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For
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at
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viva
which
Latin
and
Schools,
PRIMER
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and
occurs
the
first issue
the
in
GRAMMAR,
developed
of
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time
same
of
of
is
the
given
School
principles
the
Latin
note
last
the
on
Primer
to
a
reason
added
for
;
same
and
a
topic
Grammar.'
THE;
PRIMER.
LATIN
SCHOOL
PUBLIC
,''V";
;"""""
ETYMOLOGY.
LETTERS.
THE
"
W.
The
1.
The
the
ALPHABET
have
Letters
(2)
and
Latin
Small,
forms
two
modern
or
in
now
the
(l)
:
English without
Capital, or ancient
is the
use
;
form.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP
(1)
(2)
abcdefghijklmnop
QRSTUVXYZ.
qrst
"
2.
The
/
"
3.
and
The
Nasals
The
Liquids
Spirants
Double,
("),
are
1.
K
remains
Y
and
3.
Q blends
Latin
b,
z
has
(oe),au:
d,
o,
n
m,
and
in
a
only
in
with
u
three
three
of these
:
q, and
p,
t:
:
v
few
words
words
v
before
from
:
as,
usual
seldom
letters
two
z, express
or
u, y.
:
f, h, j, s,
x
i,o,
:
1, r
are
k,
g,
a, e,
Vowels.
Vowels
with
sound
are
2.
oe
Semi-consonant
CONSONANTS
The
4.
sounding by themselves, are
called
are
Mutes
The
ae
u
The
The
"
VOWELS,
uvxyz.
the
quis
a:
or
cs, ds.
Kalendae.
as,
Greek
each,
:
as,
Dryas,
zona.
qvis.
DIPHTHONGS
used, ei, eu,
(double vowels),
ui.
2
PAKTS
SPEECH.
speltby SYLLABLES,as English.
is short
(w),long (-),or
Quantity of syllables
(-),as the vowels are short,long,or doubtful : as,
6. The
"
is
Latin
"5
OF
doubtful
iugeVio.
Vowel
A
be
may
"
(\) .Siiort or jor^ by nature:
as, anias.
" 162. 4.
-byposition:as, vindex.
('2)Shcrt b} nataie, Lai: longdoubtful
Short
but
:
position
quadruple.
" 162. a.
(3)
by
by nature,
as,
"
Diphthongsare
7.
" 8.
The
modern
long.
PARTS
"
I.
9. The
PARTS
NOUNS;
I.
II.
VERB;
(2) The
As,
ADJECTIVE
PRONOUN
The
VERB
A
Substantive
as, Croesus
Croesus,
rex
and
t Homines
When
Mors
Mors
Est
agrees
is called
we
manus
naec,
what
a
or
EPITHET
this
is called
the
COPULA
suffers
:
another
Substantive
is called
of the Lydians, \vhere
;
Predicate.
\
"
j"
;
the
Adjective.
sing.^
men
niyh,
PrSpinqua is called the COMPLEMENT
And
is
Copula with Complement
or
Thing is,does, or
say,
is
of mare.*
hand.
SUBJECT.
pr5pinqua, death
is the Subject ;
NOUNS.
sea.
PREDICATE.
est
NAMES.
Quality:
it in Case.
the
the
COMMON
stands for Substantive
canunt,
with
:
\
:
PROPER
are
ATTRIBUTE
attributivelyjoined to
Lydorum, Croesus, king
is called
Canunt
an
states
As, homines
*
the vast
is called
As, tu, tlion;
of three kinds
are
Caesar,
Places
attributes
vastum,
mare
(3) The
(4)
and
Thing
a
APPELLA.TIVA,or
are
Vastum
II.
names
of Persons
All others
WORDS,
or
king ; Caesar,
a
rex,
(a) Names
SPEECH.
III. PARTICLES.
SUBSTANTIVE
(l) The
As,
OF
SPEECH,
OF
in Latin.
used
Stops are
" 87.
rex
its APPOSITE:
is
Apposke
to
FLEXION.
As, Hue
Where, "When,
shews
ADVERB
(5) The
III.
celeriter,
nunc
curre
How
or
hither
run
:
now
quickly.
PREPOSITION
(G) The
word
As,
As, Sves
Thus
lux may
"
Article
in
Latin
like
a, an,
the,in English.
the light,
or
simplylight.
light,
a
the Parts
of
be called
Speechmay
eight:
5.
.Adverb,
2.
Adjective,
6.
3.
Pronoun,
Verb,
7.
Preposition,
Conjunction,
Interjection,
8.
x
have
11.
Which
Flexion.
in
(l)The changes made
meaning,
Verbs
are
DECLINED.
are
CONJUGATED.
(3) A
Noun
has three ACCIDENTS
A
Verb
five :
[a. The
in order
word,
to
vary
NUMBER, CASE, GENDER
VOICE, MOOD, TENSE, NUMBER, PERSON.
is that part of
STEM
a
Flexion.*
without
are
called its FLEXION.
are
(2) Nouns
a
word
on
:
which
the
changes of
;
Flexion
based.
are
b. A
or
:
Substantive,
Which
its
exclamation
is an
1.
4.
"
birds.
sheepand
aves,
no
mean
Hence
10.
et
and clauses:
lo,it snows.
ningit,
is
There
;
other
some
t the door.
a
links words
INTERJECTION
As, ecce
Note.
fores,/ stand
ad
CONJUNCTION
(s)The
to
Noun
a
:
sto
(7) The
the relation of it
shews
and
the Case of
governs
Flexional
addition
at
the end of the Stem
SUFFIX.
The last letter of the Stem
c.
is often indicated
book
d. The
of
Stem
from the
gradu-,diE-.
The
of
Stem
But
audi-,monE-.
; and
reo-e
f.
The
in
shown
by
ENDING
and
in this
Capital.
or
usuallydiscerned by castingoff -rum
Plural :f as, niensA-, domino-, ICON-,man-,
is
Verb
is shewn
in the ImperativeMood:
as, amA-,
in the Third Conjugation-e must
be cast off: as,
Deponent Verb -re or -ere :
is that part which
word
a
Thus
in agitare, agitA- is the
comparingag-ere, ag-men. And
a
*
Except the Comparison of Adverbs, " 37.
in the First,Second, and
t Casting off -rum
and
CHARACTER,
an
a
ROOT
words.
as
a
by
Noun
Genitive
-urn
e.
a
is called the
is called
Fourth.
B
2
as,
has
fA-re,rE-re,
in
with
common
Stem, but
g is the
las-ere.
ag-
the
dred
kin-
Root,
Root-character.]
Fifth Declensions;
-urn
in the
Third
SUBSTANTIVES.
DECLENSION
"
The
12.
the
OF
is declined
Substantive
Adjectiveby Number,
13. The
as
on",
Numbers
See
" 9 (2).
1.
two:
are
table ;
a
mensa,
and Case :
by Number
Gender, agreeing in
Case, and
these with its Substantive.
"
NOUNS.
2.
SINGULAR, speakingof
PLURAL,
ol*
than
more
one,
as
tables.
mensae.
"14.
The
Cases
six.
are
the
Answers
1. NOMINATIVE
(Caseof
2. VOCATIVE
Who
.
.
question
what?
or
Quis dedit?
Vir,
Who
A
gavel
Vir,
addressed)
one
man.
Oman.
Virum,
A
man.
Viri,
A
man's.
Viro,
To
A
a
viro,
By
Genders
15. The
"
is said
Feminine
or
to
MASCULINE;
1.
which
Substantive
A
3. NEUTER.
three:
are
be
may
to both
be COMMON
2.
man.
a
man,
FEMININE;
either Masculine
Genders.
SUBSTANTIVES.
"
There
1G.
known
by
are
five Declensions
endingsof
the
Gen.
:
"
ii.
in,
iv.
y.
Sing.
i^
is
us
Ii
Plur.
Arum
Drum
umf
Uum
Erum
" 17. (1) In
the
are
their Genitives
Substantives,
ae
I.
Gen.
of Latin
Neuter
same
Nouns,
the
in each Number
or
lum
Nominative, Vocative,and
severally
; and
in the Plural
sative
Accu-
they
end in ".
is the same
of Latin words
the Nominative,
as
the
Second
Declension
of
Nouns
like
domlnus, films.
except in Singular
Plural
Ablative
and
the
Dative
The
are
same.
always
(3)
(2)
*
The
Many
Vocative
English Particles may
in, upon, of\for, at, than.
before
f The Consonant
um
be
signs of
the
is the Character.
Latin
Ablative
See " 11
c
;
:
as,
by,with,from,
" 21 (a).
AND
FIRST
FIRST
THE
" 18.
SECOND
DECLENSIONS.
DECLENSION
contains
First Declension
The
Feminine, with Nominative
chieHyProper Names, in as,
(A-nouns).
in
es,
a ;
Latin
and
a
a
Voc.
IWCensa,
0 table
Ace.
XVZensam,
Gen.
ItiEensae,
Dat.
IKCensae,
Abl.
ZVlensa,
Decline
a
Feminine.
e
Mensae,
f.
tables,
IVIensae,
0 tables
X"ensas,
tables
table
table
of a
words,
Plural.
table
Xttensa,
Greek
Masculine,,and
Singular.
Norn.
Nouns, mostly
few
tables
of
FvSensArum,
for a table
IVIensIs, to or for tables
by,with,or from a table IVZensTs, by,with,or from
to or
also
tables
:
Singular.
Goddess,f.
Nom.
De-a
Voc.
De-a
Ace.
De-am
Gen.
De-ae
Dat.
De-ae
Abl.
De-a
N. V.
De-ae
Ace.
De-as
Gen.
De-Arum
D. Abl. De-abus.
Note."
Masc.
Substantives
THE
"
SECOND
19. The
in us,
in
Second
a
are
declined
like
DECLENSION
Declension
: as
mensa
poeta,
"
poet.
(O-nouns).
contains
Nouns
"r, generally
Masculine, and in
um,
with
native
Nomi-
Neuter.
(a) MASCULINE.
Plural.
Singular.
Xom.
Voc.
Bominiis,
Bom
lord
a
ing, 0 lord
Ace.
Dominum,
Gen.
Domini,
Dat.
335min5,
Abl.
Uomino,
Domini,
lords,m.
Domini,
0 lords
a
lord
Dominds,
lords
of a
lord
DominOrum,
to or
for
a
lord
b?/,with, or from
a
lord
Dominis,
of lords
to,or for lords
Dominls,
b?/,with, or from
lords.
SECOND
DECLENSION.
Singular.
Plural
boy
Nora.
PueV,
Voc.
Piier, 0 boy
Ace.
Piierum,
a
Gen.
Piieri, of
a
a
Pugri, boys,m.
Piieri, 0
boy
Piier
boys
6s, boys
Abl.
boy
Pftero, to or for a boy
Piiero, by,with,or from
Nom.
Magister,
the master
Magistrl,
Voc.
Magister,
0 master
IVlagistrl, 0 masters
Ace.
Magistrum,
Gen.
IMCaglstri, of the
Dat.
IVTagristro, to
Abl.
IVIagistrd, by, with,or
Dat.
of boys
Piierls, to or for boys
boy Piieris, by,with,or from boys.
PiierOrum,
a
the master
or
masters,
masters
Ittagistros,
master
of masters
IVIagistrOrum,
forthe master
ZVlagistrls,
m.
to or
for masters
from IWEagristris, by, with, or from
the master
masters.
(b) NEUTER.
Plural.
Singular.
Nora.
Helium,
war
Voc.
Bellum,
0
Ace.
Helium,
war
Gen.
Belli,
of war
Dat.
Bello,
to or
Abl.
Bello,
by,with, or from
Decline
also
Bella,
war
Bella,
0
Bella,
wars
Bell
for war
wnr
wars
wars
drum, of wars
for
Bellls,
to or
Bellis,
by,with,or from
wars
:
Plural.
FTli-i
Flli-os
Gen.
Fili-Orum
Numra-i
Numm-6s
(Numm-drum
or
D. Abl.
Fili-is.
Di
De-6s
De-6rum
Numm-um
Numra-is
Palli-a
(alsoDiV)
\
f
Palli-Is
(alsoDiis).
De-um
Dls
Palli-a
or
wars.
"
DECLENSION
THIRD
THE
20.
[Of these
in
syllables
as
G-en.
Dat.
Abl.
in the Nominative
the
Singular.
number
same
of
in the Nominative.
I. CONSONANT-NOUNS.
(a)MASCULINE
Ace.
Imparisyllable,
having more
few
"21.
N. V.
I.
Nouns
vision
belong to the Consonant DiParisyllable
to the I-Division.
Nouns
Imparisyllable
; and
many
Endings of the Nominative
Singularare numerous.]
a
The
Genitive
:
the Half-consonant
having
Parisyllable,
is
in the
syllables
But
than
the Genitive
Second
The
the First is
Divisions
I-iiouns).
Consonant.
a
for Character
have
which
II. Nouns
and
Divisions
two
for Character
have
which
I. Nouns
(Consonant
Declension has
Third
The
7
DECLENSION.
THIRD
Singular.
Judex, a judge,or 0 judge
a judge
Judicem,
Judicis,
of a judge
Judlci, to or for a judge
Judlce, by,with,or from a
judge
N. V.
Aetas,
Ace.
Aetatem,
an
Gen.
Aetatis,
of an
Dat.
Aetati,
to
Abl.
Aetate,
by,with, or from
an
0 age
or
age,
age
an
an
age
IiSo, a lion,or 0 lion
Ace.
Xiednem,
Gen.
Leon
of
is,
judges,or 0 judges,c.
Judices, judges
of judges
JudiCum,
to or for judges
Judicibus,
Judiclbiis,
by, with, or from
Judices,
judges.
Aetates,
ages,
Aetates,
ages
0 ages, f.
or
of ages
for
Aetatibiis,
to or
Aetatibiis,
by,with,on from ages,
or
Xieones, lions,
lion
"eones,
lion
a
Plural.
ages
age
N. V.
a
FEMININE.
AetaTum,
age
for
or
AND
Iieoni,
to or
Abl.
Xieone,
by,with,or from
for
a
lion
a
m.
lions,
lions
XieoNum,
Dat.
0
of lions
Jor
lions
teombus,
to or
Xieonftms,
by,with,or from lions.
lion
N. V.
Virgo,
Ace.
Virgrinem,
Gen.
Dat.
Abl,
a
or
virgin,
0
virgin Virgtfnes, virgins,
or
virgin
of
a
Virgrinls,
virgin
Virgin!, to or for a virgin
Virgtfne, by,with, or from
a
a
virgin
Virgines,
0
f.
virgins,
virgins
VirgiBTum,
of virgins
Virgrin*biis, to or for virgins
Virgtfnibiis, by,with, or from vir-
TIIIPvD
Decline also
DECLENSION.
:
Singular.
Law,
f.
Foot, m.
Love, m.
Cinder,c.
Father,m.
Plural.
N.V. A.
Leg-
Ped-
Amor-
Ciner-
Patr-
es
Gen.
Lea-
Peo-
AmoR-
CineR-
PatR-
um
D. Abl.
Leg-
Ped-
Araor-
Ciner-
Patr-
ibii*
NEUTER.
Singular.
N.V.
Women,
Ace.
Udxnen,
Gen.
Wominis,
Bat.
Nominl,
Abl.
Nomfoe,
or
name,
Plural.
0
name
of a
a
to or
names
for
names
by, with,
6perS, works, or
0 worJc
Opera,
or
from
0 works
works
dpeRum,
of works
Operibus,
to or
for
works
dperibiis,by, with,
work
also the Neuter
0
names.
dpiis,a work
dperis, of a work
6perl, to or for a work
dpere, by,with, or from
or
or
of names
name
Ace.
Decline
names
for a name
Sfominibus,
by,with, or from JJominibus,
dpiis,a work,
Abl.
RTomina,
ITomiUum,
name
N. V.
Dat.
names,
to or
a
Gen.
WommS,
name
or
from
works.
Nouns
:
Singular.
Hcad.
N.V.
A.
Dat.
Caput
CapitCapit-
Abl.
Capit-
Gen.
Lightning.
Fulgur
FulgurFulgiir-
Leg.
Hard
wood.
Crus
Eobiir
Crur-
Robor-
Crur-
Kobor-
Crur-
Robor-
Body.
Corpus
CorporCorporCorpor-
is
THIRD
DECLENSION.
I-NOUNS.
II.
(a) MASCULINE
AND
FEMININE.
Plural.
Singular.
sheep,or 0 sheep
a sheep
Ovem,
Ovis, of a sheep
dvi, to or for a sheep
6ve, by, with, or from a
sheep
N. V.
Ovis,
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
N. V.
RTubes,
Ace.
Wubem,
Gen.
Iffubis, of a cloud
Dat.
ZfTubi, to
Abl.
Wubc,
cloud,or
a
sheep,f.
6ves, or dvls,*sheep
Ovium, of sheep
Ovibiis, to or for sheep
6vibiis,by,with,or from sheep,
0 cloud
cloud
a
for
or
0
or
sheep,
Oves,
a
KTubes,
clouds,or
Wubes,
or
0 clouds,f.
clouds
Wubis,*
Wubiuxn, of clouds
cloud
a
for clouds
by,with,or from clouds,
to or
Wubibus,
by, with, or from
Zffubibus,
a
cloud
N. \r. 3Bens,
0 tooth
tooth,or
a
tooth
Ace.
3Dentem,
Gen.
Zlentis, of a tooth
Dat.
IBenti,
Abl.
Bente,
a
33entes,
teeth,or
Rentes,
or
Dentis,* teeth
Bentium,f of teeth
for a tooth
by,with,or from
to or
to or
Dentibiis,
also
teeth
for
by, with, or from
Bentibus,
a
tooth
Decline
0 teeth,m.
teeth.
:
Singular.
Plural.
Tuss-es
Clav-es
Canal-es
Imbr-es
Gen.
Tuss-Ium
Clav-Ium
Ccinal-Ium
Imbr-ium
D. Abl.
Tusg.ibiis.
Clav-ibiis.
Canal-ibiis.
Imbr-ibus.
N.V.A.
*
so
The
t
Accr.s. Plur.
in most
I-nouns
in -ans
appears
of I -nouns,
ancient
Masc.
and
Fem., is
in many
in Gen.
Plnr.
manuscripts, and
-ens, often
drop
i
also
spelt with
editions
;
as
ending Is, and
of Latin
parentum
*
for
authors,
parentTum.
10
AND
FOURTH
FIFTH
DECLENSIONS.
Plural.
N.VA.
Ossa
IVTarta
CalcariTa
Anfrnatta
Gen.
D. Abl.
OssXum
BXarXum
CalcarXum
An*malium
Ossibus.
Maribiis.
Calcaribiis.
AnimaUbus.
THE
" 23.
FOUKTH
Masculine
Declension
form
DECLENSION
and
Feminine
the Nominative
(TJ-nouns).
in
us
; Neuter
Singular.
N.V.
Gradus,
Ace.
Gradum,
Gen.
Gradus,
Dat.
Abl.
a
Nouns
0
step
step
of a step
for a step
Gradiil,
Gradu,
by,with,or from
Gradus,
or
steps,
Gradus,
steps
GradYbus
a
0
Gradibus
Gen.
knee,or
of a
Genus,
0 knee
Geniia,
for a
knees,or
Genihim,
knee
knee
Dat.
G^nu,
to or
Abl.
G6nu,
by,with, or from
" 24.
The
Ggnibus
knees.
FIFTH
es.
"E-nouns).
DECLENSION
Fifth Declension
in
Nominative
contains Feminine
(Concerningdies,see
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
day,or 0 day
a day
Diem,
Die!, of a day
DtS!, to or for a day
Dte, by,with,or from a day
Dies,
a
Nouns
" 31.)
Plural.
Singular.
N. V.
knees,n.
of knees
to or for knees
(ubiis),
(ubus),by,with, or from
Genlbiis
a
0
knee
THE
steps,m.
steps.
step
a
u.
of steps
(ubus),to or for steps
by,with,or from
(ubus),
GradUum,
to or
N.V. A. Genu,
in
Plural.
step,or
a
in the Fourth
Substantives
Dies, days,or 0 days,c.
Dies,
DiErum,
days
of days
Dlebiis,
Dtebus,
for days
by,with,or from
to or
with
Ma ny Nouns
(1 )
Argentum,
Ver,
Rote.
letum, sanguis, pueritia.
are
(Ace. S.
air
aer,
(Ace,S.
(2) Many
aurum,
aevum,
Add
"
Singular only: as,
ferrum, plebs,
justitia,
in the
used
are
NOUN".
THE
OF
ANOMALIES
" 25.
11
NOUNS.,
ANOMALOUS
aethera
used
aera
or
aerem), aether,sky
with
aetherem),
or
in th e P 1 u
r a
1
more.
many
only:
As, Manes, liberi,Penates,
Divitiae, cunae,
With
And
As,
castra,
Nouns
(4) Many
a
a
camp.
Nouns
As,
Note."
Case:
vis.
take forms
from
two
Declensions:
laurus,bay-tree(Gen. I and
These
us).
called Heteroclita.
are
vary the Gender:
Some
(6)
in
Defective
are
in the Plural:
meaning
fort\
As, dapis,
opis,
(.5) Some
Floralia.
as
their
change
cast rum,
grates,
magalTa,
mimia,
arma,
festive seasons,
Nouns
Some
(3)
nugae.
PI. jociand joca;
As, joc3s,ye9l,
loci and loca ;
PI.
Lociis,place,
and frena ;
freni
PI.
Frenum, bit,
Eastrum, harrow, PI. rastri and rastra.
Rote.
a.
"
These
called
are
Decline the Defective Nouns
Heterogenea.
:
Singular.
Feast, f.
N.V.
Ace.
Help,f.
Prayer,f.
Change,f.
"
"
FrugFrugFrugFrug-
Dap-
Dat.
DapDap-
Abl.
Dap-
Gen.
Fruit,f.
S.N.
f.
VTs, strength,
Sing.Dat.
-iiior -6.
Poml,
at
home,
em
Vic-
Is
um,
Ace. vim.
Noun
Abl, 5,
I
Vic-
Prec-
Op-
Plural, vnth endingses,
Heteroclite
Vic-
Prec-
Full
b. The
Prec-
OpOp-
itoiis,as
Abl.
vi.
"
21
except vic-Ium.
PI. vires,vlrrum, viribus.
Domus, house,f.,is like
Plur. Ace, -fis or
:
e
-ps.
Gradiis
Gen.
;
uuin
but
or
forms
12
GENDER
GENDER
OF
NOUNS.
OF
NOUNS.
GENERAL
" 26.
(1)
The
Gender
Latin
a
(2) Males, Months, Winds,
and
(3)
Females
and
and
Islands
indeclinable
Nouns
sum
always Masculine,
Rivers.
Names
of
fas, nefas, and
the
most
Trees.
Neuter:
are
as,
impiety.
to either sex:
are
and
fallere,
nefas
is gross
Common
Artifex
and
Feminine, and
are
mum
Deceit
(5)
by Meaning
Infinitive ;
Verb-noun
Est
People,are
of Mountains
Names
most
Countries,Cities,and
(4)
is shown
Noun
Form.
by
or
of
RULES.
opifex,
Convlva, vates, advena,
Testis,cms, ineola,
Parens, sacerdos,custos, vindex,
Adolescens, infans,index,
Judex, heres, comes, dux,
Princeps,municepp, conjux,
Obses, ales,interpret,
these
Auctor, exiil;andjsvith
Bos, dam
Canis
anguis, serpens, sus,*
GENDER
" 27.
Princ. Rule.
are
talpa,
tigris,grus,
a,
and
Feminine.
Exc.
IN
FIRST
THE
Substantives
"
Substantives
by meaning
And
of the First Declension
in as, e$,
denotingmales
Nouns
Are
added
Hadrm,
to
DECLENSION.
in
Mascula
the Males
the Hadriatic
others,
arc
in a, "?,
Masculine.
a
;
must
be
Sea.
hostis, hoppcs, miles, prae."?P,anpur,
: as, dami,
rarely Masculine
talpft,
are
equally used in each Gender, when
Singular : as, p?rens,
conjux,p"cerdos, vatfs, comes, dux, dints ; in Plural generally Masculine.
*
Many
of
tho?o
words
aurlgfi)are rarely found
tTgrTs,grus, sfis. Some
(with
Feminine.
A
few
ns
arc
14
GENDER
OF
NOUNS.
(7) FemTmna, compes, teges,
Merces, merges, qmes, seges,
Though their Genitives increase.
With
Trine.
Feminine
Consonant
Rule. II.
"
which
Exc.
Substantives
end in
; also
the Neuters
is,as,
reckon
aes.
of the Third
x
cms,
in
or
;
"
s
Declension
another
following
in es.
Parisyllables
(1) Many
To
in is
Nouns
the Mascula
find
we
assigned:
Amnis, axis, caulis,collis,
Clums, crinis, fascis,
follis,
Fustis,ignis,orbis,ensis,
Panis, piscis,
postis,mensis,
TorrTs,unguis, and can alls,
Vectis,vermis, and natalis,
Lapis,sanguis, ciicumTs,
Pulvis,casses, Manes, glls.
(2) ChieflyMascula
Sometimes
view,
we
Femimna
too,
CallTs,sentis,funis,finis,
Torquis,and, in poets, elms.
(3) Mascula are aclamas,
Elephas,mas, gigas, as
Vas
Vas
(4)
too
(vaclis)
as
(yasis)
Most
are
as
a
:
is
Male
Neuter
Mascula
in
known,
Noun.
:
ex
Femimna, forfex,lex,
: Common,
Nex, supellex
pumex,
riimex.
Imbrex, obex, silex,
(5)
in ix,
Fornix,phoenix,and calix.
(6)
Mascula
Mascula
appear
are
and
fons
mons,
Chalybs,hyclrops,
gryps,
and
pons,
Riidens, torrens, dens, and cliens,
Fractions
Add
to Masciila
OccTdens
BTdens
With
(7)
of the as,
and
(hoe}
but
the Feminina
Mascula
are
triens;
trldens,
oriens,
:
Verres and
as
found
bTdens
keep.
in
es
are
(sheep)
GENDER
OF
15
k7OUNS.
Substantives of the Third Declension
Princ. Rule. III.
Neuter which end in ar, ur, us, a, e, c, Z,n, t.
"
Exc.
Mascula
(I)
found
are
are
in ur,
Furfur, turtur, vultur,fur.
(2) Feminina,
Keep
in
some
long,as,
u
us
servitus,
virtus,saliis,
jiiventus,
incus,palus.
Senectus, telliis,
With
.
pecus (pecudis)
Gender is.
the Female
Also
(3)
Of
Mascula
(4)
Lepus
are
(6)
in
and
(leporis)
in I
Mascula
(5)
found
us
miis.
mugil,
are
Consul,sal and
sol,with pugil.
Mascula
and
are
ren
splen,
Pecten, delphln,
attagen.
FemTnma
(7)
some
in
on
;
Gorgon,sindon, halcyon.
GEXDER
" 30.
Princ.
us
are
Rule.
"
IN
u
DECLENSION.
FOURTH
of
Substantives
Masculine,in
the
Fourth
Declension
Idus
Neuter.
and
(idiium)
GENDER
" 31.
"
IN
THE
Substantives
maniis.*
FIFTH
of
DECLENSION.
the
Fifth
Declension
Feminine.
Eye,
in
Feminina, trees in us,
With
tribiis,
acus, porticus,
Domus, niiriis,
aniis,
socrus,
Exc.
Princ. Rule.
THE
Dies in the
*
Singularis Common,
See English of Nouns
in the Plural Masculine.
at p. 94,
are
ADJECTIVES.
ADJECTIVES.
"
32.
A.
Adjectivesof
er, ", urn, follow the
Second
THREE
and
ENDINGS, in tts,a,
cr
Plural
Singular.
M.
urn,
First Declensions.
N.
F.
M.
F.
N.
bona
Nom.
Eoniis
bona
bonum
Bom
bonae
Yoc.
Bone
bona
bonum
Son!
bonae
bona
Ace.
Bonum
bonam
bosauxn
Bonds
bonas
bona
Gen.
Bon!
bonae
bonl
Benorum
bonarum
b on
Dat.
Bono
bonae
bond
Bonls
bonis
bonls
Abl.
Bond
bona
bond
Boms
bonis
bonls
urn
or
Singular.
N. V.
Tener, tener-a,
F.
M.
Niger,mgr-a,
tener-tim
N.
Ace.
Tener-
um
sin
um
jr.
mgr-um
F.
Nigr- urn
N.
am
um
Gen.
Tener-
I
ae
I
ae
I
Tener-
6
ae
5
NigrNigr-
I
Dat.
6
ae
6
Abl.
Tener-
5
a
6
Nigr-
dad
Plural.
Nigr-
I
Nigr-
6s
as
Nigr-
drum
arum
drum
Is
Is
ae
Nfgr- Is
aeger,
a
a
sick
ater, jet-Hack
pulch"r, beautiful
ruber, red
sacred.
sacc'r,
*
the
And
other Adjectives compounded
many
right hand, propitious, is declined either
as
v.-ith the
Verbs
t^ner
ntger.
or
gero,
f5ro.
Dexter, at
17
ADJECTIVES.
sion:
Adjectivesfollow the Third Declensad; felix,happy' ingens,
mellor,better]tristis,
B.
" 33.
as,
All
other
vast.
Singular.
M.
X.
F.
M.
F.
N.
N.V.
Ittelior
meliiis
Tristis
triste
Ace.
IVTeliorem
melius
Tristem
triste
Itteltoris
Gen.
Tristis
Dat.
TristI
Abl.
Itteliore
or
Tristi
I
Plural,
N. V. A. IWEeHores
Tristes
meliora
tristla
Gen.
IKelioxiim
TristZum
D. Abl.
IWelioribiis.
Tristlbiis.
Singular.
M.
M.
F.
N. V.
Ace.
Felix
Felicem
N.
F.
Ingens
felix
Xngentem
Gen.
Felicis
Ing-entls
Dat.
Felici
IngrentI
Abl.
FelicI*
Zng^entl
ing-ens
or
e
Plural.
N. V. A. Felices
felicia
Gen.
Fellcium
D.Abl.
Felicibiis.
C.
Nom.
Zngrentes
Xng-entzbiis.
in er, of the Third Declension,have Three Endings in
Adjectives
N.
:
celere,swift; N. acer, acris,acre, keen.
celeris,
celer,
Sing. as,
*
Barely ".
18
ADJECTIVES.
Some
PRONOMINAL
AND
NUMERAL
" 34.
and
Numeral
Sing, in
in
ius, and Dat.
another; alter,one
Pronominal
of two,
I
the
:
ADJECTIVES.
Adjectivesform
as,
one
unus,
;
Gen.
Sing.
alms, other,
other; uter, which oftivo.
Plural.
M.
M.
F.
N.
Norn. Uniis
Uni
unae
una
Ace.
Unum
"Chios
unas
una
Gen.
thnus
ITnorum
unarum
unorum
Dat.
Unl
Unis
unis
unis
Abl.
find
IJnis
unis
unis
Norn.
Alms
Alii
aliae
alia
Alium
Alios
alias
alia
Gen.
Alms
Alidrum
aliarum
aliorum
Dat.
Alii
Aliis
alils
alils
Abl.
Alid
Alils
alils
alils
Ace.
Singular.
Decline
like
ullus,any
unus:
at all ;
nullus,none,
no
;
soliis,
alone;
totus, whole.
Like
neuter, 'neither ; uterque,rach (oftwo); utervls,iiterlibet,
irhiclttrcr of the two. The suffixes -que, -vis,
will;litorcumque,
uter:
wliich you
-libet,-cumque,
are
appended
utrolibet,utrumcumque.
as
uter.
But
Gen.
to
each
one
Alteriiter,
case-form:
or
alterius-iitrms is found.
the
as,
utrfusque,utrlvis,
declined
is usually
oilier,
19
ADJECTIVES.
Duo,
two.
Tres, three.
Plural.
Plural.
F.
M.
Norn.
Bu6
Ace.
Duos
Gen.
I"uorum
or
duo
D.Abl.Diidtous
N.
Tres
trla
diias
duo
Tres
tr*a
duarum
diiorum
Trmm
trlum
duabiis
duobiis.
Tribiis
trlbus.
;
Cardinal
other
The
septem,
seven
octo,
;
diio:
as
Numbers
hundred) are
Adjective.The
centum,
N.
F.
duo
Decline
six
M.
diiae
a
ambo, lotli.
four
(quattiior,
eight;
novem,
undeclined.
Neuter
and declined like Maria.
;
quinque,fve :
sex,
; decem, ten, "c, ; to
clinable
thousand,is an inde-
nine
Mille, a
stantive,
Plural, millla,thousands,is a Subof
Table
Numerals,
129.)
(See
p.
COMPARISON.
The
" 35.
the
ADJECTIVE
Positive,the
Comparative,and
Positive.
or
or
Superlative.
formed
is of the Genitive
Positive.
Durus,
hard
Brevis, short
Audax,
the
issimiis
:
by
Positive
by
as,
Superlative.
dur-I
dur-ior
dur-isslmiis
brev-is
brev-ior
brev-issimus
,,
audac-fs
audac-ior
audac-issimus.
-cr
form
the
Superlative
by adding -rimus
to the
as,
Positive.
Pulcher,beautiful
Celer,swift
Vetus,ancient,forms
The
into
the Positive
,,
bold
in
(1) Adjectives
Nominative:
from
Comparative.
Gen.
Comparison;
hardest.
durissimiis,
from
be
formed
may
is of the Genitive into l6r.
be
of
: as,
Superlative
durior,harder
Superlativemay
changingi
(2)
the
Comparative
changingi
The
DEGREES
Comparative.
hard
Diiriis,
The
has THREE
Comparative.
Superlative.
pulchr-Xor
pulcher-rimus
celer-ior
celer-rimus.
Superl.veter-rimus.
form
following
the
Superlative
by changingis
FacTlTs,easy
STmilTs,tike
DiificilTs,
difficult Dissimilis,unlike
into ttmus
:
slender
GraciJis,
HumilTs,towfy.
Snperl.facil-lixnus,sVmil-limus, gracil-limiis,
humil-lfmiis,"fec.
20
ADJECTIVES.
IRREGULAR
Note
1
.
full Plural
Note. 2.
The
:
Comparative
Nom.
Ace.
multus
of
plures, plum,
Dives, rich, often
d!ti5r, Superl. dlvitissimus
NoteS.
COMPARISON.
has
Gen.
divit-
contracts
or
no
Masc.
Fem.
or
plurium, D. Abl.
into
dit-
:
as,
Singular
; but
pluribus.
Comp. dlvItiSr
or
ditissimus.
senior.
old man), has Comp.
Juvenls,
Fem.
or
used), has Comp. junior, Masc.
natu
miis
major, or major only ; eldest,natu maximiis, or maxinatu
or minimus.
mln5r, or minor
; youngest, natu
minimus,
Senex, old (generally an
not
a youth, Fem.
(generally
young
But older is often
; younger,
Adjectives of
Note
4.
Obs.
Adjectives in
us
Position
pure*
use
spring from
in
Prepositions :
Comparison
"
maxime
magis,
; as, dubtus?.
dubius.
Adjectives in -dicus,-flcus, -volus
dubius, maxime
; as, magnificus,
Comp. -entior, Superl. -entissimus
magniflPositive.
magniflcentissiniiH. Ocior, swifter^ ocissimus, has no
centior,
have
a
a Positive
without
Comparative
only : some
a
Many Adjectives have
doubtful, magis
change us into
Superlative,many
a
Superlativewithout
a
Comparative.
from
derived
Adjectives imitate their
" 37. ADVERBS
with endings,ComparativeUs, Superlative
e.
