KARNATAKA URBAN WATER SUPPLY & DRAINAGE BOARD
BANGALORE
PRESENTATION ON WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
By
K.P. Jayaramu,
Executive Engineer,
Karnataka Water Board,
Jn NURM City Division, Mysore
Responsibility of KUWS & DB in Hubli-Dharwad
Before 3/2003:
O & M of bulk WSS
After 3/2003:
:
KUWS & D Board
O & M of Distribution System :
HDMC
As per G.O. No.UDD25.2002 B’lore Dtd:24-03-03
O & M of both bulk & Distribution – KUWS & DB.
Main Contents of G.O. No.UDD25.2002 B’lore Dtd:24-03-03
Status
• Poor Water Service levels due to improper maintenance
• Huge gap between Income & Expenditure.
Targets
• To improve the Service level thro’ control of UFW, illegal connections, etc.
• To reduce huge gap between Income and Expenditure
HUBLI
N R BETTA GLSR
GRAVITY MAIN
600MM 3.0 KM
KESHWAPUR
RISING MAIN
1168 MM 23 KM
GLSR
GRAVITY MAIN
800MM 8.75 KM
MALAPRABHA
RESERVOIR
GRAVITY MAI
600MM 15.7K
H.S.R Saraswtpur
GRAVITY MAIN
RISING MAIN
RISING MAIN
600MM 8.25KM
965 MM 30 KM
TREATMENT PLANT &
PUMPHOUSE
750MM 12.2 KM
K. HONNAPUR
Treatment Plant
AMMINBHAVI
DHARWAD
RISING MAIN
450MM 9.3 KM
DUMWAD
PUMPHOUSE
RISING MAIN
762MM 6.7 KM
GRA
750 M
NEERSAGAR
WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
• Bulk Water Supply System - Simple
• Water Distribution System - Complex
Types of Water Distribution System
•
24x7 Water Supply System
•
Intermittent Water Supply System
Sources & Bulk Supply
Sl.
No.
1
2
Water Level(Mtr)
Dead Storage
Full
Present
Level
633.84
623.08
619.51
Live Storage
TMC
Reservoir
Malaprabha
Neerasagar
(2079')
(2043.73')
( 2032')
590.85
589.00
587.79
(1932.3")
(1906.0
”')
(1938')
Total
System
Capacity
MLD
TMC
Total
Present
Total
Dwd
Hubli
Total
3.38
35.05
7.09
140
70
66
136
0.09
0.924
0.7
52
0
31
31
3.47
35.97
30.15
192
70
97
167
Status of Borewells
Malaprabha Reservoir
Neerasagar Reservoir
Actual Supply
MLD
Power Pump Hand Pump
Hubli
812
444
Dharwad
321
239
Total
1133
683
Approximate Qty from Borewell source : 5MLD – Hubli
2.5MLD -Dharwad
TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
•Absence of Master planning
•Lack of Zoning
•Insufficient Reservoirs & feeder mains in New Extensions
• Power Problems: More No of Power failures - Average : 55 times/ month
Frequency variation - 50 Hz Fr. varies to 48.5 Hz
•Huge Water losses in Sub-standard quality of PVC pipes in about 60% areas
Average Pipe Leakages : Before 9/2011
After
9/2011
Hubli - 300/ month
- 412/ month
Dharwad– 125/ month
– 225/ month
LEAKAGES IN PVC PIPES
• Insufficient Skilled Staff
• G.O.(No. LD 275 LWA 05 Dt.2-77-05),
banning Contract labour hinders Outsourcing
Smart Water Supply Message Service
HDMC Resolution No 828 Dated 30-08-2011

“Smart Water Supply Message Service” by MS graduates from Berkley University, US.

` 10 per Month for General Customers & ` 5 per Month for Urban poor

The Service is Optional
Live Dashboard
DATE
VALVEMEN ID
vm106
vm103
vm103
vm101
vm101
vm103
vm103
vm103
1/1/2012 vm103
vm103
vm103
vm103
vm103
vm103
vm106
vm106
vm106
vm103
WARD NO
Ward 26
Ward 27
Ward 27
Ward 25
Ward 25
Ward 27
Ward 27
Ward 27
Ward 27
Ward 27
Ward 27
Ward 27
Ward 27
Ward 27
Ward 26
Ward 26
Ward 26
Ward 27
NOTICE
opened
opened
closed
opened
closed
opened
opened
closed
opened
closed
opened
closed
opened
closed
opened
opened
closed
opened
AREA
Acchhvvana colony
Attigere Layout
Attigere Layout
Eshwar nagar
Eshwar nagar
Kalidas Nagar
Kalyan Nagar
Kalyan Nagar
Lingarajnagar North
Lingarajnagar North
Lingrajnagar South
Lingrajnagar South
Patil Layout
Patil Layout
Sai nagar
Siddeshwara Nagar
Siddeshwara Nagar
Siddeshwara park
TIME
19:08
7:02
12:44
7:44
19:17
10:33
7:01
9:29
7:00
9:27
7:11
13:31
7:02
9:31
19:08
16:08
20:25
12:43
DURATION (Hours) SUPPLY CYCLE
5.7
2
11.55
2
2
2.47
2
2.45
2
6.33
2.48
2
2
2
4.28
2
Smart Water Supply Message Service
"Control Station" for monitoring Water Supply in Hubli
Duty Chart
Date
From
To
From
To
From
To
7:00 AM
2:00 PM
1:00 PM
9:00 PM
8:00 PM
8:00 AM
01-08-2011
E 2 & M.S.Hosmani
E 3 & A.S.Ganjihal
E 1 & R.K.Umesh
02-08-2011
E 3 & B.H.Giriyammanavar
E 4 & B.R.Haveli
E 2 & D'souza
03-08-2011
E 1 & S.K.Hegde
E 4 & Dejappa
E 3 & M.Mishrikoti
E 4 & Guruprasad.Pawar
E 1 & S.M.Hubli
04-08-2011 E 2 & V.V.Giddalingannavar
05-08-2011
E 3 & Santosh.R
E 4 & R.V.Patil
E 2 & R.N Hazeri
06-08-2011
E 1 & H.Ravindra
E 4 & M.Madaiah
E 3 & M.M.Chavhan
07-08-2011
(Sunday)
E 2 & S.Y.Merawde
E 1 & Basavaraj.Madivalar
E 4 & B.S.Srinivas
On-Line Bulk Flow Monitoring System
On-Line Vehicle Tracking System for Tankers
On-Line Vehicle Tracking System for Tankers
NRW in Hubli-Dharwad
Standard Water Balance
Recommended by International Water Association (IWA )
Billed Metered Consumption
Billed Authorized
Consumption
Authorized
Consumption
System
Input
Volume
Water Losses
(UFW)
Billed Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled
Authorized
Consumption
Unbilled Metered Consumption
Apparent Losses
Unauthorized Consumption
Unbilled Unmetered
Consumption
Metering Inaccuracies and
Data Handling Errors
Physical Losses
Revenue
Water
Leakage on Transmission
and/or Distribution Mains
Leakage and Overflows at
Storage Tanks
Leakage on Service
Connections up to Customer
Meter
NonRevenue
Water
IWA - Standard Water Balance - Calculations
Sl
No
Particulars
Quantity per month in ML
Demozone ( ML)
Total
ML
Non-Demozone ( ML)
1
Billed Metered consumption
2
145.00
355.50
500.50
2.1 Low pressure areas
17769 x 15000 / 106 = 266.50
266.50
2.2 Unmetered consumption
15617 x 20000 / 106 = 312.34
312.34
15 x 3500 +15 x 7000 / 106 = 0.16
0.16
Billed unmetered Consumption
2.3 Tanker Supply (paid)
3
Unbilled metered consumption
4
More than 50 KL
15.00
Unbilled unmetered consumption
Tankers 1200 x 7000 / 106 = 8.40
Tractors 500 x 4000 / 106 = 2.00
10.40
135.00
135.00
BW 494 x 25000 / 106 =12.35
12.35
Unauthorized consumption
3000 x 20000 / 106 = 60.00
60.00
Customer Meter inaccuracies
10000 x 5000 / 106 = 50.00
50.00
325.23
343.23
70.00
70.00
2.00
232.52
234.52
180.00
1830.00
2010.00
4.1 Tanker supply (free)
(to Govt. Schools, slums, etc)
4.2 Bore well water supply
4.3 Public stand posts
5
15.00
6
7
Leakage of Transmission & Distribution mains
8
Leakage & overflow at Storage Reservoirs
9
Leakage on service connection upto customer
meter.
Total
18.00
Standard Water Balance
Recommended by International Water Association (IWA )
Billed Authorized
Consumption
Authorized
Consumption
1243.25 ML
62 %
System
Input
Volume
2010 ML
Water Losses
(UFW)
766.75ML
1079.50 ML
54 %
Billed Metered Consumption
500.5
24.9 %
Billed Unmetered Consumption
579.0 ML 28.8 %
Unbilled
Authorized
Consumption
163.75 ML
8%
Unbilled Metered Consumption
15.00 ML 0.7 %
Apparent Losses
Unauthorized Consumption
60.00 ML 2.9 %
110.00 ML
5%
Metering Inaccuracies and Data
Handling Errors
50.00 ML 2.5 %
Physical Losses
Leakage on Transmission
and/or Distribution Mains
343.23 ML 17.0 %
656.75ML
Unbilled Unmetered
Consumption
157.75 ML 7.8 %
Revenue
Water
1079.5
54%
NonRevenue
Water
930.50 ML
46%
Action plan for NRW reduction
Reduction of Physical losses
Water losses minimising policies
MD KUWS & DB ORDER DATED 25-7-2007
to replace PVC Pipes by HDPE & DI/MS
Pipes
More Water losses in PVC pipes In Corporation Areas :
HDPE Pipes upto 250 mm dia
DI/MS pipes above 250 mm dia
Action plan for NRW reduction
Reduction of Physical losses
Water losses minimising policies
HDMC Resolution No.221, DATED 14-12-2007
• House Service Connections at departmental cost
• Maintenance of HSCs at departmental cost
Typical Service Connection on PVC pipes
Typical House Service Connection On HDPE Pipe
Action plan for NRW reduction
Reduction of Physical losses
• Attending leakages in reservoirs
• Avoiding overflows
Grouting for NR Betta
GLSR
Grouting for Rayapur GLSR
Improvements in Water Supply in Hubli-Dharwad
Particulars
Hubli
Dharwad
Supply Periodicity Before 2003
Once in 7 days
Once in 7 days
Supply Periodicity After 2003
upto 9/2011
Once in 5 days
Once in 4 to 5 days
Supply Periodicity After 9/2011
Once in 2 days- 75%
Once in 3 days- 25%
Once in 2 days- 70%
Once in 3 days- 30%
Supply Duration
2 to 3 hours duration
2 to 3 hours duration
7
6
88
52
978
857
Master Zones
No. of Valve men
No. of Valves operated /supply
Comparison between 24x7 and Intermittent Water Supply System
Particulars
Intermittent Water
Supply System, Hubli
24X7 Water Supply
Demo zone, Hubli
Once in 2 to 3 days for
2 to 4 hours duration
Continuous
6
1
Sub Zones
700
119
No. of Valve men
88
Nil
No. of Valves operations /cycle
978
Nil
No. of Pressure Reducing Valves
Nil
13
60738
8148
Number of Technical Staff
21
3
Staff per 1000 Connections
6
1
Supply Pattern
Zones
No. of Connections
Features of 24x7 Water Distribution System in Hubli
• Average per capita consumption is 129 LPCD (17 % less)
• Actual average NRW – 14 %
• Average actual physical losses 5 liters/ connection/ day/ meter pressure
(Allowable 30 to 20 liters)
• No public fountains, all Urban Poor connected
• Urban poor (~25%) consume at 55 LPCD
• Pay ` 48/month for 8 KL / month
Financial Reforms
Customer friendly Reforms
IT Enablement in Customer services
Transparency in O & M Activities
Financial Reforms in Hubli-Dharwad WSS
Tariff
Revision
Metering
Pro-rata
charges
Customer
Services
Computerized
Billing, Accounting &
Revenue Collection
Increase in
Cost
Recovery
Better
Water supply
Tackling
unauthorized
connections
Computerized Billing, Accounting Method
Sl.No
Activity
Before 3/2003
After 3/2003
1
Billing Method
Manual
Spot billing through Hand held computers
2
Billing Periodicity
Irregular
Monthly
Reading cards with Customer’s signature,
3
Customer interaction
Not much
Customer Care Centre.
