4/13/2015
MANUFACTURING:
The large-scale transformation of raw materials into
finished goods that have
higher value .
Regional Landscapes of the
United States and Canada
American Heartland:
Industry
HEARTLAND
overlap area of the
AGRICULTURAL
and
The American Heartland:
INDUSTRIAL CORES
Agricultural Core stretches from
Lake Ontario to the Missouri
River Valley and between the
Northlands and the South in the
area of temperate climate.
Overlapping Areas of
Agriculture and Manufacturing
2
Manufacturing Core
stretches from the
Atlantic Ocean to
the Mississippi R.
and between the
Great Lakes and the
Ohio River Valley.
Prof. Anthony Grande
©AFG 2015
Chapters 7, 8,13 of American Landscape
Sub-regions of the
Manufacturing Core
2
Manufacturing Needs
USA
Utica
Schenectady
Troy
New York City
Baltimore
Patterson
Trenton
New Haven
Springfield
Boston
Worcester
Providence
Portsmouth
Portland
CANADA
Windsor
London
Hamilton
Toronto
Montreal
USA
Milwaukee
Chicago
Peoria
Gary
Detroit
Flint
Toledo
Cleveland
Akron
Dayton
Cincinnati
Wheeling
Pittsburgh
Erie
Philadelphia
Scranton
Buffalo
Rochester
Syracuse
Includes parts
of Megalopolis,
the Canadian
National Core
and Appalachia
What is needed for a successful industrial operation –
both manufacturing and support?
– Space
– Raw materials
– Energy supply
– Water supply
– Transportation
(accessibility and networks:
ports, railroads, highways,
canals, airports)
– Labor supply (all skill
levels)
– Financial centers
– Markets
– Political and legal
variables that are
favorable (jurisdictions,
laws, zoning, regulations)
3
More Definitions
4
Handling Bulk
• Comparative Advantage: the area best suited
Bulk - a large volume of material
Break bulk – to reduce the volume to manageable loads
for a task
• Agglomeration: clustering for mutual benefit
All manufacturing sites have to deal with issues of
bulk and storage for both the raw materials and the
finished products which requires the room to do so.
• On-site Storage: bulk buying; warehousing
• Just-in-Time Systems: buy and accept delivery
when needed
Break-in-bulk Point:
• Location Inertia: tendency of an industry to stay
in place and at a place.
A transfer point on a transport route where the
type of carrier changes, and where the volume of
shipment is expanded or reduced in size.
5
6
1
4/13/2015
Manufacturing Core
Growth of Manufacturing Core
The growth and development of the Core
was directly related to the:
Core region dates from the late-1800s.
– Prelude: Early 1800s on the East Coast, there was
urban/manufacturing development as the factory
system transformed towns.
1. Quantity, quality and location of natural
resources (wood, coal, minerals, and water).
ORIGINAL CORE IS BOSTON TO BALTIMORE.
– Midwest was settled by agriculturalists:1830-1860.
2. Ability to move raw materials and the finished
product by water and rail (transportation networks).
– Transportation advances were a factor:
• Erie Canal and “canal fever”
(1820s-1850s). Canals
were built to connect the area’s rivers with the Great Lakes.
• Railroads (surpassed the canals in 1840s; flexibility).
7
8
Growth of the Railroads
Industrial Areas - 1880
(1850-1880)
9
Note the increase of density of lines over the 30 yr period.
10
Railroads and
the Heartland
Manufacturing Core
after the end of the Civil War
Railroads’ presence
everywhere – tracks, rail
In East Coast cities manufacturing grew
after the Civil War because of:
a) Labor supply, water power, good ports, the
siting of railroad terminals and money.
b) European immigrants with factory working
experience entered the U.S. through these cities.
c) The growth of the railroads in the mid1800s, esp. after the invention (1870s) of steel rails,
allowed manufacturing to move inland along the
tracks expanding the original core. Able to move
tons of raw materials, especially coal.
Railroad companies sponsored manufacturing along
their lines.
11
crossings, stations, yards,
depots – have created
images in people’s minds
that includes them in the
mental image of the landscape of the Midwest.
12
2
4/13/2015
Comparison of Core Sub-regions
Eastern Cities
--
Interior Cities
New England Watermills
the original factories
Undershot water wheel
Existed before industrialization Developed near mineral and
agricultural resources
 Developed because of
after industrialization
commerce and finance
 Focus: water for transport’n
 Hearth: New England
 Specialization: heavy
 Power source: water wheel
industry
 Specialization: light industry
Importance placed on services, esp. finance, educ., culture
 Sites: Boston, Providence, New
Overshot water wheel
 Used tons of metallic
minerals and coal
 Processing, metal smelting,
machinery, milling
 Small amt of raw materials used
 High value per unit weight added
 Sites: Buffalo, Pittsburgh,
York, Philadelphia, Baltimore
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit,
Gary, Chicago, Milwaukee, St.
13
Louis; Toronto, Hamilton
Canals of Lowell, MA - 1850
Upstream of the
Pawtucket Falls,
water from the Merrimack R.
was diverted into canals
which flowed through factories. The 30 ft. head (drop)
turned the waterwheels that
transferred energy by gears
to the power shaft.
14
Inside a Watermill
Gears and
shafts for
GRINDING
action.
PULLY SYSTEM
with gears and
belts to turn
drive shafts at
different levels
Nearly 6 miles of
canals operated
on 2 levels and
powered 10 major
mills employing
10,000 workers.
WATER-POWERED SAWMILL
Cranks and rods
for SAWING action
15
Cotton Manufacturing Museum
Lowell, MA
16
Mill at Manville, RI
Machines (looms)
are powered by
water turning wheels.