Comparison,
Positive.
Adv.
Adj.
Graves, weighty
Adv.
Graviter,weightily
So:
Saepe, often
DTQ, long
Multum, much
Magnopere, greatly
But
Superlative.
Digniis,worthy
Digne, worthily
Adj.
a.
Comparative.
:
A
pure
Syllableis one
which
follows
a
Vowel.
22
(4) DEMONSTKATIVE.
1. SIMPLE
OR
UXEMPHATIC.
Is,that (orhe,she,it}.
2. EMPHATIC.
Hie, M/s (nearme).
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
Kic
haec
hoc
Hi
Iiac
haec
Ace.
Hunc
hanc
hoc
Hos
has
haec
Gen.
Kujus
hujus
hujiis
Horuin
harum
horum
Bat.
Huic
huic
liuic
His
his
his
Abl.
Hoc
iiac
toe
His
his
his
that (yonder}.
Ille,
Plural.
Singular.
that (nearyou],is
Ifcte,
declined like Ille.
(5) DEFINITIVE.
(Idem,same]
self.)
ipse,
Plural.
Singular.
Nom.
Idem
eadem
idem
Xldem
eaedem
eadem
Ace.
Eundem
eandexn
idem
Eosdem
easdem
eadem
Gen.
Ejusdem
ejusdem
ejusdem
Tk"t.
Dat.
*-^
Eidem
eidem
Abl.
Eodem
eadem
^^^
"
x^xi
eidem
"
eodem
eoruudem
Eorundemearundezn
Xisdem
Xisdem
or
eisdem
or
eisdem.
Ipseis declined like Ille, but with Neuter SingularN.
a Superlative
ipsissimus,
very self.
It forms
Ace.
ipsum.
PRONOUNS.
(6) RELATIVE.
(Qui,who, or which.)
Plural.
Singular.
quod
Qui
quae
quae
quam
quod
Quos
quas
quae
Quorum
quarum
Nom.
Qui
quae
Ace.
Quem
Gen.
Cujus
cujus
cujus
Dat.
Cui
cui
cui
Abl.
Quo
qua
quo
(7)
Nom.
Acc.
Singular.
(quis) quid
Quis
Qui
quae
quod
Quem
quam
quid
Quem
quam
quod'
"c.
In the other forms
Quibiis
or
quis.
Singular.
i
"
|
as
qua
quid
Qui
quae
quod
Quem
quam
quid
Quem
quam
quod
"c.
Qui, quae,
RELATIVE,
qua
or
#
}
"
i)
"
"c.
I In the other forms
Relative.
OF
Quis
"c.
"c.
Indefinite PI. Nom.
(9) COMPOUNDS
Quibus
quis
(8) INDEFINITE.
INTERROGATIVE.
"c.
quorum
or
as
Relative.
quae.
INTERROGATIVE,
AND
INDEFINITE.
1. Quisnam,
quidnam;
qumam,
quodnam, who, what?
ecquil? Ecqui,ecquae, ecquod,anyone
quaenam,
5.
Ecquis (foren-quis),
ecqua,
(Interrogative).So Numquis, siquis, "c.
some
one.
aliquod,
AKquis, aliqua,aliquid
; Aliqui,aliqua,
Quispiam,quaepiam, quippiam (quodpiam),anyone.
Quisquam, quicquam ; Genitive,cujusquam,"c., anyone at
6.
Quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam),a
7.
quodcumque, whosoever,whatsoever.
Quicumque, quaecumque,
whatsoever.
whosoever,quidquid,
Quisquis,
Quivis, quaevis, quidvis(quodvis),
any you will.
Quilibet,quaelibet,
(quodlibet),
quidlibet
any you please.
Quisque,quaeque, quicque ; Quisque, quaeque, quodque,each.
each one.
unumquicque (-quodque),
Unusquisque,unaquaeque,
2.
S.
4.
8.
9.
10.
11.
certain
1
all.
one.
So
suffix or
their Primitives, the undeclined
declined
These
a.
are
as
Compounds
each case, as Gen. cujusnam, altcujus, cujuscumque, "c., "c.
prefix accompanying
Relative, Indefinite,
Note. Correlatives
include
Interrogative, Demonstrative,
an
TJniversals : as, quis ?" Is" qui" quis (aliqms)" qulcumque
(quisquis),"c.
THE
*
The
forms
PRONOMINAL
CORRELATIVES
Quts, quid, are Substantival
QUALJS,
;
"c.
Qui, quod, Adjectival.
24
VEHBS.
VEBBS.
The
" 39.
A
" 40.
in
Active
"41.
hortor,/
; as,
Active
and
is
Verb
DEPONENT
sense
VOICES.
two
(2)the PASSIVE
/ love:
as, amo,
has
Verb
(1)
" 42.
Verb
The
The
(3) The
" 43.
There
no
either
are
IMPERATIVE
is
six
First Person
The
Second
The
Third
The
personal Passive
: see
" 76.
expressedby
have
Person
Person
Verb
the
Perfect,
Present,
and
Future-Perfect,
formed
the verb
Sum,
by
esse
(to
NUMBERS, Singularand
(1) two
in each Number.
speaks: as, amo, Hove;
is spoken to: as, amas,
is spoken of : as, amat,
vos,
" 66),
Finite:
PERSONS
Pronouns, ggo, nos, tu,
see
TENSES.
the
of
each
:
love thou.
; as, ama,
(2)three
The
06*.
or
,
as, sto, I stand.
rendered
(variously
; as, amem
Tense-forms
Tenses
Plural ; and
I love him
eum,
I love.
Imperfect,
Simple-Future,
Pluperfect. Other Tenses are
be),with Participles.
" 44.
"
parts:
as, amo,
CONJUNCTIVE
Time
are
form, but
has three MOODS.
FINITE
VERB
(1) The INDICATIVE;
(2)
in
II. INFINITE.
I. FINITE.
I. The
;
exhort.
have
has two
VOICE
loved.
am
Passive
chiefly
Deponent Verbs
Intransitive
Verbs
/
; as, amor,
: as, amo
(1) TRANSITIVE, actingon an object
(2) INTRANSITIVE,not actingon an object:
Obs.
the ACTIVE
Is,TI, are
amain
love.
we
iis,
lovest;"m"iiB,i/elove.
he loves ; amant, theylove.
thou
severally implied in the Personal
Endings.
" 45.
II. The
VERB
INFINITE
consists of Verb-nouns:
having several Tense-forms.
(1) The INFINITIVE,
? Verbal Substantives,which
(2) The GERUND,
to the Infinitive.
(3) The two SUPINES, 3
(4) PARTICIPLES, or
Verbal
is called GERUNDIVE.
one
Adjectives,
of which
supplyCases
ends in
dus, and
25
VERBS.
There
" 46.
Verbs,
Vowel
the
and
and
Consonant
of
one
PRESENT-STEM
regular CONJUGATIONS
Four
are
CHARACTER
(three of
U-verbs),of which
shown in the Imperative
are
Infinitive.
or
VERBS.
ACTIVE
DEPONENT
VERBS.
1st
CONJ.
A-verbs
Venor
venl-re
venA-rl
hunt
2nd
CONJ.
Vereor
verE-re
verE-ri
fear
3rd
CONJ.
B- verbs
Cons.-verbs
Utor
uT-ere
UT-I
use
4th
CONJ.
I-verbs
Partior
parti-re
parti-ri
divide.
" 47.
known
PRESENT, PERFECT, and
The
in order to
ACTIVE
Pres. Stem.
Perf.
Verb
conjugatea
SUPINE-STEMS
:
be
as,
DEPONENT
VERBS.
Pres. Stem.
Sup. Stem.
Stem.
must
VERBS.
Sup. Stem.
1. AmA-
ama/V-
amaT-
VenA-
venaT-
2. MonB-
monU-
moniT-
VerE-
veriT-
3. KeG-
rex-
UT-
iiS-
4. Audl-
audiV-
Partl-
partiT-
(regS-) recTaudiT-
these the other
From
parts of
OF
DERIVATION
From
PRESENT
Stem.
Present Act. and Pass.
Future
SimpleA. and P.
Imperf.Act. and Pass.
Imperat.Act. and Pass.
Infin. Pres. Act. and
Pass.
Gerund
and
Gerundive
Pres.
Participle
Act.
From
the Verb
THE
PERFECT
be formed.
may
VERB-FORMS.
From
Stem.
SUPINE
Stem.
Perfect Act.
Future Perfect Act.
Supines
Fut.
Participle
Act.
Pluperfect
Infinitive Fut. Pass.
Perf. Pass.
Participle
Infinitive Perfect Act.
\ Perfect
Act.
Pass.
Perf. Pass.
\
PluperfectPass.
I-Infinitive Perf. Pass.
Future
*
26
VERBS.
a.
A
thus
is sufficiently
conjugated
Verb, therefore,
SHORT
*
The
forms
-undum
Intransitive Verbs
form
FORM
FOR
ACTIVE
:
VERBS.
used in the 3rd and 4th
sometimes
-undtis are
Gerundive
Adjective,and no Supine in ut
no
Conjugations.
27
VERBS.
and
Action
" 48.
Past,
Future;
or
further relation.
Mood)
and
English.
here shown
Note 1
:
The
.
The
in Time.
Time
is either
sent,
simply PrePresent,Past, or Future with some
dicative
subjoinedScheme
(forthe Active Voice and Inor
occur
it is
the expression
of the relations of Time in Latin
compares
But
be still more
those relations may
complex than is
as, amaturiis
fuero,I shall have been about
to love.
Present,the Futures, and the Present Past (amavi,
Tenses:
the Imperfect,Pluperfect,and
Simple
Primary
/ loved) Historic
called
State
/ have loved) are
Perfect
(amavl,
Tenses.
to the Stem
is formed
in several ways
:
:" 1. By adding vl
:* as, colui,
Stem
flevl. 2. By adding tii (tor vi) to the Stem
or dipt
as, amavi,
In this
manai.
3. By adding si to the Stem
monui.
or
Clipt Stem:
as, carpsi,
formation
Consonants
cation,
are
generally changed (see "81). 4. By prefixing a RedupliThis Reduplication is either the
and adding 1 to the Stem
or
Clipt Stem.
sonant
of the Stem
and Vowel
mcSmordi
first Consonant
: as, cticum,
; or the first ConNote
2. A.
The
Perfect
with
the Stem-vowel
is usually changed : as, ceefnl
(from
case
e, in which
out
cano) ; see "81 ; " 111 (9). 5. By adding 1 to the Stem or Clipt Stem, with or with: as, bibi, verd, egl (from
ago), favl (from f"v"o).
change of the Stem-vowel
1. By adding to the Stem
B. The
times
:
or Clipt Stem
turn, someSupine is formed
of letters often
takes
and
a change
cwltum,
i-tum,
place : as, amatum,
to
become
2. The
mon-f-tum.
change of letters often requires turn
rectum,
in " 81
See Examples
sum.
that the English given in the following
should
bear in mind
learner
Note 3. The
of several possiblemeanings ; espeTables
of Verbs
is often only one
for the Tenses
cially
"
.
in the
Conjunctive Mood.
regularVerbs, itis necessary to conjugate
of Being, sum,
the irregular
but importantVerb
esse,
of other
which lends its forms to completethe conjugation
" 49.
Before the
Verbs.
f
A
Clipt Stem
is
a
Stem
without
its Vowel
c2
Character:
as,
mon-
for monE-
28
THE
CONJUGATION
FIRST
ACTIVE.
"
13
as
)3
|
g
I
S
~
"
jf
of
I.S^ll
a
a
1
^1
13
a
a
a
a
)3
f_|
13
a
^,
13
a
'SH ^
13
a
)3
13
s
"3
)3
13
)3
1^
13
13
13
13
13
)3
S
13
a
)3
Q
O
""
O
(3
"
13
;Q
^
ic3
13
Ci
;
13
s
I
a
"
"
13
"
CONJUGATION
FIRST
31
ACTIVE.
l.il
0.
O
O'
G
pH
133
133
g g g
""
o
a
"33
HH
pq
PH
d, d.
-5
G
CD
O
g
iol
a~
a
a
-^
^
"
I
Q* JO
a
B^t
5
i
"?3
""3
"
g
"
^-i^".i
2
T! "C 8
R
"
"
g tl
.S -S
p
o
"D
O
^
O
O
^
^^
"f
Syr^'a d"
N
^2 ^
103
133
IC3
"T
133 ic3 133
a a a a a
"
"
"
"
t"
111111
t/5
a
133 133 133 133
j j
a a
a
1
1
"
133 133
a
^
"
a
a
a
a
a
a
D^
ain^n
j
133
133 133 133
a
a a a
133
133
a a
32
SECOND
CONJUGATION
ACTIVE.
CONJUGATION
SECOND
ACTIVE.
"^ 5"
S '$ i
JflT'S
S
"--3
;
"S
s"
o
.c^ f-o
illS^
v
"Vill^i
ft
." "a
S
*-
i "0
R
^
J i ,=ri! $
"%
E
"
s
s
Q
(-"
s
C
)0
"o
O
"0
"Q
aa
ss
^
S d
-e
"
d
U
OOO
HH
TH
Ot
pi!i
"co
e"^
S
of^r
ICD
OJ
r/:1 "2
CQ
c
G
G
c
c
)0
"D
"O
"O
)O
~
"
"
"
S
'
d
^
la
g
'O
saa
a
Q
sa.-4J.-4J-*-
"
;" g.
G
f^
"0
)0
)0
*
?1
:
OQ
)0
)
i a
B
"O
a
c
I'D
^
,2"
G
c
IQJ
Q^
cfi
w
yj
yj
QQ
9Q
QQ
OC
)0
)O
)O
"O
2 a a a
'
"
-5
"
"
s
a
53
"T ^T
g '2 ^
C
I "0
)O
"O
)0
)0
)0
2
SJ
)0
a
d
G
^O
)0
54
G
)0
CH
fl
)0
a s a
)O
)O
"O
"O
)O
)O
a s s a s s
C"2
c3
fl ^3
'g '2 g
(^
34
CONJUGATION
THIKD
ACTIVE.
0
8
a
to
To
o
So
"o" "o"
"-l H
Q
o
o
"^
S~of
""r*r
ic3 )^i
fct)tG
"*"
"3
4^~ "
"T ,p_r
"-" S3
S 3
I-3
135
to
bo
"
tO
fn
S
c3
..C
^
fn
tO
fcO bO
^H
f-i
of -i_T S
IS
)33
133
^
}3 ^"
isJ
c3
pg ..Q ng ^Q ,0
bo'bo'bo
'bo'bo'bO
"ofdung ajiiinj
THIRD
CONJUGATION
ACTIVE.
35
36
FOTJETII
CONJUGATION
ACTIVE.
p
o
o
s
J
I
6
"H
w
o
H
S
K
^
1
s
O
O
I
w
H
8 5
*
^*J i"QJ
"*-
"^
""
^
S
nT *T
"
02
"d
e*
*"""*-"
or ^_r
fi 33
rt
o*
C3
^Q
^
I"D
ICS
^D
|(D
)C3
1^
rQ
r
rD
r
10
IO
1
10
IO
38
FIRST
CONJUGATION
PASSIVE.
FIRST
CONJUGATION
PASSIVE.
40
SECOND
CONJUGATION
PASSIVE.
SECOND
CONJUGATION
PASSIVE.
41
42
CONJUGATION
THIRD
PASSIVE.
1
"
a
'So
C3
^
,g"
|
":
s
^o^o*"^
|f|ill
-^
SH
)^S
I
45
Jfi*S
Q
O
"S
A
a a
tO
"D
tO^
)O)
""U
""i; )O"
tO
tO
""X" )D
Bttpq
THIRD
CC
CQ
CO
OJ
W2
CC
"D
"D
QJ
QJ
(1)
CONJUGATION
43
PASSIVE.
03
W2
cc
O
O)
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
uddq
fl
13
"
O
O
,
^4-T^
aToQ
""
O
0)
*
O
O
S
WT^
"-"
"" to c"
O
CU
O
OJ
O
"D
o
0)
o
CD
o
O
o
"D
CQ
o
"D
o
O
S
O
QJ
^
O
Q3
^H
O
0^
*-"
44
FOURTH
CONJUGATION
PASSIVE.
G
O
o
!3
^
CL,
"
w
"
%
""^
P
1
ft
O
O
I
^S
o
^
w
"H
"aT |3 S
^
S I Ss^
3
s
g
.
^
^
-
,-r
-
cvslsl
"
)C3
133
133
133
133
IO
IO
\
03
03
03
03
o
S
T 2
S
10)
10)
a
IO)
o3
03
a "%
IO
"D
03
^0
)O
Buwq
PR
CO
IO
03
o3
03
c3
03
46
THE
" 59.
FOUR
CONJUGATIONS:
SCHEME
OF
ACTIVE
THE
ACTIVE
FOUK
47
VOICE,
CONJUGATIONS.
VOICE.
CONJUNCTIVE
MOOD.
Amav-
MonuRexAudiv-
erim
ens
erit
erimiis
eritis
erint
issetis
issent
Amav-
MonuRexAudiv-
issem
isses
isset
issemus
THE
"60.
FOUR
CONJUtUTIONS
:
SCHEME
OF
PASSIVE
THE
PASSIVE
FOUR
CONJUGATIONS.
VOICE.
VOICE.
49
50
THE
DEPONENT
VERB
'
UTOH.'
THE
DEPONENT
UTOR.'
6
VERB
^3
,
^o
"to
a
51
-Is
.
"
CO
^
S^**"
Qj
,b
,_T"S
.s
PQ
r
d
"
h"
.3
s
^fj^
f-t
S
IS
CD
iS
-^
,(_"
CO
CO
-4-3
CO
CO
iS
is
iS
iS
IS
IS
IS IS
iS
CD
CD
3
J3
^3 '
A~^
*
"
"
c*j
"
"q
ti
""
""
"*
CD
_|J
S -S
OQ
s
PJ
"S
^""D
CO
"
"S
cu
'-^
CO
"r "r
HH
e
t/T"S
"
OOO
D2
P^l
-J-="
iS
52
THE
"62.
FOUK
CONJUGATIONS
:
SCHEME
OF
DEPONENT
THE
54
VERBS
" 63.
A. Verbs
in
10
t-o
of the
forms, retain this
stem
These
er.
Verbs
are
(THIRDCONJUGATION).
IN
Third
in
Conjugation,
generally
; but
i
their Present-
before i,final e, and
not
short
:
"
and faced,
Capzo,ciipzo,
and jaczo,
Fodzo,fugzo,
Parzo,raped,sapeo, quatzo,
Compounds of speczo and laczo.
Deponent : gradeor,pateor,morzor
in
And,
;
tenses,potzor, orzor.
some
EXAMPLES.
ACTIVE.
Indie.
Pres.
Fut.
-it,-imus, -itis,capz-unt.
ca.pi-5,
cap-is,
-es, -et,-emus,
capz-am,
-etis,-ent.
Imperf.capz-ebam,-ebas,-ebat,-ebaraus,-ebatis,
-ebant.
Pres. capi-am,
Conj.
-at,-amus,
-as,
-atis,-ant.
Imperf.cap-erem, -eres, -eret,-eremus,
Imper. Pres. cap-e, -ite.
-erent.
-eretis,
Fut. cap-ito,-itote,cape-unto.
Infin.
Pres.
cap-ere.
Pres.
-imiir,
pate-or,pat-ens,-itiir,
-imini, pate-untur.
Gerund, cape-endum,-endi,-endo.
DEPONENT.
Indie.
Fut.
-entiir.
patz-ar,-ens, -etur,-emur, -emim,
-ebaris,-ebatiir,
-ebamiir,-ebamini,-ebantur.
Imperf.pate-ebar,
Conj.
Pres.
patz-ar,-aris, -atur, -amiir,-amini, -antiir.
Injperf.
-eretiir,
-eremiir,
pat-erer,-ereris,
-eremini,
-erentur.
Pres. pat-ere,-imini.
Imper.
Fut. pat-itor,
pate-untor.
Infin.
Note
Fourth
in
Pres. pat-i. G-erund,
patz-endum,-endi,-endo.
patz-endiis.
is conjugated like patYor, except
Conjugation
forms
some
potTmQr
Note
OrI5r
1.
or
2.
B.
:
between
wavers
p5tlmur
;
poterer
M5rTor, 5rI5r,have
Verbs
in
Potior
oriri, Srlrer,etc.
uo
Third
the
a
follows
and
few
forms
the
Fourth
Fourth
:
as,
Gerundive,
which,
follow
the
Conjugation, but
potitur
or
potltur;
potirer.
or
Future
retain
u
Participles morlturus, 5rtturus.
in all forms
; as,
induo, induis,indiii,
indiiere.
CONJUGATION.
PEKIPHRASTIC
in
" 64^. The Participles
conjugatedwith all the
Tenses of the Verb sum.
These forms are called Conjiigatio
Periphrasand
Gerundivi
: as,
tica Fiituri
ConjugatioPeriphrastica
urus,
dus, may
be
55
CONJUGATION.
PERIPHRASTIC
11
"" 02
-
PH
l-s
-g
02
c5
A-i-tf
tfl
.
.
0
a
fl
B
OJ
^g
"0)
.rH
a
03
""
PI
""
"" ."" "9
"03
i
"9
.
"
^
g
a
'2
a,c
S
PH cd
g
HH
pj ^
CD
PM PM PH
S
ill
01
_
a-c
"*"
56
SIGNS
OF
SIGNS
"
THE
OF
65. The Latin
TENSES
THE
Tenses
TENSES
be
may
Smo, love,am
Imp.
amabam,
Perf.
amavi, loved
not
for
Pure
subordinate
has two
will
loved
Verb:
to another
in
Verb.
Verbs
Englishwith auxiliary
sometimes
should',
or
(PresentPast).
could;may, might\
can,
as,
(sibonus sis),
love you (ifyou are good).
te
amem
7
:
as,
generaluses:
to another
is rendered
Conjunctive
would
Signs; generally
or
shall,
:
to love.
Past),have
(Simple
or subordinate
(2) Subjunctive,
1. The
MOODS.
MOOD.
used
loving,
loved,was
Mood
Conjunctive
(1) Pure, or
AND
loving.
Pres.
The
MOODS.
rendered
variously
INDICATIVE
" 66.
AND
can
(sibonus esses),
would
love you (ifyou were good),or
have been loving
good).
you (ifyou were
te
amarem
I should
"
I should
"
amavissem
I should
2. When
te
(sibonus
would
"
or
have loved you
"
Mood
the
fuisses
is
esses),
(hadyou been good).
Subjunctive,
it sometimes
has
sign in
a
English:as, Ede iit vivas, eat that you may live',but oftener it must
be rendered as if it were
Indicative : as sis, esses, fuisses,in the last
Examples.
So
:
Laudatur
he is praisedin that he obeyed.
quod pariierit,
Laudavi
/ praised him (as one) who
eum
qui pariiisset,
obeyed.
" 67-
is
Conjunctive
Present
The
also used
Imperatively:
Passive.
Active.
Amem,
Ames,
I, or let me
mayst thou, or
I, or let me
Ameris, mayst thou,or
Amer,
may
see
may
Amemus,
he, or let him
may
Ametis, may
Ament, may
see
thou
thou
A met, may
had
we,
ye,
or
or
they,or
let us
see
ye
let them)
Ame'tur, may
Amemiir,
Amemmi,
may
may
he,or
we,
ye,
let him
or
or
or
Amentiir,may they,
let us
see
ye
let them^
" 68.
in
INFINITIVES.
THE
INFINITIVES.
Infinitives in re, ri,
The
tus-esse,Perfect
isse,
(1)
THE
He
Dicitur amari,
is said to be loved.
He
loving.
Dicebatur
amare,
said to have been
was
Imperfect; Infinitives
or
: as,
Pluperfect
or
(1)
is said to be
Dicebatur
Present
are
Dicitur amare,
He
57
loving.He
amari,
said to have been
ivas
(atthe
time)loved.
Seio
eum
he is loving.
(that)
/ know
Sciebam
/ knew
(2)
Scio
amare,
eum
Dicebatur
He
(2)
loved.
He
amatus
former
esse,
have
to
esse,
/ know
he
(that)
loved.
I know
I know
(that)he
has loved.
1 know
he has been loved.
(that)he had
I knew
" 69.
A.
The
the
fiiisse,
Credo
te itiirum
(b) Credebaris
Credebam
(c) Crederis
Credo
loved.
of which
iturus
a
te'itiirum
amatum
eum
he had
has
forms,
two
are
believed to be about
esse, / believe (that)
you
were
believed
fuisse,I
are
to
D
3
esse
:
"
to go.
be about to go.
would go.
believed to have
believe that you
-urus
will go.
esse, / believed that you
fiiisse,
you
esse,
been loved.
few
esse, you
te it urum
loved.
was
instances will show
iturus esse, you
iturus
I knew
Infinitive Active
Future
uses
(#) Credens
Sciebam
amavisse,
eum
(at
time)loved.
amatum
eum
been
he
Sciebam
-urus
esse,
said
was
Scio
amavisse,
eum
loved.
tvas
is said to have been loved.
a
Scio
he
(that)
Dicebatur
amavisse,
is loved.
amari,
Dicitiir amatus
He
said to have loved.
was
eum
I knew
loving.
was
is said to haw
he
(that)
Sciebam
Dicitiir amavisse,
He
amari,
I know
amare,
(that)he
eum
would
been about
to go.
have gone.
58
GERUND,
B
The
Future
Supinein
Cred5
amatum.
Julia
Aiunt
same
iri
the
by
:
union
of
the
as,
to love,
I believe there-is-a-tcnding
Juliam, (lit.)
m
will be loved.
they say
injurias,
m
is formed
Impersonal Infinitive
I believe Julia
i.e.,
;
ultum
The
a.
Infinitive Passive
with the
um
PARTICIPLES.
SUPINES,
be
may
that the wrongs
expressedby
fiiturum
will be
avenged,
ut, fore ut, with
esse
ametiir,amaretiir, as,
Credo
(or fore)iit Julia ametur,
futiirum-esse
1 believe
(that)Julia
will be loved.
fore
Credebam
Julia
ut
amaretiir,1
believed
SUPINES."
PARTICIPLES.
(that)Julia
be
would
loved.
GERUND."
declined
as
The
B,
Verb-Noun
a
as, vita
personally,
/
mill!,
est
by
the Neuter
Gerundive
Participle
Cases
and Ablative)
of
(Accusative
Verb-Noun
a
like bonus)is used to express
a, um,
(iis,
must
impersonally,
est, one
as, eundum
Gerundive
tuenda
is
added,
must
go;
the Person
perhaps
Declension.
either
necessity,
or
is
(um, i, 6).
Supinesare
of the Fourth
C. The
Gerund
The
A.
" 70.
that
vita
est, lifeshould
Case
nob
is
is
be
protected. If
usuallythe
tuenda
Dative:
meetness
a
as,
est, lifeshould
be
go ;
Case
or
of
eundum
protected
us.
The
D
are
Participles
other
Pres. amans,
Active.
The
three
Act.
like ingens.
loving,
amaturus, about
Fut.
Passive.
"
Perf. amatus,
Pass. Part.
Pres.
Part. Fut.
'
'
,.,
,
^
v
)
be thus
:
supplied
amavisset (orby " 125.)
havingloved,'
quum
beingloved' qui amatur, or dum amatur.
'about
,,
love, \
loved,
Participles
wantingmay
Part. Perf.
to
to be
loved,'
qui
amabitiir.
in bundus
or
cundiis,expressing
Participials
fulness/ as, vagabundus, wandering, iracundus, wrathful; in bills,
procurable; in His, expressing
as, parabflis,
expressing'possibility,'
in
capacity/as, docilis,teachable; ax, expressing 'inclination/
as,
'
active
force/ as, rapidus,hurrying,
loquax,talkative; inidiis,expressing
E. Some
Verbs
'
*
desirous.
cupidiis,
form
DERIVED,
ETC.
DERIVED
59
VERBS.
VERBS.
repeated or intenser
" 71. I. Frequentative Verbs
express
a
nd
the
First
formed
of
either in -to,-so, from
Conjugation,
action,are
(curro,
Supine-stems: as. canto, / sing (cano, cantum), curso, I run
-i-tor
the
to
-1-to,
curs
dipt Stem, as, rogzto,1 ask
urn); or by adding
often(rogo).
Inceptive Verbs express beginningof action,are
and formed by adding -sco to the Present-stem
Conjugation,
II.
Labasco,
Pallesco,
Or from
I
I
with
Nouns,
suffix
Piierasco,
Mitesco,
III. Desiderative
and
Conjugation,
are
-e-sco
a
I become
mild,
formed
I
I
am
; as,
from
mitis.
to
-urio
edo,es-um.
pario, part-um.
"
-DEPONENT
Active
an
of the Fourth
Supine-stem:as,
from
SEMI
unite
the
labour,
AND
piier.
"
hungry,
in
am
as,
pallEre.
"
desire of action,are
express
:
labAre.
from
boy,
by adding
which
Verbs
or
7 become
QUASI-PASSIVE
The
-a-sco
Verbs
Esurio,
PartiirTo,
" 72.
beginto totter,
turn pale,
of the Third
VERBS.
with
form
a
Passive
meaning
:
Exiilo,7
Fio, 7
Passive
am
The
Veneo,
put
Verbs
form,
Audeo,
am
(are).
sale
on
(ire).
which
have
Active
an
with
Present
a
Perfect of
are:
I
Soleo,I
have
am
"
"
wont,
Active
Present.
I dared.
Perf. ausiis sum,
dare,
Juro,7 swear
Cen5, 7 sup
Prandeo, 7 dine
So
7
beaten
am
to auction.
Fido, 7 trust,
Gaudeo, I am glad,
Some
Vapulo,7
(are).
made.
am
Liceo,7
" 73.
banished
am
,,
Perfect with
cenavi,
7
prandi,7
7 trusted.
gavisus sum, I was
solitiissum, I was
Deponent
Perfect.
7
juravT,
fisiis sum,
Perfect
glad.
wont.
: as,
Participles
Part.
Perf.
supped
having sworn.
juratiis,
cenatus, having supped.
dined
pransus,
swore
nupta, wedded, potiis,
havingdrunk, and
having dined.
some
others.
60
DEFECTIVE
VERBS.
DEFECTIVE
Defective
" 74-.
Verbs
want
Verbs
coepT, I
I. The
remember,have
VEKBS.
Present-stem
no
of the usual
some
have
parts of
a
Verb.
begun,odi, / hate,memini,
1
Tenses.
SCHEME.
I
Conj.
erim
isse
ero
...
...
Indie.
Coep-
\
[
Od-
J
Mcmin-
Perf.
Fut. Perf.
isse
issem
eram
Plup.
ImperativeFut. Sing,memento
; Plur.
Part. Perf. coeptiis
; Fut. coepturus.
has
Memmi
Coepihas
Odi
Novi, /
Many Verbs
and other
Inceptive
furo,ferio.
polleo,
III. Verbs
(1) Aio, I
"
used.
is similarly
(fromnosco),
know
II.
Indie. Pres.
Supine (seeTable),and many
Perfect nor Supine: as, mitesco,
Perfect without
have
have
Verbs
Defective
say
mementote.
osuriis.
osiis
"
"
a.
Infin.
neither
in other forms
:
'ay? affirm.
aio,
ais,
aiunt.
ait
Imperf. aiebam, -bas,"c., complete.
aias, aiat
Conj. Pres.
"
(2) Inquam, I
say.
inquam, inquis, inquit, inquwnus
inquiebat
Imperf.
S. Fut.
inquies,inquiet.
Indie. Pres.
"
"
,,
Perf.
M
Imper. Pres.
aiant*
inquisti,inquit.
inque
inqmunt.
inquiebant.
inquite.
($) Quaeso, I entreat] 1st Pers. PI. quaesiimiis.
(4) Far!, to speak; used by the Poets in this and a few other forms :
he speaks; fabor,I shall speak; fare,speak thou. Participles
:
as, fatiir,
fatus ; fandiis.
Gerund
:
fandi,fand5.
:
(5) The Imperatives
a.
Apage, begone.
Cedo, cedite (orcette),
give here.
Have (orave), havete, hail. Infin. liavere.
Salve,salvete,hail.
b.
Infin. salver e.
Fut. salvebis.
farewell; Infin. valere ; are used
Age, agite,come; Vale, valete,
with special
jugated.
conmeaning, but their Verbs ago, valed,are fully
62
IMPERSONAL
of other
(2) Among ImpersonalVerbs
it
Accidit,
Contingit, it
happens
befalls
Evemt,
Convenit,
it turns
Expedit,
it is
VERBS.
Delectat,
Juvat,
Interest,
Refert,
\
} mihi,
tibi,
J-
out
it suits
el,etc.
I
are
Conjugations
)
expedient
Cons tat,
Impersonalsexpress changesof
(3) Some
:
it charms
te,
) me,
it
delights
)
it
concerns
) mea,
it
imports
it is
etc.
tiia,
etc.
ejiis,
acknowledged.
and
season
eum,
)
weather
:
as,
it lightens. Ton at, it thunders.
Fulgiirat,
Ningit,it snows.
Lucoscit,it dawns.
it
rains.
it gets late.
Pliiit,
Vfsperascit,
" 76.
J5,
Passive
The
(1) Intransitive
Voice
:
Persons
Verbs
there
luditur,
as,
be
may
is
used
impersonallyin
playing,from
expressedby
Present
are
Ablative
an
the
ludo, I play.
of the
Agent
:
as,
Indicative.
Sing.
luditur
Plur
a
te,
luditur ab eo,
luditur a nobis,
luditiir a vobis
luditur ab Us,
the Ablative
But
" 77- (2)
express
The
meetness
is often
Neuter
or
omitted, being understood
Gerundive
:
necessity
Present
Ring.
Ludendum
ludendum
ludendum
ludendum
Plur.
ludendum
ludendum
Here
men)
too
must
est
est
est
el,
est
nobis,
with
impersonally
with
Dative
esse
he
must
playingby me,
,
,
,
or/
thou
thee,
him,
he
us,
est vobis
you,
ye
est iis,
them,
they
is often
to
of Person.
we
the Case
drink.
the context
Indicative.
mThi, there
tibi,
is used
sometimes
from
omitted
:
mine
est
bibendum,
now
we
(or
ANOMALOUS
ANOMALOUS
" 78.
to
Verbs
Anomalous
Sometimes
rule.
VERBS.
all their parts according
from several stems, as
their irregularities
arise from mu
tat i on
do
form
not
their Tenses
borrowed
are
fero ; sometimes
possum,
in volo,nolo, malo, eo, queo,
of letters,
as
in
sum,
CONJUGATION-FORM
" 79.
G3
VERBS.
OF
edo.
ANOMALOUS
Potens,able,
powerful,is
used
as
VERBS.
Adjective.
an
(Passive)has Pres. Ind. 2. ferns (for fer-eris")
; 3. frrtiir;
and
ferrT.
Inf.
fer-r-er
Other
ferreris,
etc.,
(forfer-erer),
Imperf.Conj.
Present-stem
forms- are
regular. Supine-stem forms, latus sum, etc.
5. Feror
6. Flo
in the
the Active, and
regularin
and its
8. Queo
9.
Edo,
Pres.
