Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM DESIGN
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1.
Structural Systems and Material Choice
From Past Today
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Assoc.Prof.Dr. Z.Canan Girgin
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Architect
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 The architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the
requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. Architect must
meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements of the planned project.
 Architects deal with regulations and building codes. The architect might need to comply with
local planning and zoning laws, such as required setbacks, height limitations, parking
requirements, transparency requirements (windows) and land use.
 Architects typically put projects behalf of client, advise on the award of the project to a
general contractor, and review the progress of the work during construction. They typically
review contractor shop drawings and other submittals, prepare and issue site instructions,
and provide construction contract administration.
 In recent decades, some specializations revealed. Many architects and architectural firms
focus on certain project types (e.g. health care, retail, public housing, event management).
Some architects specialize on building code, building envelope, sustainable design, technical
writing, historic preservation (US) or conservation (UK), accessibility and other forms of
specialist consultants.
 Many architects move into real estate (property) development, corporate facilities planning,
project management, construction management, interior design or other related fields.
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Assoc.Prof.Dr. Z.Canan Girgin
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
Different Responsibility Areas
U.S. Case
Architects :
Responsible for designing the aesthetics and spatial details of a
building, i.e. the building’s size, shape, space utilization, and site requirements. In
addition, architects make sure all objectives of the client’s about the end-use of the
building. Once the architect and client are in agreement, the architect provides the
architectural engineer with detailed architectural designs.
Architectural engineer : Responsible for designing the building’s systems. i.e.
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structural systems to transmit forces to the ground; systems for efficient indoor
energy use and safe air quality (heating/air conditioning); and systems for the
assessment of cost effectiveness by using the principles on the mechanics of solids,
fluid mechanics and engineering economics. Architectural engineers are responsible
for taking the design and developing the details of the building systems, including
structural, heating/air conditioning, fire protection, and electrical
Shortly, the architect designs how the building looks; the architectural
engineer designs how it works
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First Phase
 Soil investigation
 Position of building in site
 Architectural requirements
 Pre design phase
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STEPS IN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM DESIGN
Second Phase
Determination of structural system type, material, spans and
foundation type depending on
 Functional and aesthetic requirements
 Soil type
 Standards and Regulations
 Service life
 Costs (Design, construction, maintenance, demolition)
 Construction time and conditions
 Re-use or re-cycle possibilities
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
REQUIREMENTS
Structural system
Heating/air conditioning/lightning
and finally Power is the result of
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Durability, efficiency,
easy-to-use, low
maintenance costs
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Good Design
Poor Design
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 Stiffness (limited displacements and strains)
 Durability
 Aesthetic view and function
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 Reliability (resistant to earthquake, wind, snow etc.)
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Buildings are designed according to
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BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES
 Economy (construction and life cycle costs)
 Climate and transportation possibilities
 Special requirements (limitations in construction period, demoulding,
minimum waste, demountability after service life etc.)
Designer should know strong and weak properties of materials to decide
the correct design.
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
AND MATERIALS
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURES
Stone buildings
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Underground cities in Cappadocia
Carved stones and stone masonry are the most known
ancient technique in historical monuments, cathedrals,
and cities in a wide variety of cultures.
in 15th and 12th century B.C for protection
to enemy attacks
Pyramids (2300-2600 B.C)
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURES
Stone masonry buildings
Monuments
from Türkiye
14th century, Anatolia Beyliks
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Selimiye Mosque, 1575. To
allow soil settlements, Master
Architect Sinan paused 8 years
to the superstructure
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Sivas, Çifte Minareli Medrese, 1277
Sivas, Gök Medrese, 1271
-Seljuk Empire period-
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURES
Current reinforced masonry buildings
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Current reinforced masonry buildings are low-rise in
seismic regions. In addition, reinforced/unreinforced
infill walls are often used in buildings (e.g. U.S).
