding
tionists,
him, from Washington (1789), were
strong Protec-
It will be seen
that Martin
Van
from
including
founder
Democratic
to
"Tariff
Jefferson (1800),
the
democracy.
the causes
which
brought about
within
Democratic
the
complete change
Party,
strong protectionto "free trade" and "tariff for
In order
Party's the
Change from from
'Protection"
of
Thomas
revenue
to
show
only,"I give herewith, in
table
form,
a
record
of
different tariff bills,with notations opposite
for Revenue
Only" each as to the condition of the country thereunder
relative to prosperityand adversity,
from the earliest
tariffbill (1789)to the present tariff (1913):
the
20
OF
TABLE
The
Period
TARIFFS.
periods of depression are
and
date
Result
of
1789
Kind
After
winning our
independence thru
the
Revolutionary
War,
existed
we
as
of
as
this period we
"free
had
absolute
far as
trade," as
onies
the Union
of Colwas
tariff Specificand
First
bill,July 4,
1789.
idle. Debt and
everywhere.
condition
cerned.
con-
ad
was
reasons
the Union
ing
DurColonies.
known
States.
ers
Exceedinglydisastrous. Labor-
Confederacy
a
lorem
va-
rates.
(U.S.
Government
formed in
ink.
Industry, Agriculthe people of the
on
United
of Tariff.
in red
and
ture
Tariff Law.
1783 to
shown
by
George
ruin
This
one
on
hand
deplorable
of the principal
for the call made
Washington
upon
States for a Commercial
Conference
which
led to the
adoption of the Constitution
and the formation of the Government
of the United
States
in 1787 and 1789.
the
This, the first U. S. Protective
Tariff Act, was
introduced by
James Madison, a Democrat,
who
later
became
President,
signed by George
President.
then
Washington,
and
1789.)
was
beneficial effects of this
in
first tariff were
at once
seen
made
the industrial progress
The
in both
of
the
factures,
agricultureand manuin spite of attempts
Mother
Country to
crush out the infant
of the States.
Aug. 10,1790
Specificand ad
industries
lorem
va-
rates.
Mar.
May
June
fected
only af"spirits"
ties. These
for
tariff bills were
paying specificdustrengthening specificarticles,
and did not materially change
lorem
2,1792 Specificand ad vathe general results, except by
rates.
increase
of rates
on
specific
lorem
7,1794 Specificand ad va-
3,1791 This
act
articles.
rates.
Jan. 29,1795
Mar.
affected
only a few articles
paying specificand
rates.
ad valorem
This
act
3,1797 This
act
affected
only a few articles
paying specificand
ad
July
8,1797
a
May
13, 1800
valorem
rates.
fected
only afsalt,paying
specificduty.
This
This
act
act
affected
only a few articles
paying specificand
ad
valorem
rates.
21
Principal
Tariffsfrom
1789 to 1913,
and Their
Results
Result
Period and
date of
Kind
TariffLaw.
Mar. 26, 1804
Industry, Agriculture
on
and
United
of Tariff.
the
people of
the
States.
This act, commonly
"Meditercalled ranean
posing
im-
fund,"
additional
an
in
2 "2%
of
duty
ties
addition to the du-
imposed
then
by law.
Mar. 27,1804
This
affected
act
only
a
articles
few
rates.
payingspecific
July 1,1812
This
act
imposed
double duties known
"war duties."
as
Nearly all importations ceased,
of that
partly due to the war
and
period. Rapid progress
in all lines
advance
made
was
of industry. In spite of the
hard times and stress upon
our
made
by
necessary
with
the war
England, WE
AND
CONSTANT
MADE
RESS
PROGSUBSTANTIAL
IN
TRY
INDUSBOTH
AND
TURE.
AGRICUL-
resources
July 29, 1813
This
act
fected
only afpaying
salt
a
Feb.
5,1816
Apr. 27,1816
specific
duty.
This act continued
the double duties to
June 30, 1817.
Specific,minimum
and
ad
Congress, considering
they could repeal many of
Here
valorem
that
the
the
rates.
and
taxes
war
rates
remain
still have
sufficiently
tions,
reducmany
but in this opinion they
The duties in
mistaken.
protective,made
were
the
new
bill
were
not
ciently
suffi-
sive
high to keep out excestermination
imports and with the de-
the part of
fant
inruin our
lowing
folthe
industries,
years
this tariff proved most
disastrous.
Bankruptcy and
financial
ruin followed
general
and the evils of low duties or
mb^t apparent.
free trade were
on
Great
Apr. 20, 1818
This
but
act
affected
few
articles
rates.
paying specific
Mar.
3,1819 This
act
fected
only af-
"wines"
ing
pay-
specificrates.
22
Britain
to
Period
date
and
Result
Tariff Law.
May 22,1824
Kind
of Tariff.
Specific,minimum,
and
ad
compound
The
agitationfor higher duties
ruptcy,
following the general bank-
ly
First real-
valorem.
entirely protective
tariff.
May
19,1828
chaos
low
tariff
1824
and
a
passed
ruin
of the
became
so
insistent that in
rates
and
earnest
mies
by its eneand
ers
foreign-
Known
Industry, Agriculture
on
and the people of the
United States.
of
tariff law
was
restored
many
new
which
duties to a protective point.
the Tariff of
These
ther
were
augmented by furAbominations.
cific,
Spein 1828, all of
advances
Minimum,
the duties being advanced
to a
ad
and
Compound
protectivepoint. This gave our
from
as
valorem
20%
May
24,1828
rates
to
industries
50%.
a
start
new
and
our
agriculturegreat impetus. The
fected effect was
This
act
only afalmost
like magic,
wines paying
industries and agriculture
our
rate.
a specific
advanced
by leaps and bounds
and
of the former
some
traders,
free-
ster,
including Daniel Webbecame
of
May
20, 1830
29, 1830
staunch
fected
only afcoffee, tea,
and
cocoa
paying
ducing
specific rates, reThis
act
the
May
vocates
adtariff.
protective
most
This
act
rates.
fected
only afmolasses
rates.
payingspecific
May
29, 1830
This
act
fected
only afpaying
salt
rates.
specific
July 13,1832 This
act
fected
only af-
"wines
France"
paying
of
cific
spe-
rates.
July 14,1832
Specific,Minimum,
lorem
Compound, ad vafrom
5%
to
50%.
Mar.
2, 1833
Act
nual
looking to a bi-anof
reduction
above
all
duties
20%.
Compromise
the
Tariff to"save
Union.
Compromise
23
At
this time
the
South
was
for
tariff and this tariff was
with the idea of making
made
concessions to meet, if possible,
the
from
the demands
States.
Southern
making persistentdemands
lower
in reduction
tariff
previous
did not
satisfy the Southern
States and they threatened to
So in
the Union.
secede from
this
the Union
order to save
ed.
enactCompromise Tariff was
try
The result upon the counmost
was
apparent and soon
of the most
it suffered one
disastrous periods
terrific and
The
concessions made
in the
Period and
date of
TariffLazv.
Result
Kind
Industry,Agriculture
on
and the people of the
United States.
of Tariff.
of
its existence. The government
and
the people became
almost
bankrupt, idleness of
labor existed everywhere and
there
intense
was
suffering
all classes of people.
among
However, notwithstandingthis
condition of affairs,the Democratic
National
Platform
of
1840 condemned
protectionand
endorsed
free trade.
Sep. 11,1841
and
Specific
ad
from
to
Aug. 30, 1842
lorem
va-
\2xk%
20%.
Specific,Minimum,
lorem,
Compound, ad va1%
from
to
50%.
This
protective tariff
the Whig
Party.
President
died
Harrison
and
Vice-President
ing
Tyler, becomwas
a
passed by
but
veto
President,vetoed the bill,
Congress passed it over his
and
the
result
of the
turn
re-
protection was
again
marvelous, and soon
ity
prosperto
reigned
July 30. 1846
Rates
ad
exclusively
valorem
ule
sched-
by
with
decreases
ranged
ar-
large
in
tariff
rates.
Mar.
3,1857
Exclusively ad
lorem
va-
arranged by
schedule and rates
still further
duced.
re-
as
before.
never
The
Democratic
Party having
into power
and obtained
the executive
and
legislative
functions
of the government
passed this bill (the Walker
Law
Tariff of 1846). For
or
this law
a certain periodunder
the detrimental effects were
not
come
cumstances,
specialcirquickly,
very
apparent, owing
to
but
however, when
these
unusual
ceased, the law
causes
proved
ruinous and disastrous to
all our industries. But in spite
of the increasingpoverty
a
and lower
tariff bill was
new
passed on March 3, 1857, when
swift
bankruptcy and ruin came
most
and
resultingin
sure,
the
panic
of 1857. considered
by many
the most
disastrous panic the
and
it
seen,
country has ever
certainlywas
previousto 1857.
Mar.
2,1861
Went
into
effect
April 12, 1861. The
firstRepublican tariff
for
revenue
and
protection, tending
to afford protection
to
our
labor
and
industries.
This tariff was
passed
that
the
raise
to
period
existed from
24
known
as
"The
Morrill
ficial
Tariff," and the benemediately
imresults of same
were
felt and subsequently
other
tariff bills were
war
revenues,
of
so
protection
this date to 1894.
Result
Period and
date
Law.
Tariff
Mar.
3.1883
Kind
the people
of
the
United
States.
of Tariff.
into
Went
Industry, Agriculture
on
and
of
effect
July 1, 1883, known
as
Tariff Commission
the
eral
Gen-
Bill.
tion,
revision,reducincrease
and
of free list. Severe
blow
the
to
wool
industry.
Oct.
1,1890
Went
effect
into
Oct. 6, 1890, known
the "McKinley
as
Bill."