2nd
edis
Pr^s.
or
Present-stem
7 eat, often
Pers.
es
in the
compound
3rd
edit
is the
forms
nequeo
changes some
form
(cannot}
of its forms
Pers.
or
est
Conj.edim, edis,edit,is
Passive
of
their tenses
as
follows
Infin.
edere
used.
or
facto,which
like
:
Imperf. Conj.
ederem
esse
Other
is
of the Passive.
Supine-stem forms
forms
are
or
essein,
regular.
eo.
64
ANOMALOUS
80.
VERES.
TENSE-FOHMATION
or
ANOMALOUS
ANOMALOUS
VERRS.
VEHB5.
66
TABLE
81.
OF
I. FIRST
Form
PRESENT,
SUPINE.
AND
CONJUGATION
Infin.
:
AmA-
Perfect.
(a-p)-o
:
a-vi
Am-o
INFINITIVE,
(See "48, Note
A
(Character
Present.
Usual
SUPINE.
SHOWING
VERBS,
PERFECT,
AND
PERFECT,
PRESENT,
-are
2.)
re).
Supine.
a-
turn
ama-tum.
ama-vi
Exceptions.
-ul, -turn.
--
Seco
cut.
sectum
seem
0"
Eedupl.,-turn.
(3) 1.
Q.
Do
Sto
Juvo
-are
2. Lavo
-are
(4) 1.
dedi
datum,
steti
statum
give,
stand.
-vl, -turn,
juvi
jutnm
help,
lavi
wash.
lotum
(1) 5. Also plicavT, pHcatum.
circnmdo, surround
(3) 1. Do, dare, has short a throughout ; with the compounds
;
which
form
The
-dedi, -datum.
pessumdo, ruin ; venumdo,
put on sale,^
III. 18.
other compounds
Conj. and form -dtdl,-ditum.
pass to the Third
ob- per- prae-sto, etc.,form
2. Comp. ad- constiti,statum
(-stitum rare;.
(4) 2. Also Sup. lavatum.
II. SECOND
CONJUGATION
(1) r". -pltcm -plTcttum. Forms
thus
E
(Character
noted
are
:
MonE-
re).
only used in the compounds.
AND
SECOND
III. THIRD
Form
THIRD
CONJUGATION
various.
A.
Guttural
67
CONJUGATIONS.
a
(Character
Reg-ere;
Consonant
IndiWre.
Consonant-Verbs.
Stems, -si, -turn (Jive
-sum).
or
U).
68
PRESENT,
PERFECT,
AND
SUPINE
;
70
PRESENT,
PERFECT,
AND
SUPINE
:
AND
THIKD
B.
IV.
Usual
FOUBTH
Form
FOURTH
U- verbs:
CONJUGATION
:
CONJUGATIONS.
-I, -turn.
(CharacterX
-ire
-10
Audio
-Ire
:
Audi-
-ivi
audivi
re).
-itum
auditum.
-I, -turn.
(3) 1. Comperio
2.
Reperio
3. Venio
-Ire
comperi
compertum
find.
-Ire
reppeii
repertum
discover,
-Ire
veni
ventum
come.
72
VEKBS.
DEPONENT
DEPONENT
V.
VERBS.
CONJUGATION
(1)
FIRST
(2)
SECOND
(Part.Perf. -atiis).
CONJUGATION
(Part.Perf. -itus).
Exceptions.
Present.
Infirt.
Part. Perf.
1. Fateor
-eri
fassiis
2. Misereor
-eri
nrisertus
3. Keor
-eri
ratiis
THIRD
(4)
FOURTH
have
miseritus
pity on.
think.
(Part.Perf.
CONJUGATION
(3)
confess.
or
-tiisor
-siis).
(Part.Perf. -itus).
CONJUGATION
Exceptions.
1. Assentior
2.
Experior
3. Metior
4.
Opperior
5. Ordior
6.
Crior
-iri
assensiis
"iri
expertus
try.
-Iri
mensiis
measure.
-iri
oppertus
wait
-iri
orsus
begin.
-iri
ortus
rise.
Inceptive Verbs form the Perfect
ingomQI, ingemltum.
still without
Supine.
Note.
misco
(from gemo),
and
Supine as
Many Verbs
agree to.
their
are
for.
Primitives : as, ing?Perfect ; more
without
73
PREPOSITIONS.
ADVERBS.
PARTICLES.
ADVERBS.
A.
" 82.
I. ADVERBS
PLACE
OF
(1) Ubi, where
?
(2) Quo, whither ?
(3) Quorsum, whitherward?
II. ADVERBS
TIME
OF
the
answer
IV. ADVERBS
Many
NUMBER
OF
derived
are
finely;
misere,
"
the
answer
how
far?
:
questions
how
(2) Quamdm,
DESCRIPTION
OF
:
questions
(4) Unde, whence ?
(5) Qua, which way ?
(6) Quateniis,
quousque,
(1) Quando, ubi, when?
III. ADVERBS
the
answer
long?
questionQuoties,how often?
express Manner,
etc.
Quality,
Quantity,
and end in e, ter; as, pulchre,
Adjectives,
bra
; fortiter, vdy ; sapienter,
wretchedly
wisely.
Note. Adverbs
from
of Negation
are
non,
baud,
not.
IB. PREPOSITIONS.
" 83.
The
take
following
Prepositions
Ad, to,at, "c.
Adversus
)
Adversum
)
.
.
-r"-
"
y,i
t/ie power
*
oj.
Per, through.
Pone, behind.
behind.
Post, after,
Praeter,beside.
Prope, near, propius,proxime.
Circum,around.
about.
Circa,vcirciter,
Cis,citra,on the near side of.
over
Contra, against,
against.
Propter,
nigh,on
Erga,towards.
Infra,below.
Inter,between,among,
Intra,within.
account
Trans, across.
Ultra, beyond.
amidst.
Versus,Versum,
take
following
the Ablative
"b,abs,by,from.
without.
Absque (rare),
A,
Clam, without the knowledgeof.*
the presence of.
with.
Cum,
De, down from,from, concerning.
Coram, in
is attached
to the
Clam
towards.
Case.
Ex, e, out of,from.
Palara,in sightof.
Prae, before,
owing to,comparedwit ft.
Pr5, before,
for,instead of.
Sine,without.
Teniis,
to,as far
reaching
Personal, Reflexive, and
mecum,n6biscum, tecum, vGbiscum,secum,
*
of.
to.
Secundum, next,along,
according
Supra,above.
Extra,outside of,out of.
Note. Cum
-
Jrenes, in
Ante, before.
Apud, at, in,among.
The
Case.
Juxta, adjoining
to,beside.
Ob, over aqainst. by
of.
reason
*
7
\toward,
aqamst.
,
the Accusative
also takes
E
Relative
quocum.orquicum,
Accusative.
as.
Pronouns
; as,
quibuscnin.
74
CONJUNCTIONS.
the Accusative
followingtake
The
INTERJECTIONS.
in, upon,
In,into,against(Ace.),
Sub, up
In
under
(Ace.),
to, under
sub with Accusative
and
Super,over,
upon.
Subter,under.
(Abl.).
imply motion
; with
Ablative,rest.
with Verbs
compounded
:
are
"
Prepositions : a (ab,abs),ad, ante, circum,con (forcum),de,
(e),
in, inter,6b, per, post,prae, praeter,pro, sub,subter,super, trans.
ambiParticles:
B. Inseparable
(amb-),around, about; dis-,
A.
ex
(Abl.).
among
Particles
and
Prepositions
II. The
the Ablative.
or
"
"
di-,in different
parts or
Note
ways
Prepositionsin composition
1.
back,again ;
; re-,
suffer
various
se-,
changes
apart.
; such
as, comblbo
for
for transduce.
conblbo, offendo for obfendo, traduco
Note 2.
Many Verbs in Composition suffer vowel-change : (1) a into e, as spargo,
dispergo ; (2) a into ", as quatio, concutIS
; (3) a into i, as, ago,
exigo
; (4) e
Add to these, clawdo,
into z, as rego, dlrlgo ; (5)_a0into 1, as, quaere,
acquire.
exclude, "c.
;
plawdo, supplodo, "c.
a
not
awdlo, obedio.
CONJUNCTIONS.
" 84. CONJUNCTIONS
1. Coordinate ve,
; and
are
"
those which
or
affect Mood
:
as,
joinwords
et,
que,
and
but
sentences
do
atque (and), aut, vel, ve
ac,
enim (for),
"c.
(either,
or),sed,autem
(but),
nam,
those which joinsentences, influencing
Mood
or
Subordinative,
:
iit
ne
as,
(that),
(lest),
quod, quia (because),
(when,
since),
quum
si (if),
nisi
"c., "c.
(unless),
2.
The
" 85.
Particles
Interrogative
without
the
Verbs,
to
be
cannot
which
rendered
they impart an
in English
Interrogative
force:"
are, the
They
.pounds
enclitic -ne, an, num,
of the last three with
and
utrumne:
;
the
namely,annon,
D.
utrum
-ne
compounds
;
: the
com(whether)
namely, anne, numne,
of an,
-ne,
with
the
INTERJECTIONS.
is an
" 86. An Interjection
exclamatoryword, used either to
of some
The
kind.
most
usual
attention,or to express feeling
are
A
or
Note. Of
as
well
as
draw
jections
Inter-
"
0 ! oh !
0,
tive
nega-
nonne.
ah, alas
Pro
these,0, a, eheu, heu, pro,
ecc6,with a Nominative
en,
or
Vae,
!
may
or
be
proh,forbid it !
woe
used
Accusative
!
with
:
a
Vocative
hei,vae,
with
Case : the same,
a Dative.
SYNTAX.
EXCURSION.
PREFATORY
" 87-
A.
expressionof
Psittacus
Psittacus
The
The
loquitur,
parrot speaks.
something
of which
That
B.
is the
Sentence
Simple
A
Psittacus,the
does not
called
said, is
is
singlethought:
loquitur,
speak.
non
parrot
a
Subject
the
:
as,
parrot.
which can
Subjectmust be a Substantive, or a Noun-term
Clause.
take its place,
or
Pronoun, Infinitive,
as
an
Adjective,
and
C. The Finite Verb, which declares what is said of the Subject,
Predicate:
the
is
called
makes
a
speaks.
as, Loquitur,
completesense,
Since Pronoun
Subjectsare impliedin the Endings ("44 Obs.),a
a.
a.
The
singleVerb
D.
or
be
may
sentence
a
:
Veni,
Vidi,
Vici,
I came,
I saw,
I
conquered.
Finite part of the Verb sum
(esse),to be,is usuallya Copula,
word
linked by it to the Subject,and completingthe
a
is called a Complement;
both togetherforming the Predicate:
Any
Link
sense,
; and
Predicate.
Copula.
Subject.
The
Note.
a.
Homo
est
mortalis,
Man
is
mortal.
Homines
sunt
ammalia,
Men
are
animals.
is often
Copula
Verbs
Other
called
besides
Copulative
omitted
link
sum
(Link)
dicor,am
videor,seem;
Complement.
as, Ran
:
vocor,
men
fio,become;
called; putor,
as,
am
am
is
Adjectiveagreeing with any Noun-term
and
Attributive
Attribution,
maybe
(1)Epithet; (2)
viri,
Learned
2. A
Substantive
Apposition,
(1)
and
few).
nascor,
E. An
(1) Docti
are
and
Subject and Complement,
a
Verbs:
said;
b5nl, (good
(2) Hi
viri
These
men.
sunt
men
are
am
are
born
;
"c.
thought,
said
to
be
in
Complement.
docti,
learned.
is said to be in
agreeing with any Noun-term
maybe (1) Epithetic;(2)AppositiveComplement.
Rex
Croesus,
King
Croesus.
(2) Croesus
Croesus
E
2
fmt
rex,
was
king.
76
DE
CONGRUENTIA.
QUATTUOR GENERALES.
REGULAE
" 88.
L Verbum
Finltum
Magister docet.
Libri
leguntur.
" 89.
II.
T
bonus
Vir
Hirundo
doces
:
o s
n
discimus.
est utile.
numero,
et
uxorem
habet.
casu
congruit cum
:
Hit bonam
pullis
hanc
orbdtd
suis
Carl sunt parentes;
Piieri discendo fmnt
nitur
u
Discere
Adjectivum genere,
cui attribuitur
"
Subject!
congruit
Nominative
cum
et pes-sona:
numero
eo
PEIMA,
MEMORIALIS
SYNTAXIS
car
est
a
queritiir.
patria.
docfi.
90. III. Substantlvum
congruit
casu
"o
cum
cui appo-
:
N 6
s
puerl patrem
L
o
11 1 u
imitabimur.
m
EiFodiuntiir opes, irrltamenta
S p e s est exspectdtw boni.
malorum.
vocatiir Iambus.
Syllaba longabrevl subjecta
" 91.
numero,
Relatlvum
IV.
et
persona
JDeum
veneramur
Antecedente
cum
; sed
spectatsuam
casu
qul nos
congruit genere,
clausulam
:
crea\it.
est, quern amamiis, a quo amamiir.
te, mater, quae me am as.
Amiciis
Amo
DE
" 92.
Cum
Veneno
SUBJECTO
COMPOSITO.
SubjectsCompositepluralia
congruunt
absumptisunt
Hannibal
et
1. In diversitate personarum
Persona :
Verba
SI tu et Tullia
et
valetis,
ego
Philopoemen.
congruunt
Cicero
:
valemus.
cum
Priore
78
SYNTAXIS
"
PRIMA.
Verba
98.
quaedam, rogandlpraesertimet ddcendl,bmos
alterum Eel, alterum Personae :
Accusatives,
adrnittunt
Nunquam
Quid
"
MEMORIALIS
mine
99. Verba
dlwtias
duos rogavi.
te litter
d 6c e a m ?
as
Factitlva,scilicetfaciendl,vocandi,putandi,
habent
Accusatives,alterum Object!,alterum
similia,bmos
Complement! :
Te facimus, Fortuna,deam.
urbem suam
Romam
Romulus
II. ACCUSATIVUS
"
100.
Accusat!vus
vocavit.
LIMITATIONS.
Verb!s
Respectusadjungitiir
et
Adjec-
apud poetas :
tlvis,praesertim
Tremit
Nudae
\
artus.
sunt
lacertos.
" 101. Locus, Quo itur, in Accusativo pomtur, idque sine
si vel oppidinomen
est,vel domus, rus :
Praepositione,
RegiilusCarthdginemrediit.
Vos
"
ite
domum:
(1)Duratio Tempons
102.
Pericles
quadrdgintd annos
Spat!!in
(2) Mensura
Erant
"
ibo.
rus
ego
103.
Accusatlvum
est
:
ponitur :
pedes alti.
regunt multae
DE
DStivus
pomtur
praefiiit Athenis.
ducenos
Antt, apud, "d, adversus,
Circum, circa,cltra,cis,
Contra,inter,ergd,extra,
ob,
Infra,intixi,juxtd,
Penes,pone, post, et praeter,
" 104.
" 105.
Accusativo
Aecusatlvo
Babyloms
muri
in
Casus
: " 83.
PraeposItTones
Prope,propter,per, secundum,
Supra, versus, ultra,trans;
His
Et
subter,addito,
sub,si fit motio.
super,
m,
DATIVO.
seu
Recipientis
Remotioris
Object!.
ad Remotiiis
trajiciunt
Trajectiva, quae sensum
Objecturn, sunt multa Adject!
va, Adverbia, et Verba, rarius
indicatur
Substantlva,quibus
I.
Propinqmtdset Demonstrdtw,
Grdtrficdtw,Domindtw,
Et his contraria
quaeque
notio.
"
106.
79
DATIVO.
DE
Trajectivacapmnt Datlvum,
et
(1) Propinquitas
Est
contraria
finitimiis
oratori
Nil fuit unquam
Congruenter
Praesentia
Nee
a r
p
sibi.
vivendum
naturae
est.
confer
praeturitls.
ignoratquid distent
tamen
(2) Demonstratio
Die
:
poeta.
im
sic
?.
sigmficantiir
quum
et contraria
luplnls.
aera
:
rnlhi,Damoeta, cujum peciis?
Anguis Sullae appariiit immolanti.
Haud
cuiquam in dub 16 erat bellum immmere.
(3) Gratificatio
Patriae
idoneiis, utilis agris.
in
i mica
gravis pad placidaeque
alii donat
Lucem
redde
Nobls
Ne
:
sit
Turba
Quod
et contraria
qmeti.
sibi detrahit.
dux bone, patriae.
tiia^,
fortuna
salutem.
tlbi quod nemmi
licet.
spondet
libeat
Parce
pio generl.
Succensere
nefas patriae.
Resistendum
est appetitibus.
(4) Dominatio
Sapiens,
Omnibus
et contraria
sibi
qui imperiosus.
supplexest.
Imperat
Mundus
:
collecta pecuma
oboediunt
servit
aut
Deo
p
a r e
t,
Inter
multa Yerba
sunt
Trajectiva
ticiilis,
qualessunt
Bene,male, satis,re.
a.
cuigue.
maria
et hide
composita
Ad, ante, con, m, inter,de,
Ob, sub,super, post, et prae
terraeque.
cum
Par-
:
mihi nunquam.
Ceterls satis fa cio
semper,
STeilia q u on dam Italiae adhaesit.
bellum
dls intiilerunt.
G-igantes
Anatum
ov"galliniasupponimus.
"
107.
darn
II. Dativus
Commodi
ublvls
adjungipotestcum
vel Incommodi
Esto, ut
nunc
notlione qua-
:
multi,dives
tibi,
pauper
amlcls.
Niima virglnesTestae legit.
Areniis nupsit
Vulcano.
Philosophiae
semper
a.
c u
Hue
refer
Datlvum
vac
6.
Pronommis,
s :
Quid miki Celsiis agit?
qui
vocatur
ethi-
80
SYNTAXIS
b. Sum
compositls, praetgr
possum,
cum
Sum
:
Dativo, hdlere saepe significant
homini
Deo
cum
nobls mitia
Sunt
Adjungituridem
Passlvae
:
abest.
semper
Estj sunt, cum
Est
d.
capit Dativum
ttbi Merciirius.
Vir mihi
c.
PRIMA.
MEMORIALIS
similitude.
poma.
Datlvus
ParticTpnset Participialibus
Vocis,praesertimGerund!
vis :
"thoni.
obit et formidatus
Midtis
ille boms
occidit.
flebilis
sunt
Legendae
puvrisAesopi fabiilae.
Magnus
"
Propositlpro Complemento pomtiir,
:
Eecipientis
108. III. Datlvus
Dativo
adjunctosaepe
fiducla caldmitdti solet
NimTa
Exitio
"
cms
109.
t Mdum
e s
mare
Dativus
IV.
in
nltur,praesertim
Licuit
Complement!
nominand!
Themistocli
Huie
die!
ego
110.
Ablativus
adverbial!
llmitant
more
faciam.
rerum
quae
circumstant
Definit
actlonem.
et Locum.
"
111.
I. Ablativus
Oderunt
peccare
Causae
"
112.
II. Ablativus
113.
Instrument!:
III. Ablativus
InjurTafit
"
114.
IV.
Pace
Homo
duobus
mtd
cum
modis,
Thaide
sententid
defendere
Mod!
Ablativus
tud
amore.
effera Dido.
ill!certant
Jlijaculis,
"
:
virtutis
bom
immdnibus
Coeptis
po-
:
ABLATIVO.
Casiis
est
Attractionem
otwso.
Trinummo
nomen
per
formulls
esse
DE
"
e s s e.
nautls.
saxis.
:
aut
vl
Condition^
antfraude.
:
colloquar.
prudentissimusest.
etlam
et
Tempus
"
115. V.
Ablatlvus
81
ABLiTITO.
DE
cum
Qualitatis,
Epitheto:
cui dedisti symbolum?
Qua fade fiiit,
Senex prd)?iissd
barbd,horrentl capillo.
"
Ablatlvus
1 1 6. VI.
Angor
ammo.
Ennius
"
maximus,
ingeriio
117. VII.
Ablatlvus
Ego
pretw
spem
Quod
"
Respectus:
118.
non
opus
Pretn
non
:
est,
pessimus
Quanta
Mensiirae
"
IX.
119.
Cibus
a.
Ablativus
Materiae
St.
const
(1 )Verba fungdr,fruor,
utor, vescdr,
digrwr; (2) Adjecllva dignus, indignus, contentus,
Ablatlvum
or^
regunt
(1) Fungar
:
Rex
(3)
Ubi
Musa
rirum
vetat
est
mori.
vcrlnsl
est filio
(lltcindl
tibundanrfi vel egcnd/i,
AdjectTvTs et VerbTs
1).Ex
:
posset utl, frui maliiit.
" 133.
potitur.
vi
adsunt,quid opus
vlgintlmims.
res
Usiis
auro
laude
(2) Dignum
usus
victoria
cum
impms
opus,
cotis.
vice
Hannibal,
multH
c-npHint,
pi'irctndt,
pleraqueAblHtTvinn
tlvum
lima.
:
Substantiva
praeditus
fretus,
; ("3)
vel
est.
quam
poeta,
patronus.
omnium
lacte,cased, came
eorum
:
pede
est
omnium
optimiis
tu
est.
carum
1a t u m
Longum sesquipede,
multls
Sol
partibusmajor
Tanto
riidis.
emo.
asse
Ablativus
VIII.
arte
etmm
Gem-
:
et mettv
Amor
Nunquam
et
feUe est
animiis
Vis consiU
mutu
mole
expers
" 120.
a re
Hieme
Tempo
tempus ?
u
s.
aeris
Cappadocum
rex.
est solacium.
culpd maximum
X. Ablativus
Intro, quantum
m
est.
ruit siia.
Mancipns lociiples eget
Vac
d i sai
f ecun
vacuus
r!s
si rogatur Qnando
rcspondet,
Quanto tempore
ante
vel
?
post ?
bella coiiquiescunt.
Quidquid est biduo scTemiis.
Homerus
multls fiiitante Romiihim.
annis
"
cum
121.
XI.
omma
A.
rogatur, Qua
I barn
Ablativus
via
Loci
?
forte P"?aSacra.
"3
sine
ponitiir
Praeposltlone,
82
Ablatlvus
B.
si
maxime,
PRIMA.
MEMORIALS
SYNTAXIS
est, vel
oppidlnomen
si stat
Oppidorum
a.
secunda
locum
C. Ablativus
fugit
Ita domdj rure.
122.
Sine,tenus,pro,
His
ab
se
a
t
et
Tantalo
iis
,
Rel
:
virtuttbus
aurum.
:
leviorem.
utiliorem
Substantlvum
vocatiir Absolutus
exactls
est.
virtute.
dedecore
Lycurgo
sine
CompSratae:
Accusatlvo
cum
Piito mortem
prognatiis
est auro,
argentum
quam
Ablatlvo,qul
:
et domo.
Nominatlvo
cum
quam
XV.
db
et Originls
etiarn
SepS-ratioms
Parti ciplis
adjungitur:
NIhil est amabiliiis
125.
dicemus.'
scopulo.
Ablativus
Viliiis
"
si
Ablatlvus
XIV.
Neminem
statu
abdicavit.
coemptis saltzbus
Pelope n
(2) Pro
mus,
ab illls.
his,culpatiir
Verbls
Praepositione
(1) Pro
subter,sub adde-
compositfieregunt Ablatlvum,prae-
naves
XIII.
124.
super,
fit in, de
:
dictaturd
Laudatiir
Cedes
" 101.)
:
Praepositiones
Agentis
expetit Praepositlonema,
b. Ablatlvus
"
rogatur Undel
:
Quinctms
123.
:
Quo Itur,v.
varlae
regunt
etiam
Praepositiones
db, de, ex
Loci
Accusatlvo
ex, et e,
Detrudunt
"
la habitat Mllctl.
de,
et prae
:
mltiftaeque
cognita est.
Ablatlvum
XII.
Palam, clam, cum,
eertim
ae, I
in
et
prlma
Corintho.
(De
Ay dbjabsque,coram,
a.
casus
caret,cum
oppidlPraepositione
Demaratus
"
|
?
virtus doml
Caesaris
per
ruri
h"mi, domi, belli,
mllitiae,
b. Similia sunt
a.
def Iniunt
faciam
Romae
Quid
Decllnatione
ex
singularia
nomma
statioms
:
clauduntur.
urbe
totd
Epitheto
cum
Puf edits.
Nedpoii est, Lentulus
Philippiis
Tabernae
rogatur ubll
cum
Praepositione,
caret
saepe
Sparta geniiit.
cum
Participio
:
consiiles creafl simt.
coalescit
in
suppleturalterum
Pro
Participiosaepe
vel Adjectlvum :
a.
Nil
duce
desperandum Teucro
Natus
Augustus
est
83
GENITIVO.
DE
et
consulibus
auspiceTeucro.
Cicerone
Jamque cmis, vims fr at rib us, Hector
Quid dicam, hac juventute?
vel
dcl'Imfcsubjective
"
SUBJECTIVUS.
et Possessoris.
Auctoris
I. Genltlvus
127,
plerumque
objective.
GENITIYUS
A.
Antonio.
Possidentis,nomina
Gemtlviis, Casus
126.
et
erat.
GENITIVO.
DE
"
Substantivum
sunt.
sign a plane perfecta
Poljjcletl
Singulorumopessuntdivitiae civttatis.
quaft mulierls
statiia dicebatur
fiierunt,
Omnia,
Ea
a.
Genitlvus
Interdum
Myronis.
pendeta
Hectoris Andromache
Ventum
ad
erat
b. Genitivus
suppressa
voce
:
(suppleuxor).
(suppletemplum}.
Vestae
supplerl
possit.
stat,ut
ita
virl fiunt.
indicium,
Indoles,
Mimus
ant officmm:
Mints
Cujusvlskj
128.
II. Genitlvus
Ingtnm
errare.
cedere habetur
Tempori
"
est
natu.
niajores
ddolcscentls
Kst
vultus p
Claudius
e r
u
sapientie.
cum
Qualitatis,
:
fipitheto
ingemucp\"pudorfo.
brvvisswm.
somnl
erat
vereri.
Gemtlvi, parvi, nnnoris,minwn,
mar/rii,
elliptic!
pluris,
plurwn, tantl,quantl, maximi, quibussupplepretfi:
a.
Notentur
Voluptatem
Emit
"
129.
facit.
minimi
hortos tantl quantl Pythms voluit.
III.
Interest,
refert,Gemtivum
Interest
Kefert
a.
Eadem
sesslvos
Et
recte
omnium
compositidms
pro
mea,
virtus
quae
quibus anteponas.
Posusurpant casus
re congruentes :
nostrd, vestra,cuja,cum
interest
tiid et med
id
:
facere.
Genitlvis Pronominum
t"a, sua,
Qui'.lnostra
admittunt
r
e
fe
r
t?
te valere.
84
"
A.
IV.
130.
licet,Genitlvl
Elephanto beluarum
Sulla centum
Major Neromim
a.
et
131.
ad te
venTrS
B.
Netitra
genus
:
prudentior.
a
amisit.
suorum
praelmm
grave
commisit.
suntBelgae.
horis sapit.
majores sunt quam mares.
omnibus
deorum.
sancte
pertinet.
omnium
minime
Nostrum^ vestrum, Partltlva sequuntur
Te
"
mox
feminae
Sequimurte,
Hoc
summit
ad~
luctus est datiis.
viginti
mortdlium
Pisclum
null
Partitivls
fortissimi
Gallorum
Nemo
est
animantium
uni
Distributee
Eel
Gemtlvus
jungitur,quae, quantum
Homini
PRIMA.
MEMORIALIS
SYNTAXIS
iiterque
Gemtlvus
Adject!va
nostrum
Rei
cupit.
Vocabula
Demensae
comitatur
sapientiaeparum
eloqucntmC)
roboris conservat.
Aliquid pristini
ta
nummorum,
B.
Quantltatis
:
Sati?
Quantum
:
n
t
u
m
est.
tdei est.
f
OBJECTIVUS.
GENITIVUS
objective
jungiturSubstantivis,
Adjecauaedam
vis
est,
tivis, aut
ParticTpilK,
quibus transitiva
praesertimsi significant.
"
132.
I. Gemtlvus
desiderwm,
Perltiam, curam,
quidquiderit
Vel
his contrarmm:
Insitus est menti
cognitwnis amor.
Diificilisest
a
cur
alien drum.
rerum
est.
Tempiis edax rerum
fiiit.
inedtae
Corpus patiens
Co
n
I^mp
A
vi
sci
e r
da
Animus
a.
a
rectl est.
mens
1 1 iis
est
fiiit.
morum
perwullvirtus.
fiiTtalienl
appetens,
tive,
Mel, titi,
sui, nostri,vestri,objective ponuntur; subjecmetis,tuus, suus, noster, vestfr
Nicias
(a)
sibi
profusus.
sm
tud
Genitlvus
sui miemoria
:
delectatiir.
Subjectivusin
Possessive .latens Genitlvum
congruentem recipit :
Respublicatned
Aves
fetus
unlus
adultos
suae
opera
salva erat.
ipsorum
f IducTae
permittunt.
86
SYNTAXIS
DE
"
VERBO
I. Infmltlvum
140.
1.
MEMORIALIS
INFINITO.
stat"
-
Substantive,pro Nominative
Invidere
(1)
Dulce
2.
cadit
non
et decorum
Mori
(2)
nemo
vel Accusative:
sapientem.
in
est pro
patria morl.
miserum
dixerit.
sapiens
in
Praedieatlve,
narrando,pro
Multi
3.
Oblique,cum
Accusative
Verbl
Accusatlvus
bene
vlvendum
2. Genitlvus
Par
94.
:
Adjectlvl
n
t gvrere.
tempus
|
Suplna.
Adjectlvisadditur
et
audicndl
Ciipidus
Nomimbus
Gerundii
et
est.
satis
Substantlvls
et
aut
est
est.
:
PraeposTttonT
Jungltur:
De
Fugicndo vincimils.
5.
Supinum
Irl
Supinum
Foedum
"
142.
in wm,
in
Ciipiosatis
CupTdiissum
si
regit ac
casus
omnes
eo-o
non
fa
cere
Futuri
immane
:
Passivl
:
suo.
Respectusest
Nefas
:
vlsu est.
et Supm5
Gerundio,Participils,
Fmltum
Verbum
:
relpublicae.
relpublicae.
satisfaciendi
Grails
rnotiis
ego.
|
est.
Inflnltlvum,cum
eosdem
Au
post VerbS
Irl filio uxorem
pro Ablatlvo
u
dictu
III.
Ast
datum
non
deliberant.
pvgnando
Supino eificit Infinltlvum
cum
Audierat
6.
est
it Maecenas, dormitum
Lusum
a.
Accusatlvus
urn
in
niifas
ausoque
servitum
potiti.
matrihus
:
legcndo.
operam
vel modi
causae
addttur
Yerbls
Dat
\
est disserendo.
4. Ablatlvus
Gerundia
adjungitur:
PraepositionTbus
discitiir.
Gerundii
sunt
breve
Gerundii
scribendl
3. Datlvus
Casus
Gerundii
.
Ars
vel
v 6 1u
cogitarequi magna
esse
pater.
insolentem ludcre pertinax.
II. Infimtlvl
Ad
:
dicerJ.s
Ludum
1
Fmlto
Subjectl. "
di u
Solent
Patriae
141.
Verbo
occldl,
seqid,fiigere,
capl.
4. Prolata constructione
"
PRIMA.
ibo.
DE
"
143.
VERBO
Transitivis
Gerundns
In
Gerundlva;
construction^
ciijiis
Objectum in Gerundil
:
genus ObjectI
et
in liberanda
Brutus
144.
Bihendum
Huic
est
Clvibus
est
Verb5
erit.
regitur:
esse
attributiva
significat
transitlvis
Se, suus,
credendum,
Gerun-
constructio
:
diUgendusest nobis et
tangenddrates transiliunt
DE
timcndus.
vada.
PRONOMINIBUS.
Reflexlva
Pronomina, refertintur ad
Subjectuni,modo tertiae personae sit :
principalis
SentTt
animus
se
ad
ReflexTva
nilillhabet
vi
Objectum
referri
sua
DE
146.
possunt,
si
ea
relatio
ambiguT :
Mors
PARTICULIS
Multae
Mlratur
Arirtus
strepitumgwe
solum
similibiis annectunt
et strata
vTarum.
potest.
surripi
Socratem.
sapTentiorem put5 quam
eripi
NSminera
Omne
NONNULLIS.
Conjunctionessimilia
portas
ncc
sm.
manet.
quemque
nee
forti
sen-
siid mover!.
ostentatio
Scipionem impellit
fructum
rostituo
suum.
Apibus
"
a, fib :
cum
consiilendura.
et
Non
a.
Vobis eundum
\
constructio
erit.
Ablatlviis
utendum.
C
haldaeis
minime
opinatiir
Verbls
Deus
a
vobis
a
2. Necessitatem
"tentlae
nu-
jiidicwest
cuique
Eudoxus
145.
nobis.
quis aliiis casus
Suo
"
Eundum
\
add! potest Datlvus,rarius
si
dlvi,in
in
est interfectiis.
Gerundlva
significat
intransitlvis:
potissimuni
est.
Bibendum
b. Et
:
um
IV. 1. Necessitatem
Verbls
in
impersonalis,
a.
Gerund!
casum,
o
septemvirifiierunt ayrlsdividendls.
Hi
"
pair id
Attract!
est
usitatior
regula est haecce
Trahitiir
merum
87
INFINITO.
patriH.est, ut
piscibus
aoquor.
88
SYNTAXIS
147.
"
MEMORIALIS
v" cum
prohibit!
Ne
junctivousurpatur
PRIMA.
ImperativeModo
nedum, utmam,
:
0
vel
si, ut
Con-
cum
pro
utinani
Conjunctive:
cum
JVe qua
Ae
culpam
Neu
d
est 6 dictis mora.
meis
in
e s
contuleris.
me
in t
rosae.
epiilis
Mortalia
Nedum
facta peribunt,
honos et gratiavivax
stet
sermonum
Gtinam minus
vitae ciipidi
fiiissemus.
0 si urnam
fors
argent!
quae mihi monstret.
tt ilium di deaequeperdant.
COMPENDIUM
REGULAKUM
DE
SUBJUNCTIVO.
"
148.
patur
:
Modus
quum
Conjunctlvusvarils sensibus pure usuralterl Verbo, Subjunctlvus appelsubjungitur
latur.
"
149.
PartTculae,
quae obliqueinterrogant,
postulant:
Pronomina
Subjunctlvum
et
Ipse quis sit,utrum
Talia sunt
sit, an
non
sit,id quoque
nescit.
:
Quantus, utcr, qualis,
quis,quot,quotus,unde. uln,quando,
Cur, quoties,quarc, quam, qudmodo, mtm, m, ut, fin,utrum.
"
150.
Relatmim
ceteris,simpllclsensu
Miseret
tui me,
LitterTls
misi
est
Digna
"
capit
151.
qui
est
res
Relatlvum
obllquaevel
re
Ennius
IndTciltivum
vel
non
qui
hunc
quibiis
et
oderit
non
iibi
nervos
vel
faciasinimicum
placaremeum
Tn
eo
et monercm.
Conjunctio,si subordinatur
oration!
:
potestate,Subjunctlvum postulat
censet
Conjiuictlvo
saepe
omnes
tibi.
intendas*
lugendam
mortalitas consequdtur.
accusatiis
est
quod
Clamant
si continetur
protervam pueritiam?
Socrates
a.