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURES
Wood and Mixed buildings
Wood is a traditional
building material since
many centuries
Afyon Great Mosque
(Ulu Camii) 13th century
Vernacular wood framed adobe /stone Konya Eşrefoglu
filled walls of traditional Safranbolu Mosque 13th century -Seljuk Empire periodhouses (since 18-19th centuries)
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Vernacular houses with stone/lime
mortar filled triangle cell wall in
Black Sea region
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A typical Japanese pagoda
from 11th century
Vernacular houses with stone filled cell
(göz dolma) wall (wood and stone)
in Black Sea region
Assoc.Prof.Dr. Z.Canan Girgin
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURES
Wooden buildings
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Wood is the oldest and one of the most commonly used engineering materials in the
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world. The earliest evidence for a domestic structure in Britain was that of a tent-like
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structure made with wooden supports dating to 7000 BC. Nowadays, wood is the most
commonly used building material. Worldwide, 109 tonnes of wood are used per annum,
comparable to the consumption of iron and steel.
Gymnasium Regis Racine
Exhibition Center, CERN
Superior Dome, span : 163 m
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURES
Wooden buildings
Durable, high quality, glue laminated wooden (Glulam,
LVL) fire resistant structures are constructued. In cold
climates, it is an ideal structural material with low heat
transmission coefficient.
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
lime
Ca(OH)2
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Previously, hydrated
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Prior to Concrete
was
used
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cementitious material in masonry structures.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O
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o In non-hydraulic lime, the basic reaction is:
Resulting CaCO3 crystals act as a binder or cement due
to their interconnected microstructure.
o In hydraulic lime, pozzolan is additional component
and hydraulic lime is more durable. It has more
compressive strength and can be used in underwater
constructions. Calcium silicate hydrate and calcium
aluminate hydrate are final products.
Not : Lime mortar is used in reconstruction or restoration
of masonry buildings. Lime is more flexible and breathable
than cement, and incompatible with cement.
Pantheon's dome built most two thousand years ago is still the world's largest
unreinforced concrete dome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior
circle are the same, 43.3 metres. Lightweight pumice aggregate and puzzolan are the
durability secrets of huge unreinforced dome.
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
Prior to Concrete
LIFE CYCLE
Lime
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
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From Cement to Concrete
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“Portland” cement was invented in England in 1824 by Joseph
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Aspdin, its name is derived from its similarity to Portland stone
England). Since then, many improvements have been made for
cement production.
Hydration of cement starts with water addition. Concrete is
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(a building stone quarried from the Island of Portland, Dorset,
composed of cement, coarse and fine aggregates, water,
sometimes mineral additives, and some chemical additives.
CO2
The raw materials of cement :
Limestone  CaCO3
Clay
 SiO2, Al2O3, FeO
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
From Concrete to Reinforced Concrete Buildings
Thermal expansion coefficient is most important factor
to produce composite material. Thermal expansion
coefficients of concrete and steel are the same.
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Thermal expansion coefficient α
α (10-6 mm/mm
Material
in 20 °C)
Lead
29
Aluminium
22
Stainless steel
10.1-17.3
Copper
17
Concrete
12
Steel
11-13
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In 2000s very high strength concrete upto 130 MPa
(C130) can be produced by ready mix concrete sector
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
From Cast Iron to Steel
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Abraham Darby I developed a method to
produce pig (cast) iron in a blast furnace fuelled
by coke rather than charcoal. Abraham Darby III
built the largest cast iron structure of his era: the
first iron bridge (31 m) ever built. It crossed over
the Severn near Coalbrookdale (1779).
Coalbrookdale Bridge, 1779
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
From Cast Iron to Steel
 Cast iron has good compressive strength but relatively poor tensile strength (very
brittle material) due to the impurities.
 Wrought iron has better tensile strength than cast iron and is more ductile than cast
iron. It is corrosion-resistant and easily welded. In the final stage of production,
wrought iron is hammered or rolled so (killed form). Before the development of
effective methods of steelmaking and the availability of large quantities of steel,
wrought iron was the most common form of iron.
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 The Bessemer process for converting iron to steel was patented in 1855. The material
was typical produced with very low carbon contents (0.05% ), impurities were
remedied. New form was called as steel. Steel had high tensile and compressive
strength, and good ductility. Economic steel production, similar to today’s those ones,
was available in 1870s.
 As the rolling process has improved the efficiencies of the cross sectional shapes.