Changes
from
ad valorem
to
specificrates,
and
enlarged free list.
free
Sugar made
ed.
substituta
bounty
Reciprocity
"
Law.
Aug. 27,1894
Known
the
as
Gorman
Wilson
Bill. Became
a law
the
dent's
Presiwithout
The
results to
culture,
industry,agritransportation,
banking
the
general business were
-
signature.
General
reduction
duties.
Wool
of
list.
free
the
on
put
Practicallyall rates
made
ad valorem.
July 24, 1897
as the Dingley Bill, the most
ful
perfectand success-
Known
tariff law
up
to
period. Many
and
and
disastrous ever
known
up
that period. It was
mated
estithat during the 4 years
of the life of this bill nearly
50%
of the railroads were
in
the hands of receivers,
were
as
30 odd per cent, of the
some
national banks, and
financial
disaster were
chaos
and
on
every hand.
most
to
This
bill brought unprecedented
prosperity. Industry, agriculture
and
the people flourished
acted
en-
this
as
was
known
pound
com-
specific
duties.
never
in 1907
before.
panic,which
the Wall
as
It
months'
a
was
only
There
was
Street panic.
of a
few
duration and was
to financial centers.
fined
con-
dustry
In-
in
agriculturewere
detrimentallyaffected.
and
no
Aug. 5,1909
way
the prosThis bill continued
the
as
perity
Bill.
stantial
Subof
Payne
previous bills,and the
reductions
high water mark of prosperity
in some
attained in
made
of the country was
were
1912.
ing
resultschedules,
crease
in large inin
imports
and
revenues,
Known
many
and
compound
specificduties.
26
Period and
date
Result
TariffLav:.
Oct.
3,1913
Industry, Agriculture
on
the people of the
States.
and
of
Kind
Known
of Tariff.
as
derwood It brought disaster
the UnBill
posed
sup-
carry
out
"
to
Democratic
principleof "tariff
for revenue
only."
orem
Exclusivelyad valthe
rates,
ranged
ar-
by schedule.
our
idleness to
and
long before
to
United
the
European
dustries
inlabor
war
broke
Since that time it
out.
has brought an increase of importations
for the fiscal years
1916 of over
1914, 1915 and
$772,000,000as compared with
the imports under
the Payne
Bill for the fiscal years
1911,
ing
1912,and 1913. Notwithstandthis increase in imports,
the revenues
have
decreased
for the same
over
$230,period
000,000,and what wonder when
duties
for
the
the
average
month of June, 1916, under this
bill, were
only 8.09%, the
in
duties ever
known
.lowest
history.
our
after the pasmonths
sage
this bill (October
of
kitchens were
3, 1913) soup
in all our
large
opened up
the first time in
cities. For
York
the history of New
City
the morgue
was
opened as a
ployed
sleepingplace for the unemthe labor unions
and
in February,
1914,
estimated
Six
out
4,000,000people were
This, with
employment.
short time, resulted in a loss of
of $10,000,000per day
wages
sulting
$3,000,000,000
or
per year, re-
that
of
in
low
purchasing
the country.
disaster has
of
This
period
been arrested by the war, but
unless
the war
is over,
when
the tariff is changed, a return
dition
constill worse
a
to this and
is inevitable.
power
all
over
The periodsof depressionand panic are shown
in
red ink in the foregoingtable. You
will have seen
that these periods of depression, disaster and panic
coincident with the periods of low tariff or "Tariff
are
for Revenue
Only," and semi-free-trade,and that they
from
run
was
1789,when our government
consistently
the
viz.
formed, to
:
present time,
27
PERIODS
THE
A
OF
DEPRESSION
DEMOCRATIC
OF
LIST
REVENUE
ONLY"
WILL
BE
SEEN
ARE
SIMPLY
"TARIFF
FOR
LEGISLATION,
FROM
THE
AS
FOLLOWING
TABLE:
List
.'.
and
of Lotv
"Tariff
Period.
1783-1789
1
for Revenue
"Only" Tariff
Kind
of Tariff.
Free
Absolutely
Trade
Tariff.
Low
after
1812.
called conference
States due to the terrible
disaster caused
by free
trade.
The
of this
outcome
the formation
conference
was
in 1789 of the Government
of
the United States.
cial
Bankruptcy and general finanruin
almost
was
where.
everyof
Bills
1816-1820
Remarks.
Washington
tariff period
the War
of
the
This
is the period when WoodWilson
in his history of
the American
Republic states,
row
as
truthful
a
historian, that
protectionwas
cured
the
remedy
of a
disaster
the
that
low
tariff.
1833-1839
So-called
"Compromise
Tariff" of
tions
1833, with reducto
endeavor
conciliate
South, which
threatened
to
to
1846-1857
the
had
cede.
se-
So-called
"Walker
Tariff"
of
1846,
and
1857.
made
These reductions were
so heavy
that they resulted in the country
trous
disassuffering the most
financial depression in
its existence.
the
tariff of
These
were
in a further
to
attempt
satisfy
the
Southern
free
traders.
Due
the
to
Mexican
in
war
the
Crimean
war
1848, and
abroad, and the discovery of
gold in California in 1849, the
early years of this bill (just
as
we
soaked
have
war
but
prosperous,
unusual
result
and
blood-
prosperitytoday)
when
were
these
disappeared the
causes
disastrous to
ruinous to our
tion
the culminaindustries, but
in the
still lower
came
made
tariff of 1857,which
was
still further
to
satisfy the
South.
our
1894
So-called "WilsonGorman
Tariff
Bill." Made
sive
extenreductions and
wool
the
on
put
free list.
was
most
people,and
the greatest
occurred
erican
known
to the Amnation previous to that
and
time.
ruin
Bankruptcy
hand
the conditions
were
on
every
Then
panic
ever
"
of
were
industry
and
chaotic, and
culture
agrithe
all the people was
agony
known
the most
intense ever
in the history of the ment.
governof
28
Period.
Kind
of Tariff.
Remarks.
The
of the panic of
memory
that time is still in the minds
of most
of the American
ple.
peo-
Probably
of all the
50%
railroads were
in
of receivers and certainly
30%
of
the
national
in the hands
of
were
American
the hands
banks
receivers, and
agricultureand
1913
all
industry,
labor were
in
the throes of financial agony.
1911 and
1912 were
the most
periods for labor,
prosperous
So-called
wood
"UnderBill."
industry, and
the
agriculture that
has
the
country
known
ever
of
outbreak
previous to
the European war
on
August
1st,1914. Notwithstanding this
great prosperity, six months
after
the
"Underwood
of
passage
Bill"
the
October
kitchens for the
on
3, 1914, soup
unemployed were
opened up
in all our
large cities. For the
firsttime in the historyof New
York
City the Morgue was
employed
opened up at night for the unto sleep in,and labor
unions
estimated
that
4,000,000
of employment
out
people were
to
nothing of those on
say
short time, and if it were
not
of the Eurothe outbreak
pean
and the prosperity
war
in its wake,
which
followed
due to munitions
orders, etc.,
dustry,
inthe disaster to American
agriculture,and all of
for
so
would
people
our
have
been
far greater than any previous
period of depression that
the
seem
former
like
compared
experience would
gentle zephyr as
to
a
full-fledged
a
tornado.
from
the table of tariffs Consistently
will also have seen
from 1789
that whenever
the country returned
to
a
protective to Date; a
tariff after these
periods of depression, agriculture Return to a
Protective
ment
and industry received new
impetus and great advanceTariff
made.
was
Always
There
are
only two periodsfrom the formation of Re-estabin 1789 to the present date
when
our
government
Prosperity
and
conditions
that
there were
disastrous
are
panic
not
directlychargeable to low tariffs. One of these
periodswas the depressionof 1873, which was brought
about
by over-speculation. The speculationin stocks
We
lished
and
land
was
so
that
rampant
29
the
values
went
up
mountainous
inevitable that a
heights,and it was
of readjustment must
it did in
arrive,which
1873. The so-called panic of 1907 was
cial
a finanentirely
to
time
panic,brought about by over-speculationin Wall
Street. This
confined entirely
panic, however, was
to financial institutions and
Wall
to
Street,and the
effect of it was
not
at all detrimental
to agriculture
or
that
it
could
be
so
not
considered
industry,
as
a
that general disaster came
panic in the sense
to our
industries,
or
agriculture,
our
people.
** w^
be seen
from the above tables that the first
Presidents
of the United
States,George WashEarly
Presidents
ington and John Adams
were
(1789-1800),
strong prothat
Thomas
tectionists;
Jefferson,the first Democratic President and the founder and great leader of
is considered
party, who
Democrat) the Democratic
by all
"
Democrats
the embodiment
of wisdom
as
and statesREME
for emulation
manship and a model
an
by all, was
All
of
the
two
"
(ifogVeat
extreme
tectionists
of the
protectionist,and while President
United
States, carried the doctrine of protection to
the supreme
with
point of severing all commerce
foreign nations, and
forgave those
embargo.
never
who
to
the day of his death
forced the repeal of the
who
It will also be seen
from
that every Democratic
the tables of the Presidents
President from
Thomas
Jefferson (1800) to and includingAndrew
Jackson
and in his famous
a
(1832) was
strong protectionist,
President Jackson strenuouslysupported the
message
of protectionto American
cause
industries.
One
"* tne declarations of the Democratic
platform of 1912 and of previous platforms of that party
ami Why
that "protectionis unconstitutional."