:
tit,vel talis ut, Subjunctlvum:
qinim,) quamvis,
Quis
PartTculls siils,iind",tibi,
cum
qm,
:
subordinatur
praestaret
esse
mortem,
quam
im-
corrumperet jiiventutem.
Subjunctlvus:
quod recepissft.
MODO
DE
152.
Conjunctlonum
I. Prlma
Classis
"
Modos
est
89
SUBJUNCTIVO.
Classes sunt
regentium
quarum
earum,
est
proprius
tres.
Sub-
:
junctlviis
(1) CONSECUTIVA
Ut
(4) CONDITIONALES
:
(sothat}
Quin
Dum
(butthat)
(2) FINALES:
:
\
Modo
[(provided
that)
Dummodo
'
(5) CONCESSIVAE:
Ut
(in order that)
Ne
that
(lest,
.
.
.
Licet
|(although)
Quamvis
not)
Quo (in order that)
Quommiis
(butthat)
Ut
(6) COMPABATIVAE
(3) CAUSALIS:
Quum
II. Altera
tivus,nisi
(since)
["
(asif)
J
su^ordinentur
quarum
oration!
Simiil
Quod, quia (because)
(assoon as)
Post-quam (after
that)
Quoniam
Dum
(since)
(2) TEMPORALFS
Quando,
Ut
(whilst, longas)
["
as
j
Quoad
(3) CONCESSTVAE:
ever)
howQuamquam (although,
:
quum,
j
Donee
Quandoquidem (since)
Siquidem (inasmuchas)
iibi (when)
(when,since)
Utut
Quoties (as oftenas)
III. Tertia Classis est earum,
Subjunctivus,
prout
(1)
"i
proprius est Indica:
obllquaevel re vel potestate
earum
(1) CAUSALES:
aut
Tanquam
Veliit,ceu
Quasi,"c.
Classis est
:
res
quas
aut
vera
(however)
Indtcativus
aut
aut
cogitatapropomtur.
(2) CONDITIONALES
TEMPORALES:
SIVAE
Si
Dum, donee, quoad(until)
ET
:
(unless)
Etsi, etiamsi,
even
153.
Idiotismi sunt
(1) Quum
Latin!
sermonis
CONCES-
(*/)
Nisi
"
sequitiir
(although,
if)
:
(when) sequente Subjunctive Imperfect!vel
:
Pluperfect!
Zenonem,
Decessit
quum
AF^silaus
Athems
quum
cssem,
in
audiebam
portum
frequenter.
venisset.
90
SYNTAXIS
(2)
MEMORIALIS
(whilst)sequente
Dum
obllquasubordmatione
in
ardorem
Quern
de
et
PIUMA.
IndicatTvo
etiam
Praesentis,
praeterita:
re
stiidii censetis
dum
fuisse
in
in
pulverequaedam
quidem captam esse senserit?
"
154.
Conjunctioexcidit aliquando:
Philosophiae servias
justum
Quaeram
Partem
"
maria
155.
De
pro SubstantTvis
agitiir?S
Taedet
eadem
Magni
interest
est
Thebae,
Ubi
est
ponuntur
:
fieri.
non
exstat,nisi
si
pudor pudet).
(i.e.
UP
(i.e.statw fit).
millies.
audlre
ut
te mdeam.
Ellipsm:
per
honestum
quod
(bisintellige
est).
gelida (intellige
aqua).
per Attractionem
stultitia
error
quod
Boeotiae
" 1GO. Congruentfacum
apiidpoetas :
Subeunt
:
tat
nisi
bonum
omnis
:
:
Congruentiavariatur
N5n
ponuntur
Nominativiis
omissa
intelligitur
Perfundor
159.
consilio
omnm
fact!
eum
Nihil
"
est
vel Clausula
Vox
ponuntur
omriid.
tivis
Verb!
Impersonalis
Pudet
158.
Prl-
veilere.
est
Credibile
Quid
ut
regiila,
CONGRUENTIA.
SubstantTvis
pro Substan
(3) Clausiilae
Infimtlvum
est
ea
DE
pauperl desunt, avdro
Vlverc
"
SUBSIDIARIAE
(1) Adjectivapro
(2) Infimtiva
157.
Temporum
(supplesi).
Syntax!repetantur.
ex
Multa
(suppleutrum).
dolor,Icare,haberes
poema
subordmentiir,Historica Historicls.
REGULAE
"
necne
Consecutione
Primarils
156.
oportet (suppleut).
sit
in tan to, sineret
opere
Exempla
"
ArchimedS, qui,
patriam
descrlbit attentius, ne
est dlcendd.
est.
caput
sensu
:
fit per
Synesin,praesertirn
auxilio
Tegeaea juventus
1
ii
?
is
s c e
perdidit
s, qul me
.
.
.
tardl.
91
COMPENDIUM.
PROSODIAE
De
" 161.
Quant! tate disserit,
Syllabarum
Prosodia.
legibus,
Et de Metrorum
QUANTITATIS GENERALES.
EEGULAE
1 62.
QUANTITATE.
SYLLABARUM
DE
Diphthonguscontractaque Syllabalonga est.
1.
Omnis
2.
Dant
3.
Praevia
4.
Vocalis fit longa situ,cui
vocali vocalis
Altera
post unam
sub it,re, aut
J
Primaria
Derlvatls proprium
z
corripletur.
substat
consona
; ut
tristts :
; sic
Ajdx,axis,
Vocalis diibTa est,quamvis
seu
vpce
eadem
Amazon.
brevis
Quam
.
b.
consona
Nee
minus
DE
QUANTITATE
m
post g
teg-menquod
;
monstrat
et
PleraqueproducesMonosyllaba,
qualiame,
2.
PrvodTicuntiir m
Acciisativos et
a.
Carmind
A ;
excipe Rectos
canit ; resonant
casus
:
AmarylUdasilvae.
Musa
E
4.
Producuntur
In /
5.
Producuntur
in
6.
Producuntur
m
7.
Y
brevis in fine
8.
In
C
9.
Corripein Z, Z", T:
N
ver.
fmstra, contraque,pardque.
3.
brevis
dgmen.
FINALIUM.
SYLLABARUM
1.
10.
in
ipsasiia vi,
muta
:
sequitur,liquidasubjuncta,
Sic recte lugubremelos Tel lugubredices.
N post g longara
dat semper : ut agnus et ignis.
a.
103.
tempus.
in fine est
:
0:
U:
est
:
leg$,timete, cdrere.
sic
dlci,plebtque,
dolique.
virgo,multoc[ue,
juvoque.
sic
:
dmque.
tu, dictucpie,
sic dant
Tlphy, poetae.
chelff,
producuntur,iit illlc (excTpedonee).
brevis
in fine est
sic
:
Hannibal, illud,amavit.
sunt
testes
Ilwn,
agmen.
92
COMPENDIUM.
PROSODIAE
brevis in fine est:
11.
R
12.
Prodiicuntur
In As
13.
Producuntur
In
14.
Is brevis
a.
Es, ut
Compositaa vis,sis
:
Os:
16.
Us brevis in fine est
17.
secunda
mails,nollsqne,
vellsque.
Producuntur
Quartae
ensis.
utilis,
dlceris,
ceu
persona
15.
Hinc
atque videres.
iit audls:
Quartae Praesentis,
In priino niimero
a.
sedes
plurales
exeipmntur,
terns, vobls ; etiam
Ut
atque Menalcds.
terras
ut
:
in fine est:
Obliquicasus
calcar,amaUtur, Hector.
ceu
In
:
testes
olus,intus,dmdmus.
excipe, ut artus
contractos
casus
atque sdcerdds.
utventos
queiscrescentis
Ut
tellus incusque,juventusatque senectus.
Ys brevis in fine est:
regitAuctorum
Obs. Mos
DE
:
penultima casus,
longaest
Et
testes
"rlnys.
chelijs,
Othrijs,
tempus, si reguladefit.
LEGIBUS.
METRORUM
DEFINITIONES.
"
Iambus
vocatur
164. Syllabalongabrevi subjecta
ille Trocheus
Quod si longabrevi praecesserit,
Spondeus
Dactjlus
DE
"
165.
*"
.
"
.
-
^
.
fertur consistere
bmls
efFIcItur
SCANSIONE
longls
longabrevlbusqueduabus
ET
FlGURIS
-
.
.
"-"
^
SCANSIONIS.
con|cinnant
|arte Fijgurae,
varl|a
Pe|dum.
Verjsum|pro ratijone
Distrlbu|it
1.
Scanslo, |quam
2.
A. Vocalem
elldet
Synaloepha
Si Vocalis erit subnexae
in llmlte
vocis,
in llmlne vocis ;
'PhylM dm' \anf dli\as.
dmo, ante.)
(proPhyllidti,
3.
B.
EcthlipsisVocalem
atque
m
de llmlte
trudet,
in llmlne vocis ;
erit subnexae
Si Vocalis
4
homin? \ 0 quanf \ est in \rebus m\ane.
0 cu\rds
(proJwmimtm, quantum.)
a.
Extrema
in dublls
cense
tur
versus.
syllaba
94
PROSODIAE
Fide, sed
vide
COMPENDIUM.
qmfidit, nee bene vidit,
Fallitur : ipsevide ne capiare fide.
labor Idem,
Consortes for tuna eadem, socws
II.
caros
agrl lira est
Sulcus
Ne
sit securuSj qui
Sunt
aetate
Quod
"
Anne
Quod
Si qua
senes
forte
mare
; veteres
quid habes
minime
dat
est
non
est Simula
non
novl
:
rlpds,ad
flumen
Ad
:
collegdseificitofficmm :
facmnt
ludus,mensa,
schola,
Unum
At
ante
lyrd
tacta
saddles
;
modos.
ab hoste ;
lltus habes.
tutus
vixere
priores
:
dissimuloqiiQ
quod
? Almm
pete : nil
est.
ego
novt.
refertgarrulusille refert.
sedes,
sedes,atque est tibi commoda
Ilia sede sede ;
(ENGLISH
mini
nee
OF
cede loco.
NOUNS,
" 25"30.)
justice,spring,time,
[" 25.](1) Silver,gold, iron, 'plebeian-order,
riches,
household-gods,
death,blood,childhood.
children,
(2) Ghosts,
Flora.
cradle, trifles,
functions,huts,feastof
thanks, arms,
worker, guest, seer, new-comer,
[" 26.] (5) Artificer,
witness, citizen,
inhabitant,parent, priest(ozpriestess),
guardian,avenger, young man
(or
woman), infant,informer,judge,heir,companion, guide,chief,
burgess,
husband
bird,interpreter,
(or wife),hostage,
author,exile,ox (orcow),
deer,molt, tiger,
crane,
dog,snake,serpent,swine.
[" 28.] Paunch, bear-constellation,
canvas, distaff,
ground,vine-leaf,
sea, poison,common-folk*
winnowing -fan,pear-tree,sapphire,
bat,poniard,
["29.]I. (1)Spade,order,pirate,
hinge,
margin, (2)Weevil,
sice.
flesh.
staff,
Echo,
Tree,
ternion,
(3)
butterfly,
surface(orsea),
(4)
marble (orsea),heart.
(5) Whetstone,dowry. (6) Osier,maple,stripe,
teat (or fertility),
spring, truffle,
journey,poppy.
carcase,
pepper,
(7) Fetter,mat, reward, sheaf,rest, crop, copper. II. (1)River, axle,
hair,bundle,bellows,
fire,circle (orworld),
stalk,hill,
hind-leg,
bludgeon,
sword, bread, fish, doorpost,month, brand, talon, canal, lever,worm,
(2)
birthday,stone, blood, cucumber, dust, nets, ghosts,dormouse.
Path, thorn, rope, end, collar,cinder.
male,
(3) Adamant, elephant,
giant,as, bail,vessel. (4)Shears, law, death,furniture,
pumice, tih,bolt,
basalt,sorrel. (5)Arch, phoenix, cup.
(6) Fountain, mountain, iron,
onecable,torrent,tooth,
trident,
client,
dropsy,griffin,
third-part,
bridge,
III.
scimetar.
east.
vulture,
west,
(7)Boar-pig,
(1) Bran, turtle-dove,
thief.(2) Slavery,youth, virtue, safety,old-age,land, anvil, marsh.
ney,
(3)Beast. (4)Hare, mouse.
(5)Mullet,consul,salt,sun, boxer. (6)Kidwoodcock.
linen,
(7) Gorgon,
comb, dolphin,
spleen,
kingfisher.
mother-in-law,
[" 30.] Tribe,needle,porch, house,daughter-in-law,
old-womant Ides,hand.
95
MEMORIAL
FIKST
AGREEMENT.
ON
THE
[" 88.] I.
A
FOUR
Verb
GENERAL
EULES.
Finite
its Subjectin Number
and
the Nominative
with
agrees
Person :
Magister
docet.
TUddces:
The master
teaches.
Thou
Libri
leguntur.
Books
Case with
An
that
Vir
Hi
which
to
bonus
That
has
do
swallow
Carl sunt
Dear
are
Pueri
hanc
this
parentes;
parents, dear
f mnt
Boys by learningbecome
it ig in
Nos
We
A
uxorem
:
habet.
earnest
is
patria.
country.
doctl.
learned.
agrees
in Case
with
:
apposition
Eifodmntur
Riches
are
Spes
est
and
good wife.
Substantive
pilert
patrem
imitate
will
boys
Hope
useful.
pullis suls or bat a queritur.
bereftof its young complains.
discendo
[" 90.] III.
learn.
Gender, Number,
it is in attribution
illebonam
good man
run
The
in
we
est utile.
To learn is
Adjectiveagrees
of
discimus.
nos
teachest:
Discere
read.
are
["89.] II.
which
SYNTAX,
Lo Ilium
our
imitabimiir.
father Lollius.
irritdmentd malorum,
opes,
dug out, incentives of evil.
expectdtwbom.
of good.
expectation
is the
vocatiir fambus.
Syllaba longa brevi subjects
A longsyllable
short is called Iambus.
a
following
that to
$?"
MEMORIAL
FIRST
[" 91.] IV.
A
lielaiive
Gender, Number,
clause
own
We
and
veneramur
Amo
who
est,quern
friend is
one
we
me
you, mother, who
ON
With
1. If the
its
belongs to
a mas.
love
me.
SUBJECT.
CompositeSubjectPlural
absumptisunt Hannibal
and Philopoemen
were
Persons
loved.
differ,Verbs
:
agree
Philopoemen.
et
cut
words
offby poison.
with
agree
the
Prior
*
:
Si tu
et Tullia
If you
2. When
and
Tullia
valetis,
ego
are
well,I
the Genders
et
Cicero
and
Cicero
Pater
mihi
If the
mortui
mater
et
My fatherand
valemus.
well.
are
culine
differ,
Adjectives
agree with the Mas-
rather than with the Feminine
Neuter
in
a
COMPOSITE
THE
a
Veneno
Hannibal
a.
Case
quo amamiir.
love,by whom we are
amamus,
whom
te, mater, quae
Hove
Person
its Antecedent
nos
creavit.
created us.
qm
worship God,
Amiciis
[" 92. J
with
agrees
Person ; but in
:
Deum
A
SYNTAX.
mother
are
:
sunt.
dead.
the
lifeless,
thingsare
Attributes
are
often
:
Divitiae, deciis, gloria in ociilissita
are
our
Riches,honour, glory,
placedbefore
CASES
THE
[" 93.] 1.
Anni
Years
The
Subjectof
a
AND
COMPLEMENT.
is
Finite Verb
Nominative
a
:
fuglunt.
flee.
(2) The Subjectof an
Constat
It is
SUBJECT
OF
eyes.
CASES.
ON
ON
sunt.
Infinitive is put in the Accusative
fugere.
annos
agreedthat
years
I
\
flee.
:
Scimus annos
fugere.
We know that years fee.
[" 94.]CopulativeVerbs, whether Finite or Infinitive,
have a Complement agreeingwith the Subject:
generally
Vita
est
Life is
a
*
The
First
s s e
said to be
Person
nascitiir
Nobody
dream.
Vita dicitiir e
Life is
Nemo
somnium.
a
sapiens.
is born wise.
somnium.
Nemo
dream.
Nobody can
is considered
potest nasci
be born
Prior to the Second, the Second
sapiens.
wise.
to the Third.
Aiunt
vltar/i
somnium.
esse
They say that
lifeis
Constat nemmem
It is agreedthat
a.
dream.
a
sapientem.
nasci
nobodyis born wise,
with Infinitive is called
of Accusative
Construction
The
97
ACCUSATIVE.
THE
Oblique (Indirect)Enunciation.
THE
ON
[" 95.] The
ACCUSATIVE.
Accusative
It has also the power
of
is the Case of the Nearer
limiting.
ACCUSATIVE
I. THE
[" 96.] Transitive
Object.
Verbs
OBJECT.
THE
OF
Accusative
an
govern
of
the
Object:
alit pullos.
Mater
The mother nourishes the young
ones.
In primis venerare
Deum.
the firstplaceworshipGod.
In
[" 97.] Intransitive
take
Verbs
an
Accusative
of kindred
meaning :
Duram
He
servlt
serves
a
hard
Claudius
servitutcm.
Claudius
slavery.
those
[" 98.] Some Verbs, especially
admit
the Person
two
Accusatives,one
of the
of
lusit.
playedhazard.
dltam
askingand
Thing, the
ing,
teach-
other
of
:
dlvitids deos rogavi.
asked I of the gods riches.
Nunquam
Never
Quid
Why
nunc
now
te litteras
doc
earn
should I teach you
?
letters?
[" "9.] Factitive Verbs, that is,of making,calling,think'
ing,and
the
like,have
the other of the
Te
We
two
one
Accusatives,
Complement :
facimus, Fortiina,dearn.
make
thee,Fortune, a qoddcss.
Romulus
Romulus
urbem
suam
called his
Romam
cityHome.
F
Yocavi't,
of the
Object,
98
MEMORIAL
FIKST
ACCUSATIVE
II. THE
[" 100.] The
T
r e m
N
i t artils.
\
[" 101.] The Place,Whither
; and
a
town,
without
a
Regulusreturned
a
They
laeeridb.
sunt
e
bare
are
as
to the arms.
one
red lit.
Carthage.
to
domum:
Ite
ibo.
ego rus
I will go into the country.
ye home:
Go
d
u
sative
goes, is put in the Accuif
it
is
either
the name
of
Preposition,
RegiilusCarthdgmem
Vos
Verbs
rus
:
(country}
(liome),
domus
or
Respect is joined to
poetry :
trembles in his limbs.
He
LIMITATION.
OF
of
Accusative
in
especially
Adjectives,
and
SYNTAX,
[" 102.] (1) The
Duration
Time
of
is
cusative
put in the Ac-
:
Pericles
Atliems.
praefuit
quadrdgintdannos
fortyyears.
Pericles led Athens
(2) The
Measure
Erant
Babylonia ducenos
muri
The walls
Space is put
of
of Babylon
two
were
in the Accusative
pedes alti.
feethigh.
hundred
[" 103.] Many Prepositions
govern
the
list,
(see
" 83).
ON
[" 104.]The
Dative
:
an
Accusative
Case
DATIVE.
THE
is the Case of the
or
Recipient
Remoter
Object.
"
105.
which
I. Words
their
to a.
meaning over
Remoter
Object are called Trajective, and include many
Adverbs, and Verbs,more
by
Adjectives,
rarelySubstantives,
fication
which is implied(1)Nearness or (2)Demonstration, (3)Gratior
(4)Dominion
carry
; and
any
notion
Words
take a Dative
" 106. Trajective
impliedare
(1) Nearness and its contraries :
Est
finitimiis
A poet is
drdtdrl
akin
near
Nil fiiitunquam
Nothingwas
ever
Congriienter
sic
so
to an
poeta.
orator.
impar sibi.
unequalto itself.
naturae
\ivendum
We should live agreeably
to nature.
est.
contraryto these.
when
the
meanings
THE
confer
Praesentia
99
DATIVE.
praeteritls.
Compare presentthingswith past.
Nee
ignoratquid distent
ignoranthow
tamen
And
aera
he is not
yet
coins
luplnis,
differfrom lupins.
and its contraries:
(2) Demonstration
Die
mihi, Damoeta, ciijumpeciis?
Tell me, Damoetas, whose flock(isthis)
?
Anguis Sullae apparuit
snake
A
Hand
It
appeared to
cuiquam
diibio
in
doubtfulto
not
was
(3) Gratification
immolanti.
Sulla while
erat
one
any
sacrificing.
bellum
that
imminere.
war
and its contraries
was
imminent.
:
Patriae sit id one
us, utilis
agrls.
Let him be serviceable to his country,useful
to the lands.
Turba
A
inimica
gravis pact placidaeque
qui'etl.
and
t
o
to calm rest.
unfriendly
oppressive peace
crowd
sibi detrahit.
he gives to another,he withdraws
Quod alii donat
What
from himself*
dux bone, patriae.
tiiae,
Restore light
to thy country,good chief,
Lucem
redde
Nobis
fortuna salutem.
det
spon
Fortune
guaranteessafetyto
us.
Let not
licet.
tibi quod nemmi
which
thee
is lawfulto
(that)please
P
pio gen
Ne
lib eat
a r c e
no
man.
eri.
Spare a pious race.
Succensere
nefas patriae.
It is impious to be wroth with one's
R
is t e n d u m
est
should resist our
e s
We
(4) Dominion
and
country.
appefitibus.
passions.
its contraries
Sapiens,sibi qui imperiosus.
The wise man
(ishe) who (is)lord
:
over
himself.
Omnibus
He
is
supplex est.
to all.
suppliant
Imperat
ant
Amassed
money
Mundiis
Deo
The universe
serrit
sways
collecta pecuma
or
serves
every
cuique*
man.
maria
paret, et huic oboediunt
terraeque.
lands
hearken to Him.
and
and
seas
obeysGod,
Trajectivewords are many Verbs compounded
such as bene (well))
with Particles,
male (ill),
satis (enough),
a.
Among
F2
100
re,
MEMORIAL
FIRST
ad, ante,
prae
con,
SYNTAX.
inter,de" ob, sub,
in,
super,
post, and
:
Ceterls satisfacio
semper, miJu nunquam.
o
thers
/ satisfy
always,myselfnever.
Sicilia quondam Italiae adhaesit.
once
Sicily
attached to
was
dls intulerunt.
Gigantes bellum
The
Italy.
giantswaged war
the
on
gods.
ova
gallmlssupponimiis.
placeeggs of ducks under hens.
Anatum
We
"
II. A
107.
notion
of
Dative
Advantage or
be added
anywherewith
:
Disadvantage
can
multi, dives
Esto, ut nunc
Be, as many
are
rich
now,
Niima
virgmes Vestae
Numa
chose
Venus
amicls.
for thyself,
poor for friends.
Vesta.
Vulcdno.
Vulcan (lit.
veiled
wedded
certain
legit.
for
virgins
nupsit
Venus
tibi,pauper
a
herself
for Vulcan).
Philosophiae
semper v a c o.
at leisure for philosophy.
I alwaysam
a.
here
Refer
the Dative
the Ethic Dative
Pronoun, which
of the
is called
:
Quid mihi Celsiis agit?
What
doing?
with its compounds,except possum,
b. Sum
Sum
tibi Mercurius.
/
to thee
am
Vir mihi
semper
is
Est,sunt, with
E
t homirii
s
has
Man
Sunt
We
d. The
a
takes
:
abest.
always absent from
a
cum
me.
Dative,often imply having:
Deo
resemblance
Dative
of the Passive
similitude.
to God.
is joinedto
and Participials
Participles
to Gerundives
Voice, especially
:
fkhonl.
civis obit et formidatiis
A great citizen is dead, and one dreaded by Otho.
Magnus
Multis
ille boms
died
a
cause
flebilis
occidit.
of weepingto
many
good men.
puerls Aesopi fabulae.
fablesof Msop are to be read by boys.
Legendae
The
Dative
nobls mitia
poma.
have mellow apples.
same
He
a
Mercury.
husband
My
c.
Celsus
(is)my
sunt
102
FIRST
[" 116.]VI.
Angor
I
SYNTAX.
MEMORIAL
Ablative
of
Respect:
ammo.
distressed in mind.
am
Eniiius
arte rudis.
ingeriio
maximus,
in genius,in
Enntui,-mi^r.ty
[" 117. J
VIL
Ego
wpem
i
Ablative
"Qrvpo
Quod
non
What
is not
of Price
non
not hope at
'buy
art
:
emo.
cost.
a
opiisest, asse carum
needfulis dear at
[" 118.] VIII.
(is)rude.
Ablative
est.
a
penny.
of Measure
:
la turn pede est.
Longum scsqttipcdc,
It is a foot and a half long,a footwide.
Sol multis
The
sun
Tanto
much
so
As
i\a
[" 119.]IX.
Their
These
omnium
optimus
the worst
poeta,
pair
onus.
omnium
poet of all,
of all.
(are)the best patron
you
Cibiis
j 6 r est quam lima.
largerthan the moon.
a
times
pessimus
Quanto
By
partibusm
is many
Ablative
of Matter:
cdseo, came
lacte,
eorum
c o n s
t a t.
and flesh.
food consists of milk,cheese,
words
Ablative:
(1)The Verbs fungor
iriior (en/og),
utor
vescor
(perform),
(use),
(eat),
potior (get
The
possession of),dignor (deem worthy). (2)
Adjectives
contentus
dignus (worthy),
indignus (unworthy),
(content),
fretus (relying),
The
Substantives
praeditus(endued).(3)
usus
tfpus(need),
(use):
a.
govern
an
(1) Fungar vice cotis.
7 will perform the functionof
Hannibal, cum
Hannibal,when
Hex
The
laude
virum
Musa
vetatmori.
the Muse
forbidsto
die.
adsunt, quid opiisest verbis?
thingsare present,what need is there of tvords?
res
When
Usus
My
'victoria posset uti, frui maliiit.
he might have used his victory,
preferredto
worthy of praise
man
(3) Ubi
whetstone.
enjoyit.
impiusauro vi potitur. " 133.
impious kinggets possessionof the gold by force.
(2) Dignum
A
a
est filio
son
needs
minis.
vlgintl
twenty minas.
Adjectivesand
take
depriving,
b. Most
or
et melle
Amor
Nunquam
is
riching
of aboundingor wanting,en-
Ablative
an
vaciius
motu
void
never
of
Vac
weight.
The
When
Hieme
bella
omma
all
Quidqmd
est biduo
Whatever
there is
Homer
of Time
How
I
longbeforeor
B.
The
many
sciemus.
shall know
we
in two
questionis,Where
Romnlum.
or
if it stands with
Place
is
put without
a
ivhat road ?
Sacra.
on
the Sacred
is often without
?
days.
beforeRomulus.
years
going by chance
Ablative
questions:
after?
conquiescunt.
multls fiiitante
forte Via
was
the
answers
" [121.]XI. A. The Ablative of
when
the questionis,By
Preposition,
Ibam
comfort.
very great
rest.
wars
annis
was
a
time ?
In winter
Homerus
is
Ablative
Within what
?
Cappadocurnrex.
est solatium.
culpdmaximum
freefrom blame
" [120.]X.
aeris
rich in slaves,lacks coin.
Cappadocians,
are
To be
.
motion.
Mancipiis lociiples eget
king of
Genitive
est.
mole riiitsiia.
Vis consili expers
devoid of counsel fallsby its own
the
a
honey and gall.
in
Force
The
also
; many
fellcest fecundissimiis.
et
animus
mind
The
Verbs
fruitfulboth
is very
Love
103
ABLATIVE,
THE
Road.
a
when
Preposition
is the
if it
especially
name
of
a
the
town,
Epithet.
an
PhilippusNeapoliest,Lentiiliis PuteoUs.
Philippusis at Naples,Lentulus at Putcoli.
Tabernae
The
a.
tola uric clauduntiir.
shopsare
closed in the whole
of towns
names
Singular
define the
placeof
Quid Romae
What
b. Like
can
these
militiae
belli,
faciam
of the firstand
by
are
(on
ivars),ruri
virtus doml
Caesar's virtue
was
sion
Declen-
Is habitat Milefi.
He dwells at Miletus.
?
hiimi
second
in ae, i :
cases
I do at Romel
(at the
Caesaris
station
city.
the
ground),domi
(in the
country):
cognitaest.
miZittaegue
known
at home
and
at the wars.
(athome),
104
of
Ablative
C. The
the
MEMORIAL
FIRST
a
questionis,Whence
Demaratus
On
when
Preposition,
a
?
(from the country).
(fromhome),rure
domo
So
is without
town
fugit Corintho.
fledfrom Corinth.
Demaratus
a.
SYNTAX.
of Place
the Accusative
Whither,see
" 101.
an
govern
" [122.]XII. Various Prepositions
the
list," 83).
(See
when
even
a.
compounded,govern
Prepositions,
ab, de, ex :
especially
Quinctiiisdictdturd
Ablative.
an
tive,
Abla-
abdicavit.
se
Quinctiusresignedthe dictatorship.
naves
scopulo.
They thrust offthe shipsfrom
Detrudunt
b. The
of the
Ablative
Laudatiir
his,culpaturab
ab
without
joinedalso
coemptis saltibus
Cedes
will retire
You
Pelope natiis,
born
was
[" 124.]XIV.
(1) For quam
Nihil est
bill
prognatus
of the
us
PutS
with
quam
which
Thing Compared :
:
aurum.
virtues.
:
leviorem.
disgrace.
Lycurgo utiliorem
Spartaproducedno man more
in the Ablative
Tantalus.
gold,gold than
Neminem
A
from
virtutibus
Accusative
/ think death easier than
[" 125.] XV7".
est.
Nominative
est auro,
dedecore
mortem
mansion.
than virtue.
Silver is less valuable than
(2) For
Participles:
virtute.
amiable
argentum
us
and
et domo.
(than)with
more
Verbs
descended
Ptlops,
Ablative
a ma
Nothingis
V Hi
of
:
and Originis
Separation
from purchasedgladesand
Tantalo
ab
by those.
of
to
Preposition
a
Preposition
a,
Hits.
Ablative
The
[" 123.]XIII.
the
Agent takes
he is blamed
is praisedby these,
He
He
the rock.
Substantive
Spartagenuit.
Lycurgus.
serviceable than
combines
is called Absolute
Regibusexactis consoles creati sunt.
Kings havingbeen driven out, consuls
with
a
Participle
:
were
elected.
a.
or
substituted another
is often
Participle
Adjective:
the
For
an
105
GENITIVE.
THE
duce
desperandum Teucro
be no
There must
despairwith
for omen-giver.
Nil
Natus
Augustus
born when
was
Hector
now
was
I say, when
can
ON
[" 126.] The
Cicerone
Cicero and
our
young
THE
et
Antonius
Teucer
Antonio.
were
consuls.
men
of this stamp 1
are
GENITIVE.
Genitive,the
of the
Case
Proprietor,
rally
genesubjectively objectively.
defines Nouns
or
A.
[" 127.]I.
for leader,and
Teucer
jiiventute?'
Quid dicam, hdc
What
Teucro.
et auspice
fratribiis,Hector erat.
ashes,his brothers beingalive.
Jamque cmis, wvis
And
consuHbus
Augustus
est
tive,
Substan-
THE
SUBJECTIVE
Genitive
GENITIVE.
of the Author
and
Possessor
:
sunt.
Polycleti
sign a planeperfecta
statues are quiteperfect.
Polycletus's
Singulorum opes
The
of
resources
Omnia,
which
things,
"a
statua
Sometimes
was
the
We
b. A
can
be
erat
had
Genitive
ad Testae
to
come
so
the state.
viri fiunt.
the husband"
Myro's.
dependson
a
word
omitted.
Vesta's
(suppletemplum).
(supplytemple").
stands that nature,token function,
or
,
supplied.
Cujusvishominis
It is in any
Est
man's
adolescentis
The young
s.
(suppleuxor).
(supplywife).
Hector's Andromache
Ventum
of
Myronis.
said to be
Andromache
civitatis.
the riches
woman's, become
esse
the Genitive
Hectons
are
file runt,
were
dicebatiir
That statue
a.
muUeris
quae
All
divitiae
sunt
individuals
man's
est
errare.
nature
to err.
majoresnatu vereri.
duty is to reverence
elders.
Tempori cedere habetur
sapientis.
To yieldto occasion is held a wise man1 s fuiKtfon*
duty,
106
MEMORIAL
FIRST
[" 128.] II.
Genitive
of
SYNTAX.
with Epithet.
Quality,
Ingenulvultus puer
ingvnutqaepudoris.
and high-bredmodesty,
A boy of high-bred
countenance
Claudius
or
Claudius
was
at
brevissiml.
sornni
(a man) of
briefslumber.
very
:
EllipticGenitives may be remarked
parvl (of
less
small wortli),
minimi
minoris
(of
value),
(of very little
pluris(ofmore
worth),magnl (ofgreat price),
value),
pluriml,
tanti
so
(of high value),
(of
great price),quanti (of what
The
a.
(of very great price),to
maxim!
price),
Voluptatemvirtus minimi
Virtue makes pleasure
of
Emit
He
hortos tanti
admit
It
a.
use
The
imports all men
price as Pythiuswanted.
facer
e.
rightly.
to act
concerns
compositionsquae quibiisanteponas.
what.
arrangement what thingsyou place before
same
Verbs
the Possessive
agreeingwith
re
:
Et tua et
mea
It
such
refert (it concerns),
(it imports),
recte
omnium
Refert
voliiit,
:
Interest
It
very small account.
quanti Pythms
Interest
Genitive
a
supplypretii:
facit.
at
boughtthe pleasure-ground
[" 129.]III.
which
instead
Cases,mea, tua,
interest
imports both your
Quid
(does)that
A
[" 130.]IY.
to Partitive
of Pronouns
sua, nostra, vestra,
mine, that you be well.
us?
concern
Genitive
of the
far
Thing Distributed
as
is joined
be, take the Gender
may
:
Elephanto beludrum est null a prudentior.
is more
none
Of beasts,
sagaciousthan the elephant.
Homini
To
Sulla
Major
Gallorum
sorrow
viginti
a
hundred
Neronum
The elder
The
of animals
centum
Sulla lost
luctiis est datiis.
animantmm
uni
alone
man
cuja,
te valere.
weal and
words,which, as
of the Genitive
Genitives
id refert?
nostra
What
of the
of
and
mox
the Neros
fortissim!
Belgaeare
bravest
suorum
has
been
amlsit.
twenty of his
grave
ere
of
men.
praelium commisit.
longfought a
sunt
given.
Belgae.
the Gauls,
severe
battle.
THE
mortatium
Nemo
Of
mortals
Of
omnibus
nobody is
fe
Piscium
m
hoiis
wise
at all
sapit.
hours.
majoressunt quam
females (are)largerthan
i n
fishesthe
107
GENITIVE.
a e
mares.
the males.
Sequimur te, s a n c t e deorum.
We followthce,holyone of gods.
a.
Hoc
ad
rl
his
belongsto thee least
Nostrum
(of us),vestrum
Te
minime
of
pertinet.
omnium
uterque
venire
Each
to
te
of
men.
(of you),follow
nostrum
desires that
you
us
all
Partitives
cupit.
come.
[" !31.] V. A Genitive of the TilingMeasured
Words
of Quantity
and Neuter Adjectives
:
Satis
is
joined
est.
eloquenttae,
sapientiaeparum
too littlewisdom.
enough eloquence,
He
has
All
quid pristmiroboris conservat.
keepssomethingof his old strength.
He
:
Quantum
nummorum,
There is the
same
tan
THE
B.
fidei est.
as of money,
turn
of credit
amount
GENITIVE.
