Biological
Psychology
An Introduction to Behavioral,
Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience
SEVENTH EDITION
S. MARC BREEDLOVE
NEIL V. WATSON
Michigan State University
Simon Fraser University
Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers • Sunderland, Massachusetts
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Brief Contents
Chapter 1
PART I
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Biological Psychology: Scope and Outlook
1
Biological Foundations of Behavior 21
Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior 23
Neurophysiology: The Generation, Transmission, and Integration
of Neural Signals 59
The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and
Neuropharmacology 91
Hormones and the Brain 125
PART II
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Evolution and Development of the Nervous System 155
Evolution of the Brain and Behavior 157
Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior 185
PART III
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Biological Foundations of Behavior 221
General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Hearing, Vestibular Perception, Taste, and Smell 255
Vision: From Eye to Brain 291
Motor Control and Plasticity 327
PART IV
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Regulation and Behavior 359
Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases 361
Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment
Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming 423
PART V
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Emotions and Mental Disorders 455
Emotions, Aggression, and Stress 457
Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders
PART VI
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Cognitive Neuroscience 523
Learning and Memory 525
Attention and Higher Cognition 561
Language and Hemispheric Asymmetry
223
393
491
597
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Contents
1
Biological Psychology:
Scope and Outlook 1
Human or Machine?
1
The Brain Is Full of Surprises
2
What Is Biological Psychology?
2
Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior
BOX 1.1
3
We Are All Alike, and We Are All Different
Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior
5
6
Neuroplasticity: Behavior Can Change the Brain
7
Biological Psychologists Use Several Levels of Analysis
10
A Preview of the Book: Relations between Brain and Behavior
11
Neuroscience Contributes to Our Understanding of Human
Disorders 12
Animal Research Makes Vital Contributions
13
The History of Research on the Brain and Behavior Begins
in Antiquity 14
BOX 1.2
Bigger Better? The Case of the Brain and Intelligence
17
The Cutting Edge Neuroscience Is Advancing at a
Tremendous Rate 19
Visual Summary
20
PART
I
2
Biological Foundations of Behavior 21
Functional Neuroanatomy:
The Nervous System and Behavior
A Stimulating Experience
23
23
The Nervous System Is Composed of Cells
24
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VIII
CONTENTS
BOX 2.1 Neuroanatomical Methods Provide Ways
to Make Sense of the Brain 26
The Nervous System Consists of Central and
Peripheral Divisions 34
4
The Chemistry of Behavior:
Neurotransmitters and
Neuropharmacology 91
BOX 2.2 Three Customary Orientations for Viewing
the Brain and Body 40
The Birth of a Pharmaceutical Problem
Child 91
The Brain Is Described by Both Structure and
Function 43
Many Chemical Neurotransmitters Have Been
Identified 92
Specialized Support Systems Protect and Nourish
the Brain 47
Neurotransmitter Systems Form a Complex Array in
the Brain 94
Brain Imaging Techniques Reveal the Structure and
Function of the Living Human Brain 49
The Effects of a Drug Depend on Its Site of Action
and Dose 98
BOX 2.3
Drugs Affect Each Stage of Neural Conduction and
Synaptic Transmission 104
Isolating Specific Brain Activity
The Cutting Edge
Than One 54
Visual Summary
51
Two Heads Are Better
Drugs That Affect the Brain Can Be Divided into
Functional Classes 107
56
Drug Abuse Is Pervasive
3
Neurophysiology: The
Generation, Transmission,
and Integration of Neural
Signals 59
The Laughing Brain
Electrical Signals Are the Vocabulary of the Nervous
System 60
BOX 3.1
Changing the Channel
67
BOX 3.2 Electrical Synapses Work with No
Time Delay 71
Synaptic Transmission Requires a Sequence of
Events 76
Neurons and Synapses Combine to Make
Circuits 82
Gross Electrical Activity of the Human Brain
The Cutting Edge Optogenetics:
Using Light to Probe Brain–Behavior
Relationships 87
88
The Cutting Edge The Needle and the
Damage Undone 121
5
123
Hormones and the
Brain 125
Life-Threatening Lethargy
Synapses Cause Graded, Local Changes in the
Postsynaptic Membrane Potential 71
Visual Summary
BOX 4.1 The Terminology of Substance-Related
Disorders 117
Visual Summary
59
116
84
125
Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body
125
Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular
Actions 131
BOX 5.1 Techniques of Modern Behavioral
Endocrinology 134
Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific
Hormones 137
BOX 5.2 Stress and Growth: Psychosocial
Dwarfism 143
Hormones Affect Behavior in Many Different
Ways 149
Hormonal and Neural Systems Interact to Produce
Integrated Responses 150
The Cutting Edge Hormones Made By the
Brain, for the Brain 152
Visual Summary
154
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IX
CONTENTS
PART
II
6
Evolution and Development of the Nervous System
Evolution of the Brain
and Behavior 157
We Are Not So Different, Are We?