4
Accounting Accuracy
Not accurate
Very accurate, Monthly auditing by CA
5
Various Reports
Not possible
Possible
Hand held Computer
for Spot billing
The bill is printed on to the blue tooth printer carried by the meter reader and is updated
to the server online along with the image and GPS coordinates .
Computerized Revenue Collection Method
Sl.No
Activity
Before 3/2003
After 3/2003
1
Collection Method
3 Bank Counters
14 Cash Counters and 7 H-D 1 Centers
2
Waiting Period
More than 15
minutes
3 to 15 minutes
3
Part payment
After approval
Allowed without any approval
4
Identity Card
No
Tap Cards with bar-coding being issued
For bill payment without producing bill also
5
No. of paid bills (monthly)
About 15000
About 60000
H-D 1 Center, Hubli
Customer Services through SAKALA and Hubli-Dharwad One centers
HUBLI DHARWAD one
ONE STOP NON STOP SERVICES
 Free Issue of New connection applications in HD-1 and
New connection under SAKALA
 Payments of New connection Fees based on Unique ID.
 Payments of Monthly bills.
 Issue & Acceptance of Application for : Change of Name / Size/ Purpose Rs 100
: Meter Installation, Rs 128
: Meter repair/shifting/ Re-location, Fee Rs 100
: Tap repair/Re-location, Fee Rs 100
: Tap Re-connection & Disconnection
.
e-Tracking System for above Services
:
All these Services to citizens With Home Environment through HD1
Fixed Time Limit
No middle men
Timings from 8 AM TO 8 PM on all 365 days
Hubli Dharwad One Center
One stop non stop service
Working Hours 8:00 am to 8:00 pm, on all 365 days
METERING
Metering Process
• Division of Supply Areas into Non-Low & Low Pressure Zones.
• Water Meters fixed in Non-Low pressure Zones.
• Low Pressure Zones have been tackled after making improvements.
• Campaign-media, press, cable TV, Posters, hand bills, mike, customer meetings.
• Freedom to customers to purchase tested meters from market.
• Departmental help to fix the meters.
Metering Status in Hubli - Dharwad
Year
Before 3/2003 (HDMC)
No of connections
No of Connections
with working meters
% of Metered
Connection
68,997
Nil
Nil
As on 3/2013 (KUWS & DB)
Hubli-Dharwad Non-Demo zone
24x7 Demo zone
Hubli-Dharwad
1,04,887
70,565
14,721
14,721
1,19,608
85,286
67%
100%
71%
Water Tariff Structure in Hubli-Dharwar Before 2003
Water Rate in ` per 1000 Liters
Dom
Effective
Date
Range
0
- 50000
50001-Above One lakh
Min Charges/Month
1/10/1986
1/10/1996
Non-Dom
Rate
0-25 to 0-70
0-90 to 4-00
Com/Ind
Range
Rate
Range
All
6-00
All
4-00
20-00
Rate
8-12
25-00
Taps without Meters
½"
8-00
25-00
¾"
15-00
50-00
1"
30-00
100-00
2"
60-00
200-00
0 - 50000
1-26 to 2-66
3-32 to 4-32
50001 - Above 1 Lakh
1-66 to 6-16
5-32 to 7-32
45
90
Min Charges /Month
All
8-64
180
Water Tariff revision in Hubli-Dharwar After 2003
Water Rate in ` per 1000 Liters
Effective
Date
Dom
Range
Non-Dom
Rate
No change
Com/Ind
Range
Rate
Range
Rate
All Range
11-60
All Range
23-20
60/04/040/04
1/4/2005
Min Charges
per month
All Range
45-00
5-80
All Range
90-00
11-6
Order No.HDMC/
180-00
All Range
23-20
1/8/2005
Dt:2-05-2005
Order No.HDMC/
60/01/05
Min Charges
per month
90-00
180-00
360-00
Dt:31-08-2005
PRORATA CHARGES FOR NEW CONNECTIONS
HDMC Resolution No.824 & 936 Dated 28-05-04
•
Retail Customers: ` 76/Sq.m of Plinth area
•
A concession of 50% for Declared slums
•
Not applicable for Poor SC/ST customers
•
Not applicable for Poor customers with
Building plinth area less thsn 600 Sq.ft.