OBJECTIVE
tives,
to Substanjoined objectively
have
certain transitive
which
a
Adjectives,or Participles,
if they signify
skilljcare, desire, or
force,especially
[" 132.] I.
whatever
is
A
contrary
Insitus est
Love
is the
Time
cur
is
s c
ia
was
Avida
Valour
is
Animus
His mind
.
of
rectitude.
fiiit.
morum
unskilled
est
fiiit
recti est.
mens
is conscious
Imperitiis
He
Imdiae
capableof enduringinanition.
body was
mind
est.
of things.
1 1e n s
a
affairs.
people's
other
rerum
consumer
Corpus p
o n
of
the mind.
alicnarum.
rerum
a
care
edax
Tempus
The
cognitwins amor.
of knowledgeis implantedin
Hard
C
these.
to
menti
Difficilis est
His
is
Genitive
in
manners.
virtus.
periculi
greedy of danger.
fiiitalwni
was
appetens,
desirous
of
sul
another's
p
r o
fu
s u
s.
lavish
^wealth),
of his
o:vn.
108
a.
tuus,
SYNTAX.
MEMORIAL
FIRST
meus,
put objectively;
Mel, till,
siil,
nostrl,vestri, are
suus,
:
noster, Tester, subjectively
NicTas
tua
sm
delectatur.
memoria
with
Nicias is charmed
your
recollection
SubjectiveGenitive understood in
admits a Genitive
agreeingwith it :
(a) A
uniils opera
Respublicamea
The state
saved
was
fetus adultos
Aves
Birds
entrust
him.
of
a
noun
Possessive Pro-
salva erat.
exertion.
by my single
suae
fiduciae
ipsorum
to their own
nestlings
grown
permittunt.
self-reliance.
[" 138.] II. A Genitive is joinedto Verbs and Adjectives
and
which
innocence,
impotence,inculpation,
signify
power
and
condemnation,acquittal,
memory
(1) Roman!
signdrum
impotens
est
is
Anger
(2) Fraterm
Reus
He
is
119
a.
sm.
of self-restraint.
incapable
est
is innocent
He
"
sunt.
gainedthe standards.
The Romans
Ira
potiti
:
forgetfulness
in sons.
sanguiriis
of a brother s blood.
est injuridrum.
acts.
arraignedof injurious
est.
(8) Petilliiis furtiabsolutus
Petillius was
of theft.
acquitted
Condemnamus
We
condemn
stultitiae.
haruspices
of folly.
(as guilty)
soothsayers
nos
relig^dnum.
(4) Res adversae admonent
reminds
duties.
us
of religious
Adversity
a.
beneficuoderunt.
immemorem
Omnes
All
hate
men
unmindful of
one
a
kindness.
obllviscor (/
remmiscor, recordor (/ remember),
Memim,
Genitive
admit
forget),
Accusative
or
:
Deus.
Jiibet mortis te meminisse
death.
God oids thee remember
Dulces
moriens
Dying
reminiscitiir
he remembers
sweet
Argds.
Argos.
[" 134.]III. Piget (itirks),pudet (it shames),paenitet
and
taedet (itdisgusts),
miseret
{it repents),
{itmoves
pity),
take
with
Genitive
Accusative
a
an
:
ImpersonalVerbs,
Mise.ret
Thou
te aliorum:
tul
others,
for
pitiest
nee
miseret
without
thyself
nee
pudet.
pity or
shame.
partimscelerum,partimmeptidrum paenitet.
They repent,some
of their crimes,others of their follies,
Eos
110
MEMORIAL
FIRST
SYNTAX.
for a
in narration,
Predicatively,
Multi sequi, fugere,
ocddz, capl.
2.
Many
3.
with
Obliquely,
4.
Carryingon
They
of the
Accusative
the construction
dm
are
wont
of
cogitarv(\m magna
to reflect
longwho
Patriae diceris
esse
pater.
Thou art said to be fatherof
Ludum
Gerunds
Verb
a
wish
See
"91.
Adjective:
or
gereru.
to
perform great things,
thy country.
insolent
and
Subject.
volunt
ludere per tin
insolentem
Persistingto play an
[" 141.]II.
:
folloiving,
flying,
beingslain,beingcaptured.
were
Solent
Finite Verb
ax.
game.
Supines are
the Cases of the In-,
finitive.
of the Gerund
Accusative
1. The
vlvcndum
Ad
bene
For
well
living
2. The
Genitive
a
breve
is joinedto
:
Prepositions
tempiissatis est.
short time is
sufficient.
is joinedto Substantives
of the Gerund
and
Adjectives:
of writingis
The art
3. The
Pie is
4. The
i*
is
Dative of the Gerund
competentfor arguing.
of the Gerund
Ablative
joinedto
a
Nouns
and Verbs
:
Dat
legendo.
operam
He pays attention to reading.
is of
cause
or
manner,
or
:
Preposition
vincimus.
Fiigiendo
We conquer by flying.
5. The
joinedto
est.
of hearing.
is desirous
He
learnt.
est dissercndo.
Par
audicndi
Ciipidus
scribendi discitiir.
Ars
Supinein
is
urn
De
pugnando
deliberant.
about fighting.
They 'deliberate
Accusative
an
after Verbs
of
tion
mo-
:
Ltisum
it
Mcscenas
a.
the
Iii with
Passive
Maecenas, dormltum
ego.
I
to
to
play,
sleep.
goes
Supine
forms
the Infinitive of the Future
:
Audierat
He
had
a
6. The
non
heard
wife to
Supine in
Foednm
dictu
siio.
datum
filio nxorem
iri
there
(that
was')no
his
u
intention
(non hi)
son.
is for
est.
It is horrible to state.
an
Ablative
Nefas
It is
of
Respect:
vlsil est.
impiousto view.
to
give
Supine in
with Gerund, Participles,
and
Infinitive,
The
[" 142.] III.
fa
Ciipiosatis
1 desire to
am
A
n
:
fa ciendi
relpublicae.
the commonwealth.
satisfying
of
nefdsausoqne
impiety,and
monstrous
potiti.
achieved their
daring.
mdtribus ibo.
Grails servltnm
ego non
I will not go to be a slave to Greek matrons.
Ast
But
for which
rule
the
usual;
more
the Gerundive
Gerunds
Transitive
[" 143.]In
is
Finite
reipublicac.
cere
immane
omnes
All dared
the Verb
as
satis
desirous
si
Cases
same
the commonwealth.
satisfy
Cupidus sum
I
the
governs
um,
Ill
INFINITE.
VERB
THE
tion
Attrac-
construction
is the
:
following
The
attracted
Object is
Gerund
liberandd
Brutus
in
Brutus
was
HI
the
were
Gerund,
Object:
of the
agrisdividends.
lands.
for dividing
commissioners
seven
[" 144.]IV. 1. The Impersonal Gerundive
in Intransitive Verbs
implies
necessity,
principally
Bibendum
One
a.
To
this may
with a, db :
1. And
est nobis.
other Case
any
Clvibus
est
You
must
Suo
cinque
must
Eudoxiis
Eudoxus
2. The
a
his
:
(have)to
rarelyan
eundum
will
go.
lative
Ab-
erit.
(have)to go.
the Verb
:
consulendum.
for
judicw
use
governedby
robis
consult
the citizens.
est
own
u
te
n
d
u m.
judgment.
Chaldaeis mirnme
credendum.
esse
opinatiir
thinks that astrologers
should by no means
be believed.
Attributive
in
necessity,
Vobis
You
construction
erit.
will
joined a Dative,more
drink.
must
Each
One
be
Bibendum
We
Eundum
est.
drink.
must
the
freeinghis country.
fuerunt
septemyiri
These
of the
interfectus.
patrid est
slain in
Case
Gender
and
to the Number
the
to
construction
Transitive Verbs
of the Gerundive
implies
:
Deiis et diUgendusest nobis et timcndus.
God
is both to be loved and feared by us.
Non
tangenda rates
Barks
transiliunt
the shallows
o'erleap
vada.
(which should)
not be meddled with.
112
MEMORIAL
FIRST
ON
THE
SYNTAX.
PRONOUN.
Reflexive Pronouns, are
referred to the
[" 145.] Se, suiis,
Sentence,providedit be of the third
Subjectof the principal
Person
:
Sentit
animus
a.
Reflexives
involves
se
vl sud
moveri.
feels(that)it is moved
The mind
by its
be referred to the
can
force.
own
Object,if that
reference
ambiguity:
no
ostentatio
sui.
impellit
of selfsways Scipio.
Scipionem
Ostentation
fructum
Apibiis
restituo
suum.
1 restore to the bees their produce.
Mors
sua
manet.
quemque
His death awaits every
ON
man.
PARTICLES.
SOME
like words
[" 146.] Many Conjunctionsannex
Miratur
portas
marvels
He
at the
gatesand
viarum.
et strata
strepitum^we
the
the noise and
to like :
pavements of
the
streets.
Virtus
nee
Virtue
N
em
eripi
neither
can
in
nee
surripi
be torn away
potest.
nor
sapientiorempiito
quam
em
/ deem
no
Omne
solum
wiser
man
forti
Every soil is
a
stolen.
Socratem.
than Socrates.
patriaest,ut piscibiis aequor.
the brave man,
country to
as
the
sea
to
fishes.
prohibitiveis used with an Imperative or
utinani
(not to say, much less),
ConjunctiveMood : nedum
O si, ut for utinam, with a Conjunctive:
(0 that),
["147.]
Ne
Ne qua meis
Let there be
esto
no
dictis
delay to
mora.
my
orders.
Ne
culpam in me contuleris.
Lay not the faulton me.
Neu
And
desint
rosae.
epiilis
be
not
roses
(let)
wanting to
the
feasij.
RULES
ON
THE
113
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Mortalia
facta peribunt,
honos et gratia vivax.
deeds will perish,much less (can} the honour
Kedum
stet
sermonum
Mortal
works
of literary
fftinamminus
that
Would
0
si
if
tftilium
had
some
fuissemus.
ciipidi
of life.
been less fond
di
deaeque perdant.
goddessesmay
2 wish that the gods and
OUTLINE
OF
EULES
ON
THE
[" 148.] The ConjunctiveMood
senses
:
and popularity
permanent,
argent! fors quae mihi monstret!
chance would show me a pot of silver!
urnam
0
vitae
we
stand
but, if it
is
is
destroyhim.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
in various
used,purely,
another
subjoinedto
Verb,
it is called
Subjunctive.
[" 149.]Pronouns
and
which
Particles,
questionindirectly,
requirea Subjunctive:
Ipse quis sit,utrum
He
Such
knows
not
sit,an
sit,id quoque
non
nescit.
this,who himselfis,whether he is,or
even
are
Interrogatives
is not.
:
Quantus
Cur
Uter
Quoties (how often)
Quare (wherefore)
Quam
(how)
Quomodo
(how)
(how great)
(whichof two)
Qualis (ofwhat sort)
Quis (who or what)
Quot (how many)
Quotus (which,in order
Unde
Ubi
Num,
ofnumber)
Ut
(whence)
An,
(whereor when)
Quando
(why)
(whether)
ne
(how)
(whether).
utrum
(when)
ub! (where,
Particles,
when, "c.),unde (ivhence),
"c., in its simplesense, takes an
Indicative ; if there is impliedin it since,
although,in order
that,or such that,a Subjunctive:
[" 150.] The
MTseret
/
Eelative
qui, with
faciasinimicum
hunc
qui
since
pity you,
you make
tui me,
Litteras
quibiis
et
letterwherewith
I
misi
this
a
QuTs
est
Who
is there that hates not
Digna
res
The matter
est
is
non
ubi
oderit
man
your
tibi.
foe.
pldcdremeiim et
might pacifyand
I sent
qui
its
monerem.
admonish
him.
proterram pueritiam?
saucy
boyhood?
intcndds.
(that)you devote your
nervos
worthy
to
energies
it.
114
FIRST
[" 151.] A
MEMORIAL
SYNTAX.
if it is subordinate to
Conjunction,
requiresa Subjunctive.
Obliqua,either actual or virtual,
Oratio
Relative
Enniiis
or
lugendam
censet
non
mortem,
esse
ortalitas consequdtur.
considers that death (ought}not
Ennius
to be
in
ma-
quam
mourned, which
succeeds.
immortality
Socrates
Socrates
A
a.
accusatus
est
accused
was
ConjunctiveMood
quod
(on the
corrumperet
charge)that he
often has
juventutem.
corruptedyouth.
Subjunctivein
a
ordination
sub-
to it.
Clamant
omnes
praestaret
:
All cry out, he shoidd
quod recepisset.
performwhat
he had
undertaken.
[" 152.]Of Conjunctionsgoverning*Moods
Classes
are.
three
:
I. The
the
there
First Class consists of those
to
Conjunctions,
which
:
Subjunctiveis appropriate
(1) CONSECUTIVE
Ut
(4) CONDITIONAL:
:
(sothat)
Qum
(butthat)
(2) FINAL:
Ne
that
(lest,
not)
(inorder that)
that)
.
Quommiis
.
.
(butthat)
Quum
the
to
Quam
"I
vis
Ut
Veliit,ceu
["
(although)
j
[(asif)
Quasi,"c.j
(since)
consists of those
to
Conjunctions,
ordinate
subis appropriate,
unless they are
Indicative
Oratio Obliqua,either actual or virtual.
Second
Class
Simiil
(1) CAUSAL:
Quod,
(because)
(since)
Quandoquidem (since)
Siquidem(inasmuchas)
quia
Quoniam
(2) TEMPORAL:
Quando, quum,
Ut
J
(6) COMPARATIVE:
Tanquam )
(3) CAUSAL:
which
I(providedthat)
Licet
(in order
II. The
\
Modo
Dummodo
(5) CONCESSIVE:
Ut
Quo
Bum
iibi
(when)
(when,since)
(asoftenas)
Quoties
(as soon as)
that)
Post-quam (after
Dum
}
Donee
I(whilst,
as longas)
Quoad
J
(3) CONCESSIVE:
ever)
howQuamquam (although,
Utiit
(however)
being governed by Conjunctions, we mean
only that
\ye speak of Moods
The
Conjunctions are used, always or in certain senses, v/ith certain Moods.
is independent of Conjunctions ; but Conjunctions
of Mood
distinguish the
reason
relations
of Clauses more
fully,as Prepositionsdistinguishthe relations of Nouns.
*
When
certain
LATIN
Class consists
Third
III. The
either the Indicative
expressedis
the matter
of
Conjunctions which
Subjunctive follows,according as
or
contingency.
the
or
115
IDIOMS.
fact
those
CONDITIONAL
(2)
(1) TEMPORAL:
SIVE
donee, quoad (until)
Dum,
Nisi
(unless)
Etsi, etiamsi
Ante-quam 1
(before
that)
Prius-quam
of the Latin
[" 153.] Idioms
(1) Quum
(when)
followed
(although^
if)
even
a.
CONCES-
AND
:
language are:
by
Subjunctive
a
of the Imperfect
Pluperfect.
or
Athenis
frequenter.
essem, audiebam
quum
1 was
at Athens.
used to hear Zeno, when
Zenonem,
I
offen
Decessit
Agesilaus quum
Agesilausdied,when he
(2)
in
Dum
had
followed
(whilst),
ardor
Quern
dum
quidem captam
What
ardour
whilst
concerning a past
pulvere quaedam
in
Indicative
an
stiidii censetis
em
of study think
did
describlt
there
ye
even
circumstance
Archimede,
in
attentius, ne
perceive
in
was
the dust
figuresin
some
not
fiiisse
Present,
:
qui,
patriam
senserit?
esse
drawing
harbour.
into
come
by
oblique subordination,and
venisset.
portum
in
that
even
Archimedes, who,
tention,
peculiar athis country was
with
captured?
b.
[" 154.] A Conjunction is
Philosophiaeservias
(that you)
It behoves
sometimes
understood.
oportet.
be
a
servant
to
justum sit necne
poema.
be a
it
inquire (whether)
utrum).
philosophy(supplyut).
Quaeram
/
will
Part-em
Thou,
in tanto, sineret
have a
Icarus, wouldst
[" 155.] The Eule
that Primary Tenses
are
to Historic.
(" 48).
may
or
(supply
not
share
in
this
great work, did
(supply si).
c.
Examples
poem
haberes.
dolor, Tcare,
opere
griefallow
true
be looked
for
the
Consecution
subordinated
out
from
to
the
of
Tenses
Primary,
Syntax.
is,
Historic
116
FIRST
MEMORIAL
SUPPLEMENTARY
SYNTAX.
RULES
[" 156.] (1) Adjectivesare
AGREEMENT.
OF
put for Substantives
:
Multa
pauperl desunt, avdro omnia.
Many thingsare wanting to the poor
(2) Infinitives
Vivere
est
to the miser
man,
put for Substantives
are
all
things.
:
vcilere.
To live is to be well.
(3)
Clauses
put for Substantives
are
Credibfle
est omnid
[" 157.] The
Pudet
Stdtur
Taedet
the
fit).
There
stand-still.
ut
is
thousand
Word
A
is tedious.
times
te videam.
of great importance that
["158.]
a
millies.
thingsa
same
interest
It is
:
statw
(i.e.
audire
eadem
Magm
1
beingdone
To hear
Clause
a
or
is not
(i.e.
pudor pudet).
the
act.
of
agitiir?
is
Impersonal Verb
an
fact!
eum
What
of
Infinitive
an
is ashamed
Quid
fieri.
thingshappen by design.
Nominative
apparent unless it be
He
consilio
probablethat all
It is
:
I should
see
when
is understood
you.
omitted
by
the
:
figureEllipsis
Nihil
bonum
nisi
Nothing is good
Perfundor
quod
but what
gelid
(understandaqua).
a
myself with
1 bathe
[" 159.] Agreement
(understandest twice).
is morallyright.
honestum
cold water.
is varied
by
the
figurecalled
tion
Attrac-
:
omnis
N6n
Not
T h
error
every
e
b
a
e,
stultitia
error
must
be called
quod Boeotiae
Thebes, which
is the
est
dicenda.
folly.
p iit est.
c a
capitalof Boeotia.
[" 160.] Agreement with the meaning
in poetry :
figurecalled Synesis,especially
Tegeaea juventus
Subeunt
The
youth of Tegea come
Ubi
est
Where
seel us, qui me
who
is that villain,
is
takes
auxilio tardi.
slow to the
succour.
?
perdldit
has ruined
me?
placeby
the
118
COMPENDIUM
4. Words
in I
5. Words
in 0
are
6. Words
in U
are
long;
are
8. Words
in C
long,so
plelland
multo
in
T ; thus
L, D,
11. K
final is
amavit.
Hannibal,illud,
instances.
are
short; as calcar,
amabitur,Hector.
12. Words
in As
are
long; as
terras
13. Words
in Es
are
long;
sedes and
14. Is final is short ;
compounds of
15. Words
Us
16.
a.
Plural
in Os
excepted,as terns,vobls ; also the
Tense, of the Fourth Conjugation,
as
final is short:
malls,noils,and
vis, sis ;
long,as
are
videres.
are
Present
Singular,
Person
audis ; the
as
and Menalcds.
diceris,
ensts.
utitis,
as
Oblique Cases
The
juvo.
poets have chdy,Tiphy.
final is short,Ilion,
agmen,
a.
and
dictu and dm.
tu and
10. N
Second
doll.
long,as illlc,
except donee.
are
words
9. Shorten
did and
PROSODY.
long; virgoand
final is short ; thus
7. Y
OF
veils.
and sacerdos.
ventos
olus,intus,amamus,
instances.
are
this rule the contracted cases
of the Fourth Declension,
and
words
have
as
which, increasing, long penult; as tcllus
;
incus,juventus and senectus.
Except from
artus
and
17. Ys
final is short
The
a.
chdys,Othrys,
Erinys,are
:
of Authors
custom
LAWS
THE
ON
if
Quantity,
governs
OF
instances.
rule is
a
wanting.
METEE.
followinga short is called Iambus (^~)'
[" 164.J A long syllable
before
that is a Trochee (- w) :
a longsyllable
a short one,
goes
a Spondee will consist of two
long syllables
( ) ; a Dactylis formed
and
short
two
by a long
syllables
(- ^).
but if
"
^
FIGURES
AND
SCANSION
ON
SCANSION.
OF
butes
[" 165.] 1. Scansion,which Figuresadjustby various art, distriVerse according
to Feet.
a
Exceptions
4.
and
Vocatives, as ThyrsidT, Chlorl; also
mitu, tibY,sibT,ubf,ib?,are doubtful.
Verbs and Proper Names, fluctuates.
in 0, especially
in O derived
from
Adjectives,have o long, except cit5.
5 short : inimo, puto,
ego, duo, octo, scio,nescio, have
Greek
are:
sicubl,necubY, nisT,quasi.
5. The quantity of words
Oblique Cases, and
and
Modo
its
Adverbs
Compounds,
Datives
But
doubtful.
10.
IT.
12.
anas,
a
Exceptions
Exceptions
:
many
Greek
:
many
Greek
Exceptions: Greek
as
Hymen,
as
crater,
Third
of
Ammon.
aer.
Declension,
as
Areas, lampadas.
Also
duck.
13. Exceptions:
which
Singular Nouns
14.
cases
words,
words,
a.
Simois.
of the Future
Greek
words
Some
words
Plurals
increasing;
as, Troades:
also
penes;
and
some
increase
Gratis, forls,are
Bis
15. Some
1 6. a.
Greek
from
short, as seges.
long : and Substantives
which
increase
long, as Samnis,
is doubtful, as fecens.
and Perfect in Verbs
in os (o?) are short, as ArgSs, epos.
the Greek
in
us
are
long, as Sapphus, Melampus, lesus,
LAWS
will
(Elision)
Synaloeplia
2.
be
if there
vowel
a
the
at
119
METRfc.
OF
off
cut
Vowel
a
the
beginningof
the end
at
word:
next
of
a
word,
am*
PhyllicP
Phyllidaamo ante alias.
and m
will cut off a Vowel
from the end, if there
3. Ecthlipsis
the
word
next
of
the
at
curas
: 0
be a Vowel
homiri, 0
beginning
quant'cst in rebus inane, for hominum, quantum.
is counted doubtful.
of a Terse
The last syllable
a.
ant;'alias,for
[" 166.] I.
Olympia. You
white
are
key
will
opens.
injuredone
the
to
a
This
man
trains
money,
you
the
weight
dogs
same
You
man
leads
to take
them
is
up,
as
not
to
in
hares
who
bids not
a
companion,affable
a
seek
has
sult
Con-
supper.
his
desire
own
temples are
untie,who
severed
the
wife ; the bride veils for a
soon
againstboars. If you have
The sea often deceives
delicacies.
eat not
a
out
The
chases
sun
sins,by the
man
the
difficultlabour under
is smooth, but the girl's
I bid not a
in books.
plains,elegancies
I
rather
break with
for me.
had
a penny
bad.
Merchandise
is sold,and
reward
comes
Silvia strokes
toil.
done
a
while she milks, her gentlecow.
lovingly,
if
have
sent coins to the wretched.
Strive,
duty, you
shalt desire to shine.
She
is
of
base
He
fell
decenc}'.
paint, forgetful
by
A
you
husband.
littleboy,whoever
killed.
the
firm, and
recited,while
are
wins
dogs, unless
nail holds
a
punished. It is a
The boy's forehead
soon
I sink.
Seek
for him
will have
trusted
and
destitute,
man
of which
gained by
lead
yourself.Often
Songs
war.
He
jaw good applesthan
my
:
horse
spirited
relies too much
the clear surface.
on
irrecoverable time flies. By what
a
tongue light.
penny
The
are
clouds,and
same
of
Lord.
sword.
who
one
voice
stage ; messmates,
for
consult
you
desirous
knot with
the
your
the
seek
Comedians,
teachers,so
not
sing
the
woods;
temples. A club strikes ;
please a companion,put on,
To
dedicated
with
the
on
manners.
is in the
maple
The
is red, smeared with
whom
a friend
treachery,
who
mouth
It is
commands, but a bone is eaten with the mouth.
Obedient
a wife's part to bring forth and
obey,a husband's to procure.
is
hurled
children make
ball
at
:
a
javelin
rejoice.
Play
parents
; pila is
for
is
blow.
a
net
and
for
a
a pillar.Plug
a
a
People
country ; pldga
the citizens of
are
(ofa ship),the
promises,but a
a
poplaris
but
hind
the
use
all the sails.
only.
surety money
Trust, but
is deceived
city:
first
see
If you
,-
tree.
a
part,and
vessel contains food.
but
II.
a
stern
he
wish
who
A
the
bail
to
go
The prow is the front
A bail
keel the lowest.
kindly assures
quick, you
trusts, and
has
the
have
person,
to
need
well
not
seen,
lest you be inveigledby trust.
The same
fortune
makes
toil
the
comrades
but
one
school,
same
:
partners ;
dutycolleagues
;
the
furrow
the
dear
of a field :
table,make
play,
companions. Lira is
:
see
lyra (thelyre)touched
utters
have
are
lived
the enemy
: you
old by time; ancients
what
That
and
the
is. Have
chatterer
placeto
the seat
me.
you
relates what
Let him
notes.
safe from
not be
who
secure,
is not
Men
by
by
is
and
I
what
semble
disnot,
formerly: feign
I know
Seek another:
nothing.
any news?
little. If perchance you sit anymatters
where,
banks
is convenient
a
to you,
river,shore
sit in that seat
the
:
sea.
nor
giveup
JL20
APPENDIX.
I. NOTES
ON
ETYMOLOGY.
I. NOUNS.
Substantives:
A.
FIRST
a.
The
old Genitive
"
DECLENSION*.
endingas remains
a family.
is found in epicand
in familias
:
as,
pater- (mater-)
familias,
father (mother)of
b. The
c.
Gen.
in
ai
which
Nouns
form
Gen.
PL
Compounds
amphora.
like
d. Nouns
Dea,
as
Nouns
in
SECOND
a.
declined
Nouns
b. The Gen. n
Ovid writes ii.
c.
The
Gen.
PL
in
for
um
trades:
and
weights, measures,
abus,
as,
are
filia,
nata, liberta,
mula, "c.
and
genius,familiar spirit,
are
into I.
orum
in
as,
nummus,
talentum
;
people: as, Argivus,Danaus.
(2) Some names
virum for virorum.
words of short penult,
as
Ace.
Delon
in os, m. and /., have Ace.
in on,
Delum.
Nouns
n.t are
Nouns
or
Latin
Horace
I;
use
of
coins,
sestertius,medimnus,
appears
So, denum
faber.
Virgiland
(1) names
praefectus fabrum.
Poets
of
d. Greek
of those which
some
Mercurius, Laelius.
often contracted
was
modius, talentum,
:
us
are
DECLENSION.
like filius
in ius, as
as, aquai.
tronymics
(1) PaLapitha; (3)
caelicola,
terrigena
; (4) Drachma,
with Dat. Abl. PL
correspondto Masculine
Proper Names
poetry :
in urn, instead of arum,
Some
of people,as
names
; (2)
as, Aeneades
with -cola, -gena,
:
comic
on
or
often
um
it in
as, Delos
:
in all but
like bellum
Sing.; as, Pelion.
Pelagus,sea, virus,poison,being Neuter, have Ace.
Nom.
as
people,is Masculine
Vulgus, common
use
N. V. A.
e.
same
has
-um
or
-us
in Ace.
These
three Nouns
THIRD
a.
Variant
Consonant
Old man,
Nouns
no
Plural.
:
or
cow,
Jupiter,
c.
c.
Senex
Sus
Bos
Juppiter
Ace.
Sen-
Su-
Bov-
Jov-
em
Gen.
Sen-
Su-
Bov-
Jov-
Xs
Dat,
Sen-
Su-
Bov-
Jov-
I
Abl.
Sen-
Su-
Bov-
Jov-
"
N. V. A.
Sen-
Su-
Bov-
Gen.
Sen-
Su-
D. Abl.
Sen-
(a) N.
V.
"
m.
"
es
um
"
"
Voc.
the
Neuter, and
DECLENSION.
Swine, Ox
m.
have
and
or
ttms
;
121
NOUNS.
Sus has Dat. Abl. PL
Dat. Abl.
bobus
subus or suibus
or bubus.
bos has Gen.
:
Pl.bouin,
etc.
Her, journey,n. ; Gen. itiner-is,
etc.
Jecur, liver,n. ; Gen. jecoris
orjecinor-is,
furniture,f
Supellex,
etc.
; Ace. supellectilem,
declined
like
Consonant
Nouns,
Nouns, are :
(b)Parisyllable
words, pater,mater, frater,
(1) the syncopated
accipiter;
yates, volucris.
(2) canis,juvenis,
.
b. Variant I-Nouns
:
I-Nouns, like dens, are: (1) Nouns with Stem
(a) Imparisyllable
ending in two Consonants, except lynx; (2)the words,glis,
lis,mas,
strix,with
(nivis),
nix
mus,
like tussis
and
faux
vis.
f. ; amussis, carpenter's
sitis,
thirst,
of rivers,
f.
few
Also
with
a
as
more.
names
Tiberis,
rule, ;
f.
Seville,
Tiber,m.; of towns, as Hispalis,
vest
f.; febris,fever; messis, harfleet,
(c)Like da vis : classis,
few
and
others.
f.
a
stern,
f.,
navis,
ship, ; puppis,
;
Abl. e; securis,axe,f.,Abl. i only.
Restis,rope,/.,
Nouns:
(d)Like canal is are Adjectival
as, aedilis,ra.
are:
m.
uter, bladder;venter, belly,
boat,f.
(e) Like imber
; linter,
(b)Nouns
c.
Consonant
Greek
-Nouns
usuallyin as:
Gigas,giant,m.
f.
Lampas, torch,
Crater,bowl,m.
Aer, air,m.
So, Nais, Naiad, f.
Heros, hero,m.
a,
crater.
Naidhero-
Eriny-
(b) Greek I-Nouns have Nom.
Dat. Abl. i : as, poesis,
poetry.
are
(c)The following
Sing, in
gigantlampad-
in is, ys, have
Nouns
Examples.
Ace.
form
aer-
Erinys,fury,f.
(a) Greek
are:
a, em
as
em
as
a, em
as
a,
em
as
a,
em
as
a,
em
as
as
a
Voc.
i, y : as,
is, f.; Voc.
em', Ace. Plur.
or
a
i
Par!, Nai, Eriny.
; Ace.
Heteroclite Masculine
in
forms
or
of
im; Gen.
eos;
ProperNames
:
crates,
3. SoOrpheus,Peleus. 2. Achilles,Ulixes (e'lis).
Thucydides. 4. Eteocles,Pericles. 5. Chremes, Thales.
"
1.
FOURTH
a.
The
Nouns
in
gyllables
cus
limbs;
(Plur.),
DECLENSION.
which
:
prefer iibus to ibiis in Dat. Abl. PI. are Dibow : also,tribus,
tribe ; partus,birth; artus
N.
veru, spit,
as, arcus,
and
b. Poets often contract
ui
into
u
G
:
as, Parce
metu.
"
VIRG.
122
NOTES
FIFTH
Dies, day,and
a.
b. Poets
c.
res,
contract
into
ei
DECLENSION.
thing,are
in the Plural.
Cases
ETYMOLOGY.
ON
Most
e
the
only Nouns
have
no
as, Constantis
:
which
form
creasing
the in-
Plural at all.
juvenem fide.
"
Hor.
has e short : so rei,spei.
generally
commonwealth, declines both elements : Ace. rempubliRespublica,
etc. So jusjurandum,
Gen. reipublicae,
oath-,Gen. jurisjurandi,etc.
Fidei
d.
cam,
SUBSTANTIVES.
ANOMALOUS
a.
those named
only (besides
" 25),are
1. /. Deliciae,delight
Nonae, Nones
Nundmae, market-day
Epulae,feast
funeral rites
Nuptiae,bridal
~E,xseq\ua,e,
Reliquiae,remnant
Feriae, holidays
The
chief
DECL.
Plural
Nouns,
:
,
DECL.
2.
Insidiae,ambush
Kalendae, Calends
Minae, threats
Tenebrae, darkness
Athenae, Athens
Thebae, Thebes
Fasti,annals
Delphi
Gabii
DECL.
3.
DECL.
4.
b. The
most
DECL.
Moenia,
Fores, door, f.
Artus, limbs,m.
DECL.
2.
Ludus, play,m.
DECL.
3.
f.
Aedes, temple,
c.
Add
which
importantNouns
Copia,plenty,f.
1.
to Defective
Nouns
town
walls,n.
Idus,Ides,f.
changemeaning in Plural
forces
Copiae,
Ludi, publicgames
are:
"
Aedes, house
:
b.
Mane, morning,Nom. Ace. Abl. Sing.
c. Fas, right;nefas,wrong-,
instar,
likeness;nihil,nothing;necesse,
need:
Ace.
Nom.
Sing.
necessity;
opus,
d. Fors, chance ; Abl. S. forte,by chance.
e. Sponte,
by one's own choice.
:
Adjectives
B.
a.
Like
has the
b. Like
c.
melior
same
Like
wealthy;
S. i,when
d. Like
e.
declined
are
endings
in
felix,Adjectives
ancient,
Comparatives.Vetus (veteR-),
in the ObliqueCases and Plural.
ax,
ix,ox,
ux.
in gens,
in -ns, -rs, -ex; also locuples
Adjectives
(locuplet-),
with
its
Present
have Abl.
compounds.
Participles
par (par-)
used as Epithets; otherwise e : with occasional exception.
Adjectivesof the Second Class in -cer, -ster; also
acer,
;
saldber,healthful.
S. I, Gen.
PI.
vigiL,wakeful;
fruitful,
;
/.
melior
as
celeber,renowned
Abl.
"
Abl. S. e, Gen. PL
um
memoB,
; no
Neut.
PI. Nom.
Ace.
:
tute
inop-s,desti-
mindful ;. degenen,degenerate
; uben,
Neut. PL : ales (alit-),
um
; no
winged; dives
safe; superstes (superstit-),
(sospit-),
surviving;
not possessing;
deses,
(compot-),
possessing
; impos (impot-),
compos
inactive ; paupeR, poor ; pubeE, of age.
reses
resid-),
(desid-,
rich; sospes
(divit-),
123
NOUNS.
C. Pronouns
a.
:
"
various Pronouns.
suffixes -met, -te,-pte,-ce, strengthen
its cases, except Gen.
and
to
be
1.
Met
joined
(a)
ego
may
the
to
of tu, except
2.
Plur.: as, egomet, I my self
cases
\
The
Nom.
Sing.: as,
cases,
except sui:
suamet
yosmet,
as,
ye
3.
yourselves;
sibimet;
4. to the
cases
to
se
of
and
suus
its
:
as,
facta.
is joinedto tu : as tute ; also,tutemet, thou thyself.
is joinedespecially
to the Abl. Sing,of the Possessive
Pronouns
consiiio,
: as, meopte
by my advice.
(b) Te
(c)Pte
(d) C
For
is joinedto the Demonstratives
: as, huncce, hujusce.
which
be
written
declined,
are
illic,
istic,
Ulece,istece,
may
e
Plural.
Sing.
M.
N.
F.
M.
F.
N.
N.
istic
istaec
istuc
istice
Ace.
Gen.
istuuc
istanc
istuc
istosce istasce
Nostr-as
Vestr-as
istace
istace
istorumce,etc.
etc.
istiusce,
the Possessives noster, vester,
b. From
istaece
of our country. I
(at-),
of your country. \
(at-),
D.