157
How Did the Enormous Variety of Species Arise
on Earth? 158
Why Should We Study Other Species?
162
To Each Its Own Sensory World
165
All Vertebrate Brains Share the Same Basic
Structures 167
The Evolution of Vertebrate Brains Reflects
Changes in Behavior 169
Many Factors Led to the Rapid Evolution of a
Large Cortex in Primates 174
BOX 6.3
Evolutionary Psychology
Evolution Continues Today
Life-Span Development
of the Brain and
Behavior 185
Overcoming Blindness
185
Growth and Development of the Brain Are Orderly
Processes 185
Development of the Nervous System Can Be
Divided into Six Distinct Stages 187
BOX 6.1 Why Should We Study Particular
Species? 163
BOX 6.2
7
155
177
179
BOX 7.1 Degeneration and Regeneration of
Nervous Tissue 191
BOX 7.2 The Frog Retinotectal System
Demonstrates Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors
in Neural Development 200
Developmental Disorders of the Brain Impair
Behavior 202
Genes Interact with Experience to Guide Brain
Development 204
BOX 7.3
Transgenic and Knockout Mice
205
The Cutting Edge Are Humans
Still Evolving? 181
Experience Is an Important Influence on Brain
Development 209
Visual Summary
The Brain Continues to Change as We Grow
Older 212
183
Two Timescales Are Needed to Describe Brain
Development 216
The Cutting Edge Genetically Reversing
an Inherited Brain Disorder 217
Visual Summary
219
PART
III
8
Biological Foundations of Behavior
General Principles of
Sensory Processing,
Touch, and Pain 223
What’s Hot? What’s Not?
Sensory Processing
223
223
Sensory Receptor Organs Detect Energy or
Substances 224
221
What Type of Stimulus Was That?
225
Sensory Processing Begins in Receptor Cells
226
Sensory Information Processing Is Selective and
Analytical 228
BOX 8.1
Synesthesia
235
Touch: Many Sensations Blended
Together 235
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X
CONTENTS
Skin Is a Complex Organ That Contains a Variety of
Sensory Receptors 235
The Human Tongue Discriminates Five Basic
Tastes 276
The Dorsal Column System Carries Somatosensory
Information from the Skin to the Brain 238
Chemicals in the Air Elicit Odor Sensations
Pain: An Unpleasant but Adaptive
Experience 241
Human Pain Can Be Measured
242
Pain Can Be Difficult to Control
247
The Cutting Edge Sticks and
Stones… 251
Visual Summary
The Cutting Edge
Taste 287
Visual Summary
10
More Than a Matter of
288
Vision: From Eye to
Brain 291
When Seeing Isn’t Seeing
253
281
291
The Visual System Extends from the Eye
to the Brain 291
9
Hearing, Vestibular
Perception, Taste, and
Smell 255
No Ear for Music
Hearing
BOX 9.1
255
BOX 10.1
The Basics of Light
294
Neural Signals Travel from the Retina to Several
Brain Regions 299
BOX 10.2 Eyes with Lenses Have Evolved in
Several Phyla 302
255
The Basics of Sound
256
Each Part of the Ear Performs a Specific
Function in Hearing 257
Auditory System Pathways Run from the
Brainstem to the Cortex 262
Pitch Information Is Encoded in Two
Complementary Ways 264
Neurons at Different Levels of the Visual System
Have Very Different Receptive Fields 303
Area V1 Is Organized in Columns
312
Color Vision Depends on Special Channels from the
Retinal Cones through Cortical Area V4 314
BOX 10.3 Most Mammalian Species Have Some
Color Vision 316
Brainstem Auditory Systems Are Specialized
for Localizing Sounds 266
Perception of Visual Motion Is Analyzed by a
Special System That Includes Cortical Area
V5 319
The Auditory Cortex Performs Complex Tasks
in the Perception of Sound 268
The Many Cortical Visual Areas Are Organized into
Two Major Streams 320
Hearing Loss Is a Major Disorder of the Nervous
System 270
Visual Neuroscience Can Be Applied to Alleviate
Some Visual Deficiencies 322