•
For Com/Industrial connections 50% more
•
For domestic customers, maximum ` 10000
•
For half inch sized Commercial/Industrial
connections, maximum ` 25000
•
Bulk Customers : ` 12500 per KL
Prorata charges collected
(From 2004 to 3/2012)
(in ` Lakhs)
Hubli
Dharwad
Total
717
330
1047
PRORATA CHARGES
Method of Calculation : For Bulk Consumers
1.
Capital Cost
Est cost of EIWSS (Revised) Scheme
Est Cost of A ugmentation of Water Transmission System in Hubli
Dharwad Twin Cities
= Rs. 49.17 Crores
= Rs. 42.42 Crores
Total = Rs. 91.59 Crores
Est Capital Cost = Rs. 92.00 Crores
2.
Unit Prorata Cost
Quantity of Water produced
Prorata Cost = 92.00 x 100
73.80
= 73.80 MLD
= 124.66 lakhs/MLD
Say 125.00 lakhs/ MLD
3.
Calculation of Prorata Cost for Railways, Hubli
Ultimate Requirment of Water
5.45 MLD
Prorata Cost = 125.00 X 5.45 = Rs.681.25 Lakhs
A pproximate Cost of Dedicated Water Supply Scheme to Railways, Hubli
Rs 2400.00 Lakhs
Hence, it is economical to get water from Hubli-Dharwad water supply scheme by paying prorata
cost.
PRORATA CHARGES
Method of Calculation : For Retail Consumers
1) Prorata Cost towards Bulk W/S Scheme
1.1) Capital Cost
Est. Cost of EIWSS (Revised) Scheme to Hubli Dharwad . . . . . Rs. 63.84 Crores
Est. Cost of Transmission Main from Amminbhavi to Hubli . . . . Rs. 36.00 Crores
TOTAL . . . . . . Rs. 99.84 Crores
Est. Capital Cost Say, . . . . . Rs. 100.00 Crores
Deduct Govt. Grant of 23 1/3%
(-) Rs. 23.33 Crores
BALANCE
Rs. 76.67 Crores
1.2) Unit Prorata Cost
Quantity of Water produced
= 73.80 + 40.0 MLD =113.80 MLD
Unit Prorata Cost / KLD
= 76.67 x 10000000
113.80 x 1000
= Rs. 6737.00
1.3) Calculation of Prorata Cost towards Bulk, W S S
Assuming rate of supply as 135 LPCD & 5 persons per house
Water Quantity per site= 135 x 5 = 675.00 Liters/day
= 0.675 KLD
Prorata Cost per house = 0.675 x 6737.00
= Rs. 4547.48
Say Rs. 4548.00
For each house taking Floor Area
=150.00 Sqm
Therefore, Prorata cost per Sqm of Floor area = 4845 / 150 = Rs. 30
Say Rs. 30.00 per Sqm of floor area.
PRORATA CHARGES
2. Prorata towards Feeder Network and Reserviors.
Cost of Feeder Network and Reservoirs . . . . . Rs. 100.00 Crores
Deduct Govt, Grant 23 ½ % . . . (-) Rs. 23.33 Crores
Balance Cost . . . . . Rs. 76.67 Crores
Present population (Projected for 2003) = 8.50 Lakhs
Assuming 5 persons per House
Cost per House = 76,67,00,000 x 5
-------------------- = Rs. 4510
850.00
Taking Floor up area as 150 Sqm
Prorata cost per Sqm of floor area = 4510.00
---------150.00
= Rs. 30.06
Say Rs. 30.00 per Sqm of floor area.
PRORATA CHARGES
3. Prorata Cost towards Pipe net work:
Approximate cost of service pipe network in individual layouts is calculated for 1
The actual cost will depend on detailed surveys and estimation.
Sl.
No
Pipe Dia and Material
running meter.
Cost of Pipe of
laying charges
(Rs.)
70.95
Cost of
Excavation &
Refilling (Rs)
43.16
Total
Cost
(Rs.)
114.11
1
90 mm dia x 6 KSC PVC
2
110 mm dia x 6 KSC PVC
101.80
43.16
144.96
3
150 mm dia Kg DI
724.00
58.86
782.86
Total
1041.93
Average Cost
347.31
Deduct 23.33 % Government Grant
Taking 50 % of Rs. 270.00 for one side
(-)
81.03
Balance
266.28
Say
270
I.e Rs. 135.00 per M width of site.
PRORATA CHARGES
Prorata Charges for different sites :
6x9M
6 x 135 = Rs. 810.00
40 M2
Rs. 20-25
9 x 12 M
9 x 135 = Rs. 1215.00
75 M2
Rs. 16.20
12 x 18 M
12 x 135 = Rs. 1620.00
150 M2
Average
Rs 10.80
Rs. 15-75
Say Rs. 16.00
PRORATA CHARGES
Abstract
Sl.
No
Beneficiaries
Rate per Prorata Charges Rs. For
Sqm of 6 x 9 M 9 x 12 M 12 x 18 M
Floor
For floor area of
area
40 M2
75 M2
150 M2
For Residential buildings in authorized
1 layouts, unauthorized layouts and
Apartments
Towards Malaprbaha W/S Scheme (This is
1.1
exempted if paid earlier)
30/-
1200/-
2400/-
4800/-
1.2 Towards feeder Network and Reservoir
30/-
1200/-
2400/-
4800/-
16/-
640/-
1280/-
2560/-
Towards Service Pipe net work (This is
1.3 exempted if the layouts has proper net work
as per standard quality and designs)
REGULARISATION OF ILLEGAL CONNECTIONS
Special camps
for regularization of illegal connections
• RR No’s painted on compounds to identify illegal connections.