Derived
1. Substantiva Mobilia have
a
derived :
are
cujus,
of what country.
Cuj-as(at-),
Nouns.
Feminine
as
well
a
as
Masculine form
:
formed
A-Noun
0-Nouns
have a Feminine
by changingus
lamb
ass
deus,
asinus,
god ; dominus,
cervus,
stag
;
;
;
agnus,
house-ser
t
f reedvan
libertus,
famulus,
films,
son;
lord; equus, horse;
;
a.
Many
into d
:
lupus,wolf; maritus, husband ; mulus, mule ; natus, son ; servus,
Fern, agna, asina,"c.
slave ; sponsus, bridegroom
; ursus, bear,"c.
has avia; gallus,
cock, gallina;caper, he-goat,
Avus, grandfather,
puer, boy, puella; magister,minister,change ter
capra and capella;
citharistria. Taurus,
into tra ; poeta, poet,poetria
; citharista,harper,
man
;
maid- servant.
has ancilla,
bull,has vacca, cow ; verna, born-slave,
trix :
b. Consonant-Nouns, verbal,in tor, sor, often have a Feminine
victrix
ultrix
as, ultor,avenger,
; tonsor, barber,ton; victor,
conqueror,
strix. Some forms in trix are found as Adjectives
: as, arma
victricia,
victorious
arms.
Caupo,vintner (3),has Fern, copa (1); cliens,client (3),clienta
(3),fidicina (1); tiblcen,flute-player
(1); fidicen,
lute-player
(3),tibicina (1); leo,lion (3),leaena or lea (1).
d. Gentile names
monian
: as, Ores, Cretan
(3),Cressa (1); Laco, LacedaeLacaena
(1); Libys,Libyan (3),Libyssa (1); Phoenix,
(3),
Phoenician (3),Phoenissa (1);Thrax, Thracian (3),Threissa(l);
Tros,
Trojan(3)Troas (3),"c.
Fern, neptis(3); aries,ram
e. Nepos, grandson (3), has
(3),ovis,
in-law
ewe
(2),mulier,woman
son
nurus
(3); vir,man
(2),
(3); gener,
old
socrus
father-in-law
man
anus
(4);socer,
(2),
(4); senex,
(3),
(4).
c.
Note.
Nouns
(ftriKoiva):
by
the
having only
words
sparrow,
mas, f emina
Gender
one
as, passer,
:
for
both
sexes
vulpes,/o.r,f. Sex must
as, vulpes mas, a dog- fox,
G2
m.
;
are
be
called
Epicoena
ful,
expressed,if need-
124
2. Deminutives
Deminutives
are
NOTES
ON
ETYMOLOGY.
Derived
Nouns
which
express
smallness.
in
formed, chiefly,
are
also diminished
are
Adjectives
Personal
3. Patronymica are
:
misellus.
parvulus,
pallidulus,
as,
derived
Names,
from
parent
a
or
ancestor.
Masc.
ades,
ides,
Aeneades,
ides,
Nelides
lades
Thestiades
of
son
Tyndarides
Aeneas,
Tyndarus.
"
Neleus.
"
Thestius.
"
Fern.
is,
Tyndaris, daughterof Tyndarus.
eis,
Neleis,
Thestias,
as,
And
Neleus.
,,
Thestius.
"
some
others.
OF
II. COMPOSITION
CHANGES
A.
(1) A,
ab
OF
PREPOSITIONS
VERBS.
IN
COMPOSITION.
=
before m, v: as, amitto,avoco.
before c, t: as, abscedo,absterreo.
Abs
As before p : as, asporto.
A
aufero,aufugio.But abfui,abfore.
other letters : as, abeo, abdo.
Au
before/:
Ab
before
(2) Ad
(3) Con-
as,
5,d, h, j,m, v, and vowels: as, adbibo,addo,
adhibeo, adjicio,
admitto, advoco, adeo.
before gn, sc, sp : as, agnosco,
becomes
aascendo, aspicio.
is assimilated before other letters: as, affero,
appono, assisto.
before
remains
(forcum), in-, are
compare,
assimilated
written
com-,
im-, before
p,
b,m
:
as,
combibo, immitto.
before /,r : as, colludo,irruo.
before vowels, h, and gn: as, coeo, coheres,
Conbecomes
coSo ignosco. Note comedo, comburo.
cognosco.
other consonants:
remain
before
Con-, in-,
as, ccnfero,induce.
are
(4) Ob, sub,
assimilated
are
suppono.
So
before
c,g,p,f:
as,
occurro,
oppono,
summoveo.
suscito, suspendo, suspicio.
Except suscipio,
They
remain
before
other
letters.
Except ostendo, sustineo, sustollo,sustuli,surripio.
Note
omitto.
126
NOTES
ETYMOLOGY.
ON
-tinui,
(g)e x i,i,e: (2) tenere (-tinere,
-tentum).
-sedi,-sessum); (3) regere
(h)exi, e, e: (2) sedere (-sidere,
-rexi,-rectum),specere
(-rigere,
-spexi,-spec(-spicere,
turn),
-pressi,
(-primere,
-pressum),emere
(-imere,
premere
-emi, -emptum), legere (-ligere,
-lectum). Exc.
-legi,
circum sedere,pergere
(perrexi,perrectum),surgere (surper-, inter- (-emere, -emi, -empturn). Also sublegere(-legi,
-lectum),di-ligere,
neg-, infour
last are
from
tellegere(-lexi,
-lectum). These
of
choose.
The
t
o
t
o
compounds
legere,
legere, read,are
-legi,
-lectum).
per-, prae-, re- (-legere,
rexi, surrectum);
-
EXAMPLES
a.
co-,
COMPOUND
OF
(1) Condemn o, condemn
cast forward
Objecto,
Delecto,delight
askImpetro, obtainfyj
g.
VERBS.
Conticeo,be silent
be silly
(3) Desipio,
Kestituo,restore
(a)(3) Abigo, drive away
beat back
Refringo,
Impingo,knock against
(")(^)Occido,die
Consecro,consecrate
Obtrecto,disparage
(2) Coerceo,confine
(3) Incendo,set on fire
Attingo,reach
(c)(3) Succino,sing low
Excerpo,cull
(d)(3)Decipio,deceive
Dispergo,disperse
Efficio,
effect
Progredior,go forward
cast
Ejicio,
endure
Perpetior,
Di
sperti
or,
distribute
b. (1) Proculco, trampledown
(3) Adi piscor, acquire
(g} (2) Abstineo,abstain
(h)(2) Praesideo,preside
stretch
(3) Porrigo,
Insulto,insult,leapon
(3) Decutio, shake
(3) Occldo, kill
out
Allicio,allure
(e)(4) Circumsilio,leapround
disown
(/) (2 ) Diffiteor,
(4) Infercio,stuffin
c.
asunder
tear
Diripio,
Ascendo, climb
down
Collido,dash together
Acquire,acquire
d.(3)Include,shut in
e. (3) Explode,stamp off
f. (2) Prohibeo, prohibit
look through
Transpicio,
Opprimo,weighdown
Eximo,
take out
collect
Colligo,
l
Diligo,ove
Perlego,read through
Displiceo,
displease
Note." The
of Yerbs which
Compounds
reduplicate the Perfect omit the
Reduplication in their Perfects, except those of disco, posco, curro,
do, sto.
PRONOUNS
III. CORRELATIVE
The
full series
3 Relativum
under
; 4
comprises
"
PARTICLES.
Interrogativum;
Indefinita; 5 Universalia.
2
Demonstrativa
These last are
In the following
list the dual series
several heads.
marked
1
AND
subdivisible
(uter,
"c.)is
*.
PRONOVNS.
1
Quis ?
*Uter
qui? who
? which
of
? what
two
Idem, the same
Alius, another
*Alter, the one, the other
?
?
2 Is, ille,
iste,that
Hie, this
3
Qui, who
;
CORRELATIVE
b.
Quis,qui,any^one
4
Quivis,quilibet,
any you
which
*Utervis,uterlibet,
aliqui )
Aliquis,
Quispiam
5
a.
at all
you
Quisque,each (ofseveral)
c.
Omnes, universi,all
other
or
will
will
Quisquam, ullus,any
Quidam, a certain one
*Alteruter,one
127
PARTICLES.
*Uterque,each (of two)
Quisquis,
quicumque,whoso-
*Ambo, both
d. Nemo, nullus,no
*Neuter,neither
ever, whatsoever
*Uteruter,
utercumque, which-
one,
none
soever
ADVERBS
PLACE
OF
1 XJbi? where?
5
in which
*Utrobi?
WHERE.
Ubiubi, ubicumque, where-
b.
Ubivis,ubilibet,where
place?
soever
there
Ibi,illic,
istic,
Hie, here
Ibidem, in the same place
2
a.
Ubique,everywhere
in both places
*Utrobique,
c.
Alibi,elsewhere
3
Ubi, where
4
Ubi,alicubi,uspiam,
anywhere
at
all
Usquam, anywhere
d.
AH.VERBS
Quo ? whither
1
3
4
WHITHER.
Quoquam, any whither at all
Quoquo,quocumque, whithcr-
?
? to which
Eodem,
Nusquam, nowhere
*Neutrobi,in neither place
PLACE
OF
5
place?
2 Eo, illuc,
istuc,thither
Hue, hither
*Utro
you
will
a.
soever
b.
whither
Quovis,quolibet,
to the same
you
will
place
place
Alio, to another
Quo, whither
Quo, aliquo,quopiam, any-
*Utroque,to
c.
each
place
d, *Neutro, to neither
place.
whither
ADVERBS
1
2
3
4
WHENCE.
PLACE
OF
TJnde,whence ?
thence
istinc,
Inde, illinc,
5
Undeunde,
a.
from
b. Undevis,
Hinc, hence
side
Indidem, from the same
Aliunde, from another side
Unde, whence
Unde, alicunde,from some
what
Undecumque,
whatever
side
undelibet, from
side you
will
Undique,/ro;?i
every side
from each side^
*Utrinque,
c.
side
ADVERBS
1
2
3
Quando ? ubi ? when ?
Turn, tune, then
Nunc, jam, now
time
Simul, at the same
Alias,at another time
Quum, ubi, when
t So qua,
in what
quorsum,
See
OF
WHEX.
TIME
5
4
ever
Quando, aliquando,
a.
Unquam, ever at all
Quandocumque, whensoever
Quandoque, at any
Semper, always
d. Nunquam, never
c.
direction ? ea, hac, alia,qua, aliqua,quaqua,
dl illorsum,aliquorsum,"c.
war
whither
the series of qualis,quantus, quot, " 38 (9),
"c.
"
time
128
NOTES
ETYMOLOGY.
ON
ADVERBS
1
Quoties ? how
2
Toties,so often
3
Quoties,(asoften)as
often?
?
ut ?
5
soever
?
quam
ut,
otherwise
2.
Cur?
Ideo, propterea,idcirco,
on
3
Cur, quare, why,
quare? why? wherefore?
that account
quod,quia,because
DEMONSTRATIVE
A
BETWEEN
'Plural
are
". Ordinal
NUMERALS.
those
are
is used
on
which
the other Numerals
with Substantives
in the Plural
But for highernumbers
the
castra, one
camp.
used : as, bina castra, two camps.
denote numerical
rank
Numerals
(ordo): primus,
only': as,
Distributives
TIME.
MONEY,
NUMERALS,
(cardo,hinge).Unus
hinge
itidem,just so, $c.
liter,
Quasi, ac si,ut si,"c., as
if,$c.
3
Numbers
vis,"c.,although,
$c.
(6) ComparativeConstruction :
2 Ita, perinde,
proinde,simi-
whilst
Cardinal
Construction:
Tamen, yet,nevertheless
Etsi, etiamsi,quamquam,
quam
:
A.
Construction:
Modo, tantum, tantummodo, only,
"c.
Si,if (or omittingsi)
3
3
Dum,
donee, quoad,until
(5) Concessive
Ut, ne, ut ne, nequis,"c.,
that,Sfc.
3.
The
Dum,
fyc.
IV.
a.
Usque, eo, "c., solong,
$c.
3
2
2.
A
2
2
Construction:
AND
IN
(4) Conditional
the
ideo,"c.,./br
Idcirco,
Turn, tune, then
Quum, when
Interea,meantime
3.
ADVERB
ALSO
:
Adeo, ita,sic,tarn, tanturn,Sac.,
so, so much,$c.
Ut, ut non, ut nihil,ut
"c., that,fyc.
nemo,
(3) Temporal Construction
2.
APPEARS
Construction
purpose,
3.
CAUSE.
OF
1
(1) Consecutive
however
quam,
CONJUNCTION
(2) Final
a.
2
CORRELATION
quemadmodum,
as
Ac, atque, quam, as, than
Utut, utcumque, quam-
5
manner
ADVERBS
3.
Quomodo,
3
? how ?
Aliter,secus,
2.
MANNER.
OF
quemadmodum
Ita,sic,tarn, so
Item, itidem,in like
2
several times
Aliquoties,
how often
a. Quotiescumque,
4
ADVERBS
1 Quomodo
NUMBER.
OF
una
"c.
first,
Distributive
c.
as,
Sexageni
Poets
often
c?.Numeral
happens or
use
Numerals
caedunt
them
singulos,sixty
for the Cardinal
Adverbs
is done:
denote
denote
semel,once
;
men
so
each
many
neat
each
or
at each
time!
(centurion).TAG.
"
Numbers.
the number
bis,twice ; "c.
of
times
that
anything
e.
The
and
General
Rules
for
are
Distributive,
dinal,
writingCompound Numbers, Cardinal,Oras
follows
:
"
less than 20, either the smaller number
(1) In Compound Numbers
without et precedesthe larger or the larger
with et precedes
the smaller:
Nos
in
Siciliae
we
as,
Tyndaritani septemdecim populis
numeramur,
of Tyndaris are reckoned among the 17 nations of Sicily.Cic. Roscius
fundos decem
et tres
Poscius left 13 farms. Cic.
Licet
reliquit,
et Septimus
dicere decimus
decimus.
PRISC.
pro septimus
"
"
"
above
20, either the smaller number
(2) In Compound Numbers
with et comes
the
without
et : as, Romulus
et
first,or
larger
septem
triginta regnavitannos,
triceni
bini
Romulus
Cic.
reigned37 years.
are
assigned32
"
viris attribuuntur,to
D""i!:eF
teeth.
men
"
PLIX.
above
(3) In Compound Numbers
100, the largerwith or without et
the
smaller: as,Leontinus Gorgias centum
et septem
generallyprecedes
Cic. Olymcomplevitannos, Gorgiasof Leontini completed107 years.
piade c ent.es i ma
quarta-decima
Lysippusfuit,Lysippuslived in
"
the 114th
(4) The
Olympiad."PLIN.
thousands
are
the numeral
expressed either by prefixing
G
3
130
Adverbs
bis,ter,"c., to
Cardinal
Numbers
Millia
mille
to millia
in poetry),
or
(chiefly
as, duo
:
followed
generally
is
ETYMOLOGY.
ON
NOTES
by
"c.
millia,tria millia,
Genitive
a
the
by prefixing
if smaller
but
:
numbers
millia and
the Substantive,the latter will often stand
millia
the Numeral:
et septingenti
as, Tria
marched.
Liv.
3700
infantry
peditesierunt,
intervene between
in the
case
same
as
"
above 100,000 are expressedby the Numeral
Adverbs
(5) The Numbers
in
stated
millia
centena
the
or
millia, as
following
joinedto centum
ultra
centum
millia
Non
erat
numerus
:
apud
antiques
; itaque
passage
millia
centena
aut saepius
et hodie multiplicantur
haec, ut decies
dicantur.
PUN.
"
in
Numbers
Compound
compounded with 8
is often used
for
primus.
and 9 are commonly expressed
g. The Numbers
the next
duo
and
from
subtraction
of
unus
multipleof 10 : as,
by a
(undevicesimus),
18; undeviginti
19;
(duodevicesimus),
duodeviginti
29 ;
28; undetriginta
(undetricesimus),
duodetriginta
(duodetricesimus),
undecentum
9
8;
"c., "c.: duodecentum
(duodecentesimus),
(unde99.
centesimus),
f.
Unus
B.
The
a.
As
or pound
(Libra),
Uncia
=
Sextans
=2
Quadrans
=3
Triens
=4
1
Quincunx
=5
Semissis
=6
b. Unciae
oz.
or
"
J
|
"
"
c.
"
=8
Dodrans
=9
Dextans
=10
Deunx
"
,,
=
usurae
per cent, per month
"
were
,,
"
"
"
1 per cent, per
asse
semisse,or
Heres
ex
dimidia
.
.
means
.
"1
.
parte
"
/
"
12 per cent,
=
per
annum.
binae centesimae = 2
; and
Unciarium
fenus was
1 uncia
heir to the whole
,
.
.
annum.
etc.
24 per cent.,"c.
8| per cent, per annum.
ex
.
heir to
etc.
,
"
i of
estate.
,
the estate'
etc.
Sestertius
being\
,,
II
"
=
ex
The
f
|
"
=11
=
also called centesimae
Heres
asses,
"
=2
1 per cent, per month
Heres
d. The
As.
"
=T\
|
=
=
the
T7~of
"
etc.
usurae
or
=
Bes
:
i
usurae
as
,,
"
thus divided
"
JL
per cent, per month
yearlyper
was
(nnoiae),
7 oz.
Septunx
ounces
"
etc.
Asses
of 12
of the As.
"
i
Sextantes
Asses
MONEY.
a silver coin equalto
(Nummus), or Sesterce,
2"
(coinof 10 asses). Its symbol is HS.
not a coin,but a sum,
was
( 1000 sestertii)
and is
was
of the Denarius
Sestertium
=
only used in the Plural Number.
Sestertia,in the Plural (alsorepresentedby HS.) joinedwith the
Cardinal or Distributive Numbers, denotes so
lOOOnumi
sestertii.
many
Numeral
The
Adverbs, joined with (or understanding)sestertii
sestertium,or HS.,
(Gen.Sing.),
Thus
HS.X
HS.X
=
=
S.X-
denote
Sestertii
Sestertia
so
many
100,000 sestertii:
decem, 10 sesterces.
decem, 10,000 sesterces.
Sestertium decies,
1,000,000sesterces.
131
TIME.
C. TIME.
Every
Nonae
Roman
had
month
KOMAN
THE
"
three chief
Calends
(Nones),Idus (Ides). The
CALENDAR.
days:
were
Kalondae
(Calends),
always the
the month ; the Nones were
usuallyon the 5th ; the Ides
the 7th, the Ides on
but in four months the Nones were
on
1st
day
of
the 13th ;
the 15th.
on
March, May, July,October ; these are they
Nones the 7th,Ides the 15th day.
Make
taken as points,
These three days,the Calends,Nones, and Ides,were
That
the other days were
which
counted backwards.
is, the
and
and
did not say, such
such a day after,
such
Romans
"c., but such
from
day beforethe Calends, or Nones, or Ides. The rules are: (1) For
daysbefore the Calends subtract the day of the month from the number
of days in the month increased by two;
(2)For days before the Nones
the
from
increased by one.
subtract
Ides
which
or
day on
theyfall,
a
Examples."May 31, Pridio
"
30, Ante
"
11,
"
2,
,,
,,
Kalendas
Junias.
diem tertium (a.d.
III.)Kal. Jun.
V.) Id. Mai.
quintum (a.d.
"
sextum
(a.d.
VI.)Non. Mai.
"
132
KOTES
ON
SYNTAX.
ABBREVIATIONS.
V.
(1) PRAENOMINA.
A. Aulus
C.
" Gaius
GK
'
Cn.
'
"
Gn
Gnaeus
D. Decimus
Note.
K. Kaeso
Q. Quintus
L. Lucius
S.
M.
Marcus
M'. Manius
Sei\ Servius
Mam.
T. Titus
Sp.Spurius
Mamercus
P. Publius
A
"
individual
Roman
of distinction
; the
name
showing
surname
Lucius
of the
Gens
Nomen,
the Familia
Junia
Ti.
had
name
and
(Sex.)Sextus
least
at
three
(Tib.)Tiberius.
the
names:
Praenomcn,
showing the Gens or clan ; and the Cognomen,
Jnnins Brutus
or family. Thus, Lucius
sed
expresFamilia
Brutorum.
To
these
were
sometimes
titles either of honour
Agnomina,
(a? Africanus, Macedonicus,
Magnus, "c.), or expressing that a person had been adopted from another Gens,
the son of L.'
as Aemilianus,
applied to the younger
Scipio Africanus, who
was
Paulus
gustus
Auof the emperor
Aemilius, but adopted by a Scipio. The full name
(originallyan Octavius) after he had been adopted by his uncle's will
and
adorned
with
title of honour, was
Gaius Julius Caesar
by the Senate
a
added
or
one
more
Octavianus
Augustus.
(2)VARIA.
A. I). Ante
U.
A.
diem
HS.
urbis
C. Anno
SesSestertius,
i P. R.
tertium
conditae
nus
Id. Idus
I PL
Plebis
Imp. Imperator
I Proc.
Cal. (Kal.)Calendae
Cos. Consul
L. Libra
LL. Dupondius
| S.
Coss. Consules
D. Divus
Non.
Aed.
Aedilis
Designatus
Eq. Rom.
Equcs
Des.
P.
Q. R.
Senatus
Populusque
xim
Ma-
Optimus
Roma-
nus
S. C. Senatusconsultum
us
ma
Ro-
Proconsul
Senatus
S.
Nonae
M.
0.
Populus Roma-
script!
(et)Con-
P. C. Patres
S. D. P. Salutem
dicit
plurimam
nus
P.
F. Filius
Pontifex
M.
Ma-
Tr. Tribunus.
ximus
II. NOTES
ON
I. AGREEMENT.
A. The
B.
Subject
("88) may
(1) The
"
SYNTAX.
"
88-92.
156-180.
be any Noun-term,
"
87.
and Adjectival
Adjective
(" 89) includes Participles
term
Pronouns.
(2) An
Adjective
agrees
with any
are
!'3)Adjectives
and
wixe
PL,
man
man
;
as
Epithetwith
a
Substantive:
as
ment
Comple-
Noun-term.
or
men
used
as
Substantives
being implied:as,
("156):
amicus,
stultus, a fool; boni, good
men
;
1. In the Masc.
a
Sing.
friend',sapiens,a
multi, many ; ple-
stum
et
2. In the Neut. Sing, abstractly: as, Hone
rique,most.
utile, moralityand expediency. Cic. Tristo lupus shibulis,the wolf
plied
is a bane to the stalls." VEBG.
3. In the Neut.
PL, thingsbeing imall
: as, multa, many
things.
things; omnia,
"
134
NOTES
II. CASES
A. These
SUBJECT
OF
rules show
SYNTAX.
AND
COMPLEMENT.
Subjectof
the
(1)that
Subjectof
; (2) that the
ON
an
Verb
a
Infinitive is
" 93-94.
Finite is
Accusative
an
a
native
Nomi-
(3)that
;
Complement of a CopulativeVerb, Finite or Infinitive,
agrees, if a
with the Subject,
if a singleSubstantive,
singleAdjective,
attributively
with the Subject,
appositively
except in a few peculiarinstances (" 108,
in
two
" 127). The Complement,
examples of Rule " 94, follows a
the
and agrees with a Nominative
Subject;in two
Infinitive Copulative
Verb, prolatively
used, and
the
in
it
last
Nominative
two
follows
tive
Infinian
Subject
;
Finite
CopulativeVerb,
others
it follows
agrees with
a
an
CopulativeVerb, obliquelyused,
Subject.
Verb
B. The
it denotes
is,where
corn
may be
existence:
sum
absolute
Troy
was.
A.
When
the Verb
until
sense
a
with
agrees
an
Accusative
not Copulative,
if
completelyPredicative,
as, Jam
est, ubi
seges
Trojafuit, now
Ov.
"
III. THE
without
and
CASE.
ACCUSATIVE
is Transitive
word
" 9-5-103.
(" 96), the
is added
to express
construction
that
on
which
is often
the Verb
is called the Object (or Nearer
Object), and stands in
the Accusative Case.
Thus
Eomulus
condidit, Romulus
founded, is
This
acts.
incompletein
until
sense
called Quid-Verbs.
into Passive form,
be
JB.
(1) Transitive
add
we
Verbs
Verbs
become
Rome.
change
to
XIV.
see
Transitive Verbs
Active
Transitive
a
may
Sentence
E. 1.
sometimes
are
fortuna,fortune had
verterat
Komam,
How
used
turned.
now
transitive
"
intransitively;
as, Jam
transitive
Liv.
(2) More often In-
Flet
he weeps for
necem
fili,
Intransitive
Verb
is often
an
Compound
transitive: as, Hostes urbem
enemies
surround
the
circumsedent, the
sometimes
become
transitive,
city. (4) Passive Verbs used reflexively
his son's death.
like
such
Deponents:
(3) The
as
as,
of
as, Exuitur
constructions
knot her
:
Nodo
she puts
cornua,
sinus
offher
horns.
in
a
are
C. The Verbs which take double Accusative (thing
and
doceo (and its compounds),rogo, interrogo,
oro, exoro,
flowingfolds.
"
"
Ov.
Hence
collecta fluentes,
havinggatheredup
VIBG.
percontor,and, in Horace, lacesso.
Sometimes
person)("98)
posco, flagito,
celo,conceal. They may
called Quern-Quid
In Passive construction the AccusaVerbs.
tive
of the thingremains:
Quid tu docearis a me litteras? why should
you be taughtletters by mel
be
D.
Factitive
to make
or
Quid-Quale
a thingto be of
(facere)
Verbs
a
("99) are
such
as
maybe
said
certain character,by deed, word,
or
"c. ; (2)
efficio,
reddo, praesto, creo, lego,eligo,
thought:as, (l)facio,
dico,voco, memoro,
praedico,nomino, nuncupo, declare,usurpo, appello,
saluto,"c. ; (3) aestimo, numero,
credo, existimo, puto, duco, judico,
habeo, censeo, agnosco, invenio,reperio,
"c., "c. They are
deprehendo,
the Active forms of those which
in the Passive are
Verbs. In
Copulative
be
their construction
the
between
esse
Objectand
mentallysupplied
may
Construction
Factitive
in
the Passive becomes Copulative
:
Complement.
Fis dea
a
nobis,Fortuna
:
A
Romulo
urbs
sua
Roma
vpcata est,
ACCUSATIVE
THE
135
CASE.
The Accusative of Respector Nearer Description
(100)is seldom
it contains Pronominal
semi-adverbial
used in prose, except when
or
Illud
Hoc
Cetera
assentior
laetor;
doleo;
Crasso,
expressions:as,
Cic.
I agree with Crassus.
in other things
E.
"
F.
other
deem
G-rammarians
(1) Many
to
placesthan
the
force of the Accusative
original
objectof motion. " 101. (2)The
used by prose writers,
if motion
to
generally
the limit
be, that it marks
in,ad, are
Prepositions
Case
towns
or
or
small islands is mentioned.
DATIVE
IV, THE
CASE.
"
104-109.
is incomplete
without reference to a Eecipient
whose sense
A. Words
Thus
dear
called
Trajective.
implies,
carus, dear, necessarily
(105)are
to some
one-,
dare, to give,necessarily
impliesnot only a thinggiven,but
words
it is given. Trajective
take a Dative
person to whom
if
take
this
Verbs
of
reference.
of
a Dative
sort,
they
object
Cui-Verbs:
are
or
purelyTrajective
parco, faveo,irascor,"c.),
of this
a
take
Accusative
an
Verbs,
Quid
also,they are
ajective-Tr
do, narro, spondeo,"c.
Tr
as
notion of the Dative
fundamental
JB. The
with its oppositeRemoteness.
is
composedof
those which
custom
non-affinity,
being shewn is the bringing near
to the mind.
ear, or
(generally)
of
and
utterance
denial,evidence
led
hence
on
Nearness,
words
Trajective
and
remoteness,
and
include
we
obscurity,
persuasionand
Third Class, a largebody of
the
attendant
which
unkindness, bounty and
to
the
eye,
Class,
the Second
concealment, affirmation
and
silence,narration
comprisewords
These
being brought near
or
Herein
and
the
exhibition with
to
or
application
and
Cui-
strangeness,
unliJceness,
ment,
agreement and disagreeand disunion,comparisonand contrast.
Next, shewingand
union
and
if they
or
to be
("106)seems
The First Class,then, of
contain the ideas of nearness
and
affinity
presence and absence,
likeness
and
fitnessand unfitness,
words
ansitive,
only (as
notion
express
We
dissuasion.
words
of
which
favour
are
express
or
favour.
dis-
ness
profitand harm, kindgrudging,help
and
stint,indulgence
obstruction,
pleasingand
and
tery
pardon and resentment, flatdispleasing,
and reviling,
and malediction,complianceand resistance,
blessing
fusal
promise and menace, gift,loan, present,payment, dedication,find rewithdrawal
and
trust
and
and
distrust,
faith
infidelity,
;
; deliver?/
There
are
lawfulnessand unlawfulness,ease and difficulty.
yet a few
words, which share something of the character of both the two lastmentioned
classes,and may convenientlyform a Fourth Class. These
command
words which express rule and subservience,
and obedience.
are
C. The
become
why
reason
of the notions enumerated
D.
The
why
reason
(DativusCommodi
vel
is because
predication,
result to
interest ; in some
some
some
way
Verbs
many
is, that
Trajective,
compounded with
the Particle confers
above
:
most
Particles
(106 a.)
other
upon
of
that
Nearness.
frequently
them
one
or
/or which anythingis or happens
Incommodi, " 107) may be attached to almost any
Dative
a
almost
of that
any
action
Recipient; it
to
interesting
may
some
or
be
state
for
one.
may
or
be attended
against
Thusnubere
some
means
with
one's
*
to
'
'
to take the veil
a bride is said, nubere
viro,'
'
'
to be void/
for her husband/ that is, to marry him.' Vacare means
'
'
*
t
hat
leisure for*/
have
be
to
to
is,
f
or,1
hence,
disengaged
pr
empty;'
take the bridal
veil/ and
136
NOTES
Such
philosophiae.
as, vacare
the
Gratiae.
Trajectiva
the Dative
with
Dativus Rei pro
E. Some
ad
SYNTAX.
ON
constructions
far-fetched
are
be ranked
Here, too, may
with
Gerunds, "c.
Participles,
Complemento.
sum,
Adjectivesin
with Accusative
the
to that
classes named
of the Dative
and
preferthe
such
examples
the Dativus
of
Ethicus,
perhaps the
construction of
natus, aptus, utilis,
idoneus,paratus,rudis,"c. as, Ad laudem et ad decus nati sumus,
we
born to praiseand glory. Cic.
Others use in, erga, adversus : as,
are
Acer in hostem, spirited
Benignus erga te fui,
against the foe. VIRG.
/ was
PLAUT.
kind towards
Communis, proprius,affinis,
similis,
you.
:
are
"
"
"
par, and
Some
F.
other
some
take
Adjectives,
belonging in
Verbs
Dative
a
Case.
the classes named
to
sense
Genitive
a
or
above
(B)
Quid- Verbs, not Cui-Verbs, arid take Accusative and not Dative:
are
castra
juvant,the camp
as, juvo,jubeo,laedo, rego, guberno. Multos
HOB.
Others
Animum
the
rule
use
delights
temper.
rege,
many.
"
construction of
The
or
:
as, tempero, moderor
and other
varies considerably,
owing to the use of Prepositions
and donare aliquem muThus
find donare alicui munus
we
Dative
Accusative
Verbs
causes.
invidere alicui,
invidere
varieties must
be observed in
nere,
G.
rem
alicui, invidere
re
aliquem.
These
reading.
The
the Latin Dative
used in rendering
English Prepositions
chiefly
a
nd
after
Verbs
But
some
are
sucfor.
Adjectives
(iratus,
Verbs
be used ; after some
aufero,"c.),
(disto,
censeo, "c.) with must
from ; after many Compound Verbs, upon, into,or against. Others, as
medeor, "c., are rendered without introducing
displiceo,
parco, placeo,
to and
EnglishPreposition.
an
H.
The
ulli,/
Verb
am
Dative, after
not
of motion
:
When
with
THE
by anybody.
"
is
CASE.
stands without
"
a
as, Non
rare:
So
Ov.
is the
caelo,a cry ascends
ABLATIVE
the Ablative
the
Finite Passive Verb
as, It clamor
V.
A.
a
understood
intellegor
Dative
to heaven.
"
afrer
a
VIRG.
110-125.
Latin
it is
Preposition,
dered
ren-
EnglishPrepositions;namely, I. Cause,
:
with, at. II. Instrument, with, by. III. Manner
by,for,from, through,
V. Quality: of, with.
in,with, by. IV. Condition : with, in, upon.
helpof various
Respect,in, by, with. VII. Value or Price : at,for,of,with. VIII.
Measure
: by, or no
Preposition.IX. Matter: of,in,with,from, upon,
XI.
for, or no Preposition.X. Time : at, in,within,or no Preposition.
B.
where:
A. Place by which:
Place
in,
at,
by,along,upon, through.
from
G.
which:
XII.
Place
from.
(See Prepositions).
(humi).
upon
XIII. Separationand Origin: from, of. XIV.
Thingcompared: than.
VI.
B.
The
use
of the
varied
considerablyby
Cause
may
with
be
in most
of these meanings is
Ablative
introduction of Latin
Prepositions. Thus
Simple
the
expressedby ab, de, ex,
Accusative.
prae
Agent requiresa, ab;
Preposition.Manner
without
; also
while
by ob, per, propter,
Instrument
is without
Epithetrequires'cum,' (except
ritu,silentio,arte,
phrases,such as, vi,fraude,jure,injuria,
ordine, "c.). Thus, / speak with grief,or he writes with diligence,
dolore
be rendered
dolore loquor,diligentia
cannot
scribit,but cum
dolens
scribit
cum
scribit).
(ordiligenter
diligentia
loquor(or
loquor),
in
a
few
an
If
Epithetis joinedto
an
this
137
CASE.
ABLATIVE
THE
Ablative, the Prepositionis often used,
determine
the choice of conobservation
must
struction
Cato
with
contentione
Cato
the
dixit,
summa
utmost
spoke
as,
Cic.
he wrote with
cura
Magna cum
scripsit,
atque diligentia
Cic.
and diligence.
omitted; and
often
:
energy.
"
greatcare
"
Case
C. The
whether
Quality,
of
Ablative
Genitive,requires an
or
Epithet.
Ablative
The
D.
of Price is used with Verbs
and
Adjectives
implying
change,may
sale, purchase,dearncss, cheapness,
Muto, /
cost, "c.
is
and
of what
have Accusative
Ablative of what
left,
(inpoetry)the
exilium
E.
urbem
mutare
exilio,and
is taken, or
mutare
urbe
to quit the city and go into banishment?
equallymean
often dropt:as, magno,
dear; parvo, vili,
cheap.
'
may
Pretio is
and
Thus
converse.
The
Ablative
Degree,
this purpose
defines Verbs
of Measure
especially
Comparative and
in
used
are
particular
the
and
Adjectivesof
SuperlativeWords
Pronominal
Extent
and
:
Ablatives
for
hoc, eo,
quo, altero,tanto, quanto, aliquanto: also paulo,multo, duplo,dimidio,
nihilo,nimio,"c. : as, Quo plus habent,eo plus cupiunt,the more
they
have,the
F.
theydesire.
more
The
use
Sol binas in
in defining
Time (" 120) is frequent:as,
Prepositions
annis
reversiones
facit,the sun makes two turns in
singulis
of
each year. "Cic.