DidtheParty was
In view of
the *act that historyrecords, as
shown
above, that
and
all
the
Presidents
him
from
Washington
Revenue
up to
Thomas
the firstDemocratic
Only 1832,including
Jefferson,
Presidents
President,and four Democratic
lowed
that folhim up to 1836 are
their own
on
record, over
as
when
and
signatures,
being avowed
protectionists,
how
and
did
the
Democratic
why
party adopt its
present policy that "protectionis unconstitutional"
and that a tariff for revenue
only,or a low tariff,is
method
of
a
benefitingindustry,labor and agriculture
in this country? HISTORY
THE
DATE
RECORDS
OF
THEIR
ACCEPTANCE
PRESENT
OF THEIR
DOCTRINE
AND
THE
REASON
will
as
WHY,
be
seen.
shortly
When,
How,
Wfo"r
30
of free-trade and low tariff during
the formative periodsof our
government
and thereafter rightup to the present time.
Disaster
Up
the time
(in 1787 and
to
of the formation
1789) there were
of
our
ment
govern-
general duties
no
lute
in short, we
were
livingunder absonations
able
to
and
were
free trade,
place
foreign
in our
market, without restriction,
every article which
had secured
liable to buy. After we
our
were
we
independence (through the Revolutionary War), we
on
imports,and,
united as a confederacy(1783 to 1789),existing
free trade of this period Disastrous
The
of colonies.
as
a union
Results of
The
results.
disastrous
was
accompanied by most
Great
Britain, FREE
of foreign countries,particularly
wares
TRADE"
were
dumped upon our shores, for which our money
1783 to 1789
were
went
abroad, until we
actuallydrained of all
our
specieand had hardly a dollar left in circulating
Because the greater part of our goods came
mediums.
laborers
idle and nothing
were
from abroad, our
own
but debt and ruin stared us in the face.
were
This
deplorablestate
which led
causes
principal
of
to
affairs
was
one
of
Washington making
the
his
resulted
for a conference, which
the states
in the adoptionof the Constitution in 1787,and of the
You
in 1789.
of the Federal Government
formation
tion
of the formawill see, therefore,that the main cause
the
States was
of the government of the United
the country
the people and
brought upon
agony
laws placed
first
of
the
and
one
through free trade,
the statute books to remedy this condition was
upon
of revenue,
tariff
law intended not only as a means
a
but for encouraging the protectionof manufacturers.
in Congress by James
introduced
This tariff act was
came
Madison, prominent Democrat, who afterwards be(1808and 1812).
President, elected for two terms
call upon
beneficial effect of this protectivetariff of
The
which
in the industrial progress
1789 was
at once
seen
tures,
and manufacthe country made, both in agriculture
mother
of
the
of
the
in spite
attempts
country
in
the
states.
to crush out
industry
every
From
and
time
to
time
this first tarifflaw
strengthenedby increases,and
(during the war), a law
duties, or
what
is known
enacted
was
as
a
"war
on
was
revised
July 1st, 1812
31
(1789)
Greater
Beneficial
Results
imposing double
from the
tariff." Nearly
Higher
of the
ceased, partlyon account
importationsnow
tariff,and partlydue to the war, and rapid progress
in spiteof the
made
here in all lines of industry,
was
all
Beneficial
Results of
Our First
Protective
Tariff Rates
TariffRates
of 1812
hard
made
in
infant industries and
our
1816
In
and
Ruin
r
to
Due
Low Tariff
Rates of
1816
new
Congress
our
war
large amounts
very
of the
many
lower tariff rates were
enacted,
with the repeal of
thinking that even
the tariff would
still remain
taxes
war
and
Britain
mistaken.
to
Graphically
Describes
the
by
by
RemedyWas
a
Protective
Tariff."
out
excessive
the
on
free trade
or
most
were
of the American
merchants
poured
American
ports,
and
embargoes
brought about
graphically told
of his "History
People."
changed
"Peace
evils
apparent.
in the third volume
Wilson
dustries
in-
in the
the
shrunk, and
low
Woodrow
part
growing
Bankruptcy and general
evil effects of the conditions
tariff at this period are
the
Agony of
the Times
and
States
"The
duties
The
Prof.
many
reduced
followingthis reduction
eight years
disastrous.
tariff proved most
financial ruin followed, values
Woodrow
Wilson
keep
to
The
the
the
of low
made
they
determination
throttle and ruin our
with
and
importations,
of Great
hence
high
sufficiently
not
were
resources
prosperityreignedeverywhere.
protective,and
sufficiently
reductions, but they were
duties
our
with
England. For that
of capitalwere
then invested
the
by
necessary
day
great strain upon
the
and
times
the
face
of
trade.
English
into the
their
so
again
goods once
long shut against them
by
had
Manufactories
sprung
closed. In the year 1815
up while the ports were
close upon
$50,000,000had been invested in the
The
of textile fabrics alone.
new
manufacture
war.
establishment
of wool and
Iron
added.
flax and
manufactures, long ago set up, but tentative and
of thousands
feeble hitherto, increased from hundreds
did not
stop with the
manufacture
fabrics. The
silk was
and
even
hemp
movement
of cotton
to
in value
millions
foreign trade cut off.
general use in the country
of
added
to
the
growing
stimulation
everything in
the
under
Almost
later
or
sooner
was
list.
begun upon a small scale,
Americans
those which
and
grow,
of
dreamed
hitherto
not
had
attempting were
Distinct
embarked
manufacturing
heartily
upon.
"Industry,long
took
heart
ago
to
regions began sensibly to develop
States
which
open
interests
could
statesmen
not
Middle
acteristics
and charafford to
manifestly injurious to every
industry that a flood of English imports
overlook.
young
should
East, with
in the
and
in the
It
was
continue
ports.
The
to
pour
remedy
32
into the
was
a
country
at
the
protectivetariff,
The
Southern
Leaders Now
they
that
the
protectivesystem
be
utterly
absolutelyabandoned.
and
"Free-trade,""Tariff for Revenue
Only," born on
soil in 1832, born entirelyof sectionalism
Southern
and selfishness;
no
no
breadth, no vision
patriotism,
System
Utterlyof the great and coming industrial and agricultural
Demanded
That the
Protective
Be
demanded
"
and
future of our
country for all sections, North, South,
Absolutely East and West, culminatingtoday in the greatest industria
Abandoned
and
the
nation
the
face
of
on
agricultural
earth.
with no realization that this country must
Born
always be maintained as one inseparableunit, and any
section must
of necessity
one
system or law benefiting
benefit all sections.
the South in 1832, as they should have done,
acquiescedto and then accepted the American
system
of protectionas beneficial for the entire country, and
their share of this
put forth their energies to secure
far
in
be
would
advance
of their
benefit,they
today
have
present industrial development,and there would
human
and
sacrifice
of
been no devastation,
the
agony
of the Rebellion.
War
Had
have historyto look back to, only a
the
was
slightinvestigationwill show how erroneous
his
of
C.
and
Calhoun,
fellow-statesmen,
opinion John
and
the entire South, when
they thought that the
South
would
always remain an agriculturalcountry
in
and
through selfish,sectional spirit,threatened
1832 secession from the Union.
Now
The
of
cotton
that
followingis a
;
Production
1830
Cotton in
South
1830 to 1916
1831
1832
1833
of
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
record of the South's
production
:
Year.
Yearly
we
Number
of bales
Year.
produced.
Yearly
732,218
805,439
815,900
930,962
1848
1849
962,343
Yearly
Number
of bales
produced.
2,615,031
.
2,066,187
1850
2,136,083
average.
1,061,821
1,129,016
1,428,384
1,092,980
1,653,722
1851-1855
1856-1860
1861-1865
1866-1870
1871-1875
1,347,640 1876-1880
1,398,282 1881-1885
-2,924,937
3,598,676
1,785,866
2,035,481 1886-1890
1,750,060 1891-1895
2,078,910 1896-1900
7,231,521
1,806,110
3,622,468
5,036,215
5,865,845
8,040,225
10,152,934
11,006,613
1901-1905
1,603,763 1906-1910
2,128,433 1911-1915
34
2,607,371
12,175,867
.....
14,169,707
following is
The
the
factories
cotton
the number
of bales consumed
in the Southern
States for
by
the
ending July 31, 1916:
year
North
South
Carolina
Carolina
1,105,000bales
930,000
820,000
345,000
Consumption
of Cotton in
"
"
Georgia
South, Year
"
Alabama
Tennessee
Texas
123,000
70,000
37,000
32,000
Mississippi
Louisiana
Kentucky
30,000
Missouri
Arkansas
Oklahoma
Virginia and
other
30,000
7,000
6,000
512,000
states
Ending July
"
31st,1916
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Total
4,047,000
The South threatened to secede in 1832 (at that
time they raised 815,900 bales of cotton) in order that
they could sell their only staple product (cotton)
to England, and buy foreigngoods
abroad, principally
as
as
sumption
aspossible,based upon the erroneous
cheaply
that the South would
be an industrial
never
center.
Through
the benefit and results of protective
tariffs,
in the years that have passed between
then and now,
and in spiteof their own
intention and prophecy,
"
Bales
of Cotton.
The textile mills of one
of the Southern
States (North Carolina) consumed
in
the fiscal year
ending July 31, 1916.... 1,105,000
The
mills of
four
principal industrial
Southern States,namely, North Carolina,
South
Carolina, Georgia and Alabama,
for the same
consumed
period
3,200,000
And
the mills of the entire Southern
States consumed, for the year
ending
4,047,000
July 31, 1916
History
Proves the
Fallacy of
the Southern
Leaders'
Threat of
Secession in
1832 and
Actual
Secession
in
1861 Because
you will see, the present total consumption of
Lower Duties
cotton
States is
by the textile mills of the Southern
Were
Not
nearly five times the quantityof cotton that was raised Granted
in 1832, the year the South
in the entire South
first
threatened secession from the Union.