• Special camps for regularization of illegal connections chaired by the local Corporators.
• NGO’s have been involved.
• Campaign through media, press, cable TV, Posters, hand bills, mike, customer meetings.
• Mobile bank arranged.
Status of of Illegal Connections
Year
No of connections
No of Illegal Connections
Before 3 / 2003 ( HDMC) As on 8/2002
68,997
21,072
30.50 %
After 3 / 2003 ( KUWS & DB) As on 3/2013
1,19,608
3,260
2.7 %
Measures to avoid Illegal connections
Typical House Service Connection
on PVC pipes ( Old )
Departmental Implementation of HSCs
HDMC Resolution No 221 Dated 14-12-2007
Features :
 House Service Connections at departmental cost
 Maintenance of HSCs at departmental cost
 Fees for Change of Connection exempted
Typical House Service Connection
On HDPE Pipes
Benefits:
• Control of Quality and Workmanship
• Huge losses in HSC avoided
• Illegal connections avoided
Issue & processing new connections applications at HD-1 centers( 8 am to 8 pm)
Easy installments for new connections for Urban poor
Water and Energy Data of Hubli-Dharwad Water Supply System
Energy Efficiency Measures implemented in 8/2004
Sl.No.
Details
Before 8/2004
(From 7/2003
to 6/2004)
1
Volume pumped from
Reservoir / annum
22667 ML
2
Total energy use at
Soundatti &
Amminbhavi of
Malprabha WSS
(Million Kwh)
31.93
Million Kwh
After 8/2004
(From 10/2004 to 9/2012)
Period
Data
(From 10/2004
to 9/2005)
28666
2005
29.89
2005
2.0407 Million Kwh
2006
28.67
2006
3.2584 Million Kwh
2007
25.63
2007
6.2584 Million Kwh
2008
23.94
2008
7.9941 Million Kwh
2009
22.71
2009
9.2241 Million Kwh
2010
22.56
2010
9.37 Million Kwh
2011
27.73
2011
4.20 Million Kwh
Total Energy saving
3
Total Energy Cost /
annum
` 11.45 Crore
Results Achieved
Period
Data
Increase in Flow by about 25%
(2005-09)
28.82 Million Kwh
2005
10.60
2005
` 0.85 Crores
2006
10.15
2006
` 1.30 Crores
2007
9.15
2007
` 2.05 Crores
2008
8.59
2008
` 2.86 Crores
2009
8.19
2009
` 3.26 Crores
2010
9.00
2010
` 2.45 Crores
2011
11.06
2011
` 0.39 Crores
Saving of Energy Cost
(2005-11)
` 13.16 Crores
INCREASE IN COST RECOVERY
Amount in Rs Millions
Year
Revenue
Power
Charges
M&R
Cost
O&M
Cost
Capital
Works
Dept
service
Full Cost
O&M
Ratio
FCR
Ratio
2001-02
34.50
87.20
144.00
231.20
31.10
30.00
292.30
6.70
8.47
2002-03
36.10
114.60
108.50
223.10
23.40
35.00
281.50
6.18
7.80
2003-04
44.12
153.34
91.74
245.08
16.54
40.00
301.63
5.56
6.84
2004-05
59.95
146.27
117.78
264.05
19.57
56.93
340.55
4.40
5.68
2005-06
105.18
182.22
101.33
283.55
23.85
50.00
357.40
2.70
3.40
2006-07
119.80
179.78
120.62
300.40
26.03
46.29
372.72
2.51
3.11
2007-08
158.44
173.67
127.79
301.46
18.74
52.08
372.27
1.90
2.35
2008-09
157.37
138.31
157.58
295.89
34.93
61.48
392.30
1.88
2.49
2009-10
165.98
132.63
161.50
294.13
34.60
46.65
375.38
1.77
2.26
2010-11
179.61
155.26
185.43
340.69
26.04
78.29
445.02
1.90
2.48
2011-12
293.19
202.90
194.41
397.31
24.29
79.09
500.69
1.36
1.71
2012-13
267.29
234.82
158.96
393.78
49.87
117.88
561.53
1.47
2.10
National Urban Water Award 2009 at New Delhi on 11-08-09 for
IMPROVING WATER SERVICES THROUGH FINANCIAL REFORMS IN HUBLI-DHARWAD
Thank you
BASICS OF BIOLOGICAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Dr. K.S. LOKESH
Professor & Head
Department of Environmental Engineering
S J College of Engineering (Autonomous)
Mysuru 570 006
E-mail: lokeshkaggere@yahoo.com
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
 WASTEWATER SCENARIO OF INDIA
 REACTION KINETICS, UNIT OPERATIONS & UNIT
PROCESSES
 MICROBIAL REACTION KINETICS
 REACTOR, REACTOR SYSTEMS & APPLICATIONS
 PRINCIPLE OF MASS BALANCE & ITS APPLICATIONS
 TREATMENT TYPES & ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
 BIOKINETIC COEFFICIENTS & ASP’s MODIFICATIONS
 SUMMING UP
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
• IMPORTANCE AFTER LATE 17OOs
• 1780:INVENTION OF MICROORGANISMS
• BOTH WATER TREATMENT AND
SEWAGE (WASTEWATER) TREATMENT
HAVE SEEN REMARKABLE SHIFT IN
TREATMENT PROCESSES
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER –
INDIAN SCENARIO
2011
DEER ISLAND WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT, USA
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
• REACTION KINETICS
• UNIT OPERATIONS & UNIT PROCESSES
• REACTORS AND REACTOR SYSTEMS
• FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF MASS
BALANCE
• MICROBIAL REACTION KINETICS
• BIOKINETIC COEFFICIENTS
• DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
SIMPLE REACTION (A
B)
ORDER OF REACTION
• IN CHEMICAL KINETICS, THE ORDER OF REACTION
WITH RESPECT TO A GIVEN SUBSTANCE (SUCH AS
REACTANT, CATALYST OR PRODUCT) IS DEFINED AS
THE INDEX, OR EXPONENT, TO WHICH ITS
CONCENTRATION TERM IN THE RATE EQUATION IS
RAISED
• FOR THE TYPICAL RATE EQUATION OF FORM :
• r = K AX BY
WHERE [A], [B], ... ARE CONCENTRATIONS,
THE REACTION ORDERS (OR PARTIAL) ARE X FOR
SUBSTANCE A, Y FOR SUBSTANCE B, ETC.