De die,beforethe close of day.
De nocte, beforethe
close of night. De multa nocte, long beforethe close of night.Sub vesdie expecto, / wait day
ex
perum, on the approachof evening. Diem
afterday.
Adverb
shear
In is
usuallyprefixedto
is annexed:
sheeptwice
a
year.
Quidam
as.
an
oves
Ablative
in
anno
of time when
bis
a
ral
nume-
tondent, some
VARR.
"
G.
Place where (" 121 B.) is expressedwith in: as, In
1. Generally
/
in harbour.
In is omitted
SEN.
in certain
am
navigo,
portu
sailing
loco
the
multis
:
locis,pluribuslocis,"c. ; hoc
phrases as,
(in
stead},
"
libro,alio libro,"c. ; terra marique; or where totus is used : as, tota
the righthand, laeva, sinistra,
on
Asia, in all Asia, dextra (parte),
on
the lefthand.
The poets are more
free in the omission : as, Silvisque
and fieldsand roads,
agrisqueviisquecorpora foeda jacent,in forests
lie revolting
corpses.
a
work
is
quotedin
"
Ov.
But
is used
this licence needs discrimination.
in
Gorgia Platonis; but
Homerum
; apud Terentium
;
apud
Platonem
(in Homer, "c.).
the
seeming Genitive,Romae, Corinthi,"c., (" 121
such, was perceivedby ancient Grammarians, who
strictly
2. That
not
When
Terentii ;
; in Andria
as, in Iliade Homeri
when
the author only is cited,apud',apud
:
B.
a.) is
call it an
Adverb.
But if we
notice that it ends in i, Romai
(Romae), militiai
Mileti,domi, humi, belli ; and compare the old forms of place
(militiae)
in the Third Declension ending in i,ruri,Lacedaemoni
NEP. ; Carthagini Liv. ; Tiburi
Cic.,"c. ; we cannot doubt the originalexistence
in the Latin language, as in the Sanskrit,of a Locative Case ending
"
"
in i
"
in
Singular,
3.
est.
this
s
Plural.
of towns
: as, In
Prepositionsare much used with names
Epheso
Ex
/
abii.
litteras
sent
hue
letter
a
to
misi,
Ephesum
Epheso
PLAUT.
Has
Brundisio
litteras a
placefrom Ephesus.
dedit,this
In
letterhe dated
"
from Brundisium.
"
Cic.
138
NOTES
SYNTAX.
ON
The
of Separationand
usage of Verbs and Participles
Origin
of them takingor omitting
the
observed,some
("123) must be carefully
in prose : as, arceo, cedo, moveo,
Preposition
pello,prohibeo,summoveo,
H.
others
in prose, but not in poetry ; as,
a Preposition
requiring
alieno,discedo,disjungo,
disto,divello,repello,
dispello,
reporto,rejicio,
The
"c.
chief
are
secerno,
Participles
separo,
natus,prognatus,
segrego,
:
removeo
oriundus,"c.
satus, cretus,creatus,editus,
1. The
Case of the word with which
the Ablative is compared
than an Accusative.
In comparison
("124) is much oftener a Nominative
with other cases
Nulli
be
used
must
flebilior
:
quam
as,
quam
K.
to
tibi,
Vergili,
HOB.
crime
none
more
a
of weepingthan
cause
thee,Vergilius.
ashamed of the
more
to
"
Flagiti
magis nos pudetquam erroris,we are
for the sake of perof the blunder. Cic. And, in general,
spicuity
mala sentiunt,
bona quam
ings
: as, Segniushomines
men
feelblessless keenlythan evils. Liv.
than
"
"
2. After
Numerals
rather
:
of quam
often occurs
before
plus,amplius,minus, an ellipse
Romani
sexcenti
the
Romans
of
ceciderunt,
as,
paulo plus
fell. Lrv. Unus
vixit,Quinctiuslived with
than 600
more
plusannum
L.
1. The
Ablative
Participle
may
is omitted
"
Absolute
often be
in the
Thus,
you
(" 125) being an
into
transformed
:
a
year.
"
Cic.
abridgedClause,the
Finite
a
exactis
example,Regibus
Quinctius tecum
as,
than
more
Verb
with
postquam
=
junction.
Conreges
exacti sunt.
instance of Substantive
with Substantive
common
put Absolutely
is that of consule or consulibus:
Caninio
scito
consule
as,
neminem
in the consulship
of Caninius you must know that
prandisse,
2. A
nobodydined.
"
Cic.
VI.
A.
1. The
Attribute ;
thingto
flamen
hand,
by
is
GENITIVE
CASE.
"
Subjectivewhen
it limits it like
126-136.
it limits
a
Noun
Object. It
an
like
is the
exercitus,or Sullae exercitus,the army
Martialis,or flamen Martis, tJie priest of Mars
as
cupidopecuniaeis nearlythe same
cupere
an
same
of Sulla
;
the other
pecuniam. But
; on
Genitive : as, bellum regium
Objective
timor
for
timor exterorum.
externus
So the
regem ;
Desiderium
ferre non
strum
ve
Pronouns; as,
possum, I
bear the want
of you. Cic. 'Native of a place'is expressed
Adjectivederived from the place: as, DionysiusHalicarnas-
are
Adjectives
an
Genitive
when
Objective
say, Sullanus
for bellum
Possessive
cannot
THE
even
used for the
contra
"
DionysiusHalicarnassi
Dionysiusof Halicarnassus.
in English either by of or
Genitive is rendered
2. The Possessive
son.*
the Genitive in 's : as, Philippi
filius,son of Philip]or 'Philip's
stands (with
3. Instar (an undeclined Substantive meaning likeness)
in apposition
to a Substantive : as, Instar montis equum,
a
a Genitive)
VIRG.
horse resembling
a mountain,
seus,
for
natus,
'
"
interest to be for inter rem
est, refert for rem
"c. (" 129). (2) These
of meam,
fert,and mea, "c., to be corruptions
Verbs may be qualified
by the Genitives of Value, magni, parvi,pluris,
ut te videam,
tanti,quanti:as, Utriusquenostrum
magni interest
B.
it is
(1) Some
suppose
of greatimportanceto both of
us
that I
see
you.
"
Cic.
GENITIVE
THE
(" 131)
mensae
so
are
(" 130) and
Distributae
Rei
Genitivus
C. 1. The
far the
139
CASE.
that each
as
same,
Genitivus
is
a
Eei De-
divided whole ;
is numericallyor quotatively
the former
divided,the latter quantitatively
be
Collective Noun ; the
unless
it
Plural
former
is
the
a
:
Partitive words
which
latter usually,but not always,Singular. The
but
: as, alius,
alter,
(a) Pronominals
ullus,nullus,nemo,
multi,
plerique,
uter, uterque, utervis,uterlibet,
unussolus,qui,quis,
quicumque, quisquis,
quisque,
pauci,ceteri,
reliqui,
quisnam, quisquam,aliquisque,tot, quot,quctcumque, quotusquisque,
quis, quidam, quispiam,"c.
(/3)Numerals, Cardinal and Ordinal :
parative
"c.
(7) Com; also princeps,medius.
primus: duo, secundus,
unus,
former
the
two things:
and Superlative
distributing
Adjectives;
distribute
as,
Major Neronum
birds.
are
class into two
one
; or
of
the noisier sort
Gender
cannot
which
Genitive
former
the
Avium
as,
loquaciores,
in which
Substantive
or
Adjective,
Participle,
meaning : as, Sancte deorum
(5) Any
appear.
distributive
a
imply
can
parts :
Adverbs,
Superlative
Also
PLIN.
"
lecti
;
pisciumfeminae.
juvenum;
2. Partitives
attracted in Gender
sometimes
are
Subject:as, Indus est omnium
is the largest
of all rivers. Cic. Or
dearest
of beings.HOR.
rerum,
fluminum
the
varied
"
the Genitive
from
to
the Indus
maximus,
: asDulcissime
by Synesis
"
is distributed:
3. A Collective Noun
as, Plato
P
lato
the
doctissimus
most
learned
was
man
fuit,
Graeciae
totius
of
all Greece.
"
Cic.
Genitive
4. This
forms
a
as, Fies
Complement:
thou too shalt become
f ontium,
of
one
nobilium
the renowned
fountains. HOR.
"
5. Adverbs
with
"c. are
of Place, ubi,quo, eo, nusquam,
Genitives gentium, locorum, terrarum, "c.
the
nowhere
gentium,
6.
in the world.
Primus, ultimus,
used
are
summus
mons
mountain
D.
was
as
a
imus, extremus, and
summus,
by
occupied
Among Quantitative
used
Partitively
:
Partitive
force:
tenebatur,at break
Labienus.
words
as,
Nusquam
Liv.
"
Epithetswith
Labieno
tu quoque
"
of
other
like
jectives
Ad-
luce
a
as, Prim
the
day
top of the
CAES.
governinga
Genitive
("131) are, nihil,
satis,affatim,abunde, nimis,partim,minus, minimum, parum, aliud,id,
hoc, idem, quod, quid,aliquid,
illud,
quidquid,quidquam,multum, plus,
plurimum, tantum, quantum, aliquantum, nimium, dimidium.
They
usuallyrendered in English as agreeingwith the thing measured
nimium
pecuniae(toomuch money); nihil mali (no evil).They may
as,
of the Second Declenalso be followed by the Genitive of an Adjective
sion
are
; but
with
an
the word
veri
non
dare
to
Adjectiveof
of
E.
Quantity:
commonly put
or
in second
rank.
"
same
Case
HOR.
Among poeticGenitives (" 135) are
juvenem, he praised the young
:
in the
falsi dicere
"
leti
Daunus
"c.
is
as, Ne
audeas, ne quid
quid
should
dare
to
audeas,you
nothingtrue not
say nothingfalse,
Cic.
Nee vigetquicquam simile aut secundum, and nothing
say.
exists like
bat
the Third
:
as, 0
seri
studiorum,
these:
man
0 late in your
(1)Cause:
for
as, Lauda-
his death.
(2)
spect
Re-
studies. (3) Dominion:
as,
ruled over rustic tribes,
agrestiumregnavitpopulorum,Daunus
140
NOTES
VII.
THE
SYNTAX.
ON
VERB
INFINITE.
" 140-144.
A. The Infinitive used in direct predication
(" 140, 2.) is called the
Historic Infinitive. It appears in poetry as well as in prose narrative,
of strong emotion
(") in passages descriptive
; (b)where various actions
take
in immediate
terrupted,
; (c)in actions insequence
time to time repeated.It is analogousto the ellipse
of the Copula; in fact,both constructions
occur
together: as, Ceterum
facies totius negotivaria, incerta,foeda atque miserabilis ; dispersi
a
suis pars cedere, alii insequi: neque
signa neque ordines obseror
placesimultaneously
and
ubi
from
ac
periculum ceperat, ibi resist ere
propultela,equi,viri,hostes, cives permixti; nihil consilio
arma,
sare;
the aspect of the whole
imperioagi; fors omnia regere, now
neque
and pitiable.Parties scattered
indecisive,
affairwas confused,
shocking,
others advancing
some
from their comrades were
retiring,
;
observing
vare:
quemque
neither standards
he
was
directed all.
"
B.
;
where
perilencountered
each
there
man,
and repelling
darts, steeds,men, Joes,country; arms,
resisting
men
was
; nothing
intermingled
by counsel or command
proceeding
;
were
chance
ranks
nor
This
SALL.
Infinitive is not
Infinitive is called Prolative when
1. The
of Verbs
which express
Present, but
it carries
on
the
perfect.
Im-
struction
con-
custom, beginning,
desire,
ability,
ceasing,
seeming,beingthought,
beingsaid,"c. ; as, possum, queo, nequeo, debeo,
volo,nolo, malo, aveo, cupio,gestio,
soleo,coepi,incipio,
statuo,
amo,
meditor,
desino, videor, putor, credor, feror,
dicor,trador,memoror,
Among these Verbs, those which are Copulative
credor, existimor,putor, dicor,narror, feror,trador, re(videor,
conor,
pergo,
paro,
cesso,
"c.
perior,arguor, "c.)
used
are
than
better
Latin
impersonallywith
personallywith
a
Prolative
Infinitive
Accusative
and
Infinitive.
HOR.
The
law of this construction
it is
than
Videtur
CicerVidetur
to say,
errasse
errasse
Cicero,
Dicitur Homer
us
caecusfuisse, than DiciturHomerum
caecum
onem;
Passive is often found in poetry after such Verbs
fuisse. The Participle
with an ellipse
of esse : as Fertur Prometheus
coactus, "c.,Prometheus
rather
"c.
compelled,
observed.
carefully
is said
to have
should
be
2. The
been
construction
of
a
"
Prolative Infinitive with
Thus
abounds
Adjectives
omnia
in poetry, especially
perpeti, bold to endure
lyric;as, Audax
the
all things. HOR.
nati, born to consume
Fruges consumere
it
but
few
with
used
words
In
best
is
the
HOR.
fruits.
; as,
prose
"
"
Paratus,assuetus,
"c. ; but Tacitus
adoptsit freely.
the Dative Gerund
C. Under
(" 141, 3.)note the phrase,non esse soland Gerundive
and
the
of the Dative Gerund
insolvent
be
use
vendo, to
;
in describingfunctions of office ; as, Triumviri
agro dando, triumvirs
for assigningland, "c.
The
D.
studio
Transitive Gerund
pat
res
vestros
is not
videndi,
alwaysattracted (" 143): as,
I
am
rapt with
the desire
Efferor
of seeing
Pronoun
or
Adjectiveis
your
tribuendo
in
honesti
versatur
Pars
suum
the- Object: as,
cuiquo,one
his
Cic.
Parva
each
non
own.
conbranch of moralitylies in giving
sires.
"
Cic.
when
Especially
a
Neuter
"
hanc rem
fecerunt,by not despising
majoresnostri maximam
this
commonwealth
made
ancestors
small
our
very great. LTV.
things
attraction
is
used.
Gerundive
the
But, as a generalrule,
temnendo
"
142
NOTES
SYNTAX.
ON
? docs the parrot
speak,parrot. (3) Loquiturne psittacus
psittace,
speak1 When
any of these is a PrincipalSentence, it is said to be
Direct
(KectaOratio); when it is a dependentSubstantival Clause,
it is said to be Oblique (Obliqua Oratio).
A Substantival
Clause is one
which
take the placeof a Substantive
may
ciation,
Enun(as Subject,Object,or Apposite),
being (1) Oblique
(2)ObliquePetition,
(3)ObliqueInterrogation.
form which ObliqueEnunciation
sative
takes is the Accu(1) The principal
and Infinitive ("94.),
which
is either Subjectof the Copula est
or
an
ImpersonalVerb, or Objectof one of the Verba Sentiendi et Declarandi.
in view
Grammatical
when
they use
though the
it is but one,
Facinus
vinciri
est
writers sometimes
have this construction alone
the term
ObliqueOration : but incorrectly
; for
most
civem
form
important,
Komanum,
citizen to be put in chains.
Thales said that water
rerum,
"
Cic.
a.
Ut,
with
ObliqueOration. As,
crime for a Roman
a
Thales
dixit aquam
is the origin
of the universe.
Constructions used for the Accusative
with
of
it is
and
Infinitive
are
initium
esse
Cic.
"
:
in
Subjunctive,
quence,
Oblique Enunciation, impliesconseQuod,
duty, necessity,
expediency,
custom, law, "c.
Indicative (usually),
implies
fact: as,
Mea
refert ut venias, It is importantto me
that you
come.
(ut)venias, You must
Oportet(ut)venias, You ought to
Necesse
Utl
est
st
It is
J
^
civitates
that
expedient
(useful)
1uod
Gratu'm
est }
We
b. Verbs
of
sua
needs
come.
come.
jura habeant.
the states have their
civitates
*"
rights*
jura habe.it.
glad that the states have their rights.
the Accusative with
hopingand promisingprefer
are
Future
Infinitive: as,
Spero te
Pollicetur
will
c.
After
not:
venturum
se
venturum
(esse),I hope that you will come.
(esse),he promises that
he
come.
of fearing,
expressions
danger,"c., ne
means
ut lest
lest,
as,
Metuo
I fear lest he return
redeat,
( 7 fear he will
return).
Metuo
I fear lest he return not (=Ifear he will
ut redeat,
not return).
d. Interrogatio
gatively
Infinitiva (or Accusative
and Infinitive interroused with ellipse
of Finite Verb) asks an indignant
question:as,
Mene
inceptodesistere ? What, I abandon my design?
ne
=
treating,
(2) ObliquePetition is formed when ut, ne, depend on Verbs of endeavouring,
persuading,caring, encommanding, forbidding,allowing,
"c. : as, Oro ut venias ; Curaut valeas:
preventing,
effecting,
facias ; Enitendum
est ut vincamus, ne
vincamus, "c. Fieri
Ut and ne are often
I
cannot
come.
non
possibly
potest ut veniam,
omitted : as, Precor reddas ; fac venias ; cave dicas ; licet abeas,"c.
Vide
ne
SUBSTANTIVAL
is
(3) ObliqueInterrogation
Verbs of
sometimes
formed
stating,enquiring,"c.
143
CLAUSES.
"
ves
by Interrogate
dependenton
Here too an Interrogative
149.
falls out : as, Interrogate,tria pauca
whether three things
are
is questioned
few or many.
"
sint anne
Cic.
multa,It
Oblique Oration may be called SubClause is virtually Suboblique
oblique (Subobliqua).
stituted
(Subobliquae potestatis),if it dependson Oratio Kecta so conto be virtually Oblique, that is, containing
the stateas
ment
of somebody's thought,
judgment,or declaration. Thus, in the
'Laudat
Africanum
Panaetius,quod fuerit abstiCompound Sentence,
and the
nens,'the Principal
Sentence,Laudat,"c.,is virtually
Oblique,
Panaetius
Clause, quod, "c., virtuallySuboblique: the sense
being
praisesAfricanus(=says Africanus is to be praised)because he was
self-denying.Hence fuerit is Subjunctive,
althoughthe Conjunction
which
the Indicative is appropriate.
quod is one of the Second Class,to
II. A
Clause
dependent
on
A
XI.
CLAUSES.
ADVERBIAL
verb,
Sentence like an AdA. An Adverbial Clause modifies the Principal
and is introduced by Conjunctions
(1) Consecutive,(2) Final,
parative.
(3) Causal, (4) Temporal, (5) Conditional, (6) Concessive,(7) ComLists of these
Conjunctions
appear "152.
in Adverbial
Examples of Subjunctive
est ut eat, He
(1)Non tarn amens
Non ita amens
fuit ut
Adeo
prudens est ut
went
Clauses
is not
iret,He was
non
ierit,
:
mad
so
not
is
He
to go.
as
mad
so
to go.
as
prudent
so
that he
not.
Tarn catus
nihil
erat ut
dicer
e
t,He
was
shrewd
so
to say
as
nothing.
Tarn
fuit ut
catus
said
Tantum
nihil
dixerit,
He
was
shrewd
so
that he
nothing.
abest lit Romae
ierit,
sit, ut in Britanniam
He is so far from being
at Rome, that he has gone to Britain.
Tantum
abfuit ut Eomae
ivisesset, ut in Britanniam
he
had
that
He
at
was
so far from being
Rome,
set,
gone to
Britain.
(2)Edo
I eat that I may
live.
Vivebant
ut
ederent, They lived that theymighteat.
Obedi rationi ne
servias
appetitui, obey reason, that you
be
slave
not
to
a
appetite.
may
vivam,
ut
(3)Quae
cum
ita
sint, ibo. Since this is the
Quae
cum
ita
essent,
(4)Expecta dum
Expectabam
(5)Oderint
dum
ivi,Since
this
was
case, I will go.
the case, I went.
veniam, Wait tillI come.
dum
venirent, I was waitingtilltheycame.
metuant,
Let them hate
providedtheyfear.
est, Though he sin, he is dear.
peccet, carus
Quamvis
erat, Though he had
peccasset, carus
(6)Ut
was
(7)Obtundis
Obtundebas
I
were
sinned, he
dear.
tanquam
quasi
deaf.
surdus
surdus
sim, You
ess
em,
stun
me
as
You stunned
ifI was
me
as
deaf.
though
144
NOTES
23. Conditional
SYNTAX.
ON
Sentences
notice.
requirespecial
(si,if; nisi,unless)contains
Protasis or
A Conditional Sentence
a
Conditional Clause,and an Apodosis(Statement
:
or Principal
Sentence)
like
shall
(Protasis),
as, Ifyou
you
go (Apodosis).
Its main forms in Latin
I. Si peccas doles,
If you
are
these
sin you
:
and
Indicative,
of proba-
\ Here
both Verbs
(
is made
suggestion
are
grieve.
dolebis,
(Sumptio
peccabis
bilityor improbability
Ifyou sin you will grieve.) Dati).
ILSipeccesdoleas,
)Here both Verbs are
no
Si
If you
Conjunctive
to
were
u
sm
now,
you
Present, and there
y
rf
.
.."
-r"
*""%%""*)
of
is
suggestion
a
(Su-nptioDandi).
probability
III. Si peccares, doleres.
Had
you been sinning,
have been
would
grieving.
Here both Verbs are
either Imperfector
doluisses,
If you had sinned,you would
Si peccasses,
and
which
doleres,
Si peccasses,
occurred
If you had sinned,you would,
have been grieving.
In
ObliqueOration
these Sentences
5
III. Aiebam
I
is
gested,
sug-
actually
(SumptioFicti).
:
esse.
si peccasses, doliturum
"
XII.
by
not
esse.
te, si peccares, doliturum
"
ADJECTIVAL
related to the
are
has
sipecces,^0}?"doliturum
LILAiote,
A. These
introduced
become
Pluperfect
;
imaginarycase
an
grieved.
have
Conjunctive,
the Relative
or
fuisse.
CLAUSES.
one
and
Adjectives,
like
PrincipalSentence
of its Particles.
See Rule,
" 150.
.Z".Quominus,
notice.
quin,require
special
follows
Verbs and Phrases
ut
eo
expressing
(
minus)
follows
Quin
impediment. (2)
Negative expressionsand
( qui non)
tive
Interrogations.
(3) Quin ( quod non) follows Negativeand Interrogaof doubt,prevention,
"c.
Examples;
expressions
prohibition,
(1) Nihil obstat quominus earn, Nothingstopsme from going.
the cause
Per me
stetit quominus ires,I was
of your not going.
(1) Quominus
=
=
=
"
(2)Quis
est
quinfloat?
Who
is there but weeps ?
but wept.
There was none
quin fleret,
(3)Nihil dubito quin gaudeant,I have no doubt theyrejoice.
Nihil dubitabam
quin gauderent,2 had no doubt theyrejoiced
is there why they
est quin gaudeant? What
Quid causae
reason
Nemo
fuit
shall not
rejoice!
XIII.
A.
Examples of
Quaeram
Quaerebam
Quaesivi
CONSECUTION
Consecution
IHquid
I
ajras,
OF
(seethose
TENSES.
in XI., XII
quid egeris,quid
).
acturus
sis.
\
quid acturus
[quid
ageres, quidegisses,
QuaesiveramJ
esses.
ADDITAMENTA
If the Perfect
B.
should
Primary
generallyconstructs
it,even
XIV.
.
Negatives:
Adverbs
and
with
a
few Verbs
b. Ne
:
.
.
prohibits. Haud
ne
is chiefly
used with Adjectives
dubia ; haud temere, "c.
And
scio,haud dubito.
has
the
emphaticword
quidem, not
tu
haud
res
as,
as, haud
:
even
words
or
Either
you.
praetereundumest
as, Non
Negative:
another
:
quidem
.
as, Ne
MEMORABILIA.
ADDITAMENTA
"
Non, haud, deny:
a.
it is strictly
a
(/ have inquired},
have Primary Consecution ; but Cicero
in that sense, with Historic Consecution.
is Present-Past
Tense, and
A.
145
MEMORABILIA.
between
ticles
the Par-
the Verb
precedeswith
quidem, even that
id
ne
Cic. ; or it follows without one:
ad
should not be passed over.
as, Ne
Catonem
Cic.
Nequidem provocabo,I will not appealeven to Cato.
shows that something is denied a fortiori,
when
dum, with Subjunctive,
denied
before.
See
with
what
was
" 147.
compared
"
"
The
c.
words
Pronominal
used with
a
quisquam, ullus,unquam,
Particle
Dubitative
Negativeor
:
"c., are
usquam,
haud, si,num, "c.,
as, non,
The
Negative is contained in nemo
quisquam,ullus,"c.
(ne-homo),
nullus (ne ullus),
"c.
nequiquam, nequaquam,
nusquam,
nunquam,
Clauses are
used ut non,
d. In Negative Consecutive
ut nemo,
ut
in
but
Final
Clauses
ut
ut
ut
"c.;
nullus, nunquam,
ne,
ne,
nusquam,
ne
quis,ut ne quis,ne quando,ut ne quando, ne quo, ut ne quo, "c.
junctive.
take a Sube. Non
non
quod (generally),
quin (always),
quo, non
/.
For
write
et nemo,
for et nullus,neque
non,
quisquam;
nee
nihil,
neque
for et
ullus ; for et nunquam,
neque
unquam,
quicquam;
"c. ; for aio
nego.
emphasis
g. Neque (nee)is used for et non, except when the negative
falls on a singleword : as, Quaestio difficilisest et non
profutura.
h. Non
nihil
nihil,something;
times ; nunquam
23.
non,
Singleand
a.
Double
everything;non
non,
always,"c. ;
potui
non
some-
nunquam,
ire,I could not but go.
non
Questions.
No ;
Yes ; num,
the answer
Nonne
expects the answer
is indifferent ; an often implies
expectinga tive
surprise,
nega-
Single:
-ne
answer.
b. Double.
The
forms
:
are
utrum
an
num
an
-ne
an
"
A
negationin the second
a.
Qualis
tu
?
can
you
tristem
me
is
annon
tell?
anne
or
necne.
What
sort
of thingis your
Cic.
"
putas?
esse
(or).
an,
potesne dicere?
mens?
est tua
mind
An
member
(or}
(or)
(or)
Do
you
think I
am
downcastt
"
PLAUT.
Num
Canis
b. Haec
deny ? Cic.
dog like a wolf? Cic.
egentissigna sunt? Are these the
nonne
audes ? Do you venture to
similis lupo est ? Is not a
utrum
abundantis
negare
tokens
of
one
who
an
abounds
or
H
lacks ?
"
"
"
Cic.
146
NOTES
Num.
duas
habetis
SYNTAX.
patriasan
est
is this your
or
countries,
two
ON
illapatriacommunis?Have
country?
Romamne
venio an hie maneo
an
Arpinum fugio?
Rome, or stay here,or fleeto Arpinum ? Cic.
common
"
you
Cic.
J90 /
to
come
"
justum sit necne
Quaeram
true
C.
poem
/ will
poema,
enquirewhether
it be
a
HOB.
"
:
Prepositions
T
a.
follows its Case, which
us
en
far
as
not.
or
Mount
as
is often
Taurus', nutricum
tenus,
a
as
Genitive
far
as
:
as, Tauro
tenus,
the breasts.
b. Ante, circa,circum, circiter,
citra,extra, infra,intra,juxta,pone,
post,
used
supra,
Adverbs.
idiomatic
Among
c.
Ad
ad tempus,
:
ultra, clam,
prope,
as
to
unum,
a
; ad
for
; ad
man
Phrases
formed
time ; ad
a
tibiam
palam,
coram,
to
noctem, till late
sing to
be
(1)
:
ad
the flute;ad hoc, furthermore
at the last ; ad summum,
extremum,
subter, may
observe
by Prepositions,
multam
canere,
super,
in
at
night;
fine; ad verbum,
word
to a nicety
for
; ad unguem,
; ad amussim,
accurately
; ad decem
sla ves for rowing; adjudices,
ten years hence ; servi ad remum,
annos,
beforethe judges; insignisad laudem, eminent in renown
; nihil ad te,
word
nothingcomparedwith you. (2) Per: per noctem, during the night;
by letter;per jocum, in jest;per deos te oro, I pray you by
per litteras,
I give leave ; res
the gods; per me
licet,
expetenda,a thingin
per se
ab
in
d
esirable.
the
: a fronte,
a
(3) A,
itself
tergo,in the rear;
van;
a
millibus
the sea;
this is on
I
sum,
footman;
de
of
marmore,
; de
a
Platonic
rege, next
doetrina
a
off;prope
miles
two
proximus a
sick at heart ;
a
night;
purpose
side ;
my
am
pedibus,
the
duobus,
passuum
philosophusa Platone, a
a
mari, he
is
philosopher
; hoc a me
to the king; ab animo
near
facit,
aeger
well informed ; servus
instructus,
(4) De: de nocte,
amanuensis.
an
manu,
abest
a
in
die, in the daytime ; de
from my own purse ; de
meo,
accordingto custom ; de industria,on
de causis,for good reasons
afresh; justis
; de Parthis
marble
novo,
; de
more,
the Parthians,
(5) E, ex: diem
day afterday; ex pedibus laborat,he has the gout in his feet; e
lica,/0rthe good of the state; heres ex asse, universal heir ; ex
he triumphed over
triumphavit,
viso,by surprise
; ex tempore, offhand; e vestigio,
suddenly; e
Marseilles.
beatus es,
Massiliae,opposite
(6) Prae:
prae me
happy
compared with me;
Pro:
pro
prae
dolor
foribus, beforethe door;
tacet, he is silent from
pro
a fact ;
certo,./br
die,
repubimproregione
you
are
grief.(7)
pro
viribus,
humanitate, such is your courtesy;
in
to my
c
ircumstances;
existing
pro eo ac potui,according
pro re nata,
binis
assibus
in
frumentum
modium, corn at two
ability.(8) In: a.
in lucem, to slqeptill daylight
ad
me
asses
a peck ; dormire
; vocat
he
invites
in
dine
to
the
next
in
hortos
diem,
me
proximum
cenam
day
according to
in
his
one's powers
e
ex
pro
;
; in
pleasure-grounds
hunc
tua
modum
locutus est, he
spoke in
this
wise ; in praesens, for the time being; in horas, from hour to hour ;
in aeternum,
for ever ; in universum, generally; in vicem, in turns.
meo
; is in aere
/8.in incerto, in doubt ; in praesenti,at this moment
hie
modo
in
in
alieno
sed
suis
non
aere
in
debt;
is
nullo,
he
my
est,
numis
multis
money
of
in tua
manu
his
est, this man
own
; films
is not
in
manu
only out of debt,but has much ready
patris,a son in his father*spower ;
hoc est, this is in your power.
ADDITAMENTA
Participles:
D.
are
important elements
Participles
But the Latin language is less
The
a.
147
MEMORABILIA.
in Latin, as
rich in
in Greek,
than
Participles
struction.
con-
the
Greek.
is the
Participle
b. A
act
;
of
acted
on.
to which
:
on
and
has
of
one
fullyconjugatedhas Participles
(including
in reos)representing
all these categories
but
Latin
;
and Passive Conjugationhave the first,
third,fifth,
Verbal
the
Verbs
that acts, or has acted,or will
been acted on, or will be
that is meet
for being acted
one
or
add,
must
we
of
on,
regularlyand
Verb
Greek
A
Attribute
being acted
is
that
one
with Active
dive)
(thePresent Act.,Future Act., Perfect Pass.,and Gerunbut want
the second,fourth,and sixth, that is,the
Participles,
Perfect Active, Present Pass.,and Future
Pass. Participles.
For the
be regarded as Future, though it may
Gerundive
must
not
in some
seventh
the notion of future time.
placescontain
c.
Verbs
Deponent
Intransitive
have
three
: Present
Participles
and
Future, both of which are Active in form and sense, and Perfect,which
is Passive in form, but Active in sense:
as, labor, labens, lapsurus,
lapsus. To these,Transitive Deponentsadd the Gerundive in dus : as,
patior,patiens,passurus,
d. The
of
want
in Latin
by
Ablative
Absolute
tulerim,
Sicinium
feram
king,shall
I endure
Sicinius
Active Verbs, is supplied
Eelative or Particle,
ParticipleAct., in
the Finite Verb
an
by
or
non
Perfect
a
either
patieudus.
passus,
Passive:
qui
as, Tarquinium regem
Having refused to endure Tarquinas
?
1
Active, with
Liv.
interemisset
Alexander,quum
A
lexander
slain
abstinuit,
Clitus,hardly
-, having
refrainedfrom suicide. Cic.
Pompeius, captis Hierosolymis,
victor ex
illo fano nihil attigit,
Pompeius, having taken Jerusalem, in
Clitum, vix
a
se
"
manus
"
the very
Cic.
hour
meddled
of victory,
with
to
nothingbelonging
that
temple.
"
e.
The
Passive
want
Verb
of
a
Present
with
discunt
Passive
Participle
Relative
Particle:
or
docentur,
by being taught learn. Rarely the
Passive sense
victoria
: as, Sperata
/.
Latin
A
Future
the
ol TrcuSes
Passive
Participle
Finite Verb
veniet quae
shall be never
g. The
Verbs
are
Greek
=
non
with
hopedfor.
the Finite
quum
"
"
dum
Participletakes
(Lrv.)
=
is not
often used
stands
even
for it :
hora, Welcome
Present
a
victoria quae
speratur.
in Greek.
In
Grata
as,
superwill arrive the hour thai
HOB.
"
Perfect
suppliedby
Children
8:5cunc"Vez/cH
/jLaMvovcn,
Perf.
Relative
sperabitur
as,
is
Pueri, qui
of
Participles
Deponent
some
and
Semi-Deponent
occasionallyfound in a Present Active sense:
as, ausus,
fisus,diffisus,
gavisus,ratus, solitus,
usus, veritus : as, Caesar,veritus
noctu
hostes profugerent,duas legionesin armis
ne
excubare
jubet,
Cfssar,fearingthe enemy
to
keepwatch
h.
under
arms.
would
"
are
Many Participles
C^ES.
used
escape
See
as
in
"
mere
the
night,ordered
two
legions
62 Note.
Adjectives:as, neglegens,
"c.
Many appear as
patiens,sapiens,doctus,venerandus, tremendus,
148
NOTES
Substantives.
Such
are,
ON
SYNTAX.
adolescens, sponsus;
amans,
cooptum, dictum, dictum, praeceptum, "c.
The
nupta, sponsa,
man.
nouns,
men,
thing,
to be understood
with Participles
are
"S:e.,
: as, Jacet
frequently
corpus
dormientis
ut mortui, The body of a sleeping
oftenlies as of
person
locuturi
Cic. Grande
dead.
nebulas HeHcone
one
legunto,They that
"
would
utter
sublime
a
strain
from
cull mists
must
Helicon.
PERS.
"
Male
dilabuntur, HI gotten,ill go. Cic. Beatos duco, qui aut
part
scribunt loquenda, I deem them happy,who
faciunt scribenda,
aut
either do things
fitto be written or write thingsJitto be spoken."PLIX.
male
a
"
t
" 142.
Also
E. Active
and
See
When
a.
Agent
Construction
Transitive
:
:
Egregieconsul rem
Egregieab consule
Active
an
Intransitive
Construction,that Construction
of the
Agent
ACT.
Hostes
PASS.
Ab
If the Active
it,the Passive
enemy
the
nos
Medicinae
a
They
Mihi
isti nocere
Mihi
ab
They
cannot
Litibus et
PASS.
Litibus et
"
(b) Hence
changed into Passive
Impersonal; the Subjectbecoming
with
as,
possunt.
non
hurt
potest.
non
me.