As
In the
lightof these significant
figures,
historyhas
the
of
opinion
John C. Calhoun and
certainlyproven
of the South
the entire slave power
that the South would
always remain
country),to be absolutelyerroneous.
in
an
1832
(viz.,
agricultural
of secession and the war
of the Rebellion
the
due
fact
of
the
to
ment
establishprimarilywas
tariff
of
in 1861,
rates
protective
Congress
by
The
cause
35
historyhas
and
also
of said
proved the^folly
secession
thereof has in the meantime
the very cause
come
beof the South, viz. : protection
the greatest asset
of secession and the war
(one of the primary causes
of the Rebellion) has already built up the industries
when
and will
of the Southern
States to a remarkable
extent
if a protective tariff bill
still further increase
them
tariff
replaces,in 1917, the destructive Underwood
if protectivetariff legislation
is kept steadily
rates, and
on
of ion
of
Cotton
in the
North
books.
statute
our
following is
The
of the entire
cotton
of the North
"
"
Maine
188,751
124,755
Total
South
today, through
tariffs,
put upon
wishes
and
Southern
"
42,590
"
12,922
"
South
during
the
"
our
operation of
books
statute
against their protest,
consuming almost double
for
and
the outlook
in the
"
2,394,554
So that the
their
"
234,014
Connecticut
New
Jersey
Vermont
beneficial
for the
1,274,297bales
282,157
235,068
Hampshire
New
York
Island
Rhode
to
American
1916:
Massachusetts
New
of
consumption
textile mills
ending July 31,
year
the
the
contrary
is
actually
the North
is consumwhat
ing
much
a
larger consumption
few
next
years
is most
ising.
prom-
But thank God
there is soon
South
to be a new
the delusion
and fallacyof eighty-five
of
years
and "Tariff for Revenue
"Free-trade"
Only" will soon
.Manufactur- and
ers
and
Business
and
disappear by
manufacturers
They
the
business
entire
then
truth
for
economic
an
country, and
industry,agricultureand
East
Secession
Due to
Protective
Rates
In
of the
men
present the leaven
loaf,and the South
as
South's
Threat oj
instrumentalityof
the
which
at
are
whole
the
and
through
and
for the
all
South
itself.
will leaven
soon
will embrace
the
the
tection
pro-
upbuilding of
great benefit
to
labor,
people,North, South,
our
West.
1832, notwithstandingthat Andrew
Jackson,
the Democratic
was
great advocate of protection,
made
concessions were
ern
to the SouthPresident, some
demands
of pacifyingthe Southern
with a view
not
States, but these concessions
were
satisfactory
tions,
and the South
demanded
most
important tariff reduc-
the
and, if
secede
from
same
were
not
granted,
the Union, in fact
36
an
threatened
ordinance
to
of nulli-
fication was
adopted in South Carolina, which declared
1832 were
null, void
that the tariff acts of 1828 and
and
or
law
no
either
upon
its officers
State,
prohibitedthe payment of duties
the State after February 1st,
It also
citizens.
under
binding
nor
the
South
Carolina's
ictual
Secession
nl832
within
act
1833.
followed,as
Then
to
prevent
Tariff," which
duties
by
a
all duties
The
in
compromise
provided
for
slidingscale of
of 20%.
excess
disastrous
and
apparent,
a
secession, the
soon
almost
bankrupt.
the South
a
and
"Compromise
Tariff
Effort
bi-annuallyof
"
Save
by
There
was
and
the
idleness
lise
i
gradual
one-tenth
Lompro-
in
reduction
this reduction was
most
the country suffered one
of the
disastrous
financial periods in its
result
terrible and
history. Both the government
most
to
so-called
people became
on
every
hand
ie Union
Disar
Red//-
Duties of
Compromiz
Tariff
all classes of people.
suffering
among
and
its
Fortunately,however, for our
country
successful in 1840, and
people,the Whig party was
elected William
Henry Harrison, Protectionist, as
and
most
intense
President, and
of Congress.
also elected both Houses
the Tariff Bill of 1842, in which specific,
duties were
compound, and ad valorem
imposed,
ranging from 1% to 50%. President Harrison (Whig
Protectionist)having died in the meantime, VicePresident John Tyler, of Virginia,
became
President,
and he, being imbued
with the free-trade ideas of the
South, Congress was
compelled to pass this tariff
his veto.
act
over
The
result
was
result of this tariff was
simply marvelous.
land
results of Restored by
the
entire
the
beneficial
Throughout
were
protection
again seen and soon prosperityreigned Protection
in 1842
before.
as
never
The
Democratic
again into power four James K.
party came
cratic
Polk's
years later,in 1844, through the election of a DemoPresident, James K. Polk, by a campaign of Campaign
of Deception
deception, President Polk posing as a protectionist
in Pennsylvania and the North, and
free-trader
as
a
in the South, and many
of the voters
believed that
hostile
not
they were
voting for a candidate who was
to the industrial interests of the country.
The
"
show
To
the deception of the Democratic
Presidential nominee
(Mr. Polk) at that time, we
quote the followinginstances :
Mr.
the
Polk,
on
from
retiring
Congress, ran
Governorship of Tennessee,
for that
and
as
in 1843, he issued
office,
37
a
for
date
candia
circular
Democratic
Party Came
Again
into
Power
(1844)
Through a
Campaign of
Deception
he
letter to the people of Tennessee, in which
follows:
the tariff,
stated his position on
as
the
"I have
a
period I was
steadily,
during
Representativein Congress, been opposed to a
protectivepolicy,as my recorded vote and public
Since I retired from Congress,I
speechesprove.
have held the same
vass
opinion. In the present canfor Governor, I have
avowed
opposition
my
of the late Whig Congress, as
to the tariff act
being highly protectivein its character, and not
measure."
designedby its authors as a revenue
running for President, a
him
to
letter was
crat,
(Demoby Judge Kane
of Pennsylvania) in June, 1844, asking for his
the tariff question. Mr. Polk
views on
replied in a
letter which
was
publishedand widely circulated by
Northern
Democratic
the
party throughout the
Polk
in this
The
States.
expressed views of Mr.
cations
communidifferent
from
other
letter were
materially
Southern
for publicationin the
intended
follows:
to Judge Kane, as
States. Mr. Polk replied
Polk
Mr.
addressed
While
was
details of a revenue
tariff,
criminati
dissuch moderate
heretofore sanctioned
I have
the
amount
duties as would
produce
time afford
of revenue
needed, and at the same
dustry.
inhome
incidental protectionto our
reasonable
tariff
for
I am
protection,
opposed to a
In
for
and
not
revenue.
judgment,
my
merely,
extend
to
as
of
the
is
the
it
duty
government
its
be practicableto do so, by
far as it may
within its power,
and
other means
laws
revenue
fair and just protectionto all the great interests
"In
adjustingthe
of the whole
factures,
manuUnion, embracing agriculture,
navigation."
and
commerce,
together Mr. Polk's circular letter of 1843
and his letter of June,
to
people of Tennessee
of
Pennsylvania and the North.
1844, to the people
these
solution
to
The
diametrically opposite
one
In
this
votes."
catch
to
is
statements
"anything
Read
the
respect he
Wilson
Woodrow
Wilson
and
was
the
Campaign
of Deception
1912
one
whit
Democratic
worse
than
President
party today.
son
made
by Mr. Wilbefore
himself and by other leaders of the party,
the election of 1912, wherein
they stated emphatically
lieved
and that they bebe
disturbed
not
that labor would
in a tariff sufficient to equalizethe difference
between
the lower wages
paid abroad and the higher
paid here. Then, directlyafter election,the
wages
Speeches and
$
not
statements
were
38
Underwood-Simmons
Tariff Bill was
the outcome,
of
the
the
floor of the
which,
on
during
preparation
of Representatives,it was
Senate and in the House
reiterated again and again that no attention was
paid,
in assessingthe duties in this bill, to the lower wages
paid abroad and the higher wages paid here. So that
historyrepeats itself in the actions of James K. Polk,
President
Democratic
(1844), and of the Democratic
President and party of 1912.
"
On July 30th, 1846, during Polk's administration,
Disaster
Due to
known
the Democrats
tariff
bill
"The
as
passed a new
Walker
Bill," or the tariff of 1846. Not only were
duties lowered
below
a
protectivepoint, but these talker
ad valorem
duties in every
instance were
made
in Bill"
character.
There
certain
circumstances
both
at
were
home
and
abroad
which
moderate
prosperity
gave
of
under this bill,viz.,the Mexican
covery
war
1848, the disof gold in California,1849, and the Crimean
which
abroad
started in 1853, involvingFrance,
war
tervened
inThen, as now, war
England, Turkey and Russia.
mental
and by temporarilysettingaside the detriresults of the normal
cratic
operation of the Demothe war
tariff bill,brought, while
lasted, a
prosperitybased solelyon the blood-soaked slaughter
of other
these
unusual
fellow-beings.But when
ruinous
causes
ceased, the law proved to be most
and disastrous to all of our industries and our
people.
[
From
this time, up to 1860, the Democratic
party Continuous
in full control of Congress and
the executive,
was
exceptingthe period of four years followingthe election of Zachary Taylor as President
in 1848.
Presi- from*
dent Taylor was
and
staunch
a
a
1844 to 1860
Whig
protectionist,
from
will be seen
his first annual
of
as
message
December
24th, 1849. He was
powerless,however, to
obtain
any relief,as the majority of both the House
and
Senate
were
Democratic, and his appeal to the
patriotismof Congress
"
"for the adoption of
a
place
system which may
and permanent
least on a sure
ing
footand by due encouragement
of manufacturers,
and
stimulus
a
new
to the manufacturer
give
increasing
and promote
the development of our
vast
and the extension of our
commerce"
resources
fell upon
deaf ears.
home
From
labor
at
the Walker
tariff rates of 1846, in spiteof
the increasing
poverty of the country, the duties were
stillfurther reduced
in 1857,being now
ad
exclusively
39
and
valorem
and
one
ruin
known
sure,
severe
the
to
American
"
the
(Democrat) in his annual message
to Congress, December
6th, 1858, vividlyportrays the
dire distress of the peopleand the disaster to industry
and agriculture.
