AP Biology Ch. 46 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
Using only what you already know (you cannot look up anything) complete the chart
below.
I.
II.
Overview of Animal Reproduction
A. Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
1. Asexual reproduction
2. Sexual reproduction
3. Gametes
4. Zygotes
5. Ovum
6. Spermatozoan
B. Diverse mechanisms of asexual reproduction enable animals to
produce identical offspring rapidly
1. Budding
2. Fragmentation
3. Regeneration
4. Gemmules
C. Reproductive cycles and patterns vary extensively among animals
1. Parthenogenesis
2. Hermaphroditism
3. Sequential hermaphrodites,
4. Protoandrous
5. Protogynous
Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction
A. Internal and external fertilization both depend on
mechanisms ensuring the mature sperm encounter fertile
eggs of the same species
1. Internal fertilization
2. External fertilization
3. Pheromones
Question 46.2 List three mechanisms that may help to ensure that gamete release is
synchronized when fertilization is external.
a.
b.
c.
B. Species with internal fertilization usually produce fewer zygotes but provide more
parental protection than species with external fertilization
C. Complex reproductive systems have evolved in many animal phyla
1. Gonads
2. Spermatheca
3. Cloaca
III.
Mammalian Reproduction
A. Human reproduction involved intricate anatomy and complex behavior
1. Reproductive anatomy of the human male
a. Seminiferous tubules
b. Testes
c. Leydig cells
d. Epididymis
e. Ejaculation
f. Vas deferens
g. Ejaculatory duct
h. Urethra
i. Semen
j. Seminal vesicles
k. Prostate gland
l. Bulbourethral glands
m. Penis
n. Baculum
o. Gland penis
p. Prepuce
2. Reproductive anatomy of the human female
a. Ovaries
b. Follicles
c. Ovulation
d. Corpus luteum
e. Oviduct
f. Uterus
g. Endometrium
h. Vagina
i. Cervix
j. Hymen
k. Vestibule
l. Labia minora
m. Labia majora
n. Clitoris
o. Bartholin’s glands
p. Mammary gland
3. Human Sexual response
a. Vasocongestion
b. Myotonia
c. Coitus
d. Orgasm
4. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve meiosis but differ in three significant
ways
a. Terminology
1) Spermatogenesis
5) Oogonia
2) Spermatogonia
6) Primary oocyte
3) Acrosome
7) Secondary oocyte
4) Oogenesis
b. Differences
• Timeline
• Quantity (lifetime & meiotic)
• Size
• Motility
Question 46.4 List the three important ways in which oogenesis differs from spermatogenesis.
a.
b.
c.
5. A complex interplay of hormone regulate reproduction
a. The male pattern
Question 46.5 fill in the blanks in the following description of the control of male reproductive
hormones.
a. _______________ produced by the hypothalamus regulates the release of gonadotropic
hormones from the anterior pituitary. b. ________________ stimulates the seminferous
tubules to increase spermatogenesis. c. _______________ stimulates
d. ______________ production by Leydig cells. Androgen contribute to spermatogenesis
and development of e. _______________________________. f. _________________
control the production of GnRH, LH, and FSH, maintaining fairly constant hormone levels in
human males.
b. The female pattern
1) Menstrual cycles
2) Menstruation
3) Estrous cycles
4) Estrus
5) Menstrual flow phase
6) Proliferative phase
7) Secretory phase
8) Ovarian cycle
9) Follicular phse
10) Ovulation
11) Luteal phase
12) Menopause
6. Embryonic and fetal development occur during pregnancy in humans and other Eutherian
(placental) mammals
a. From Conception to birth
1) Embryos
2) Conception
3) Pregnancy or gestation
4) Trimesters
5) Cleavage
6) Blastocyst
7) Placenta
8) Organogenesis
9) Fetus
10) Human Chorionic Gonadotropins
11) Labor
12) Parturition
13) Lactation
Question 46.7 List the functions of the following hormones and where they are secreted.
a. human chorionic gonadotropin
b. progesterone
c. oxytocin
b. Reproductive Immunology
7. Contraception
a. Rhythm methods
b. Barrier methods
c. Chemical contraception
d. Sterilization
Question 46. 8 List the three general types, along with examples, of birth control methods.
Which examples are most likely to prevent pregnancy? Whic are least likely to do so?
a.
b.
c.
IV.
Modern technology offers solutions for some reproductive problems