Energy Measurement Principles
Identifying and quantifying energy waste
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Sierra – Format here is that the talking head introduces the testimonial video and then either this slide or the talking head needs to give way to the video. I have sample copy on this slide to give you the option to go either way, whichever you think works best.

• Energy is measured in Joule ( j ).
– The energy of one Joule in one second = one Watt ( W ).
• We use energy to produce work.
– When we do, a part of the original energy is transformed into thermal energy.
– We call that energy loss and the amount of that loss defines the efficiency of a process.
• Ideal electric motor efficiency is 80-90%.
– That means 80-90% of the electrical energy is transformed into work and 10-20% into heat.
– If a motor gets warmer than it should, efficiency decreases and energy is wasted
Measureable energy formats:
• Heat
• Electrical
• Pressure (steam, air, water)
• Mechanical force (rotating/centrifugal)
Energy Measurement Principles 3

Electrical
• Power consumption
• Power distortion
• Overheating
Mechanical
• Excessive vibration, friction
• Overheating
• Excessive sound
Input vs. output
• Pressure drop
• Conditioned air
• Compressed air
• Temperature drop
• Steam
• Conditioned air
Energy Measurement Principles 4

• Electrical
– kWh
– Harmonics
– Unbalance
– Power Factor
– Peak demand
• Vibration
• PSI
• Heat
• Delta-T
Energy Measurement Principles 5

Savings
$$$ Biggest Opportunities
$$ Medium Opportunities
$ Smaller long-term Opportunities
Electric Utility,
IT/Computers
HVAC,
Motors & Drives
Lighting,
Compressed
Air, Steam
Systems
Building
Envelope
Energy Measurement Principles 6

Three-phase electrical distribution (Mains)
Production process systems
Electrical subsystem
Utility billing
Electrical distribution infrastructure
Energy Measurement Principles
Mechanical loads Flow: Air compression, steam
Building Infrastructure
Ventilation, heating, cooling Building envelope Lighting
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Understand what to measure.
Energy consumption is the accumulation of power over time expressed in kilo watt hours (kWh)
Utility energy consumption charges are broken into
•Active (or true) power (kW) delivered by the utility
•Variances due to Power Factor
•Variances due to market demand
Energy Measurement Principles 8

Power, kW
Rate at which ac energy is expended. Watts measure the energy required to do actual work, such a running a motor .
Demand, kVA
Total voltage and current required from the utility, regardless of its efficiency or whether it does actual work.
Power factor, PF
When a circuit operates at 100% efficiency, demand = power. When power is less than demand, the difference, kW/kVA, is power factor. PF below .95 is inefficient.
Harmonics and unbalance
Other causes of inefficient power usage
 To measure power the way the utility bills for it, a power measurement accounting for volts, amps, watts, and PF is necessary.
 To increase efficiency, harmonics and unbalance should be also be assessed.
Energy Measurement Principles 9

Why: You need to map where your consumption is going
• Compare against utility meter/bills
• Evaluate peak demand and any power factor charges
Where:
1. Log power at main and secondary panels and major loads
2. Record kW, kWh, and power factor
3. Identify any peak usage times (below)
4. Determine if usage can be adjusted and how else to reduce cost
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Load #1 50 kVA
Measure for waste
Measure for waste
Transformer
Starter 480 V panel
Main Service
Entrance
Measure for waste
Disconnect
Disconnect
Subpanel
#1.1
Subpanel
#1.2
Capacitor
Load #2
100 kVA
Measure for waste
Disconnect
Motor #1
Energy Measurement Principles
Loads: Lighting, computers etc.
Motor #2
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Unit
Main switchgear
Measurements
KW, PF, unbalance, harmonics
PF Switchgear/Capacitor bank
Switchgear/Alt energy source
KW, inverter efficiency, temperature
277/480 Panel or load KW, PF, unbalance, harmonics, temperature
Objective
Compare usage to bill, evaluate level of waste
Verify efficiency of PF mediation
Verify power contributed and inverter efficiency
Evaluate level of waste and
ROI for mitigation or changes to loads or schedules
Energy Measurement Principles 12