Buchanan
President
of 1857
most
bankruptcy
panic of 1857 being
and disastrous of any panic
people up to that time.
swift and
came
of the
Then
arranged by schedule.
Buchanan's
Annual
Second
December
Message,
6, 1858.
in
all the elements
of national wealth
"With
manufactures
abundance
were
our
suspended, our
useful publicand privateenterprises
arrested,
were
of laborers
and thousands
ployment
were
deprived of emand
reduced
prevailed among
mechanical
and
experiencingsad
want.
classes.
at the
reverses
manufacturers
our
tress
disUniversal
turing
manufaccommercial,
to
the
everywhere
All
.
.
same
suffered
.
were
moment,
severely
"
reduction
in the tariff
of the recent
because
because
there
duties
but
no
of
was
on
imports,
demand
at any
pricefor their productions."
not
Isn't it marvelous
"Tariff
of Democratic
for Revenue
Trade," etc., the
occurrence
President
"there
"
was
same
that
Buchanan's
demand
no
at
period
every
Only," "Semi-Free
and
place,and that
become
painfully true:
for
their producprice
takes
words
at
each
any
tions."
No work, industries
to buy, so
with which
"there
was
no
demand
closed,no
one
President
as
at
any
with
any
Buchanan
price for
money
says,
their productions."
President who was
These words of the Democratic
the chief executive
of the nation are
a
at the time
of themselves
in proof of the benefits
whole
sermon
of protection.
Tariff Bills of
Just so it was after the Democratic
describes in his history
1816
Wilson
Woodrow
the great distress of that time and states
"the remedy was
a
protectivetariff."
and disaster.
1833
Chaos
1846
War-prosperityfor a few years and then
great disaster.
1857
1894
Period as described.
to
marched
Coxie's Army
Washington
"We
with their placards,
want
no
charity
work."
want
we
Buchanan's
"
40
that had been continuouslywith the country
turned near
to that time
enough to a
Buchanan
that "both to protect the revenue
to state
protectionist
Almost
and
to
to
secure
our
manufacturing interests that
Persuaded
which
Be A amount
of incidental encouragement,
to
inevitably
Protectionist results from
tariff" the tariff rates
should
revenue
a
This
he
recommended
in
last
his
be increased.
sage
meshe also recommended
to Congress, and
specific
instead of ad valorem
duties, as follows :
Democratic
President
and
agony
1842
from
to
BUCHANAN'S
DECEMBER
PRESIDENT
FROM
ANNUAL
Democratic
President
Buchanan
in Address
"
MESSAGE
is now
quite evident that the financial
necessities of the government
will requirea modification
of the tariff during your present session
In
of increasing the revenue.
for the purpose
this aspect I desire to reiterate the recommendation
in my
annual
contained
last two
messages
in favor of imposing specific
instead of ad valorem
duties on all imported articles to which
those can
and
be properlyapplied. From
long observation
duties
I
convinced
that
specific
experience am
both
and to
to
the
revenue
are
protect
necessary,
Congress
3, 1860
Recommends
Protection
to
secure
our
manufacturing
interests
encouragement
which
of incidental
results
from
a
was
14 Years
to
States."
hand
everywhere, owing
gress
Presidency and Confor fourteen
and
the
continuous
tion
applicayears
of the principlesof "Tariff for revenue
only"
"Free
In
on
of the
Trade."
Truly it was
Party was
Birth of the
try
competitiveindus-
singlenew
in the United
Ruin and disaster were
domination
Democratic
of "Tariff
for Revenue
Only" and
unavoidably
statisticians that between
our
established
that amount
tariff.
revenue
"It is stated by
1846 and 1860 not a
to
3rd, 1860
"It
Dec.
Ruin and
Disaster Due
FOURTH
OF
1860
than
more
high time
a
ive
Construct-
new
born.
the
Republican party,
as
a
new
political
Having a majority in the
power.
Party House
bill
of Representatives,
a thoroughly protective
"The Morrill Tariff,"and when
as
was
passed, known
the Southern
Senators
resigned their seats, it also
and
President
Buchanan
signed it
passed the Senate,
March
on
2nd, 1861, just two days before Abraham
Republican party,
Lincoln
As
low
of the
into
came
was
new
were
of office.
protracted depressionunder
1833,the benefits
2nd,
protectivetariff bill passed March
the
tariff and
1861,
his oath
took
case
after
free-trade
immediate
in 1816 and
and
42
substantial.
After
the
of the
breaking out
of
war
the
Rebellion,the tariff
First
Protective
amended
measures
repeatedlyby so-called war
Tariffof the
that period to the present, barring two
from
Republican
periodsof four years each (1894 and 1912),the nation Party
Restored
books
has had on
the statute
lation,
protectivetariff legisAgain
has built up this great country to its
which
Prosperity
present high level.
(1861)
was
and
Republican Party,through its policyof
The
tection,
pro-
proud of its great achievement
may
and
From
the chaos
the
during
past fifty-six
years.
chanan
BuPresident
disaster described
by the Democratic
in 1860, this nation has been built up (barring
der
two
periodsof four years each in 1894 and 1912), uning
continuous
Republican control, from almost nothwell
and commercial
greatest industrial,agricultural,
standard
with
nation on the face of the earth,
a
the
to
of wages
other
be
and
a
country
of
standard
in the
livingunheard
of in any
world.
cratic
1860 the two
periods in which the DemoParty had control of both the Executive and
under
were
Legislativebranches of the Government
and
dent
PresiPresident Grover
Cleveland
(1892 to 1896)
Woodrow
Wilson
(1912 to 1916).
Since
President
that
Cleveland
had
protectionwas
served
to
be
notice
upon
ployers
em-
President
Grover
Cleveland
1892 to 1896
destroyedand that
warned
importers
He
reduced.
had
until
duties
lowered, and
were
importing
wholesale
and retail merchants
not
to buy American
manufactures, but rather to wait until the agents of
foreignersappeared to solicit their orders. This was
the plain effect of what
Mr.
said in his
Cleveland
inaugural address, and what the people understood
must
wages
to
him
be
cease
to
say.
Nine days after Mr. Cleveland's election,
the New
formed
York
Commercial
Bulletin, a free-trade journal,inbe
that
"labor
American
workingmen
may
expected to yield its quota of concession," and that
"those who
have taught workingmen
that a reduction
of the tariff does
of
reduction
relative
not
mean
a
have
adulterated
a
great reform with a very
wages
doctrine."
paradoxical
Distress
Within
from the passage
a year
(August 27, 1894) and
of the Wilson-Gorman
"Tariff for Revenue
Only" bill, 1892 Agony
to 1896
it seemed
as
though all industry was
paralyzed,and Under
millions of honest, sincere workmen
were
walking the Wilsonstreets
seekingemployment in vain, and distress and Gorman Bill
financial agony
of our
most
were
on
people. Coxie's
Army marched on to Washington with placards,"We
43
don't want
of our
cent,
charity
"
Banks
and
hands
having experienced four
results
from
the
Some
thirtyper
in the
were
work."
want
we
railroads
years
"Tariff
cent,
fiftyper
of
tional
Na-
our
of receivers.
(1892
to
1896)
After
of
mal
nor-
for
revenue
only" (no
give us war
prosperity)
the people to a unit were
through with it at any cost.
Even
the Democratic
silent
as
platform of 1896 was
great
as
a
European
tombstone
then
war
as
to
to
"Tariff
for
revenue
only."
To
have
Free
TMbor
rude
Silver
Free
) tiling
Hut?
History Was
Repeating
ItselfAgain
in Disaster,
Ruin and
Distress,
with the
Underwood
Tariff,when
War
Intewened
mentioned
the subject at all would
have been
like waving a red flagbefore an
bull.
The
enraged
Democratic
platform of 1896 adopted,however, in one
of its planks, the free coinage of silver,on a basis of
"16 to 1."
Peculiar that the Democratic
Party is
of
free
a
always
everything;
party
Free Labor
Free Trade
Free Silver
Free everythingin theory, but in fact no employment,
Distress of mind
and body.
no
money!
In 1896 all the American
people were
completely
through with the fallacies of "Free-trade" and "Tariff
for Revenue
Only." The distress and agony of those
fearful four years had taught them
its bitter lessons.
It took a new
generation and a great splitin the
Republican party to put the Democratic
party in
again in 1912.
power
As set forth in the beginning of this article,
from
the splendidprosperity
of 1912 within six months
after
the passage
"Tariff
for
the
of
enue
rev(October 3, 1913)
Bill,soup kitchens were
opened
only" Underwood
in all the large industrial cities,
to feed on
charitythe
York
was
unemployed. The morgue
opened in New
death.
the
from
to
to
keep
unemployed
City
freezing
Labor
leaders estimated
that in the winter of 1914,
of employout
4,000,000 (four million) people were
ment,
in
loss
with
short time,
of wages
a
resulting,
of $10,000,000 (ten million dollars)per day, or $3,000,and
low
000,000 (three billion dollars) per annum,
ness,
purchasing power the inevitable partner of poor busihard
disaster
and
dustry,
inruin
to
times,
produced
and distress and agony
to our
people.
cratic
Again (asin 1816,1839,1846, 1857 and 1894)Demodent
Presitimes were
Democratic
as
just the same
Buchanan
described
in 1860
as
"
"No demand
at any
price for their
the workmen
of the country,
Answer:
had
nothing
with
which
to
44
buy.
productions."
having
no
work,
The
world
(as it
great disastrous European War
August
was
The
1, 1914.
also
in
came
the
upon
of this war
was
under
the Democratic
effect
1848-1853
The War and
War
perity
Pros-
for the period of
Tariff Bill) to suspend
normal
the detrimental
the
war
operating effects
After August 1, 1914,
of the Underwood
tariff rates.
with which
all Europe needed from us the sinews
not
only to carry on the terrible war, but with which to
feed and clothe their great armies, transferred from
industry and the field to the fightingfront, and those
who
between
October
3, 1913, and August 1, 1914,
our
were
competitors,
eagerlytaking advantage of the
in
American
tariff rates
lowest
our
history (a trifle
over
8% for June, 1916, and 9.72% for the fiscal year
feverish customers,
our
ending June 30, 1916),became
Walker
"
"
at any
price,
buying our products in huge quantities
for
balances
trade
adverse
our
turning
steadily
the periodbetween
October 3, 1913, to August 1, 1914,
and
to
immense
of 1915 and
trade balances
favorable
1916.
or
not
prosperityat the awful cost of bloodhumanity and certainlynothing to boast of.
will analyzeour
exports to determine whether
they are brought about by the horrors of war
or
the
elements
Entirely war
soaked
We
of peace
COMPARATIVE
War,
11
ing
end-
months
May
30,
1914.
