The Respiratory System
The Respiratory System
Functions of the Functions
of the
Respiratory System
•
•
•
•
Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Filters inspired air
C t i
Contains receptors for smell
t f
ll
Enable speech
p
production
p
Respiration
p
Includes
• Pulmonary ventilation
– Air moves in and out of lungs
– Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli (air sacs)
• External respiration
– Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli
– O2 (oxygen) in air diffuses into blood
– CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood diffuses into air
• Transport of respiratory gases
– Between the lungs and the cells of the body
– Performed by the cardiovascular system
– Blood is the transporting fluid
• Internal respiration
p
– Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells
– O2 in blood diffuses into tissues
– CO2 waste in tissues diffuses into blood
3
Pathway of Respiratory System
• Upper respiratory tract (Conducting zone)
– nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea
nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea
• Lower respiratory tract ‐ bronchial tree and lungs
(Respiratory zone)
鼻腔
喉
鼻
口
氣管
支氣管
小支氣管
肺泡
肺臟
Mouth & Nose
• Brings air into the body
• Nasal hairs in nostrils trap dust
鼻骨
上頷骨
側鼻軟骨
間隔軟骨
翼軟骨
Nasal cavity鼻腔
Nasal cavity鼻腔
• Warms & moistens air a s & o ste s a
• nasal septum & conchae
鼻中膈 & 鼻甲
(bone & cartilage)
(bone & cartilage)
Nasal Conchae 鼻甲
•Inferior to each is a meatus 鼻道
•Increases turbulence of air
I
b l
f i : ↑air time
↑ i i
•3 scroll‐like structures
7
8
Nasal cavity 鼻腔
Nasal cavity
• Warms & moistens air • nasal septum & conchae
nasal septum & conchae
• mucous membrane 黏膜: mucus; cilia; olfactory receptors
– traps dust, pollen, and other materials that were p
,p
,
not trapped by nasal hairs – cilia sweep mucus and trapped material to the cilia sweep mucus and trapped material to the
back of the throat where it can be swallowed 痰
Olfactory Epithelium 嗅覺上皮
Olfactory Epithelium Nasal cavity 鼻腔
Nasal cavity
• Warms & moistens air • nasal septum & conchae
nasal septum & conchae
• mucous membrane 黏膜: mucus; cilia; olfactory receptors
– traps dust, pollen, and other materials that were p
,p
,
not trapped by nasal hairs – cilia sweep mucus and trapped material to the cilia sweep mucus and trapped material to the
back of the throat where it can be swallowed • Nasal sinus
N l i
鼻竇
Paranasal sinuses 副鼻竇
– Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones
– Open into nasal cavity
Open into nasal cavity
– Lined by same mucosa as nasal cavity and perform same functions
f ti
: moisture, warm, expel it
l
– Also lighten the skull
– Can get infected: sinusitis
蝶竇
額竇
蝶竇
篩竇
上頷竇
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Pharynx 咽
• Tube‐like passageway used by food, liquid, and air
Nasopharynx 鼻咽 : pharyngeal tonsils, 耳咽管
 oropharynx 口咽
h
口咽 : palatine tonsils, digestion/ air transduction
l i
il di
i / i
d i
 laryngopharynx喉咽: larynx, common passage
Larynx 喉
•
•
•
•
Transmit canal from the pharynx
pg
會厭
Epiglottis
喉壁由九塊軟骨構成支架
“Voice
Voice box
box”音箱
音箱 ; vocal cords 聲帶
; vocal cords 聲帶
Epiglottis
pg
會厭
• At the lower end of the pharynx is a flap of tissue
– covers
covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does the trachea during swallowing so that food does
not enter the lungs 食道
Nine cartilages 軟骨
不成對
• Epiglottis 會厭 – (1) elastic cartilage
• thyroid cartilage 甲狀– (1) Adam’s apple, anterior attachment of
vocal folds,
folds testosterone increases size after puberty 喉結
• cricoid cartilage 環狀– (1) ring-shaped,
成對
• arytenoid cartilages 杓狀– (2)
• cuneiform cartilages 械狀- (2)
• corniculate cartlages – 角狀(2)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Epiglottis 會厭 – (1) elastic cartilage
thyroid cartilage 甲狀– (1) anterior attachment of vocal folds
cricoid cartilage 環狀– (1) ring-shaped,
arytenoid cartilages 杓狀– (2) posterior attachment of vocal folds,
Movement/ vocal fold 震動
cuneiform cartilages 械狀- (2)
corniculate cartlages – 角狀(2)
Larynx 喉
•
•
•
•
Transmit canal from the pharynx
pg
會厭
Epiglottis
喉壁由九塊軟骨構成支架
“Voice
Voice box
box”音箱
音箱 ; vocal cords 聲帶
; vocal cords 聲帶
24 04
24_04
聲帶(鬆,外開)
聲帶(緊,內收)
Voice Production
Voice Production
i). Vibration Air passing over the vocal folds causes vibrations
ii). Pitch Length and tension of the vocal folds is controlled by muscle
iii) Loudness
iii). Loudness depends on the force with which air is exhaled through the cords
through the cords
iv). Muscles of the face, tongue, and lips help with enunciation of words
enunciation of words
v). resonating chambers : nasal sinus
發炎 / 腫大 : 聲帶收縮受阻/無法震動 : 沙啞/失聲
Trachea 氣管
•
•
•
•
Air‐conducting tube y
Connects the larynx with the bronchi
Lined with mucous membranes and cilia
Contains strong cartilage rings (C 型)
Contains strong cartilage rings
(C 型)
Cartilage
C
til
: prevention
ti off the
th
collapse of trachea and air can
pass
Pathway of Respiratory System
• Upper respiratory tract
– nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea
nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea
• Lower respiratory tract ‐ bronchial tree and lungs
支氣管 & 肺
Bronchi 支氣管
•
•
•
•
Two short tubes that branch (T4;T7 ?)