• THE OVERALL REACTION ORDER IS THE SUM X + Y +
HALF LIFE
• THE HALF-LIFE OF A REACTION, T1/2, IS THE
AMOUNT OF TIME NEEDED FOR A
REACTANT CONCENTRATION TO
DECREASE BY HALF COMPARED TO ITS
INITIAL CONCENTRATION
• ITS APPLICATION IS USED IN CHEMISTRY
AND MEDICINE TO PREDICT THE
CONCENTRATION OF A SUBSTANCE OVER
TIME
SIGNIFICANCE OF HALF LIFE
ZERO ORDER REACTION
• A ZERO-ORDER REACTION IS A REACTION THAT
PROCEEDS AT A RATE THAT IS INDEPENDENT OF
REACTANT CONCENTRATION
• TYPICALLY WITH INCREASING OR DECREASING
REACTANTS CONCENTRATIONS NOT AFFECTING
THE OBSERVED REACTION
• THIS MEANS THAT THE RATE OF THE REACTION IS
EQUAL TO THE RATE CONSTANT, K, OF THAT
REACTION
• THIS PROPERTY DIFFERS FROM BOTH FIRSTORDER REACTIONS AND SECOND-ORDER
REACTIONS
ZERO ORDER PLOTS FOR
CONCENTRATION & RATE V/S TIME
ZERO ORDER REACTION
DIFFERENTIAL RATE
EQUATIONS
- dc/dt= r = k
INTEGRATED RATE
EQUATIONS
(Ct) = -kt + (C0)
HALF LIFE EQUATION
t 1/2= (C0) / 2k
FIRST ORDER REACTION
• A FIRST-ORDER REACTION IS A
REACTION THAT PROCEEDS AT A RATE
THAT DEPENDS LINEARLY ONLY ON
ONE REACTANT'S CONCENTRATION
FIRST ORDER PLOTS FOR
CONCENTRATION & RATE V/S TIME
FIRST ORDER REACTION
DIFFERENTIAL RATE
EQUATIONS
- dc/dt = k (C)
---
INTEGRATED RATE
EQUATIONS
ln (C) = -kt + ln (C0)
C = C0 e-kt
Exponential Decay
Equation
HALF LIFE EQUATION
t 1/2= ln (2) /k
----
SECOND ORDER REACTION
• A REACTION IS SAID TO BE SECOND
ORDER WHEN THE OVERALL ORDER IS
TWO
• THE RATE OF A SECOND-ORDER
REACTION MAY BE PROPORTIONAL TO
ONE CONCENTRATION SQUARED, OR
(MORE COMMONLY) TO THE PRODUCT OF
TWO CONCENTRATIONS
SECOND ORDER REACTION
DIFFERENTIAL
RATE EQUATIONS
- dc/dt = 2k (C1)2
INTEGRATED RATE
EQUATIONS
1/C = 1/C0 + k t
- dc/dt = k (C1) (C2) C1/C2 = C1/C2 e(C1-C2) k t
HALF LIFE
EQUATION
t 1/2= 1/k(C1)
lnr = ln k + 2 ln (C1)
Where C1 is not equal to C2
- dc/dt = 2k (C1)2
----
----
----
----
----
RATE EQUATIONS
nth ORDER REACTION
DIFFERENTIAL
RATE EQUATIONS
INTEGRATED RATE EQUATIONS
- dc/dt = k (C)n 1/Cn-1 = 1/C0n-1 + (n-1) kt
HALF LIFE
EQUATION
t ½=
2n-1 /(n-1)k(C0)n-1
HALF LIFE REACTION RATE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
UNIT OPERATIONS
• PHYSICAL FORCES DOMINATE
EX : FLOATATION, EVAPORATION,
SEDIMENTATION, FILTRATION,
AERATION, COMMINUTOR
UNIT PROCESSES
• CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
DOMINATE
EX : DISINFECTION, COAGULATION,
ADSORPTION, CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION,
BIODEGRADATION
TREATMENT TYPES
• PRILIMINARY (SCREENS, GRIT CHAMBER)
• PRIMARY
(COMMINUTOR, GRIT CHAMBER, PST)
• SECONDARY / BIOLOGICAL
(ASP, TF, BIOTOWERS, BIOMEMBRANES)
• TERTIARY (COMBINATION OF CHEMICAL &
BIOCEHMICAL PROCESSES)
• QUATERNARY / ADVANCED
(REMOVAL OF REFRACTORY ORGANICS,
RESIDUAL SOLIDS, TOXIC ELEMENTS,
GASES ETC.,)
TYPICAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT FLOW DIA
REACTORS (TREATMENT UNITS)
• COMPLETELY MIXED BATCH
REACTOR (CMBR)
• CONTINUOUS FLOW STIRRED TANK
REACTOR (CFSTR)
• PLUG FLOW REACTOR (PFR)
• COMPACT BED REACTOR (CBR)
• FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR (FBR)
• HYBRID REACTORS (UASB, SBR,
MBR ETC.,)
COMPLETE – MIX BATCH REACTOR
(CMBR)
• FLOW NEITHER ENTERS NOR LEAVES THE
REACTOR
• THE LIQUID CONTENTS OF THE REACTOR
ARE MIXED COMPLETELY
COMPLETE – MIX REACTOR
(CFSTR)
• ASSUMED COMPLETE MIXING OCCURS INSTANTANEOUSLY AND
UNIFORMLY THROUGHT THE REACTOR
• THERE WILL BE CONTINUOUS INFLOW AND OUTFLOW
• SOME CHANGE IS EXPECTED TO TAKE PLACE WITHIN THE
VOLUME OF THE REACTOR
PLUG FLOW REACTOR (PFR)
OPEN
CLOSED