During
War,
months
the
11
May 30,
age
of
,
increase.
1916.
$188,559
$6,709,883
Alcohol
Automobiles
Barbed
wire
64,439
6,954,315
Brass
24,583,635
3,698,770
6,842,434
Boots
and shoes
Bread
stuffs
Cars and carts...
151,939,206
6,914,217
21,253,657
132,009,153
43,786,859
407,998,746
21,987,933
6,283,264
5,877,915
27,023,371
414,655,383
16,617,829
Percent-
ing
end-
Aeroplanes
91,954,466
3458%
10692%
274%
475%
1830%
164%
234%
218%
Corn
Explosives
Harness
and
saddlery..
products
Metal-working machinery
Meat
Miscellaneous
steel
iron
Manufactured
wool
Zinc, spelter and
721,893
6954%
624%
83%
132,686,390
12,931,549
242,371,169
52,849,047
16,783,664
9,893,022
1
4,367,77
120,107,054
15,957,637
50,883,822
616%
171%
1065%
40,563,710
69,008,116
21,121,410
10883%
2042%
3136%
335%
factured
manu-
369,667
Horses
Mules
5,226,923
and
Rails
Only
EXPORTS
OF
Before the
(included in bread
stuffs)
perity
Pros-
:
TABLE
Article.
War
3,221,557
652,721
45
Comparative
Table of
Exports
Showing
the
Huge
Increase of
War Articles
SOME
Percentages
figuresand
These
selves :
ThZTthZExplosives
from
"
Misc. iron and steel
369,000 to
"
40,000,000; increase
6,900,000; increase
64,000to
to
3,200,000
652,000to
"
"
~
69,000,000
; increase
21,000,000
; increase
10823%
10692%
2042%
3136%
the
of horrible, hellish war;
and when
they will return again to normal quantities.
evidence
is over
war
"
"
etc
Alcohol
Horses
Mules
All
percentages speak for them-
to 414,600,000
5,800,000
; increase 6954%
to 132,000,000;
increase
1830%
6,800,000
increase
to 120,100,000;
616%
16,700,000
"
Brass
Zinc,
INCREASES
Agriculturalimplements, sewing machines, etc.,
in peaceful pursuits,
declined
articles of known
use
the first year of the war
as
compared with the year
of over
just previous thereto to the huge extent
$100,000,000.
Merchandise
balance of trade was
againstus the last few
before
the
caused
war,
by the operationof the
Known
Use
and
Tariff,
accordingto the report of the
to Peaceful Underwood
Pursuits Secretaryof the Treasury, over
$150,000,000of gold
Greatly had been exported to make
that
balance of trade.
up
Declined
Since the war
began, the yellow tide has flowed our
and
because
of these vast war
$700,exports, over
way,
The
of months
000,000 in gold has
into
our
payment
been
poured through
ports
our
channels of trade, and yet this is but a part
created by our
of the vast indebtedness
mendous
tre-
exports.
the
when
in full measure.
Still we had
the Democratic
"Tariff for revenue
Bill and Tariff of 1857), and
chaos, ruin, disaster and
over,
prosperityand
War
thing under
only" (Walker
same
the
was
war
despair.
Democratic
Conditions
Similar
Now
to
of that
The
agony
President
Democratic
of December
Conditions
During
ForeignWar,
Now
"not
of duties
demand
and
ForeignWar.
Then
Prosperity
While
War
the
Lasted,
Now
on
at
December
"Panic
to
industryand
of the recent
imports, but
because
any
vividlyportrayed by
in his public addresses
6, 1858:
that the disaster
Period of
Walker
Dill
and. Tariff
of 1857.
Then
time is
Buchanan
the people was
reductions in the tariff
because
pricefor their
there
was
no
productions."
14, 1860:
and
distress of a fearful character prevail
the land. Our
laboringpopulationis
throughout
without
employment and consequently deprived
Indeed, all
of earning their bread.
of the means
of men."
minds
the
deserted
have
to
hope seems
46
The Underwood
tariff brought to labor and industry
Prosperity.
financial despair before the war,
and
when
the Then
Distress and
is over
(as it will be in 1917),unless the Agony After
great war
Underwood
tariff is repealed (and higher duty rates
the War
Was Over,
established in its stead) its lowest
of
rates
average
Now
duties in American
lower
than
either
history,
to-day
France, Germany, Russia, Italy,or
England,
free-trade
even
will
history,not
plunge this nation into industrial and
in our
despairand panic hitherto unknown
even
excepting the period described
by
Democratic
President
commercial
he says, "indeed, all
minds
of men."
Advisedly, I
viz.
that at no
1832, of "free
these
in Democratic
disaster and
hope
to
seems
make
period since
:
when
wish
this
theories
has
legislation,
ruin
to
our
for
and
Agony
the
When
Present War
Is Over.
startlingstatement,
the birth
trade," "Tariff
erroneous
in his message
when
deserted
the
to have
Buchanan
We Predict
Same
Distress
in the
South, in
only," etc.,
carried out
have
been
there been anything but
revenue
industries,and
distress and
people,except when the horrible spectre
intervened and set aside the normal
ting
operafunctions of their tariff bill rates, viz. : during part
of the operation of the Walker
Bill and tariff of 1857
and at the present time under
the Underwood
Bill.
agony
of war
In
to
our
has
effect
the results obtained
practicallymakes
have proswe
by protection,hence during war
perity,
under
Democratic
even
dispensation.
war
from the foregoingtables and from "TariffFor
Revenue
the previous remarks
that every President from Washington
Only" A
(1789) to and including Andrew
Jackson Great
elected
for Mistake In
Presidents
(1832), and the Democratic
1832 But
staunch
eight terms
(from 1800 to 1832) were
tectionists
proSuicidal Now
that the doctrine
and
of free-trade and
tariff for revenue
born
about
1832 when
only was
and
C.
Calhoun
his
fellow
followed
John
statesmen,
the
entire
slave power
of the South, became
by
jealous
of the growing prosperityof the North, due to the
American
and believingthat the
system of protection,
South
would
always remain an agricultural
country,
that
the
South
would
benefit
more
thought
by selling
its one
staple product, cotton, abroad as dearly as
possibleand buying its manufactured
goods abroad as
have
This
as
tional
been, from a seccheaply possible.
may
standpoint, of temporary
advantage to the
South, but from a patrioticstandpoint the South, as
well as all patriots,
should have stood by the country
and
had they done so the South of today would
be
and
trial
induswith
more
immensely
teeming
prosperous
life.
You
have
seen
47
Notwithstandingthat
been, for
section
low
of the
country,
namely,
for them
tariff,even
for
in 1832 and
1850 it may
slight period, of advantage
a
considerable
the
it would
number
one
have a
remained
after
now,
South,
to
have
not
have
this
to
of years.
But
the development of this country to its present great
doubt
without
the greatest industrial and
extent,
agriculturalcountry in the world, having at the same
time
the highest standard
of wages
and
the highest
standard
of living known
in the world, free-trade1
and
tariff for revenue
only are
absolutely suicidal,
so
a
"
"
whether
East,
it be
England
now
It has
great
a
At
down
for the
the West.
for
or
North, for the
protectionist
country.
a
taken
"free-trade"
discover
that
to
war
South, for the
100 years and
free-trade is a fallacy.
of free-trade is broken
becomes
"Protectionist
England
last the only great bulwark
and "free-trade England"
England."
The
for
death-knell
only"
revenue
Kenna, Chancellor
England
said
free-trade and "tariff
when
sounded
Reginald Mcof the British Exchequer, recently
of
:
"The
the
experience of
strength and
"
Production
English
was
..
.-
ofe
time
to
power
soil and
has
shown
that
nation in
British
J
,.
perillies
of the
its own
the war
safety of the
.
,.
in
the
possession
,
by
...
,.
this
nation
produce its requirements from
its own
of values
factories,rather
than
in
be exported
which
possession
may
of
and exchanged for products and manufactures
countries."
foreign
the
In
view
free-trade
of
some
1900,
1.
tariff for revenue
only, the
Presidents
(many of them
early
of our
some
leading men, from
and
most
interesting.
apt
and
of our
and of
are
abandonment
at
a
present, and
despise
day when
in the
scale
2. Alexander
her
trade,
this
of
of
writings
crats)
Demo1789 to
George Washington (letterto LaFayette) :
be
"However
unimportant America
may
to
Alexander
England's complete
of
sidered
con-
effect
Britain may
will assuredly come
will have
some
weight
however
there
country
empires."
Hamilton:
only the wealth, but the independence
and security of a country appear
to be materially
connected
with
the prosperity of manufacturers."
"Not
portionto
the encouragement
of their domestic industry
their
that
decay and decrepitudecommences
and
and
proceeds pari passu
with
their
neglect
of it."
8.
Henry
Henry
C.