Vestibular Perception
The Cutting Edge
273
The Receptor Mechanisms for the Vestibular
System Are in the Inner Ear 273
Nerve Fibers from the Vestibular Portion of the
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) Synapse in the
Brainstem 275
Some Forms of Vestibular Excitation Produce
Motion Sickness 276
The Chemical Senses: Taste and
Smell 276
Visual Summary
11
Seeing the Light
323
325
Motor Control and
Plasticity 327
What You See Is What You Get
The Behavioral View
327
327
The Control Systems View
329
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CONTENTS
The Neuroscience View
330
Movements Are Controlled at Several Nervous
System Levels 337
BOX 11.1 Cortical Neurons Can Guide a Robotic
Arm 341
XI
Disorders of Muscle, Spinal Cord, or Brain Can
Disrupt Movement 347
The Cutting Edge Cerebellar Glia Play a
Role in Fine Motor Coordination 354
Visual Summary
356
Extrapyramidal Systems Also Modulate Motor
Commands 345
PART
IV
12
Regulation and Behavior
Sex: Evolutionary,
Hormonal, and Neural
Bases 361
13
Genitals and Gender: What Makes Us Male
and Female? 361
Sexual Behavior
359
361
Reproductive Behavior Can Be Divided into
Four Stages 362
Homeostasis: Active
Regulation of the Internal
Environment 393
A Love-Hate Relationship with Food
Homeostasis Maintains a Consistent
Internal Environment: The Example of
Thermoregulation 394
BOX 13.1 Integrated Physiological and Behavioral
Thermoregulation Helps Young Animals to
Survive 399
The Neural Circuitry of the Brain Regulates
Reproductive Behavior 365
Water Moves between Two Major Body
Compartments 400
Pheromones Guide Reproductive Behavior in
Many Species 367
Two Internal Cues Trigger Thirst
401
The Hallmark of Human Sexual Behavior Is
Diversity 369
Food and Energy Regulation
For Many Vertebrates, Parental Care Determines
Offspring Survival 372
Nutrient Regulation Helps Prepare for
Future Needs 405
Sexual Differentiation
Insulin Is Crucial for the Regulation of Body
Metabolism 408
373
Sex Determination and Sexual Differentiation Occur
Early in Development 373
How Should We Define Gender—by Genes,
Gonads, Genitals, or the Brain? 378
BOX 12.1 The Paradoxical Sexual Differentiation of
the Spotted Hyena 381
Do Fetal Hormones Masculinize Human Behaviors
in Adulthood? 386
Visual Summary
Sex on the Brain
405
The Hypothalamus Coordinates Multiple Systems
That Control Hunger 409
Obesity Is Difficult to Treat
Gonadal Hormones Direct Sexual Differentiation of
the Brain and Behavior 378
The Cutting Edge
393
415
BOX 13.2 Body Fat Stores Are Tightly Regulated,
Even after Surgical Removal of Fat 416
Eating Disorders Are Life-Threatening
The Cutting Edge
Belly 419
Visual Summary
418
A Rumbling in the
421
390
391
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XII
CONTENTS
14
Biological Rhythms, Sleep,
and Dreaming 423
When Sleep Gets Out of Control
Biological Rhythms
Our Sleep Patterns Change across the Life
Span 435
Manipulating Sleep Reveals an Underlying
Structure 437
423
423
BOX 14.1
Sleep Deprivation Can Be Fatal
438
Many Animals Show Daily Rhythms in Activity
423
What Are the Biological Functions of Sleep?
The Hypothalamus Houses a Circadian Clock
425
At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie
Sleep 443
Some Biological Rhythms Are Longer or Shorter
than a Day 429
Sleep and Waking
430
Human Sleep Exhibits Different Stages
439
Sleep Disorders Can Be Serious, Even
Life-Threatening 448
The Cutting Edge Can Individual Neurons
Be “Sleepy”? 451
430
Different Species Provide Clues about the
Evolution of Sleep 434
Visual Summary
453
PART
V
15
Emotions and Mental Disorders
Emotions, Aggression,
and Stress 457
Trouble in Paradise
What Are Emotions?
16
457
Lie Detector?