C
Carry air into the lungs i i t th l
Respiratory epi.
p
y p
Bronchial Tree
The bronchi sub divide into The
bronchi sub divide into
2nd and 3rd bronchials and then continue to subdivide
then continue to subdivide 23 pairs of branching passageways
• Rid
Ridge on internal aspect of last tracheal
of last tracheal cartilage
• Point where trachea branches
• Mucosa highly M
hi hl
sensitive to irritants: cough
irritants: cough reflex
Carina*
*
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Bronchial Tree
分枝
lung
24_06a
氣管
初級支氣管
次級支氣管
三級支氣管
小支氣管
末小支氣管
會厭
甲狀軟骨
右 高, 短,
右:
易阻塞
氣管
左初級支氣管
左次級支氣管
左三級支氣管
小支氣管
Bronchioles 小支氣管
• Tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs • Connect bronchi to alveoli
Connect bronchi to alveoli 肺泡
•
•
•
•
偽複層纖毛上皮→單層立方上皮
Cartilage no↓; smooth muscle ↑;
Cartilage no↓; smooth muscle ↑; 呼吸
氣喘
氣管
初級支氣管
次級支氣管
三級支氣管
小支氣管
末小支氣管
肺泡囊
Alveoli 肺泡
• Tiny, thin‐walled, grapelike clusters at the end of each bronchiole • Singular ‐ alveolus
• Surrounded by capillaries
Surrounded by capillaries
• Where carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange take place
Pulmonary Circulation 肺循環
肺動脈CO2
全身
氣體交換
肺靜脈
O2
左心房/室
31
Pulmonary arteries and veins
Pulmonary vein
(intersegmental)
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery
肺動脈
(缺氧)
肺靜脈
(充氧)
32
Lungs
• Thoracic cavity 胸腔
• Left & right Lung
• Pleurae 胸膜
Pleurae 胸膜:: visceral pleura & parietal pleura
臟膜
壁膜
頸部
中膈
肋
橫膈
34
Thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺
9th intercostal space in the
MAL ((midaxillaryy line))
抽肺積水或肺積血
血胸
Hemothorax
H
th
MCL
Scapular line
MAL
胸肋膜陷窩
12th rib
35
10th rib
右 3
左 2
上葉
斜裂
斜裂
水平裂
中葉
下葉
下葉
心臟壓跡
B
Breathing
hi
• Breathing (pulmonary ventilation) consists of two cyclic phases: 氣體交換
• inhalation,
inhalation, also called inspiration also called inspiration ‐ draws gases draws gases
into the lungs.吸氣
• exhalation,
exhalation also called expiration ‐
also called expiration forces gases forces gases
out of the lungs.呼氣
呼吸之肌肉變化
吸氣
肋間肌收縮
呼氣
Neural Control of Ventilation
• Reticular formation in medulla
– Responsible for basic rate and rhythm
Responsible for basic rate and rhythm
– Can be modified by higher centers
• Limbic system and hypothalamus, e.g. gasp with certain emotions
• Cerebral cortex –
C b l
conscious control
i
l
• Chemoreceptors detect the chemistry change of blood pH
detect the chemistry change of blood, pH
– Central – in the medulla
– Peripheral:
• Aortic bodies on the aortic arch • Carotid bodies : monitor O2 and CO2 tension in the blood and help regulate respiratory rate and depth
regulate respiratory rate and depth
The carotid sinus (dilated area near fork) helps regulate blood pressure and can affect the rate (stimulation during carotid massage can slow an
and can affect the rate (stimulation during carotid massage can slow an abnormally fast heart rate)
41
Peripheral chemoreceptors regulating respiration
• Aortic bodies*
– On aorta
– Send sensory info to medulla through X (vagus n) +
• Carotid bodies+
*
– At
At fork of common carotid fork of common carotid
artery
– Send info mainly through IX Send info mainly through IX
(glossopharyngeal n)
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