Carey:
"Manufactures
at
are
of civilization."
measure
C.
Carey
much
"I do not know
this much,
Expression
know
Backed
byFacts
goods abroad,
about
when
the
and
a
When
I
the
foreigner
buy the manufactured
both
the goods and the
we
get
we
tariff,but
manufactured
buy
we
get the goods and
we
gets the money.
goods at home
Abr aha m
Lincoln
evidence
an
Lincoln:
9. Abraham
Great
once
money."
10.
G. Blaine:
James
of
benefits
"The
who
the men
their faces."
Jaiv
Blaine
to
11. William
lead
in
all nations
earn
all nations
mining
These
after
Statesmen of
the World
Embrace
The
their bread
in the
last,
of
;
in
the
are
twenty-nineyears
lead
agriculture
; we
lead all nations
we
in
facturing.
manu-
trophieswhich we bring
a
protectivetariff."
of
ing
of the entire civilized world, includcratic
of free-trade England, excepting the Demo-
statesmen
those
"
party in America, mainly composed
Protection
sweat
McKinley:
"We
IT illiam
McKinley
protectiongo, first and
from
Southern
our
of
States, proclaim,as
"
crats
Demodid our
early Presidents, that
The
strength and prosperityof a nation lies
in protectionfor the building up of industry and
borders
and in its own
agriculturewithin its own
"
factories
values
and
which
from
may
its
be
own
soil rather
exported
and
than
in
exchanged
for
of foreignnations.
products and manufactures
The
ill Principal
foreignnations (other than England), have
this for a long time, but it took England 100
Foreign known
Nations,
and
a
great
fallacyof "free-trade"
Including years
Former
Free-Trad"
England,
Now
Endorse
Protection
war
and
to
open
her
eyes
"Tariff for Revenue
to
the
Only."
have seen
in the foregoingthe doctrine of
As we
"free-trade" and "tariff for revenue
only" started in
1832.
Southern
about
It may
take our
the South
theoretical professorsand our
our
sional
profespoliticians,
classes also 100 years
this great light
to see
is now
which
apparent to all civilized nations of the
earth.
50
the South
trade" and "tariff for
to
have been
it may
continued
have
may
When
adopted
revenue
the
doctrine
only," as
of "free- South
stated
Made
before,
i^^and"
their sectional advantage and
for a few years.
so
However, 1
all
citizens
citizens as
of a
had
they been patriotic
should be, they would have been
free country like ours
should
system of protection
willingthat the American
build up the North, and they should have "put their
industries and manuhands
to the plow" and obtained
factures
been
done
for the South, and if this had
the
of
there would
have been no War
Rebellion, they
have
like the rose, and the South
blossomed
would
be fiftyor
advanced
over
more
today would
years
its present condition in industry and agriculture.
As a matter
of fact,the South has far greater possibilities
for industrial development than the North
the East.
far greater
It has great water
or
power,
ing
bethan the North
and East, owing to the mountains
that
the
climate
It has a
and soil
can
sea.
nearer
of
section
sustain life better and cheaper than
any
of
and
therefore with the same
the North,
amount
of necessitythe development in industrymust
energy
be proportionately
greater than anywhere else in the
States.
United
^CM
'
RECAPITULATION.
Underwoodhave
that the Democratic
We
seen
Recapitu
Simmons
tariff bill has proven
itself to be one
of the tion
disastrous piecesof legislation
most
ever
placed upon
in
books
the
three
statute
our
; resulting,
years of its
existence, 1914, 1915 and 1916, in importationsin
of those of 1911, 1912 and 1913 (Republican
excess
of over
extent
$772,Payne rates) to the tremendous
in
crease
and
time
resulted
the
at
a
000,000,
same
great deof custom
duties collected of over
$230,000,000;
in our
known
due to the lowest customs
rates
ever
history,viz.,an average of a trifle over 8% for June,
of 97%oo%
f"r the fiscal year
1916, and an average
ending June 30, 1916, resulting(up to the outbreak
of the European war,
August 1, 1914) in disaster to
workmen
industries and great distress to our
our
in
winter
of
the
1914) and
(4,000,000unemployed
all our
people. The war interruptedthis disaster and
is over
the war
distress,but when
(particularly
so, in
view
of twelve nations of
of the titanic combination
for
the
plishing
Europe existing
expressedpurpose of accomof the world), if
the industrial domination
still in existence,
the low Underwood
tariff'rates are
result in the greatest depression
must
same
inevitably
51
our
our
in
known
to
history.
our
that
greater in intensity
like mere
echoes
of
depressionswill seem
probably be
It will
financial agony
and
industry and distress
and people ever
workmen
in
all former
much
so
great reality.
the
also
have
We
the labor
that labor and
seen
union
officialsare a unit in their expression of fear that the
results will be such as above
depicted and such that
in
it will result
the industries
of this country a
"forcing upon
sible
foreigncompetition with which it will be imposto cope."
"
invite the
constructive
governments
France
England,
particularly
Europe,
"
the
that
noted
also
have
We
business
and
to
men
of
Germany,
enter
their
has acted in obtaining
and politics,
which
with
their opfor these countries, in accordance
portunities,
results for their comthe greatest possible
merce,
industryand agriculture.The American people
also obtain for us the best
must
also, if they would
of the constructive business men,
results, place more
governments
"
"
and
merchants
manufacturers, in
governmental positionsof
and
We
have
also
that
seen
high political
our
trust.
all
our
early Presidents
Washington (1789) to and including Andrew
also that
Jackson (1832) were
strong protectionists,
Presidents
the Democratic
party and early Democratic
1800 to 1832, including Thomas
from
Jefferson,the
its great leader, were
and
founder
of Democracy
only,"
strong protectionists.That "tariff for revenue
from
free-trade,etc.,
in
born
were
1832
in
the
Southern
unwilling that the North
by the American
system of
main
protection
; they erroneously expected to always rean
agriculturalpeople.
States because
they were
should prosper
and West
have
We
seen
that
since
persistently
the
tion
forma-
the present time,
disaster, ruin and distress always followed in the
of "semi-free-trade,""tariff for revenue
wake
only"
of
our
government
in 1789
to
tariff legislation,
excepting in those short
resulted in
which
to
referred
periods of prosperity
notably
entire change of conditions due to war,
an
the disastrous
periodsof
1783 to 1789.
1816 to 1822.
1833 to 1840.
1846 to 1860.
1894 to 1896.
1913 to 1915.
and
low
52
We
due
to
have also seen
that after these great depressions
low tariff rates a return
to protectiverates
variably
inrestored prosperity,and that this nation was
built up practicallyfrom
nothing, during the period
from
1861 to 1913
(excepting four years, 1892 to
1896) by
the
policy of protection unto
industrial,agriculturaland commercial
face
of the
the
greatest
nation
on
the
earth.
have seen
that "Free-trade
England" has now
"Protectionist
and
that the whole
England"
civilized world
today (exceptinga few of our Southern
have
States)
embraced, for beneficial results, the
doctrine
of protection. But just as former
free-trade
has
become
"Protectionist
now
England
England,"
will shortly our
Southern
so
States also embrace
the doctrine of protection.
We
become
South, like England, will
The
be
soon
Protectionist.
The
of
politicianhas
clung
the
to
fallacyThe
South
Will Also
sixty years
of "free-trade"
and
"tariff for
ago
Embrace
and
the
Democratic
only,"
party has been able Protection
twice in fifty-five
years to capture the Presidency And Will
revenue
only
and
Southern
Congress, and
then
classes
professional
great awakening
development of
mainly through
of the
going
North, but
in
the aid of the
there is now
a
ThenBecome
Greater and
Greater
In
the
South.
the the Years
With
and
to Come
industry the manufacturers
business
of that section of the country are
men
suming
asyearly greater importance both in domestic
and political
life,and this element in the South will
be
soon
so
powerful that they, thoroughly believing
in and embracing the same,
will insist upon protection
for their rapidly-growingindustries and
agriculture,
and then the old fallacy
of "free-trade" will disappear
also from the South, with the same
suddenness
it
as
has
from
England. As it has taken England nearly100
change from free-trade to protection,so will
to
years
the Southern
the
on
States
within
100 years from the birth of
of "free-trade" in the South
(namely,
1932, or within 16 years from now) become
doctrine
previous to
and
strong protectionist
thereby embrace
the
tive
protec-
tariff doctrine
of the whole civilized world of
includingformer free-trade England. Then
will
have
in this
united
great country
great purpose
of
ours
one
day,
towe
people,
under
of welfare for all,
one
and with protectionfor American
labor, for American
for
American
industry,
agricultureand protectionto
sustain
the
American
people;
the
highest standard
standard
53
of
"
of
living for
livingthat
the
all
our
world
One Great
United
People With
One
Universal
Purpose,
Protection
for the
Benefit
of
All
has
ever
seen.
No
longer any
sectional
or
personal
interests,but one United Republic, North, South, East,
and
solid purpose,
West, welded
together with one
Protection
For
The
Benefit
54
Of All.
(a) The
allies will
prohibittheir
subjectsand
own
citizens and all persons
residing in their territories
with
the inhabitants of
trade
from carrying on
any
with
of whatever
or
countries
nationality,
enemy
subjects,wherever
enemy
business
companies whose
by
enemy
whose
names
resident,persons,
wholly or
is controlled
subjects or
subject to
will be included
firms, and
in
tially
par-
influences,
speciallist.
enemy
a
allies will also prohibitimportationinto
coming
their territories of all goods originatingor
countries.
from
enemy
(b)
The
of establishing
allies will further devise means
entered into
a
system of enabling contracts
interests
national
to
with enemy
subjectsand injurious
to be cancelled unconditionally.
(c) The
II.