Cic.
"
est.
vos
jurgiissupersedere
aequum
est.
a vobis aequum
jurgiis
supersederi
of the
to abandon
Agent,like
a
"
strifeand
Pronoun
Impersonal Construction;
ancient forest. VEBG.
an
wrangling.
"
is
Subject,
LIT.
often understood
Itur in
as,
Nunc
est
antiquam silvam,
bibendum, Now we
HOR.
it appears
(c) Quasi-Passive
as, Testis ab
that Passive
Verbs
Verbs
Summary
reo
rather be stript
by
of
of the
the
Malo
a
a
cive
Verbs
sive;
Pasbeaten with
ab hoste
spoliari
quam
than be sold by a foe. QUINT.
citizen,
ImpersonalConstruction
of Person
as
Object.
"
:
Case-construction.
(i) Accusative
Cases
same
(" 72) have the construction of
vapulavit,The witness was
"
venire,/ would
govern
fustibus
cudgelsby the defendant. QUINT.
a.
Case
Cic.
"
Active Verbs, except only the Accusative
F.
:
Ablative
icdigemus.
indigetur.
istis noceri
ACT.
go
drink.
is
Genitive,Dative, or
a
It is fairfor you
must
Sentence
pugnabant.
pugnabatur.
foughtsteadily. CAKS.
need medicine.
ACT.
the
"
nobis
PASS.
into
LIT.
fair excellently.
retains that Case
PASS.
Ablative
a
constanter
had
Verb
Construction
We
is
est.
gesta
"
Medicinae
in
Ablative
constanter
ACT.
(") The
Subjectbecomes
struction,
Con-
as,
.
hostibus
The
c.
into Passive
gessit.
res
The consul conducted
Ablative
changed
the
as,
ACT.
PASS.
b. When
is
Sentence
and
Subject,
Objectbecomes
the
of the
Passive
Active
an
d.
" 107
with Genitive
of
taedet,miseret.
Piget,pudet,paenitet,
Thing:
" 134.
150
But
NOTES
SYNTAX.
ON
if town, small island,or domus, humus, militia,
bellum,rus
SingularCase in ae, i or e ; Plural Case in is
:
ibus,
militiae, Corinthi,
domi, humi, belli,ruri,Tibure,Athenis, Gadibus, "c.
without
(2)Place
:
with
Accusative
But
whence
in.
or
:
Ablative
c.
ad
if town, small island,domus, rus, "c. :
Accusative without Prepositionusually.
(3) Place
But
Preposition:as, Romae,
a
whither
or
ab
with
ex,
or
if town, small island,domus, rus, "c. :
Ablative without Prepositionusually.
:
(1)Space intervening
Accusative
; as, Aberam
ab
day1s journeyfrom
one
Or Ablative
mi
Hi
of
bus
diei,I
was
Cic.
"
as,
"
:
Mi
as,
afterdiningwe
(3) Space of
unius
ab
passuum
Accusative;
Amanus.
r
Aesculapiitemplum quinque
Epidaurodistat,the templeof Aesfrom Epidaurus. Liv.
Measure;
culapiusis fivemiles
(2) Space traversed
it e
Amano*
Hi
creep
a
on
turn
pransi tria
three miles.
repimus,then
HOR.
"
measurement:
Ablative, "118; or
denum
pedum
Quality;as,
COLUM.
make barn-floors
ten feetwide.
must
Accusative, "102;
or
Areas
Genitive
latas
of
facito,you
"
III.
METRE
A.
ON
PEOSODY.
:
"
(a) DactylicHexameter
This
The
NOTES
Metre
has six feet.
fifth must
be' a
or
The
Senarius.
first four may
be
Dactylsor Spondees.
The
a Spondee).
Dactyl(rarely
sixth
a
Spondee.
Scheme.
123456
Examples.
1.
2.
Mu|sae y pau|loma|jora ca|nemus.
Siceli|des
Non
my|ricae.
6m|nes ar|bustan ju|vanthiimi|lesque
.
A
break
syllableof
in the
the
strong Caesura.
Dactyl,as
words, called Caesura,is usuallymade after the first
after -sae, in (1). This
is called a
third foot, as
If the break
after -ta in
(2),it
occurs
is called
after
a
the
weak
second
Caesura.
syllableof
a
Occasionally,
NOTES
the chief Caesura
the
:
| sidera |tollit.
Epic poets,Virgil,Lucan, "c., consists
of
Measure
Heroic
(b) DactylicPentameter
kept
consists of
distinct.
n
ad
of
only.
Hexameters
Dactylic
This Verse
the fourth foot,as in
syllableof
Clamo|ressimul | horren |dos
The
151
PROSODY.
after the first
occurs
followingverse
ON
The
:
parts,called Penthemimers,
two
first Penthemimer
contains
second
Spondees) and a long syllable. The
(bothDactyls)and a longsyllable.
feet
two
contains
which
are
(Dactylsor
also
two
feet
Scheme.
Example.
pater | et ma|ter IItu
Tu
is not used
This Verse
Distich
:
eris
Tempora
B.
Iambic
This Metre
a
an
in the Elegiac
Hexameter
amicos,
si fuerint nubila,solus eris.
or
has six feet.
Senarius
Each
:
be
may
an
Iambus
:
as,
|riiit.
| et ip|saE6|ma vi|ribus
Spondee
may
stand
in the first,
third, and
(rarely)a Dactyl or Anapaest (^
sometimes
numerabis
multos
felix,
Trimeter
Sills
But
follows
alone,but
Elegiacpoets are Ovid, Tibullus,and Propertius.
chief
(a)
|frater e|ras.
as,
Donee
The
mihi
takes the
placeof
an
^
-)
in the first.
A
Iambus, except in the
fifth foot; and
Tribrach (w
**")
last feet.
two
Scheme.
456
123
_
w
_
Examples.
|ripis |aquae.
Labfm|tur al|tis
n In|terim
peris.
|ta vi|
Camdi|a brevi|biis
n im|plica
e
x
amen
ver]nas n dl|tis |
Positos|que
| domus.
The usual Caesura is after the first syllable
of the third foot.
of the fourth foot; as,
less usual, is after the first syllable
Ibe|ricis
|perus]ten fu|nibus|latus.
The
Trimeter
may
form
a
distinct
measure.
Another,
152
NOTES
Iambic
(b)
This
which
ON
PROSODY.
Dimeter.
Verse
leaves
it is used
the third and
out
form
to
Iambic
an
fourth
Distich
Trimeter,with
feet of the
; as,
Pater|na ru|ra bo|bus ex|ercet| siiis,
6m|ni fe|nore.
S61u|tiis
this and
also the
Horace
uses
C. The
Sapphic Stanza
This
Stanza
contains
singleTrimeter
in his
Epodes.
:
four
lines.
repeated(SapphicusMinor).
The
The
three
fourth
first
are
the
is called Versus
same
Verse
Adonius.
Scheme.
Example.
1.
Oti|um di | vos
pa|tenti
| nubes
|Aegae|6
|
Condi|ditlu|nam neque | certa | fulgent
Sid era
| nautis.
rogat | in
2. Prensus
3.
4.
D.
This
The
Alcaic
Stanza
simiil
Stanza
contains
atra
:
four lines
:
of which
the two
first are
similar.
Scheme.
4.
-
Example.
| Postiimo
|fuga|ces| Postume
Labun|tiiran|m | nee pie|tasmoram
BugTs | et m|stanti|senec|tae
Aiferet
| Indomi | taeque | morti.
Eheu
Models
of the
are
found
are
given in
in
Sapphic
the Odes
of
the Grammar.
and
Alcaic
Horace.
Stanzas, with
Kules
for their
other
Lyric Metres,
elegant construction
''153
GRAMMATiCUM.
GLOSSARIUM
[N.E., Notes on Etymology. N. S.,Notes
Prosody. An Asterisk marks the new
N. P., Notes on
adoptedin this Book.]
Syntax.
on
terms
A.
(auferre,to take away], the Ablative Case, so called from
See Case.
one
uses
(Departure). " 110-125.
cause
the
Ablative Absolute, beto
Absolutus Ablativus (absolvere, release}
it were, from government.
it stands released,
as
" 125.
the acbecause
Accusative
Accusativus
to
t
he
cused
Case,
(accusare, accuse},
95.
is the Objectof prosecution.Gr. cuTiarud)
irruxns.
"
Activa
Vox (agere,to do),the Active Voice of Verbs, expresses 'doing/
Adjectivum, Adjective (quod adjidtur Substantivo).Gr. iviQerov,
epithet."" 32, 87, 89.
AdjectivalClauses. N. S. xn.
Ablativus
of its
,
Adverbial
Clauses.
N. S.
xi.
estf Gr.
Adverbium, Adverb, 'quia ad Verbum
the Letters
Alphabet,
of
a
letters in Greek, " 1.
*Annexive
Relation, that
to take
brlpprtpa.
""9,37,82.
(A,B),the two first
language,from Alpha,Beta
by
which
one
the
word
is annexed
to
another,
construction.
so as
same
"
Anomala, IrregularWords, Gr. a*"cfyta\a
even). "" 25, 78.
(a,not ; fyxaXos,
limited by a
to render back),a PrincipalSentence
Apodosis (airoSiStWi,
N.
Clause called Protasis (wporcfwp,
stretch
to
before). S. xi. .#.
an
Appositum (apponere,to placebeside),
Apposite,or Substantive placed
beside another in Qualitative relation*
"" 87, 90. See Attributum.
bind
to
the annexing of words
Asyndeton (a, not, "rw5c?j',
together),
without
a
146.
conjunction.
to draw
(attrahere,
to),a Figure of Syntax. " 159 N. S. i. E. 2.
Attributum
to
Attribute ; an Adjectiveassignedto
(attribuere, assign),
qualifya Substantive.
"" 87, 89.
The
Qualitative relation of an Attribute or Apposite to the words
Croesus
Croesus dives;
: as,
they qualify maybe (1) Epithetic
Enthetic
rex.
(2) Attributively
(see Enthesis): as, Croesus,
re
ditissimus, vincitur ; Croesus, rex
Lydorum, vincitur.
gum
Enthetic:
Croesus
dives
interiit ; Croesus
non
Adverbially
(3)
as,
interiit.
Croesus
fuit dives;
rex
non
(4) Complemental : as,
Attractio
Croesus
fit rex.
"
87.
o
154
GLOSSARIUM
GRAMMATICUM.
to fall),
Case. Gr. TrrSxns.
(cadere,
Pronoun
in order
Noun
or
givento a
Casus
stands to
Case is meant
By
to show
in the sentence.
other word
some
A.
the form
the relation in which
Case
a falling.Grammarians
is,literally,
that
it is the
Subjectof
line,as AB,
to lines
Noun
a
takes
sentence, by
a
represented
when
an
right
up-
likened the other forms
from the perpendicular
angles; as, AC, AD,
they called Cases ;
These
"c.
A
and
fattingaway
various
at
which
form
it
(casus,from cado)
AE, AF,
and
their
or
series,the declension,declining,
sloping
the
the
of
word.
Nominative
Afterwards,
or
down,
Subjectcase
Casus Rectus, the Upright
called (with evident impropriety)
was
Case, and the others (except the Vocative)Casus Obliqui,Oblique
Cases ; whereas the Stem (or Crude-form) of the word is more
perly
prothe uprightline,and the several Cases, including
the Nominative
and Vocative,are branches deflecting
from it. So, from the
Stem
Cases
the
(walnut-tree)
nun-
are:
G. nuc-z's,
D. nuc-f,
rmc-em,
B. The Relations which
Ab.
Portuguese)have only one
Case-form
N.V.
( nux), Ace.
nuc-s
=
nuc-c.
fail to express are
suppliedby
in the languages of modern
Prepositions
Europe the use of
; and
and Declension is comparatively
Thus
rare.
prevails,
Prepositions
derived
from
the languages
Latin (Italian,
French, Spanish,and
two
English,
;
of limited use,
Cases
Latin
in each
Number
for Nouns
;
four ; but the Possessive Case in English is
German
is freely
Declension
developedonlyin
German,
and
Of
the Articles.
Cases
and
the ancient
Aryan tongues,
two
the
more,
Sanskrit
Instrumental
and
had
the
the six
Locative.
in use, discarding the Ablative, the
only five cases
which
between
the Genitive and the Dative ;
of
it
divides
functions
and the Locative. Latin rebut it retains traces of the Instrumental
tains
had
Greek
many
fragments of
in this Grammar;
the
Locative
Case,
as
shown
here
and
the Pronominal
forms, mihi, tibi,
with the Cases in -bus,appear
sibi,nobis,vobis,ubi, ibi,together
Instrumental
to springout of the primitive
Case, though in meaning
there
they have
C. The
while
lost all connection
with it.
primaryforce of the Cases
debated
is a much
Grammarians
have been
question. Modern
t
o
generally explainit by relations
undecided
place and
extent
;
still
inclined
and
there
speciousnessin the
theory which, takingthe Nominative
the pointwhich mothe moving agent, regardsthe Ablative
as
tion
leaves, the Accusative as that to which it extends,and the
is much
as
of
and
But
this theory fails to account
for
be
it
Genitive
and
the Sanskrit and Latin
against may
urged that
;
in Greek
is taken by the
it assignsto the Ablative a place which
Genitive,and also that the Latin Ablative includes uses
hardly
Dative
as
the
pointof
rest.
is here stated to be its distinctive use.
consistent with that which
has been followed,but without preclassical usage
In this book
judice
(itis hoped) to
Causalis Clausula,a Causal
quod, quia,quum,
"c.
the future
Clause ;
"
152.
studyof philosophical
grammar.
Adverbial
N. S. xr.
an
Clause
introduced
by
155
OTAMMATICUM.
GLOSSARIUM
the last letter
an
impressedmark), usuallymeans
(xaPaKfJ"hp"
Character
of the Stem
Circumstantive
inflected word.
"11.
in
which
the
relation
Relation,
to the Verb
of
an
when
it modifies
it
Word
a
Phrase
or
adverbially. Such
their Cases, the Ablative
Prepositionswith
the Accusative Case often.
This term
to inclose),
a Clause.
Clausula (claudere,
Subordinate Sentence. Co-ordinate Sentences
stands
is that of Adverbs,
Case
always,
is used to express any
also called Clauses,
are
See Enthesis.
but are not discussed in elementaryGrammar.
Collective Nouns
Nouns
to gathertogether),
Collectiva (colligere,
or
N. S. i. E. 3.
Multitude.
Comparativa Clausula, a ComparativeClause : an Adverbial Clause
si,"c.
152.
N. S.
of
troduced
in-
"
by quasi,tanquam,
the Complement, that which
to complete),
Complementum (complere,
completesthe construction of a Simple Sentence, when its Verb is
See Predicate.
Copulative.""87,93. N.S. n.
*Compositum Subjectum,a CompositeSubject. " 92. N. S. I. F.
verbial
Concessiva Clausula (concedere,
to grant),a Concessive
Clause, an Ad152.
S.
Clause introduced by etsi,
"c.
N.
A.
xi.
"
quamvis,
of
Protasis
tional
CondiConditionalis Clausula (conditio,
the
a
a
condition),
Sentence.
"152. N.S. xi. B.
Agreement. "" 88-92.
Congruentia(congruere,to agree),
to
the Flexion of Verbs. "" 11, 48.
Conjugatio(conjugare, yoke together),
to unite).
Conjunctio(conjungQTe,
"" 85, 152.
Conjunction.Gr. ffvvfieafjios.
Mood
the
of
Mood
ment,
stateConjunctivasModus, Conjunctive
contingent
;
used purely or subjurictively.
N.
S.
148.
ix.
65,
"" 42,
of Tenses.
Consecutio
to ensue), Consecution
Temporum (consequi,
"155. N.S. xm.
ut
xi.
*
Consecutiva
Clause ; an Adverbial
Consecutive
Clause denoting
that.
introduced
N.S.
152.
A.
xi.
"
by ut, so
consequence,
Consonantes
Litterae (consonare,
to sound
with),Consonants.
" 3.
Clausula,
a
SCHEME
Contractw
one
to
(contrahere,
long one
; as,
OF
draw
THE
CONSONANTS.
the
together),
fide.
fidei,
fusion of two
vowels
into
156
GLOSSAIUUM
GRAMMATICUM.
to couple),
CopulativeVerbs.
CopulativaVerba (copulare,
Besides Sum, theycomprisethe Verbs
audio, am called
forem, might be
" 87.
N. S.
n.
"
fio,become
appear
appareo,
existo,stand forth
evado,turn
with
others:
also,many
word
thought,or
; such
they
born
Passives
idea
making, by deed,
"
believed
declarer,am
renuncior,am proclaimed
nominor, nuncupor, am named
salutor,am saluted
held
counted
am
censeor,
acknowledged
agnoscor,
am
dicor,am
said
related
am
narror,
thought
deemed
ducor, am
habeor, am
declared
vocor,
appellor,
of
existimor,
putor, am
out
elected
feror, perhibeor,trader, am
ported
re-
called
am
entitled
am
invenior,
found
reperior,
esteemed
probor,
am
argtior,
and Particles which
Correlativa,Pronouns
several classes.
discovered
am
deprehendor,
reckoned
am
are
called Factitive
class of Verbs
a
the
credor,am
designer,am marked
legor,am chosen
inscribor,am
aestimor,am
of
contain
created
numeror,
am
Passives
made
am
efficior,
am
eligor,
nascor,
videor,seem
because
(facere),
am
remain
out
some
creor,
maneo,
"
38.
N. E.
proved.
mutuallycorrespondin
their
in.
D.
Dativus
Casus
Case.
(dare,to give;
""
104-109.
the Dative
Gr. SOTIK))irruxris),
N. S.
to slope
down),the
(declinare,
Declinatio
(Keceptive)
rv.
Flexion
of Nouns.
"
12.
See
Case.
Words
forms.
to fail),
Defectiva(deficere,
wanting some
"" 25, 74.
D.
Deminutiva
2.
N.
E. i.
(deminuere,to lessen}.
Depomns Verbum, a Deponent Verb, so called because it lays aside
Active form, having Active sense.
" 40.
(deporiit)
E.
to leave out),
a Figure of Syntax. " 158.
(t\\clveiv,
Ellipsis
which
throw back
to lean on),words
Enelitica, (cyK\lvciv,
the word
on
before
them
:
as, -que,
-ve,
N. S. i. E.I.
their accent
-ne.
of words, sometimes
to place in),a group
one
word,
(eVrifleWi,
Adverbial
An
Clause.
abbreviated
or
an
Adjectival
forming
*Enthesis
Ablative
Adverbial
Enthesis
of
Time, Cause,
Condition.
or
Enunliatio
and
to state],a proposition
or
(enunciare,
principalof
Enuntiatio
and
chief
"
is usuallyan
Absolute
94.
the three forms
of
a
Enunciation
Oblique
Obliqua,
of the three
principal
form
N.S.
is the
x.
kinds
Infinitive
A.(}).
;
the first
N. S.
A.
x.
Simple
the
first
(indirectstatement),
of
Clause
statement
Sentence.
Substantival
Clauses.
Its
(Accusative-and-Infinitive)
158
GRAMMATICUM.
GLOSSARIUM
Infinitive Clause
the
Infinitiva,
Interrogatio
N. S.
used
as
Direct
As
Obliqua,ObliqueInterrogation.
Interrogatio
one
so
Oblique or
of
which
forms
the three
is
is
Interrogation
Indirect
take
Accusative
an
Object.
N. S.
Interrogation
may
assume,
of the three
one
Clauses.
" 149. N. S. x. A.
Intransitive
Verbs ; Verbs
Verba,
of the
Sentence
Simple
a
Substantival
Intransitiva
indignantquestion.
an
D.
x.
kinds
of
(3).
which
do
D.
in.
not
regularly
See Transitiva.
K
month ;
Kalendarium, the Calendar or plan of the days of the Eoman
the
called from Kalendae,
Calends, or firstday in it. N. E. TV. C.
so
L.
Locative
place),
(locus,
Locativus
which
fragments remain
Case ; a
and
existingin Sanskrit,of
case
Latin.
in Greek
"
121.
N.S.
6r. 2.
v.
M.
Mobilia
Substantiva
moveable).
(mobilis,
Feminine
correspondingto
(manner), Mood ; that
Modus
in which
manner
its action
Masculine
a
or
form.
of
Accident
which
Substantives
have
N. E. i. D. 1.
which
shows
the
Verb
a
sfeate is conceived
of.
"
a
42.
A.
to deny),Negatives. " 82. N. S._xrv.
NegativaeParticulae (negare,
Nomina
(Gr.ovo^a, a name), Nouns comprise Substantives,Adjectives,
and
are
; but
Pronouns
"
meant.
Nominativus
the term
is often used when
(nominare,to
Substantive, or what
Adjective,Pronoun, Verb-noun
S.
i.
ovo^aarLK^wr""ns).""87,
Gr.
name.
See Case.
88, 93.
N.
alone
9.
Casus
^Noun-term,
Substantives
a
may
or
stand for a
Substantival
Substantive
Clause.
; as
"
87.
C.
Number.
Numeralia, words representing
N. E.
Nummaria
Res, Roman
money.
N. E.
iv.
iv.
A.
D.
0.
Relation, that
Objective
Transitive
Verb.
of the Accusative
N.
S.
of the Nearer
Object to
a
in.
to cast in the way),Object;
that which is affected by
Objectum(objicere,
action : if directly
affected it is called Nearer
Object(Accusative),
if indirectly,
Remoter
Object(Dative). N. S. in. iv.
ObliquaOratio(
ObliqueDiscourse),
any statement, command, or question
expressed in
Substantival
indirect
Clauses
construction.
This
term
includes the three
and Interrogation,
Oblique Enunciation, Petition,
used with specialreference to the construction
Accusative-and-Infinitive
which
is
(Infinitive
Clause),
though
of
the chief form
:
sometimes
of
ObliqueEnunciation
or
Narration.
N.S.
x.
A. B.
GLOSSARIUM
159
GRAMMATICUM.
the Accusative
Subjectof an Infinitive. " 94.
ObliqueSubject,
Accusative
the
Complement of an Oblique CopuObliqueComplement,
lative
Clause.
"
N. S.
94.
A., in. D.
n.
P.
to take
Participiicm
(partemcapere,
Verb-form
Adjectival
"" 45, 142. N.S.
of Adiective and Verb.
shares the functions
which
share),an
a
D.
xiv.
Paries
Parts
Orationis,
Particulce,
Particles,or
undeclined
of
Words.
Speech,or
Parts of
small
"
9.
Speech; a
the four
givento
name
only used
in
compound words ; as, ambi-, re-, se-, in-,dis-. " 82, "c.
Partitiva Vocabula (partiri,
to divide}.N. S. vi. B.
Passiva Vox (pati,
to suffer},
the Passive Voice,or form used in Verbs
to
show
also
which
includingsome
that
somethingis acted upon, and so
to Transitive Verbs
only ; but many
proper
it
Parts, and
in
Impersonal construction.
Beflexive ; as, vertor, /
N. S. xrv. E.
see
descent
from
or
This Voice
Intransitive Verbs
Passive
For
Verb
Passive
is
use
is often
Construction
title
name), Patronymic,a
ovo^a,
father
a
suffers?
'
A
76.
myself.
turn
father;
Patronymicum (irarrip,
"
are
pressing
ex-
ancestor.
to complete)Tempus, the Perfect. Tense, which
in
Perfectum (perficere,
Latin has a double use.
" 48. N. S. xin.
Perfect-stem."" 46, 48.
to speaJc
PeriphrasticConjugation
(TrepKppdfciv,
circuitously).
" 64.
Petitio Obliqua. As Petition (command or entreaty)is the second of
the three forms of Simple Sentences, so Oblique Petition is the
second of the three kinds
Phrasis ("/"pa"m),
Phrase ; a
a
of Substantival
or
Enthesis
an
a
(situs),
x.
A.
(2).
of words, or a single
word
notion,but not forming a Clause
; as, multae
term
in
artis,ruri,Prepositionwith Case, etc.
Prosody to express that a vowel is short,
long,or doubtful,by standingbefore
Predicate
N. S.
combination
used, containinga
idiomatically
Position
Clauses.
other letters.
to declare),
that member
(praedicare,
of
"
162.
Sentence, by which
a
somethingis declared of the Subject. Writers on Logic resolve
propositioninto Subject,Copula, and Predicate. But in
every
this would
Grammar
authors
write.
exactlycorrespondsto
such
any
with
Verb
links
it is not
only mislead, for
Neither
to
nor
sum,
the
any
other
logicalCopula ;
the
logicalPredicate.
Subject,in
For
these
nor
every
in such form
that
Copulative Verb,
is the word, which
instance identical
(while Madvig and
followed in allowing the term
most
dicate
Preare
in Grammar
to a Finite Verb) the term
Complement is used
the word or phrase linked by a CopulativeVerb to the
to express
a
nd
so completinga Simple Sentence.
Subject,
(praeponere, to place before),Gr. irp6dc(ris.""9, 83,
Praepositio
a
other
the
Grammarians
N. S.
C.
xiv.
Relation
the
Relation,
103, 122.
Predicative
Simple
reasons
between
existing
Subjectand
Verb
of
Sentence.
Present-Stem.
"" 11,46.
from the True Stem.
The
The
Present-Stem
chief variations
of
are
many
these
Verbs
:
differs
160
GLOSSA1UUM
1.
N
is inserted
"c.
fra-rc-go,
GRAMMATICUM.
before
the
Before
a
Consonant-character:
labial this
n
becomes
ru-m-po.
2. N is suffixed
(b) to
(a) to a Vowel-character :
Liquid-character:
as, tem-n-o,
a
as,
m
as,
:
as,
fi-w-clo,
la-m-bo,
si-w-o,li-w-o ;
cer-w-o,
sper-w-o,
So po-w-o for pos-w-o.
So is suffixed (a) to a Vowel-character
stcr-n-o.
3.
4.
: as, pa-S"-o, ira-sc-or,
"c.
Consonant-character
with i : as,
a
to
(b)
;
cre-sc-o,
ulc-isc-or. So di-sc-o for dic-sc-o ; na-rc-c-isc-or for nac-or.
tol-"-o.
X is doubled : as, pel-^-o,
5.
T is suffixed to Guttural-character:
6.
A
Guttural
Stem
7. The
for sto.
*Prolative Relation
as,
nec-^-o.
flec-tf-o,
pec-^-o,
is cast out : as, stru-o for stru-c-o,vivo for vi-^-uo.
is re-duplicated
si-sto
:
as, ffi-g-nofor gen-o,
that in which Predication
to extend),
is
(proferre,
called
to
Infinitive
(therefore
Prolative),
joined
by an
Verbs, Participles,
and, poetically,
Adjectives." 140. N. S. vu. B.
extended
Attentive
consideration
reallydistinct from
in grammar,
and
that
shows
its Objective
use,
requiringa
this
use
of the
Infinitive is
relation
a
constituting
special
distinctive
appellation.
(Gr. avruwntoi),an inflected Part of Speech,rankingamong
Nouns, and so called because it is a substitute for a name.
" 38.
to Person
or Place.
Propria Nomina, Proper Names ; Nouns peculiar
Relation,that of the Genitive to the word proper to it. " 126.
Proprietive
Pronomen
mar
to singin accord),
Prosody; that division of Gram(irpovdfisiv,
of
of
which treats
Quantity
Syllablesand of Rhythm. The
Notes.
of Metre are usuallycomprisedin it. " 161.
See Apodosis.
Prosodia
Laws
Protasis.
Q,
See Attributum.
Relation.
Qualitative
B.
to receive),
that of the Dative, as Case of
ReceptiveRelation (recipere,
N. S. iv.
word.
the Recipient,
to the governing
" 104-109.
Recta Oratio,Direct Discourse,in a PrincipalSentence,as distinguished
Oratio
from
Obliqua.
N. S.
x.
mutation
to redouble),
Reduplication
(reduplicare,
Reduplicatio
; a peculiar
of words is varied,in Greek, Latin,
of form, by which the sense
is in forming the
other languages. In Latin, its chief use
III.
9.
Perfect-stem of Verbs.
See "" 48, 81 II. (5),
to bend back),Reflexive Pronouns
: se,
Prowmina
Rejlexiva
(reflectere,
'
*
back
because
bend
with its Possessive
called,
they
suus
; so
and
their relation
to
the
the
the words
of Construction
existingbetween
number:
in
Sentence
Predicative;
(2)
(1)
are
eight
always)the Subjectof
Relations
of
The
a
preceding
; generally(but not
N. S. vm.
Sentence.
" 145.
Principal
principalnoun
Relations
Simple
(6)
Qualitative; (3)Objective
; (5)Circumstantive;
; (4)Receptive
(7) Prolative
Proprietive;
Relativum
Pronomen
called because
;
to
(referre,
referredto
an
(8) Annexive.
See
the Relative
refer),
Antecedent
these Words.
Pronoun
Noun-term.
qui, so
"91,
See
GLOSSARIUM
N. S. 1. From
Pronouns, and
Root, the
this root
are
derived the
the Particles connected
part of kindred
common
1G1
GEAMMATICUM.
and
Interrogative
with
words.
Indefinite
them.
"11.
S.
Scansio
the measurement
to climb),
of feet
(scandere,
t
o
Sentence.
a
(sentire, express thought),
Simple or Compound. A Simple Sentence
in
Sententia
are
command
a
(ftnuntiatio),
verse.
" 87. Sentences
is either a statement
a question
or
(petitio),
request
or
Sentence
A
(interrogatio).
a
of two
or
more
Compound
the
the
nate
Simple Sentences,one being
Principal, rest either Co-ordi(not dependent)or Subordinate (dependentin construction)
;
which
Stem,
kinds
two
the
crude
mone-.
A
as, mon-
for
called Clauses.
are
form
of
Word
a
Vowel-stem
consists
N. S.
without
x.
the
A.
Endings
its vowel is called
of
stripped
:
as,
a
CliptStem
mensa-,
to place under),Subject. "" 87, 88, 93,
Subjection(subjicere,
K. S.
qua.
form,
of
94.
i. ii.
*Subobliqua
Clausula,a Suboblique Clause,
'
:
mon-e-.
If Oratio
the
subordinate
to Oratio
Obli-
is contained in the sense
only, not in
Clause is said to be ' Subobliqtiae
potestatis,'
Obliqua
Subordinate
Subobliquepower,
or
'
Suoblique.' N.
virtually
S.
x.
B.
Substantival
Clauses,the three forms of a Simple Sentence (statement,
See Oratio Obliqua.
command, question)in Oblique Construction.
Substantivum
stand
t
o
a Substantive,the first of the
(substare,
beneath),
inflected Parts of Speech. "" 9 I. (1),12, 16, etc.
SuperlativusGradus
to carry above],
the highestDegree of
(superferre,
Adverb.
or
Compared Adjective
"" 35-37.
Stem.
Supine" 47.
Supinum, Supine,an unmeaning term, appliedto the two Cases of the
a
Verb-noun
Avhich end in
and
severally. "" 45, 141 (5)(6).
to take together),
Syllaba(triAAa^ujSaj/ei*',
a Syllable
or more
; that is,one
um
u
letters
pronounced in a breath. " 5.
the shorteningof a word
to cut short),
Syncope(ffvyKoirreiv,
by casting
inner
out
vowel
for pateri.
an
: as, patri
Synesis(onWm, meaning),a Pigure of Syntax. " 160. N. S. i. E. 3.
that division of Grammar
to arrange
Syntaxis(o-wrdo-a-eiy,
together),
.which treats
of the construction
of sentences.
T.
TemporalisClausula, a Temporal Clause
of Time.
by a Conjunction
"
Tempus (time),Tense ; that which marks
"" 43,
:
Adverbial
an
Clause
duced
intro-
N. S. xi.
152.
the
time
of action in Verbs.
48.
to throw
over);
(trajicere,
*Trajectiva
Verbs
which
by
Adjectives,
have
Verbs
a
meaning suggest a Eecipient. Pure Trajective
Dative
Verbs
alone (Cui-Verbs)
Transitive (Cui-quid
: Trajective
and
their
Accusative
Verbs) have
Transitiva
Verba
Accusative
and
Dative.
to pass
(transire,
of the
nearer
"
104.
over),Verbs
Object. "
N. S. iv.
which
96 N. S. iii.
pass
over
to
an
162
GLOSSAIUUM
GRAMMATICUM.
V.
Verb of Being (sum, ess
Latin
by
not
lated
trans-
'
Verbum
Substantivum
Grammarians,
;
Greek, and confusing to learners. Sum
'
the
to
true
This has been
G-r. prj^a vTrapKTiK6v.
e).
term
a
is the
Being, essential to the expressionof thought. Hence we
widelyspread throughoutthe languages of the world.
""49,87. N.S. n.
Verbum
(Gr. pri^a, the word), Verb ; an inflected Part of Speech,so
called,as the Word which effects discourse.
"" 9, 39, etc.
Verb
of
find its root
*
the parts of the Verb
Infinite are Verb-Nouns
stantival
SubAdjectival,
unitingfunctions of the Verb with functions
All
Verb-Noun.
or
of the Noun.
N.S.
"" 45, 140, etc,
Vowels.
Vocales (vox, voice),
" 2.
followingscheme,
in which
i and
between
Claudius broughtfor
i.
Their
"7.
relations
are
the
sign|- represents the
(optnnus,optumus), which
time into publicuse :
u
a
Standard
shown
in the
vowel
the
ing
waver-
Emperor
vowel
a
Sharp medial
e
O
i
Sharp semiconsonant
J-
Flat medial
U
Flat semiconsonant
Medial
anciently.J representsthe consonant power
the vowel-powerof v (v-vocalis).
(i-consonans)
;
the
Vocativus
Casus
Case of one addressed,which
(vocare, to call),
J~and
did not
u
exist
of i
u
stands
of the Sentence.
out
the
Vowel-change,
weakening
or
in Flexion, Derivation and
Vox, Voice ; that form, by which
"
N. S.
39.
"" 14, 87, 137.
of Vowels,
strengthening
which
occurs
N. E.
n.
Composition. ""81,
Verbs are shown
as
doing or suffering.
84.
E.
xiv.
with
be known
precision
never
spoke Latin can
Others
matter
are
of f ch, th, ph, rh, ei, eu.
in cow
of conjecture : as that ae=ai
ow
in French
;
Mai, oe
oy in boy, au
It is probable that c=k
being soft as in cell,
always, never
u.
y- vowel = Greek
hard
soft, as in gentle,
city; that g also was
always, as in get, gird, never
(j) English y-consonant.
origin ; that v=Engl. w nearly, and i-consonans
the
As
to vowels, in the Grammar
the following line is given to express
long and short sounds of each : the first four words being sounded as in French,
Note."
Some
How
sounds
the
Romans
lost
are
.
: as
those
,
=
=
=
the last
as
in Italian
:
Quinine, demesne,
propose,
papa,
Zulu.
short
as 1. Italic : 2. with
to each vowel, and shown
take the following words
4. with
long mark
may
; we
de
as
containing them : a, ad-a-mand-as
; e, re-vell-e-res ; i, in-scrlb-i-tls ; o,
n5v-6 corp-o-re
; u, fulg-w-ra mu-tu-a.
in base (which is the long
The
must
take care
to sound
learner
a as
never
to sound
(which is the long i-sound) ; nor i as in
never
e as in these
e-sound)
.
If four sounds
mark
^
are
3. Roman
:
allowed
:
-
;
ice ;
nor
u
as
in
use
; these
being diphthong sounds.
See
Grammar,' Append. ".
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