Psychopathology: Biological
Basis of Behavioral
Disorders 491
“My Lobotomy”
458
Emotions from the Evolutionary Viewpoint
462
465
Do Distinct Brain Circuits Mediate Emotions?
Neural Circuitry, Hormones, and Synaptic
Transmitters Mediate Violence and
Aggression 476
Stress Activates Many Bodily Responses
492
Schizophrenia Is the Major Neurobiological
Challenge in Psychiatry 492
461
How Many Emotions Do We Experience?
491
The Toll of Psychiatric Disorders Is Huge
Broad Theories of Emotion Emphasize Bodily
Responses 458
BOX 15.1
455
468
BOX 16.1 Long-Term Effects of Antipsychotic
Drugs 502
Mood Disorders Are a Major Psychiatric
Category 506
BOX 16.2
The Season to Be Depressed
511
There Are Several Types of Anxiety Disorders
479
513
BOX 16.3 Tics, Twitches, and Snorts: The Unusual
Character of Tourette’s Syndrome 516
Stress and Emotions Affect the Immune
System 482
Neurosurgery Has Been Used to Treat Psychiatric
Disorders 517
The Cutting Edge Synaptic Changes
during Fear Conditioning 487
Abnormal Prion Proteins Destroy the Brain
Visual Summary
489
518
The Cutting Edge Are Abnormal Eye
Movements an Endophenotype for People
at Risk for Schizophrenia? 519
Visual Summary
521
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XIII
CONTENTS
PART
VI
17
Cognitive Neuroscience
Learning and
Memory 525
Trapped in the Eternal Now
523
18
525
Attention and Higher
Cognition 561
One Thing at a Time
Functional Perspectives on Memory
525
There Are Several Kinds of Memory and
Learning 526
Attention
561
561
Attention Selects Stimuli for Processing
561
Attention May Be Endogenous or Exogenous
Memory Has Temporal Stages: Short, Intermediate,
and Long 530
BOX 18.1
Output
Successive Processes Capture, Store, and Retrieve
Information in the Brain 532
Electrophysiological Techniques Trace Rapid
Changes of Brain Activity 570
BOX 17.1
Many Brain Regions Are Involved in Processes
of Attention 574
Emotions and Memory
534
Different Brain Regions Process Different Aspects
of Memory 536
Neural Mechanisms of Memory
Storage 542
565
Reaction-Time Responses, from Input to
566
Two Cortical Networks Collaborate to Govern
Attention 578
Disorders Provide Clues about the Organization
of Attention 581
Memory Storage Requires Neuronal
Remodeling 542
Consciousness
583
Invertebrate Nervous Systems Show
Plasticity 545
Consciousness Is the Most Mysterious Property
of the Nervous System 583
Synaptic Plasticity Can Be Measured in Simple
Hippocampal Circuits 547
The Frontal Lobes Govern Our Most Complex
Behavior 588
Some Simple Learning in Mammals Relies on
Circuits in the Cerebellum 551
BOX 18.2
In the Adult Brain, Newly Born Neurons May Aid
Learning 554
Learning and Memory Change as We Age
The Cutting Edge
Engram 557
Visual Summary
555
Phineas Gage
The Cutting Edge
YouTube 593
Visual Summary
590
Putting the You in
595
Artificial Activation of an
559
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XIV
CONTENTS
19
Language and Hemispheric
Asymmetry 597
Putting a Name to a Face
597
Language Has Both Learned and Innate Components
597
Language Disorders Result from Region-Specific Brain Damage
BOX 19.1
Williams Syndrome Offers Clues about Language
BOX 19.2
The Wada Test
605
600
605
Competing Models Describe Left-Hemisphere Language
Specializations 608
Reading Skills Are Difficult to Acquire and Frequently Impaired
611
Brain Stimulation Provides Information about the Organization of
Language in the Brain 614
Functional Neuroimaging Tracks Activity in the Brain’s Language
Zones 616
The Left Brain Is Different from the Right Brain
618
Deficits in Spatial Perception Follow Right-Hemisphere Damage
Following Some Injuries, the Brain Can Recover Function
BOX 19.3
The Amazing Resilience of a Child’s Brain
BOX 19.4
Contact Sports Can Be Costly
624
626
627
628
The Cutting Edge Studying Connectivity in the
Living Brain 630
Visual Summary
Appendix
Glossary
632
A–1
G–1
Illustration Credits
References
IC–1
R–1
Author Index
Subject Index
AI–1
SI–1
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