Business
undertakings,owned
or
operatedby
all
Measures
control.
under
or
placed
sequestrated
of
of winding up some
will be taken for the purpose
the
the
assets,
these undertakings and realizing
ceeds
pro-
subjects in the territories of the allies,are
enemy
to be
of such realizations remaining sequestratedor
In addition, by export prohibitions,
control.
under
necessitated
which
by the internal situation of
are
each of the allied countries, the allies will complete
the measures
alreadytaken for the restriction of enemy
ions,
suppliesboth in the mother countries and the domin-
colonies, and
1.
protectorates
"
hibition,
By unifyinglists of contraband and export proall
of
the
export
particularly
by prohibiting
commodities
declared absolute
or
conditional
band;
contra-
2. By making the grant of licenses to export to
which
neutral countries, from
export to the enemy
ence
territories might take place,conditional upon the existin such countries of control organizationsapproved
of
such
the
absence
in
the
allies,
or,
by
specialguarantees, such as the
organizations,
upon
to be exportedand superlimitation of the quantities
vision
by allied consular
B.
Transitory
Measures
offices,etc.
for the
Period
mercial,
of the Com-
and Maritime
Industrial, Agricultural,
of the Allied Countries.
Reconstruction
I.
to
The
insure
from
determination
allies declare their common
ing
suffercountries
the
of
the reestablishment
and unjust
of destruction, spoliation,
acts
58
join in devising means
the restoration
countries,as a prior
to secure
their
of
materials,
industrial,
raw
agricultural
claim,
and they
requisition,
decide
to
to those
assist them
plantand stock, and mercantile fleet,or to
in these respects.
to reequip themselves
has put an end to all treaties
II. Whereas
the war
the allies and enemy
of commerce
between
powers,
and it is of essential importance that during the period
of the
the libertyof none
reconstruction
of economic
allies should be hampered by any claim put forward
most-favored-nation
to
treatment,
powers
enemy
will
the allies agree that the benefit of this treatment
of
be granted to those powers
not
during a number
selves.
themmutual
fixed
agreement among
by
years, to be
by
this number
each other, so
for trade in case
During
to
assure
the allies undertake
of years
far
possible,
compensatory
as
detrimental
to
consequences
the applicationof
result from
should
their commerce
the undertakingreferred to in the preceding clause.
outlets
serve
III. The allies declare themselves
agreed to confor the allied countries, before all others, their
natural
period of the
during the whole
resources,
and maritime
construction,
recommercial, industrial,agricultural,
undertake
to
and for this purpose
they
change
to facilitate the interestablish specialarrangements
of these resources.
dustry
and intheir commerce
and
agricultureand navigation against
economic
aggression,resultingfrom dumping or any
the allies decide to
of unfair competition,
other mode
merce
fix by agreement
during which coma periodof time
will
be
to
submitted
with the enemy
powers
their
specialtreatment, and goods originatingfrom
or
countries will be subjectedeither to prohibitions
The
to
a
specialregime of an effective character.
will
determine by agreement, through diplomatic
allies
IV.
In
order
their
to
defend
channels, the specialconditions
above-mentioned
the
period on
to
be
the
imposed during
ships of
enemy
powers.
V.
The
jointlyor
from
allies will devise
severallyfor
measures
to
preventing enemy
be
taken
subjects
exercisingin their territories certain industries
concern
professionswhich
economic
independence.
or
59
national
defense
or
C.
Permanent
of
Measures
Collaboration
Assistance
Mutual
Allies.
the
Among
and
I. The
allies decide to take the necessary
steps
without
independent of
delay to render themselves
materials
countries in so far as regards raw
enemy
and
manufactured
articles essential
of their economic
will be
the
normal
velopment
deThese
ures
meas-
assuring the independence of
to
of
sources
only so far as concerns
also as regards their financial,
commercial,
organization. The allies will adopt such
allies,not
supply,but
maritime
and
measures
as
to
seem
govern
example, have
and
suitable
most
directed
for the ing
carrythe nature
of
according to
having regard to the principles
their economic
policy. They may, for
subsidized
to either enterprises
recourse
controlled
the
selves
themor
by
governments
commodities
which
them
of this resolution
out
the
directed
the
to
activities.
and
for the
grant of financial assistance
research
and
technical
and
of
scientific
encouragement
the development of national industries
and resources,
duties or prohibitionsof a temporary
to customs
or
of these
or
to a combination
or
character,
permanent
different methods.
the
to
or
Whatever
aimed
adopted, the object
the production
be the methods
may
the
by
at
allies is to
increase
within
their territories as a whole
to
enable
them
maintain
and
to
to
economic
position and independence
enemy
II.
sufficient
a
develop
in
tent
ex-
their
relation
to
countries.
In
interchange of their
to
products, the allies undertake
adopt measures
both
lishment
mutual
trade relations,
facilitating
by the estabof direct and
rapid land and sea transport
and
provement
imservice at low
and
rates
by the extension
and other communications.
of postal,telegraphic,
of
order
III. The
technical
permit
the
allies undertake
delegates
far
to
draw
to
be
may
indications
patents,
assimilation,so
governing
to
as
up
convene
a
for
measures
of
possible,
of
meeting
their
origin, and
the
laws
marks.
trade-
regard to patents, trade-marks, literary
ing
durinto existence
and artistic copyright which
come
in enemy
the war
countries, the allies will adopt,
identical procedure to be applied
far as possible,
an
so
In
as
soon
as
elaborated
hostilities
by
the
cease.
technical
60
This
procedure will
delegates of
the
be
allies.
for
against
adopt
defense
agreed
the
of their common
purpose
the enemy
the allied powers
have
economic
the
a
common
on
policy
Whereas
IV.
to
in the resolutions
which
have
been
it
is
and
that
the
whereas
ness
effectiverecognized
passed;
these
of this policy depends absolutely upon
lines
laid down
resolutions
into
being put
operation forthwith,
the
undertake
of the allied governments
representatives
that their respectivegovernments
shall
to recommend
whether
porary
temtake, without
delay, all the measures,
or
requisite to giving full and
permanent,
complete effect to
the
policy forthwith,
other
each
to
attain
this
the
decisions
and
to
arrived
municate
com-
at
to
object.
Paris, June 17, 1916.
signed these
Have
resolutions:
merce
Clementel, Ministre du ComMinister
G. Doumergue,
et de l'lndustrie;M.
Ministre
des
Travaux
des Colonies; M.
M.
Sembat,
la
du Travail
M.
et de
A.
Publics;
Metin, Ministre
Prevoyance Sociale; M. J. Thierry, Sous-Secretaire
For
d'Etat
M.
France:
E.
(Service de l'lntendance); M. L.
d'Etat de la Marine
(Marine Mar-
de
la Guerre
Nail, Sous-secretaire
de
retaire
France, SecAffaires Etrangeres ;
du
Ministere
de
M.
A.
Masse, Secretaire General
M.
Directeur
des
General
l'Agriculture
J. Branet,
;
Douanes
M.
de
P.
Margerie, Ministre Plenipotentiare,
;
Directeur
des Affaires Politiqueset Commerciales
au
Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres.
chande)
; M.
J. Cambon,
du
General
For
Belgium
Ministere
de
la
Guerre; M.
Ministre
des
Affaires
Ministre
des
Finances; M.
Membre
du
Conseil
des
Broqueville,President
de
M.
:
Conseil, Ministre
Ambassadeur
etrangeres
des
; M.
le Comte
Ministres.
le Baron
van
de
Goblet
du
Beyens,
Vyvere,
d'Alviella,
Britain : M. le Marquis de Crewe, Lord
du Conseil prive;M. A. Bonar
President
Law, Ministre
Ministre
M.
W.
M.
Premier
des Colonies;
Hughes,
d'Australie;Sir George Foster, Ministre du Commerce
For
du
Great
Canada.
For Italy: S. Exc. M. Tittoni,Ambassadeur
alie a Paris ; M. Daneo, Ministre des Finances.
For
des
Japan
:
M.
Sakatani, Ancien
le Baron
d'lt-
Ministre
Finances.
For
Portugal:
Finances
M.
Docteur
le
; M.
le Docteur
Ministre
des
Ministre
des Affaires etrangeres.
61
Costa,
Soares,
Augusto
Alfonso
M. Pokrowsky, Controleur
Russia:
de l'Empire,Conseiller prive;M. PrilejaiefT,
Adjoint au Ministre du Commerce
et de l'lndustrie,
Conseiller prive.
For
Servia:
For
Marinkovitch, Ministre
M.
du
Cor
merce.
[Inclosure2
"
Translation.]
followingpersons,
who
are
diplomaticrepr
sentatives of the allied countries in Paris, have been
of the economic
appointedas a permanent committee
conference :
The
Vice
Belgium: M. G. Peltzer,
Economique Beige.
President
of
the
Union
dent
Denys Cochin, Minister of State,Presithe Committee;
M.
Gout, Minister Plenipotentiary,
Under
Secretaryof the Foreign Office ; Contre
France:
of
Amiral
M.
Italy: Prince
Italian
Embassy
dessa, Assistant
Colonel
President
Vice
Amet,
of the Committee.
Plenipotentiary
Ruspoli, Minister
in
Paris; Commandeur
General
Director
of
del
the
Abba-
Customs;
Brancaccio.
Japan: Tatsuke, Counsellor
of the
Japanese
bassy
Em-
in Paris.
Earl Granville, Counsellor
Great Britain:
British Embassy in Paris.
Portugal: M. de Vilhena.
Russia:
Sevastopoulo,Counsellor
Embassy
the
in
Russian
of the
of the Russian
Attache
at
Paris; Batcheff, Commercial
Embassy
in Paris.
Servia:
Voulovitch, Deputy; Kapetanovitch,Deputy.
General
Secretary:
BOSSERONT
Minister
62
D'ANGLADE,
Plenipotentiary.
"
"3?
^d^
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