Typical reasons for electrical hotspots:
• Unbalanced loads
• Harmonics (3rd harmonic current in Neutral)
• Overloaded systems/excessive current
• Loose or corroded connections increased resistance in the circuit
(typically one side of a component heats up)
• Insulation failure
• Component failure
• Wiring mistakes
• Underspecified components
(like fuses, would heat up on both sides of the fuse)
Energy Measurement Principles 13

• Enhanced problem detection and analysis with IR- Fusion
Technology – only from Fluke
– Combines the power of infrared images with visible light images on the same display
• Optimized for field use in harsh work environments
– Withstand a 6.5 foot drop
– IP 54 rated for dust and water
• Delivers clear, crisp images to find problems fast
– Multiple measurement capabilities
– Easy to use with simple navigation through menu driven selections
– IR-OptiFlex focus system and manual focus
• Smartview Software
– Easy, high-performance analysis and reporting
• Ti100 Series: Lightest, rugged, easy to use thermal imagers
• P3 Series: Proven, Practical, Performance
• Ti Series: Rugged tools for everyday use
Energy Measurement Principles 14

Load #1 50 kVA
Detect waste
Load #2
100 kVA
Detect waste
Transformer
Starter
480 V panel
Main Service
Entrance
Detect waste
Disconnect
Detect waste
Disconnect
Motor #1
Disconnect
Subpanel
#1.1
Subpanel
#1.2
Capacitor
Unit
Main switchgear
Measurements
KW, PF, unbalance, harmonics
Switchgear/Capacitor bank
Loads: Lighting, computers etc.
Switchgear/Alt energy source
PF
Motor #2
KW, inverter efficiency, temperature
277/480 Panel or load KW, PF, unbalance, harmonics, temperature
Objective
Compare usage to bill, evaluate level of waste
Verify efficiency of PF mediation
Verify power contributed and inverter efficiency
Evaluate level of waste and ROI for mitigation or changes to loads or schedules
Energy Measurement Principles 15

Since reactive power requires system capacity, but performs no work, utilities and plants try to keep net kVARs low
• Many utilities charge for every percentage point over limit (< 0.97).
Some charge based on the VARs you use. Check your utility rate plan .
• How does your utility measure power factor or VARs?
Are they looking at peak intervals or averages? DPF or total PF?
• Identify loads causing lagging reactive power and work with engineers to develop a correction strategy
Example Calculation
• Assume the utility adds 1% demand charge for each 0.01 below PF 0.97
• Assume your PF averages 0.86/month and your demand charge is $7000
(0.97-0.86) * 100 % = 11 % (11 % x $7000) x 12 months
= $9,240 avoidable annual cost
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Energy Measurement Principles

Harmonics cause:
• Unusable power, drawn from utility but not converted to actual work
• High current to flow in neutral conductors
• Motors and transformers to run hot, decreasing efficiency and shortening lifespan
• Reduced transformer efficiency — or, a larger unit is required to accommodate harmonics
Power quality analyzers display a spectrum graph of harmonic components present in a system, but the graph on its own does not quantify the amount of energy wasted by harmonics.
Energy Measurement Principles 17

Unbalance is a measurement of the degree of inequality between phase voltages.
Voltage unbalance causes stress on
3-phase loads, leading to inefficient consumption and eventual device failure.
A
B
120° 120°
120°
B
Energy Measurement Principles 18

Identify, quantify and monetize comprehensive energy losses, including harmonics, unbalance, power factor and cabling
Useful kilowatts (power) available
Reactive (unusable) power
Power associated to unbalance
Power associated to harmonics
Neutral current
Total cost of wasted kilowatt hours per year
Cable length and diameter are factored in to the wastes above
Energy Measurement Principles 19

Energy Measurement Principles
Energy measurement tools:
• Fluke 1735 Power Logger
• Fluke 435-II Power Analyzer
• Fluke Ti125 Thermal Imager
• Fluke VT02 Visual Thermometer
• Fluke 810 Vibration Tester
• Fluke 805 Vibration Meter
• Fluke 975 Air Meter
• Fluke 922 Micromanometer
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