• LITTLE OR NO LONGITUDINAL MIXING
• LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION IS MINIMAL OR ABSENT
• PARTICLES REMAIN IN THE REACTOR RETAINING THEIR
IDENTITY IN THE REACTOR FOR A TIME EQUAL TO
THEORETICAL DETENTION TIME
CFSTRs’ IN SERIES
IDEAL PLUG FLOW REGIME PREVAILS
PACKED BED REACTOR
•
PACKED WITH SOME TYPE OF MATERIAL
• CAN BE UPFLOW OR DOWN FLOW
• DOSING CAN BE CONTINUOUS OR INTERMITTENT
• CAN BE ARRANGED IN STAGES
FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR
• SIMILAR TO THAT OF PACKED BED REACTOR, BUT
THE BED IS EXPANDED BY UPWARD MOVEMENT
OF FLUID
• FLOW RATE CONTROLS THE EXPANDED BED
POROSITY
APPLICATIONS OF REACTORS
SL.
NO.
REACTOR TYPE
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
1.
BATCH REACTOR
SBR, MIXING OF SOLUTIONS
2.
COMPLETE MIX & WITH
RECYCLE
AERATED LAGOONS, AEROBIC SLUDGE
DIGESTION, ASP
3.
PLUG FLOW & WITH
RECYCLE
CHLORINE CONTACT BASIN, NATURAL
TREATMENT SYSTEMS, ASP, AQUATIC
TREATMENT SYSTEMS
4.
COMPLETE MIX
REACTORS IN SERIES
LAGOON TREATMENT SYSTEMS, USED
TO SIMULATE NON-IDEAL FLOW IN PLUG
FLOW REACTORS
5.
PACKED BED
AIR STRIPPING, TRICKLING FILTERS,
DEPTH FILTERS, NATURAL TREATMENT
SYSTEMS
6.
FLUIDIZED BED
AIR STRIPPING, UASB, AEROBIC &
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS
MASS BALANCE
• A MASS BALANCE, ALSO CALLED A
MATERIAL BALANCE, IS AN APPLICATION OF
CONSERVATION OF MASS TO THE ANALYSIS
OF PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
• BY ACCOUNTING FOR MATERIAL ENTERING
AND LEAVING A SYSTEM, MASS FLOWS CAN
BE IDENTIFIED WHICH MIGHT HAVE BEEN
UNKNOWN, OR DIFFICULT TO MEASURE
WITHOUT THIS TECHNIQUE
• THAT MATTER CANNOT DISAPPEAR OR BE
CREATED SPONTANEOUSLY
MASS BALANCE - DEFINITION
• INPUT = OUTPUT + ACCUMULATION
• INPUT + GENERATION =
OUTPUT + ACCUMULATION +
CONSUMPTION
DEFINITION SKETCH
V C
SYSTEM
BOUNDARY
CONTROL VOLUME
BOUNDARY
MASS BALANCE APPROACH
• MASS IS NEITHER BE CREATED NOR
BE DESTROYED, BUT THE MASS CAN
BE ALTERED
• DEFINES THE RATE OF CHANGE OF
MASS AS A FUNCTION OF TIME
• HAS A WELL DEFINED SYSTEM
BOUNDARY
MASS BALANCE APPROACH
• SYSTEM BOUNDARY IDENTIFIES
FLOWS INTO AND OUT OF THE
SYSTEM
• CONTROL VOLUME IS TO IDENTIFY
THE ACTUAL VOLUME IN WHICH
CHANGE IS OCCURING
• MOST OF THE CASES BOTH OF THEM
COINCIDE
ASSUMPTIONS
• THE VOLUMETRIC FLOW INTO AND OUT OF THE
REACTOR VOLUME IS CONSTANT (STEADY STATE
/ EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION)
• THE LIQUID WITHIN THE CONTROL VOLUME IS
MIXED COMPLETELY
• THE LIQUID WITHIN THE CONTROL VOLUME IS NOT
SUBJECT TO EVAPORATION
• CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVING A REACTANT IS
OCCURING WITHIN THE REACTOR
• THE RATE OF CHANGE OF REACTION IS
GOVERNED BY FIRST ORDER REACTION KINETICS
(rc = - kC)
GENERAL MASS BALANCE
ANALYSIS
SIMPLIFIED WORD STATEMENT
• ACCUMULATION = INFLOW –
OUTFLOW + GENERATION
SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION
• dc / dt x V = QC0 – QC + rc V
Substituting –kC for rc
GENERAL MASS BALANCE
ANALYSIS
• dC/dt x V = QC0 – QC + (-kC) V
dc/dt = rate of change of reactant concentration within the
control volume, ML-3T-1
V = Volume contained within the control volume , L3
Q = Volumetric flow rare into and out of reactor, L3T-1
Co = Concentration of reactant entering the control volume,
ML-3
C = Concentration of reactant leaving the control volume, ML-3
rc = First order reaction (- kC) , ML3T-1
k = First order reaction rate coefficient, T-1
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
(UNITS’ CHECK)
• UNITS OF INDIVIDUAL QUANTITIES MUST
BE CONSISTENT