17
18
3
4/13/2015
New England Factory Buildings
Great Falls of the
Passaic River
Salem, MA
Manchester, NH
Paterson, NJ
It is home to the
largest and best
example of early
manufacturing mills
in the US.
Milton, MA
It played a key role in
shaping the American
Industrial Revolution.
Designated a National Historical Park in 2011.
Has 18th, 19th and 20th century structures.
It contains waterpower
remnants from the
1700s, including a 3tiered raceway system.
20
19
DUMBO,
Brooklyn, NY
New England Factory Buildings
Remnants of post-Civil War
era factory complex along
the Brooklyn waterfront.
21
Proximity within the Heartland of
Components for Steel-making
22
Importance of Ports
on the Great Lakes
• Transfer of iron ore shipped on Great Lakes to
rail cars at Great Lakes ports: break-in-bulk.
• Return rail cars carrying coal.
• Development of steel and other industries at
ports.
IRON ORE
Cleveland
•Coal is moved by rail or water.
Iron ore is moved by water.
•Steel mills are located along the
shoreline.
•Limestone is trucked in from
local sources.
•Finished products are moved
by water, rail or truck to their
next destination.
- Largest port city on Lake Erie
- Canal linkage to Ohio River
COAL
Buffalo
23
- Linked to NYC by Erie Canal
- Last port on “all American” route from Lake
Superior
- Extensive rail yards interacted with port facilities
24
4
4/13/2015
Rust Belt
Canadian Core Lake Ports
 20th century term used to describe the area in industrial
decline stretching from western Pennsylvania and
central New York State through northern Illinois.
Hamilton (iron and steel)
Toronto (diversified)
Windsor (automobiles)
Plus the Welland Canal and
access to the sea via the St.
Lawrence Seaway.
“Golden Horseshoe” of Canada – the
area at the west end of Lake Ontario from
Toronto to the Niagara River.
25
Lake Michigan
Reasons for the “Rusting”
Chicago
of the Manufacturing Core
• Population shifts: movement to new growth
•
•
•
•
•
It is meant to evoke images of rusting manufacturing facilities, especially
involving the manufacturing of steel, vehicles, and heavy machinery. 26
Chicago
Metro
area
Dominant city of the Heartland both for agriculture and
industry.
• Not a great site
areas (SE and SW U.S., W. Canada)
Labor shortage: young people not wanting to
work in factories.
Competition: from manufacturers in other U.S.
regions and in foreign countries.
Aging infrastructure: costly to retro fit or come
up to standards; limited space to expand.
New technologies: hi tech, especially robotics.
Environmental issues: regulations, cost factors.
Gary, IN
– Swampy, poor-quality drinking water, non-navigable river
• But has situational advantages
– Transfer point for goods and people from west and
southwest
– Focus of inland water transportation
(Illinois and
Michigan Canal, 1848) connecting Lake Michigan to the
Mississippi River system
– Railroad center – all major rail lines radiate from here.
27
28
Heavy industry
on Cleveland’s
Cuyahoga River
Aerial
Photograph
of Cleveland
Here water is used in
processing, for waste
disposal and as a
means of transportation.
Winter 1937 View
29
30
5
4/13/2015
Cuyahoga River Fire
Vintage Photos of Pittsburgh
June 22, 1969
1930s Pittsburgh steel mill
Air pollution from
Pittsburgh steel mill
31
PITTSBURGH
32
Detroit: Satellite image
• Strategic river junction (where the Monongahela
and Allegheny rivers join to form the Ohio River)
• Access to raw materials (iron ore and coal) and
down-river markets
• Steel making center
• Today pollution free
Detroit, MI
USA
Lake St.
Clair
Windsor, ON
Canada
33
Lake Erie
34
The Ford Plant at Rouge River
Detroit
Looking north
from Detroit to
Lake St. Clair (in
• From the French,
de troit – “of the
narrows”
• Located along the
Detroit River (a channel) that connects
Lake Erie with Lake
St. Clair.
• Located at a place to
cross the river and
also to control water
traffic between the
lakes.
• This was a site of
colonial forts.
south of Detroit
Lake St. Clair
the distance).
Windsor (Canada)
is to the right.
Major manufacturing plants need
a lot of space and are located
outside of cities. Assembly line
manufacturing is a one level,
horizontal production line.
35
(As opposed to the multi-story East Coast
factories located within a city.)
36
6
4/13/2015
Automobile Industry
A Modern Automobile Assembly Line
Henry Ford (1863-1947). Industrialist, automobile
manufacturer, and pioneer of the assembly line
technique of mass production. He and other auto
pioneers happened to live in the area!
Some horizontal assemble lines can be over a quarter mile long.
37
Commercial Food
Processing
38
Minneapolis
Mill Ruins State Park: Once the area of
the highest concentration of water powered
mills in the world.
Kellogg, Battle Creek, MI
General Mills, Minneapolis, MN
Quaker Oats, St. Louis, MO
39
John Deere Factory
Minneapolis and St. Paul, located at the St. Anthony Falls of the
Mississippi River, became the focus of grain growers to break bulk before
shipping the product east. How? Why?
40
Ethanol
Ethanol is a fuel made
from processing biomass.
Corn is a very good
source of biomass.
Agricultural
need meets
industrial
ability.
41
Ground corn stored in the
manufacture of ethanol.
42
7
4/13/2015
EXAM INFORMATION
 Exam Two will be
Monday, April 20.
• Format same as Exam 1.
• Multiple choice short
answer plus choice of
essay topics.
• See Study Guide.
 Missed exam make-up is
all essay format .
 The Extra Credit for
Exam Two is due no
later than the start of
the exam on April 20.
 Remember to provide
examples from all 4
choices for max extra
points.
 All other extra credit is by
the end of the semester.
43
8