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
High Rise and Large Span Buildings with Steel
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Oita Stadium, Japan (2001)
Swiss Re (30St. Mary Axe) London
(2003), 41 floors
The first building in diagrid form
Guangzhou International
Finance Center, China
(2010), 103 floors
Arapaho Bridge (2006)
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
SOME RENOVATION PROJECTS
IN OLD/ANCIENT AREAS
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Some Renovation Projects
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Rehabilitation of Columbian Building, 2013
Botin Foundation
Renovated from a 1920s industrial building
in Madrid
Santral Istanbul
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
Renovation Project of Cibali Cigar Factory (1876-1995)
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Architect : Mehmet Aydın
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This historical building is in the
campus of Kadir Has University
European Nostra Prize, 2003
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Innovative Renovation Projects
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Metropol Parasol, Sevilla (2011)
King’s Cross Station, London (2012)
Extension and renovation project of old station building
(1852)
Roman Ruins in the basement is preserved
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
Coverage of Ancient Ruin
Coverage of Archeological Ruins of 1500-years
Maurice Monastry
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Maurice Monastery was under the cliff, destroyed
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by rocks falling from the cliff.
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MATERIAL TESTS
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
MATERIAL TESTS
Physical and mechanical properties of materials are determined with laboratory experiments.
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
TEST
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Cube specimen
Sulfur cap may be needed for
cylindrical concrete specimens
and is necessary especially for
core specimens to obtain
smooth surface.
Cylinder specimen
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To determine the compressive
strengths, strains and elasticity
modulus are possible with
compressive strength test.
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Normal strength
concrete
High strength concrete
-very brittle collapse-
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MATERIAL TESTS
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COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
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Before test
Very High Strength Concrete
compressive strength test,
stress-strain curve
Crushed cube after test
The result : 160 MPa
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
MATERIAL TESTS
TENSILE AND BENDING
(FLEXURE) TEST
METHODS
Indirect tensile test
Bending Test on RC element
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Tensile test for rebars
(reinforcement)
Bending test
apparatus for
smaller specimens
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MATERIAL TESTS
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- curve
TENSILE TESTING
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Ductility level of rebar (i.e. related to plastic strain capacity) is
very important for earthquake resistant design.
To determine the tensile stress-strain variation (- curve) and
elasticity modulus is possible with tensile strength test.
Tensile test for rebars
(reinforcement)
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
TENSILE TESTING
ult.
yield
 Consider a bar subjected to P force elongating from
the ends. Every part of the bar is subjected to the same
tension force and stress.
 Tensile stress () is defined as the ratio of P force to the
cross sectional area of A.
y
 ult
=P/A
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Strain ( ) :
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 = (L-Lo)/ Lo
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 = L/ Lo
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TENSILE TESTING and MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
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Plastic strain
region
ultimate
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yield
elastic
E
E
The linear portion of the curve is the elastic region and the slope is the modulus of
elasticity (E) or Young's Modulus. As deformation continues, the stress increases
with strain hardening until it reaches the ultimate tensile stress with plastic strains. Then
necking and elongation occur rapidly until fracture.
Plastic strain region is very important for ductile (earthquake resistant) design of
buildings.
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
STRENGTHS OF MATERIALS
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Compression (-) Tension (+)
Concrete
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Marble
Cast Iron
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STRENGTHS OF MATERIALS
Compressive strength is
much higher than tensile
strength. Brittle material
Compressive strength is high.
Tensile strength is low, it is used
with rebar. Brittle material

Wood
Steel
Very brittle material,
no tensile strength
0
Tensile strength is higher
than compressive strength.
Ductile material

Similar strength under tension and
compression. Most ductile material
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
STRENGTHS OF MATERIALS
Arches are under pressure and they are the most usable form as stone masonry
structures. Stone is not a suitable choice for tension.
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MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS of MATERIALS
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Structural materials (steel, concrete, wood) and positions in graphics :
Wood
Concrete
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Steel
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Structural System Design-I
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Z.Canan Girgin
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS of MATERIALS
Composites used for retrofitting and
as rebar by extruding with resin
Structural and non-structural wood products
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