• V = m3 , dc/dt = g/m3 s , Q = m3/s , Co,
C = g/m3 , k = L/s
• g/m3 s x m3 = m3/s (g/m3 ) - m3/s (g/m3 )
+ (-1/s) (g/m3 ) m3
•
g/s = g/s – g/s – g/s
HENCE, THE UNITS ARE CONSISTENT
BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE
MONOD’S KINETICS
BIOKINETIC COEFFICIENTS
COEFFICIENT
UNIT
VALUE
kg BOD / kg MLVSS.d
0.2 - 0.4
kg BOD / m3.d
0.3 - 0.7
DAYS
3 - 15
k
g COD / g VSS.d
2 - 10
Ks
mg / L BOD
25 -100
Y
mg VSS / mg BOD or
COD
kd
g VSS / g VSS.d
F/M
LOADING
MCRT
(BSRT)
0.4 - 0.8 &
0.3 - 0.6
0.06 - 0.15
SECONDARY (BIOLOGICAL)
TREATMENT
1. AEROBIC SYSTEM
- SUSPENDED & ATTACHED
2. ANEAROBIC SYSTEM
- SUSPENDED & ATTACHED
3. ANOXIC SYSTEM
4. FACULTATIVE SYSTEM
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
(ASP)
• AN ACTIVE SYSTEM WHERE MICROBES ARE
KEPT ACTIVE THROUGH SUPPLY OF
OXYGEN, FOOD AND CONDUCIVE
ENVIRONMENT
• ALWLAYS MAINTAINS AEROBIC CONDITION
• PRODUCES BIOMASS (BIOSLUDGE)
• CONTINUOUS TREATMENT SYSTEM
TYPICAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS
ASP MODIFICATIONS
SL.
No.
1.
MODIFICATION
ADVANTAGE
TAPERED AERATION
REDUCED OXYGEN LOAD
AT THE END OF THE TANK
2.
STEP AERATION
MORE UNIFORM OXYGEN
DISTRIBUTION
3.
COMPLETELY MIXED
COMMON & PROVEN
PROCESS
4.
CONTACT STABILIZATION
SMALLER AERATION
VOLUME
5.
EXTENDED AERATION
HIGH QUALITY EFFLUENT
6.
OXIDATION DITCH
HIGHLY RELIABLE,
ECONOMIC & SIMPLE
7.
PURE OXYGENATION
SMALL AERATION TANK
VOLUME
AERATION SYSTEMS IN ASP
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• MASS BALANCE APPROACH
• BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
• MONOD’S REACTION KINETICS
• SUBSTRATE LOADING & HYDRAULIC
LOADING RATES
• SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION
• MICROBIAL GROWTH RATE
GLOBAL OUTLOOK
(Source : UN & WB, 2006)
PERCENTAGE OF
WORLD’S
DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
POPULATION
19
81
POPULATION
GROWTH
0.1
1.5
WEALTH &
INCOME
85
15
RESOURCE USE
88
12
POLLUTION &
WASTE
75
25
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
“ DEVELOPMENT THAT MEETS THE
NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT
COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF
FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET
THEIR OWN NEEDS"
The World Commission on Environment and
Development
INFLUENCING FACTORS
• ECONOMY
• ECOLOGY
• CULTURE
• POLITICS
SUSTAINABILITY LOOP
SERVICES
EQUITY
BIODIVERSITY
HOUSE HOLD
NEEDS
PARTICIPATION
NATURAL
RESOURCES
INDUSTRIAL
GROWTH
EMPOWERMENT
CARRYING
CAPACITY
AGRICULTURAL
GROWTH
SOCIAL MOBILITY ECOSYSTEM
INTEGRITY
EFFICIENT USE
OF LABOUR
CULTURAL
PRESERVATION
CLEAN AIR AND
WATER
PRINCIPLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
CONSUMPTION
OF RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
STATE OF
ENVIRONMENT
SUSTAINABILITY
More than
Environmental
nature's ability to
degradation
replenish
Not sustainable
Equal to nature's
Environmental
ability to
equilibrium
replenish
Steady State
Economy
Less than
Environmental
nature's ability to
renewal
replenish
Environmentally
sustainable
PATH TO SUSTAINABILITY
NATURAL CAPITAL
NATURAL CAPITAL
DEGRADATION
SOLUTIONS
TRADE - OFFS
INDIVIDUALS
MATTER
SUMMING UP
• BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
• REACTION KINETICS & MASS BALANCE
• REACTORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
• MICROBIAL GROWTH KINETICS
• BIOKIENTIC COEFFICIENTS
• BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT –
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
• DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS