b
Report to the Colorado General Assembly:
DANGEROUS DRUGS
AND
DRUG ABUSE-.
CONTROL
r\\
COLORADO LEGISLATIVE COUNClL
RESEARCH
P U B K I C A T I O N NO. 127
LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL
OF THE
COLORADO GENERAL A S S W L Y
Senators
C. P. (DOC) Lamb,
Chairman
Ray Black
Joseph V. C a l a b r e s e . C a r l H. Gvstafson
Ben K l e i n
John Vanderhoof, Speaker
Raymond E. Wilder
Floyd O l i v e r ,
Vice Chairman
Fay DeBerard
Frank Kemp, Jr,
Vincent Massari
Ruth S, Stockton
Mark Hogan,
Lt. Governor
The Le i s l a t i v e Council, which i s composed of f i v e
S e n a t o r s , s x R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , and t h e p r e s i d i n g o f f i c e r s o f t h e two houses, s e r v e s a s a c o n t i n u i n g r e s e a r c h
agency f o r t h e l e g i s l a t u r e through t h e maintenance of a
t r a i n e d s t a f f . Between s e s s i o n s , r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s
a r e concentrated on t h e s t u d y of r e l a t i v e l y broad
problems f o r m a l l y proposed by l e g i s l a t o r s , and t h e publ i c a t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n of f a c t u a l r e p o r t s t o a i d i n
t h e i r solution.
!
During t h e s e s s i o n s , t h e emphasis i s on supplying
l e g i s l a t o r s , on i n d i v i d u a l r e q u e s t , w i t h p e r s o n a l
memoranda, providing them w i t h information needed t o handle t h e i r own l e g i s l a t i v e problems. Reports and
memoranda both g i v e p e r t i n e n t d a t a i n t h e form of f a c t s ,
f i g u r e s , arguments, and a l t e r n a t i v e s .
UNIVERSITY OF DEN\/ER COLLEGE OF LAW LIGRAR'C
DANGEROUS DRUGS
*
\
AND
DRUG ABUSE CONTROL
I
6 -9
-&
- LEGISLATIVE
,' \,
COUNCIL
REPORT TO THE
COLORADO GENERAL ASSEMBLY
vResearch
Publication N o . 127
December, 1967
OFFICERe
Rep.
c.
COLORADO GENERAL ASSEMBLY
P. (DOC) LAMB
CNAIRMAN
BEN. FLOYD OLIVER
VICC CHAIRMAN
STAFF
LYLE C. KYLE
OlRKCTOR
DAVID ?. MORRISSKY
P R I N C I P A L ANALYST
JAN-
WILSON
LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL
SLNIOR ANALYST
STANLEY ELO?SON
S E N I O R ANALYST
RAY M. CRLLMAN
mn. R K S L A I C M ASSlSTANT
DAVID HITE
SR. R I S K A R C H ASSISTANT
RICHARD LEVENQOOD
MEMBERS
LT. QOV. MARK HOQAN
BEN. FAY DEBERARD
BEN. CRANK KEMP
SEN. VINCENT MASSARI
SEN. RUTH BTOCKTON
SPEAKER JOHN D.
VANDERHOO?
REP. BEN KLEIN
REP. RAY BLACK
REP. JOSEPH CALABRESE
REP. CARL QUSTA?SON
REP. RAYMOND WILDER
ROOM 341, STATE CAPITOL
DENVER, COLORADO 80203
222-8811 EXTENSION 228s
AREA Cone 303
-
SR. I K S K A I C N ASSISTANT
November 27, 1967
To Members of t h e F o r t y - s i x t h Colorado G e n e r a l Assembly:
I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h p r o v i s i o n s of S e n a t e J o i n t
R e s o l u t i o n No. 42, 1967 s e s s i o n , t h e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l
s u b m i t s t h e accompanying r e p o r t and recommendations rel a t i n g t o t h e s u b j e c t o f dangerous d r u g s and d r u g abuse
i n Colorado.
The r e p o r t and recommendations of t h e committee
a p p o i n t e d t o c a r r y o u t t h i s s t u d y was a c c e p t e d by t h e .
C o u n c i l a t i t s meeting on November 27, 1967, f o r t r a n s m i s s i o n t o t h e members of t h e second r e g u l a r s e s s i o n of
t h e F o r t y - s i x t h G e n e r a l Assembly. The L e g i s l a t i v e
C o u n c i l h a s r e q u e s t e d t h a t t h e Governor i n c l u d e t h e
recommended b i l l among t h e i t e m s f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n
t h e second s e s s i o n of t h e F o r t y - s i x t h G e n e r a l Assembly.
Respectfully submitted,
r'[c&&
R e ~ $6
r t
chairman
iii
i v e C. P. Lamb
.
COLORADO GENERAL ASSEMBLY
OFFICERS
REP. C. P. (DOC) LAMB
CHAIRMAN
SEN. FLOYD OLIVER
VICE CHAlRMAN
STAFF
L Y L E C. KYLE
DlRECTOR
DAVID F. MORRISSEY
PRINCIPAL ANALVET
JANET W I L S O N
LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL
SENIOR ANALYST
STANLEY ELOFSON
SENIOR ANALYST
RAY M. FREEMAN
SR. R E S E A R C H A 8 S l S T A N T
DAVID HIT=
SR. R E S E A R C H A S S I S T A N T
RICHARD LEVENQOOD
MEMBERS
LT. QOV. MARK HOOAN
SEN. FAY DEBERARD
SEN. FRANK KEMP
SEN. VINCENT MASSARI
SEN. RUTH STOCKTON
SPEAKER JOHN D.
VANDERHOOF
REP. B E N K L E l N
REP. RAY BLACK
REP. JOSEPH CALABRLBE
REP. CARL QUSTAFSON
REP. RAYMOND WILDCR
ROOM 341. STATE CAPITOL
DENVER, COLORADO 80203
E X T E N S I O N 2285
222-991 1
AREA CODE303
-
SR. R E S E A R C H A S S I S T A N T
November 20, 1967
R e p r e s e n t a t i v e C. P. Lamb, Chairman Colorado L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l Room 341, S t a t e C a p i t o l Denver, Colorado Dear M r . Chairman:
I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n s of S e n a t e J o i n t R e s o l u t i o n
NO. 42, 1967 s e s s i o n , y o u r Committee on t h e C r i m i n a l Code was ap-
p o i n t e d t o c o n t i n u e t h e work on r e v i s i o n of Colorado c r i m i n a l laws,
t o r e v i e w recommendations of t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Commission on Crime,
t o s t u d y a l l a s p e c t s of s e n t e n c i n g of o f f e n d e r s , and t o make recommendations c o n c e r n i n g t h e need f o r l e g i s l a t i o n c o n t r o l l i n g dangerous
d r u g s and d r u g a b u s e i n Colorado.
Although t h e committee i s n o t r e q u i r e d t o r e p o r t i t s f i n d i n g s
and recommendations u n t i l 1969, i t s work h a s been completed i n r e g a r d t o dangerous d r u g s and d r u g a b u s e , and t h e committee s u b m i t s
t h e accompanying r e p o r t and recommendations t o t h e L e g i s l a t i v e
Council. Because of t h e s e r i o u s n e s s of t h e d r u g a b u s e problem and
t h e need f o r t h e s t a t e t o b e g i n d r u g t r e a t m e n t programs a s w e l l a s
drug c o n t r o l measures, t h e committee recommends t h a t t h e L e g i s l a t i v e
C o u n c i l r e q u e s t t h a t t h e Governor p l a c e t h i s s u b j e c t i n h i s c a l l t o
t h e 1968 s e s s i o n of t h e G e n e r a l Assembly.
The committee h a s a g r e e d t o s u b m i t one b i l l t o c o n t r o l t h e
m a n u f a c t u r e , s a l e , d i s t r i b u t i o n , and p o s s e s s i o n of c e r t a i n stimul a n t , d e p r e s s a n t , and h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e b i l l
h a s been p r e p a r e d t o a l l o w t h e c o u r t s t h e w i d e s t p o s s i b l e l a t i t u d e
i n p r o v i d i n g t r e a t m e n t of p e r s o n s who p o s s e s s t h e s e dangerous d r u g s
f o r p e r s o n a l consumption.
Respeytfully submitted,
r
,--
I
ha i r d a n
C r i m i h a l Code Committee
FOREWORD
The L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l ' s C r i m i n a l Code Committee was crea t e d p u r s u a n t t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s of S e n a t e J o i n t R e s o l u t i o n No. 42,
1967 r e g u l a r s e s s i o n , t o s t u d y r e v i s i o n of C o l o r a d o t s c r i m i n a l laws,
t o r e v i e w recommendations made by t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Commission on
Crime, t o c o n s i d e r a l l a s p e c t s o f s e n t e n c i n g of o f f e n d e r s , and t o
make recommendations c o n c e r n i n g t h e need f o r dangerous d r u g l e g i s l a t i o n . The members a p p o i n t e d t o t h e committee were:
Rep. Raymond E. Wilder,
Chairman
Rep. Ben K l e i n , Vice
Chairman
Sen. David Hahn
Sen. Ruth S t o c k t o n
Sen. Anthony F. V o l l a c k
Rep.
Rep.
Rep.
Rep.
Rep.
Rep.
Rep.
Thomas B a s t i e n
Ted Bryant
John Fuhr
J. D. MacFarlane
P h i l l i p Massari
Harold McCormick
Hubert M. S a f r a n
R e p r e s e n t a t i v e C. P. Lamb, Chairman o f t h e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l ,
a l s o s e r v e d a s a n ex o f f i c i o member o f t h e committee.
E a r l y i n t h e committee d e l i b e r a t i o n s , t h e members a g r e e d
t h a t t h e assignment i n S e n a t e J o i n t R e s o l u t i o n No. 4 2 was g r e a t e r
t h a n c o u l d be u n d e r t a k e n a t one time. T h e r e f o r e , t h e committee
d e c i d e d t o c o n c e n t r a t e i t s e f f o r t s f i r s t on t h e s u b j e c t of d r u g s and
drug a b u s e , s i n c e t h i s t o p i c was t h e o n l y assignment which c a l l e d
f o r s p e c i f i c l e g i s l a t i v e recommendations.
The committee wishes t o e x p r e s s i t s a p p r e c i a t i o n t o t h e numerous l o c a l , s t a t e , and f e d e r a l o f f i c i a l s , and t o t h e s e v e r a l p r o f e s s i o n a l p e r s o n s who c o n f e r r e d w i t h t h e committee on t h e dang- e r o u s drug problem. P h i l l i p E. J o n e s and S t a n l e y E l o f s o n , s e n i o r r e s e a r c h a n a l y s t s f o r t h e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l , had t h e primary r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r
t h e s t a f f work on t h i s s t u d y , w i t h t h e a s s i s t a n c e of Ed I s e r n , r e s e a r c h a s s i s t a n t . James C. Wilson, Jr., and Robert H o l t , a s s i s t a n t
a t t o r n e y s g e n e r a l , L e g i s l a t i v e R e f e r e n c e O f f i c e , had t h e primary
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r b i l l d r a f t i n g s e r v i c e s provided t h e committee.
November 28, 1967
L y l e C. Kyle
Director
TABLE OF CONTENTS
...................
FOREWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COMMITTEE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . .
Need f o r A d d i t i o n a l S t a t e L e g i s l a t i o n t o
C o n t r o l Dangerous Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A l t e r n a t i v e S o l u t i o n s t o t h e Dangerous
LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL
Paqe
iii v i i
x
i i i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i v
. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. x v
ixivi
x x i
DANGEROUS DRUG BILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BACKGROUND REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Abused Drugs a n d T h e i r E f f e c t s . . . . . . . . . . . .
N a r c o t i c Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D e p r e s s a n t Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S t i m u l a n t Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H a l l u c i n o g e n i c Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marihuana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N a r c o t i c and Drug Abuse i n C o l o r a d o . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Drug T r e a t m e n t Programs
Drug E d u c a t i o n Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Q u e s t i o n o f Dangerous Drugs P r o g r e s s i n g
t o Use o f N a r c o t i c Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drug Use and Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A d d i t i o n a l S t a t e m e n t s t o t h e Committee . . . . . . . .
D e t e c t i v e J o h n Gray, Denver P o l i c e
Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M r . L e s t e r Thomas, Denver J u v e n i l e
Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M r . Joseph Arnold, S p e c i a l Ministry,
U n i t e d Church o f C h r i s t . . . . . . . . . . . .
D r . Alan Frank, S t u d e n t Health S e r v i c e s ,
U n i v e r s i t y of C o l o r a d o . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX A -- C o m p i l a t i o n of F e d e r a l Laws R e g a r d i n g
N a r c o t i c s and Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX B -- N a r c o t i c and Dangerous Drug L e g i s l a t i o n
in Otherstates . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drug Abuse Problem
I m p o r t a n t F e a t u r e s o f t h e Recommended Drug
Abuse C o n t r o l A c t
O t h e r Committee Recommendations
COWITTEE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l ' s Criminal Codr Committee was etstebl i s h e d pursuant t o Senate J o i n t Resolution No. 42 (1967 s e s s i o n )
which d i r e c t e d t h e Council t o conduct a s t u d y t o rubmit r e p o r t s and
recammendations p e r t a i n i n g t o problems of d r u abuse i n Colorado.
The s t u d y of drug abuse was t o i n c l u d e t h e f o lowing s u b j @ c t e t
!
( 1 ) The c o l l e c t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n and t h e development of
recommendations p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of p r e s e n t s t a t e
s t a t u t e s and t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of s t a t e law t o f e d e r a l a c t s i n t h e
a r e a of drug c o n t r o l ;
( 2 ) The p o s s i b l e need f o r a d d i t i o n a l s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n t o
provide e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l o v e r i l l i c i t drug t r a f f i c , drug abure, and
drug a d d i c t i o n ;
( 3 ) The d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e moat s u i t a b l e approach of s t a t e
l e g i s l a t i o n toward t h e problem of t h e c o n t r o l of non-narcotic drugs,
i n c l u d i n g s t i m u l a n t s , d e p r e s s a n t s , and h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s ;
( 4 ) C o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t y p e s of r e s e a r c h and
e d u c a t i o n a l programs t h a t should be undertaken concerning t h e effect8
of such drugs upon t h e human body; and
( 5 ) A review of t h e e x i s t i n g t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s a v a i l a b l e
f o r drug u s e r s and a d d i c t s and t h e p o s s i b l e need f o r a d d i t i o n a l
t h e r a p e u t i c f a c i l i t i e s t o provide more e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l o v e r t h e
1. '
u s e o f drugs w i t h i n t h e s t a t e .
Although t h e r e p o r t of t h e Criminal Code Committee i s n o t due u n t i l
t h e 1969 s e s s i o n , t h e t o p i c s l i s t e d above have been c a r e f u l l y r e viewed by t h e Criminal Code Committee and a r e considered t o be of
such i m o r t a n c e t h a t t h e y m e r i t c o n s i d e r a t i o n by t h e General Assembly
i n t h e 968 s e s s i o n .
!
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e drug problem, t h e assignment t o t h e Legisl a t i v e Council i n S.J.R. 42 d i r e c t e d s t u d i e s i n t h r e e o t h e r major
a r e a s of concern t o t h e c r i m i n a l laws i n t h i s s t a t e :
(1) A s t u d y t o determine whether l e g i s l a t i v e e f f o r t s t o rev i s e and c o d i f y t h e s t a t e ' s c r i m i n a l laws should be continued, w i t h
a r e q u e s t being made of members of t h e Colorado Bar A s s o c i a t i o n ,
f a c u l t y members of t h e law s c h o o l s i n t h i s s t a t e , and o t h e r i n t e r criminal
e s t e d persons t o e v a l u a t e t h e c o n t e n t s of t h e prelimina
law r e v i s i o n published i n 1964 by t h e L e g i s l a t i v e Counci
7.
( 2 ) A atudy t o review t h e r e p o r t of t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Commiss i o n on C r i m e and t o recommend a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i o n t h a t should be
t a k e n by t h e General Assembly t o implement t h e f i n d i n g s and conclus i o n s contained i n t h e r e p o r t a t both t h e s t a t e and l o c a l l e v e l s of
government.
I
( 3 ) A study of a l l a s p e c t s of t h e subject of centencing of
o f f e n d e r s , i n c l u d i n g a review of a c t i o n taken i n t h e F i r s t Regular
S e s s i o n of t h e F o r t y - s i x t h General Assembly t h a t would have a beari n g on t h e i s s u e of i n d e t e r m i n a t e s e n t e n c i n g of offenders.
It i s t h e committee's p l a n t o s t u d y t h e t h r e e remaining s u b j e c t s
n e x t y e a r and t o submit i t s r e p o r t and recommendations on t h e s e
t o p i c s f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e 1969 s e s s i o n .
Because t h e problem of drug abuse was t h e only s p e c i f i c t o p i c
No. 42, t h e committee decided a t i t s June 8
d i r e c t e d under S.J.R.
meeting t o undertake i t s s t u d y of t h e drug abuse problem i n Colorado
a s i t s f i r s t m a t t e r of concern. The n e x t meetings, June 28 - 2 9 ,
J u l y 18, and September 7, were devoted t o h e a r i n g s on drug abuse.
Conferees a t t h e s e meetings r e p r e s e n t e d t r a i n i n g i n a v a r i e t
of p r o f e s s i o n s , academic d i s c i p l i n e s , and p r a c t i c a l experiences w i t
problems of drug abuse throughout t h e country and i n Colorado. Some
s t r o n g d i f f e r e n c e s of opinion c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h e s t a t e m e n t s of t h e
c o n f e r e e s i n regard t o t h e proper approach of s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n t o
t h e d r u g abuse problem. Much of t h e information i n t h i s r e p o r t was
provided by t h e conferees. An o u t l i n e of some a d d i t i o n a l viewpoints
of t h e s e c o n f e r e e s i s incl uded i n t h e background r e p o r t which f o l lows t h e committee's r e p o r t . A l i s t i n g of t h e conferees and t h e i r
r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s follows:
K
M r . John A. T r a i n o r , Denver O f f i c e D i s t r i c t Supervisor,
Bureau of N a r c o t i c s , U.S. Department of Treasury
M r . John Healey, D i s t r i c t Supervisor, Bureau of Drug.
Abuse C o n t r o l , Food and Drug Administration, U.S.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare
M r . Donald F l e t c h e r , Manager of D i s t r i b u t i o n Protect i o n , Smith Kline & French L a b o r a t o r i e s , P h i l a d e l p h i a ,
Pennsylvania
D r . Hans S c h a p i r e , Chief of P s y c h i a t r i c S e r v i c e s ,
Colorado Department of I n s t i t u t i o n s
M r . Harry T i n s l e y , Chief of C o r r e c t i o n s , Colorado
Department of I n s t i t u t i o n s -
M r . Edward W. Grout, Executive D i r e c t o r , Division of
Adult P a r o l e , Colorado Department of I n s t i t u t i o n s
D r , Lewis Barbato, D i r e c t o r , Health S e r v i c e s , Univer-
s i t y of Denver
D r . Alan Frank, P s y c h i a t r i s t , Student Health S e r v i c e s ,
U n i v e r s i t y of Colorado
M r . L e s t e r Thomas, D i r e c t o r of Research and Programming,
Denver County Court
xii
M r . John Gray, D e t e c t i v e , I n t e l l i g e n c e Bureau, Denver
P o l i c e Department
M r . Leonard Davies, A t t o r n e y , Neighborhood Law C e n t e r ,
Denver
M r . O r l e n Wiemann, C h i e f , Milk, Food, and Drug S e c t i o n ,
Colorado Department o f P u b l i c H e a l t h
P r o f e s s o r Richard H. Blum, P r o j e c t D i r e c t o r , Psychopharmacology P r o j e c t , I n s t i t u t e f o r t h e Study of Human
Problems, S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y
D r . H. P e t e r Metzger, Research A s s o c i a t e , Department of
Chemistry, U n i v e r s i t y of Colorado
M r . J o s e p h C. Arnold, M i n i s t e r , United Church of C h r i s t ,
Denver
Need f o r A d d i t i o n a l S t a t e L e q i s l a t i o n t o C o n t r o l Danqerous Druqs
Because o f a n a p p a r e n t r a p i d growth of drug abuse i n Colorado,
p a r t i c u l a r l y by a d o l e s c e n t s , t h e committee h a s concluded t h a t t h e r e
i s a d e f i n i t e need f o r s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n t o c o n t r o l dangerous
d r u g s m u R e l i a b l e f i g u r e s on drug abuse growth a r e v i r t u a l l y i m p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n f o r a number of r e a s o n s , and any s t a t i s t i c s t h a t
a r e p r e s e n t e d should be c a r e f u l l y a n a l y z e d b e f o r e b e i n g a c c e p t e d .
Both proponents and opponents of t h e u s e o f dangerous d r u g s t e n d t o
e x a g g e r a t e t h e f i g u r e s on t h e number of p e o p l e u s i n g t h e s e d r u g s a s
a method of a s s e r t i n g t h e i r c a u s e . However, a s one i n d i c a t i o n of
s i g n i f i c a n t d r u g u s e i n Colorado, h a r d l y a day p a s s e s w i t h o u t a n
a r t i c l e i n t h e newspapers c o n c e r n i n g drug abuse a r r e s t s o r s t a t e m e n t s
concerning drug use.
The f e d e r a l government p r e s e n t l y c o n t r o l s i n t e r s t a t e and i n t r a s t a t e manufacturing and d i s t r i b u t i o n of dangerous d r u g s t h r o u g h
t h e Bureau of Drug Abuse C o n t r o l , Department of H e a l t h , Education and
Welfare. While t h e f e d e r a l government can c o n f i s c a t e dangerous
d r u g s , f e d e r a l s t a t u t e s p r o v i d e n e i t h e r p e n a l t i e s n o r t r e a t m e n t programs f o r i n d i v i d u a l s p o s s e s s i n g t h e s e d r u g s . One of t h e l i m i t a t i o n s
i n r e l y i n g e x c l u s i v e l y on t h e f e d e r a l government f o r enforcement of
J
l
The term "dangerous d r u g s , a s used i n t h i s r e p o r t , r e f e r s t o
d e p r e s s a n t , s t i m u l a n t , a n d h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s b u t does n o t r e f e r t o n a r c o t i c d r u g s which a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s a s e p a r a t e c a t e gory. A d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s e d r u g s i s found on page xv of t h e
committee r e p o r t and pages 4 t h r o u g h 6 of t h e background r e port.
xiii
dm abuse laws i s t h a t t h e r e a r e r e l a t i v e l y few f e d e r a l a g e n t s
9:
ava l a b l e t o c o n t r o l a l l a s p e c t s of dangerous drug abuse. Speakers
from f e d e r a l agencies urged t h e committee t o recommend s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n i n o r d e r t o provide f o r i n c r e a s e d manpower and f o r s h a r i n g of
information between f e d e r a l , s t a t e , and l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s .
It would n o t be r e a l i s t i c t o suggest t h a t s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n
on dangerous drugs, even coupled with e x i s t i n g f e d e r a l laws, w i l l
e l i m i n a t e o r prevent f u t u r e problems of d r u abuse i n Colorado. As
members of t h e General Assembly a r e aware, e g i s l a t i o n i n dangerous
d r u g s c o n t r o l i s d i f f i c u l t because of t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r misuse of
p r a c t i c a l l y any substance. It was pointed o u t t o t h e committee t h a t
l e g i s l a t i o n t o c o n t r o l drug u s e w i l l always l a g behind many new
drugs w i t h which young people w i l l experiment.
?
However, P r o f e s s o r Richard H a Blum of S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y
pointed o u t t h a t l e g i s l a t i o n can r e t a r d t h e expansion of drug abuse
i n two ways. F i r s t , t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of dangerous drugs can be r e duced through l e g i s l a t i o n . F u r t h e r l e g i s l a t i o n can e s t a b l i s h l e g a l
r e s t r i c t i o n s which many persons w i l i n o t want t o v i o l a t e . The committee b e l i e v e s t h a t l e g i s l a t i o n t o r e t a r d f u r t h e r e x t e n s i o n of t h e
use of dangerous d r u g s i s a m a t t e r f o r s e r i o u s l e g i s l a t i v e a t t e n t i o n . The problem, however, becomes one of d e c i d i n g on t h e most
a p p r o p r i a t e course of a c t i o n i n t h e c o n t r o l of drug abuse.
p l t e r n a t i v e S o l u t i o n s t o t h e Danserous Drua ~ b u s eProblem
The committee concluded t h a t it had t h e choice of recommending f o u r a l t e r n a t i v e approaches f o r l e g i s l a t i o n . The f i r s t a l t e r n a t i v e would be t o maintain t h e s t a t u s quo, o r make no recommendations.
The committee f e l t t h a t making such a recommendation would be an
i r r e s p o n s i b l e p o s i t i o n because of t h e apparent rowth of drug abuse
i n Colorado. Although t h e r e i s much y e t t o be earned concerning
long-term e f f e c t s of dangerous drugs on t h e human body, t h e potent i a l dangers and misuse of t h e s e drugs o u t s i d e of l a b o r a t o r i e s seems
s u f f i c i e n t reason t o l e g i s l a t e a g a i n s t manufacture, s a l e , and d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e s e drugs.
7
A second a l t e r n a t i v e f o r l e g i s l a t i o n could be t o simply add
a l i s t of dangerous drugs t o t h e e x i s t i n g s t a t u t o r y d e f i n i t i o n s of
n a r c o t i c drugs i n s e c t i o n 48-5-1, C.R.S. 1963. T h i s approach would
p l a c e dangerous drugs i n t h e same category a s n a r c o t i c drugs w i t h
t h e same e n a l t i e s f o r n a r c o t i c drugs a l s o applying t o dangerous
drugs. T e committee r e j e c t e d t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e because of t h e
s e v e r i t y of p e n a l t i e s i n t h e n a r c o t i c s t a t u t e s . It was thou h t t h a t
t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e dangerous drug o f f e n d e r s were young peop e who
a r e p o t e n t i a l l y productive members of s o c i e t y , b u t who may be i n
need of guidance, counseling, and t r e a t m e n t , and who probably do not
r e a l i z e t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of a f e l o n y stigma. S o c i e t y probably
would g a i n nothing by making t h e s e a d o l e s c e n t s and young a d u l t s
f e l o n s . Once a person i s convicted of a f e l o n y , the stigma is prese n t f o r t h e rest of t h a t p erson's l i f e , and h i s productive c a p a b i l i t i e s f o r f u r t h e r education and f u t u r e employment might be l o s t .
R
?
xiv
r
The t h i r d a l t e r n a t i v e d i s c u s s e d b t h e committee was t o ptepare an a l l - i n c l u s i v e d r u g b i l l . T h i s a t e r n a t i v s could combine
n a r c o t i c drugs and dangerous d r u g s i n one a c t b u t c o u l d have sepa-
r a t e p e n a l t y s e c t i o n s f o r n a r c o t i c d r u g s and dangerous d r u g s , One
o t e n t i a l d i f f i c u l t y which a n a l l - i n c l u s i v e a c t c o u l d a v o i d would
e p o e s i b l e d u p l i c a t i o n of d u t i e s by two d i f f e r e n t governmental
a g e n c i e s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s p r e s e n t on t h e f e d e r a l l e v e l w i t h the
Bureau of N a r c o t i c s i n t h e Department of T r e a s u r y c o n t r o l l i n g narc o t i c s andthe Bureau of Drug Abuse C o n t r o l e s t a b l i s h e d under t h e
Department of H e a l t h , Education and Welfare working w i t h dangerous
drugs.
g
The committee b e l i e v e s t h a t a s i n l e n a r c o t i c - d a n g e r o u s drug
a c t would p r e s e n t t h e G e n e r a l Assembly w t h t h e same c o n t r o v e r s y
which t h e committee c o n s t a n t l y f a c e d , namely w h e t h e r rnarihuana
ohould be l i s t e d i n t h e dangerous drug c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o r s h o u l d be
l e f t i n t h e n a r c o t i c s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . As d i s c u s s e d l a t e r , t h e r e ere
r e a s o n s f o r a r g u i n g f o r removal o r f o r t h e r e t e n t i o n of marihuana
i n t h e n a r c o t i c s s t a t u t e s , b u t t h e committee s recommendation is
t h a t t h e dangerous d r u g b i l l be e n a c t e d r e g a r d l e s s of any o t h e r l e g i s l a t i v e a c t i o n i n r e g a r d t o marihuana.
P
The f o u r t h a l t e r n a t i v e , which t h e committee f e l t t o be t h e
b e s t c o u r s e of a c t i o n , i s a d r u g a b u s e a c t , s e p a r a t e from t h e narc o t i c a c t , c o n t r o l l i n g dangerous d r u g s o n l y . The i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s
of t h e b i l l which t h e committee recommends a r e d i s c u s s e d n e x t .
I m p o r t a n t F e a t u r e s of t h e Recommended Druq Abuse C o n t r o l Act
The committee b a s i c a l l y adopted t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e Model
Drug Abuse C o n t r o l Act promulgated by t h e U. S. Department of H e a l t h ,
Education and Welfare. T h i s a c t h a s been e n a c t e d i n 1 4 o t h e r s t a t e s
( s e e Item B i n t h e a p p e n d i x ) . The proposed d r u a b u s e c o n t r o l a c t
f o r Colorado c o r r e s p o n d s c l o s e l y w i t h t h e f e d e r a ? law on dangerous
d r u g s . T h i s u n i f o r m i t y makes i t e a s i e r f o r l e g i t i m a t e m a n u f a c t u r e r s ,
w h o l e s a l e r s , and d i s t r i b u t e r s , which a r e r e q u i r e d t o be l i c e n s e d , t o
comply w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e dangerous d r u g law. B e t t e r coope r a t i o n between s t a t e s and l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s and f e d e r a l o f f i c e r s
can be a c h i e v e d i f s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n i s i n agreement w i t h f e d e r a l
law.
.
The dangerous d r u g s c o n t r o l l e d
C o n t r o l l e d Danqerous Druqs
bv t h e recommended a c t i n c l u d e a number of s p e c i f i e d d e p r e s s a n t
d$ugs ( s l e e p i n d u c i n g d r u s ) , s t i m u l a n t d r u g s d r u g s which induce
a l e r t n e s s and wakefulness , and h a l l u c i n o g e n s d r u g s which d i s t o r t
p e r c e p t i o n s of t h e mind). The l i s t of c o n t r o l l e d d r u g s i n e a c h
c a t e g o r y i s t a k e n from f e d e r a l s t a t u t e s and from t h e f e d e r a l regul a t i o n s of t h e Food and Drug A d m i n i s t r a t i o n which i s a u t h o r i z e d by
f e d e r a l law t o l i s t a d d i t i o n a l d r u g s having a p o t e n t i a l f o r abuse
because of t h e i r d e p r e s s a n t , s t i m u l a n t , o r h a l l u c j n o g e n i c e f f e c t .
The s o u r c e s f o r t h e d r u g s l i s t e d i n t h e t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s a r e n o t e d
i n t h e comment p o r t i o n of t h e b i l l which f o l l o w s t h i s r e p o r t . It
was n e c e s s a r y t o s p e c i f y t h e c o n t r o l l e d d r u g s i n t h e b i l l i n s t e a d
3
I
of p e r m i t t i n g t h e a d m i n i e t r a t i v e a u t h o r i t i e s t o prepare t h e dan er-
!
oua drug l i s t . T h i s procedure w i l l avoid a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l queo i o n
of unlawful d e l e g a t i o n of a u t h o r i t y , s i n c e t h e proposed b i l l i n cludes criminal penalties.
Two e x c e p t i o n s t o t h e s e classifications of d r u s should be
noted. Cocaine, a s t r o n g s t i m u l a n t , is included i n t e n a r c o t i c
d r u g c a t e g o r y r a t h e r t h a n i n t h e s t i m u l a n t drug c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
However, cocaine may produce p o s s i b l e t o x i c r e a c t i o n s s o it i s seldom abused and p r e s e n t s no controversy.
8
The committee was d i v i d e d on t h e q u e s t i o n of whether t o l e a v e
marihuana a s a n a r c o t i c drug o r t o r e c l a s s i f y it a s a h a l l u c i n o g e n i c
d m i n t h e dangerous drug b i l l . Votes on t h i s q u e s t i o n were t a k e n
on o u r o c c a s i o n s i n committee meetings, t h e r e s u l t of t h r e e of t h e
v o t e s being n o t t o r e c l a s s i f y marihuana a s a dangerous drug. The
committee recommendation i s t h a t marihuana be l e f t unchanged i n t h e
n a r c o t i c drug c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a t l e a s t u n t i l t h e i s s u e i s c l a r i f i e d
on t h e b a s i s of f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h by t h e f e d e r a l government.
9
S e v e r a l arguments f o r and a g a i n s t r e t e n t i o n of aharihuana
under t h e s t a t e ' s n a r c o t i c law were p r e s e n t e d t o t h e committee. Ind i v i d u a l s advocating a r a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of marihuana a s a dangerous
drug p o i n t o u t t h a t marihuana i s a n a r c o t i c by l e g a l d e f i n i t i o n
only, Pharmacologists have s t a t e d t h a t marihuana i s a mild h a l l u c i noget?, much weaker t h a n LSD which i s c l a s s i f i e d a s a dangerous h a l l u c i n o g e n i c drug i n t h e proposed b i l l . It was a l s o s t a t e d t h a t both
a l c o h o l and c i g a r e t t e s may be p o t e n t i a l l y more dangerous t h a n marihuana
.
Arguments f o r l e a v i n g marihuana i n t h e n a r c o t i c s l i s t i n g were
t h a t every o t h e r s t a t e has d e f i n e d marihuana a s a n a r c o t i c drug and,
even though t h e f e d e r a l law has n o t d e f i n e d marihuana a s a n a r c o t i c
drug, marihuana i s t r e a t e d t h e same a s a n a r c o t i c drug. I f marihuana were made a dangerous drug, j u r i s d i c t i o n a l d i s p u t e s could dev e l o p between t h e f e d e r a l Bureau of N a r c o t i c s and t h e s t a t e . Theref o r e , u n t i l t h e f e d e r a l government r e c l a s s i f i e s marihuana, it would
not be p r a c t i c a l f o r Colorado t o p l a c e marihuana i n t h e dangerous
drug category. Two important f e a t u r e s of drug c o n t r o l laws a r e
u n i f o r m i t y i n s t a t u t e s and c o o p e r a t i o n between s t a t e and f e d e r a l
o f f i c e r s . F u r t h e r , removal of marihuana t o t h e dangerous drug
c a t e g o r y , w i t h weaker p e n a l t i e s t h a n t h e n a r c o t i c laws, might be
m i s i n t e r p r e t e d a s an e x p r e s s i o n of t a c i t approval f o r t h e use of t h e
drug. A f t e r much d e l i b e r a t i o n , t h e committee decided n o t t o recommend r e c l a s s i f y i n g marihuana f o r t h e r e a s o n s d i s c u s s e d above.
Unlawful Act.5. The proposed b i l l would make i l l e g a l manuf a c t u r i n g , s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n , and possession of dangerous d r u g s
unlawful a c t s . To a s s u r e t h a t c o n t r o l o v e r t h e s e d r u s i s maint a i n e d , t h e b i l l i n c l u d e s r e g u l a t i o n s f o r making d e t a l e d p r e s c r i p t i o n s f o r l e g a l possession. A l l manufacturers, w h o l e s a l e r s , and
anyone e l s e handling t h e s e drugs would be l i c e n s e d o r r e g i s t e r e d
under t h i s a c t except f o r p h y s i c i a n s , pharmacists, d e n t i s t s , and
?
xvi
v e t e r i n a r i a n s who a r e l i c e n s e d by t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p r o f e s s i o n a l lic e n s i n g b o a r d s . Everyone l i c e n s e d u n d e r t h i s a c t o r by a p r o f e s s i o n a l l i c e n s i n g b o a r d would b e r e q u i r e d t o keep r e c o r d s o f s a l e o f
d a n g e r o u s d r u g s f o r two y e a r s , and t h e s e r e c o r d s o f s a l e and a l l
i n v e n t o r y s u p p l i e s would b e open t o i n s p e c t i o n t o a u t h o r i z e d s t a t e
o f f i c i a l s . These p r o v i s i o n s would a s s i s t i n c o n t r o l l i n g b o t h prod u c t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f d a n g e r o u s d r u g s . Anyone v i o l a t i n g any
o f t h e r e c o r d keeping r e q u i r e m e n t s o r l i c e n s i n g p r o c e d u r e s c o u l d
have h i s p r o f e s s i o n a l l i c e n s e o r t h e l i c e n s e i s s u e d u n d e r t h i s a c t
suspended o r revoked.
P e n a l t i e s . The committee a g r e e d t h a t t h e most s i g n i f i c a n t
problem i n d a n g e r o u s d r u g s was t o d r y up t h e i l l i c i t s o u r c e s o f
d a n g e r o u s d r u g s . S t r i c t c r i m i n a l s a n c t i o n s s h o u l d be a p p l i e d f o r
t h e i l l e g a l m a n u f a c t u r e , s a l e , p o s s e s s i o n w i t h i n t e n t t o s e l l , and
t h e a t t e m p t t o s e l l any l i s t e d d a n g e r o u s d r u g . These o f f e n s e s
s h o u l d b e f e l o n i e s w i t h p o s s i b l e imprisonment i n t h e s t a t e p e n i t e n t i a r y from one t o f o u r t e e n y e a r s and a f i n e of up t o $1,000.
The p e n a l t y f o r u n l a w f u l p o s s e s s i o n , however, was a problem
of g r e a t c o n c e r n t o t h e committee. During t h e h e a r i n g s s e v e r a l exp e r t s i n t h e f i e l d o f d a n g e r o u s d r u g s t e s t i f i e d t h a t a g r e a t maj o r i t y of t h e d r u g u s e r s were a d o l e s c e n t s o r young a d u l t s who t o o k
d r u g s on a n e x p e r i m e n t a l b a s i s . Many o f t h e s e p e r s o n s may t a k e d r u g s
one time a s a method o f a d v e n t u r i n g i n t o t h e w o r l d away from parent a l c o n t r o l . The young p e o p l e who c o n t i n u e t o u s e d a n g e r o u s d r u g s
were s a i d t o do s o p r i m a r i l y b e c a u s e o f some d e e p - s e a t e d e m o t i o n a l
problem. Young p e r s o n s u s i n g d r u g s s h o u l d n o t b e d e t e r r e d from seeki n g m e d i c a l a s s i s t a n c e b e c a u s e o f f e a r of c r i m i n a l p e n a l t y .
With t h i s background i n mind, t h e committee p r o v i d e d t h r e e
p e n a l t i e s f o r u n l a w f u l p o s s e s s i o n of d a n g e r o u s d r u g s . The f i r s t two
o f f e n s e s would b e misdemeanors w i t h s e v e r a l a l t e r n a t i v e p r o v i s i o n s
f o r e d u c a t i o n and t r e a t m e n t o f t h e o f f e n d e r . F o r t h e f i r s t o f f e n s e
t h e judge would have t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s of ( 1 ) s e n t e n c i n q t h e o f f e n d e r
t o county j a i l , (2) f i n i n g t h e offender, ( 3 ) both fine-and sentence,
( 4 ) granting probation, (5) granting conditional probation, ( 6 )
d e f e r r i n g t r i a l i n c a s e o f v o l u n t a r y commitment f o r t r e a t m e n t , and
( 7 ) p r o c e e d i n g u n d e r c i v i l ( i n v o l u n t a r y ) commitment.
F o r t h e second
o f f e n s e a p e r s o n c o u l d b e (1) s e n t e n c e d t o t h e c o u n t y j a i l f o r a
o f time up t o two y e a r s , ( 2 ) f i n e d up t o a maximum o f $1,000
b o t h i m p r i s o n e d and f i n e d . The judge i s a l s o g i v e n a u t h o r i t y
p l a c e t h e d e f e n d a n t i n t h e c a r e and c u s t o d y o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t
of i n s t i t u t i o n s ( i n v o l u n t a r y c i v i l commitment), o r ( 5 ) t o g r a n t prob a t i o n . The t h i r d o f f e n s e i s a f e l o n y w i t h p r o v i s i o n s f o r imprisonment i n t h e s t a t e p e n i t e n t i a r y f o r a p e r i o d o f from one t o f o u r t e e n
y e a r s , o r t o p r o v i d e f o r i n v o l u n t a r y commitment, o r g r a n t p r o b a t i o n .
The committee b e l i e v e s t h a t l e g i s l a t i o n t o c o n t r o l t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of d a n g e r o u s d r u g s by s t r i c t p e n a l t i e s f o r i l l e g a l d r u g
p r o d u c t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n r e p r e s e n t s a b e t t e r u s e o f t h e l i m i t e d
manpower f o r p o l i c e p u r p o s e s t h a n p r o s e c u t i n g d r u g u s e r s .
xvii
O t h e r Committee Recommendations
Education. During t h e h e a r i n g s i n J u n e and J u l y , e v e r y conf e r e e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t s o c i e t y a s a whole l a c k s t h e p r o p e r knowledge
a b o u t t h e d a n g e r s of d r u g abuse. It was s t a t e d t h a t t h e United
S t a t e s h a s become a " p i l l a d d i c t e d s o c e i t y w i n which d r u g s a r e used
when p e r s o n s c a t c h c o l d , become nervous, o r g a t h e r s o c i a l l y , ( a l c o h o l i s a d e p r e s s a n t d r u g ) . It s h o u l d n o t be unexpected t h a t young
p e o p l e a r e u s i n g d r u g s , s i n c e t h e y a r e i m i t a t i n g t h e i r p a r e n t s . The
primary d i f f e r e n c e i s t h a t p a r e n t s u s e l e g a l d r u g s and young people
use e x o t i c i l l e g a l drugs.
It would be i m p o s s i b l e t o e d u c a t e a l l o f s o c i e t y ; however,
s e v e r a l segments of s o c i e t y c a n be e d u c a t e d . F o r example, medical
d o c t o r s a r e t h e l e a d e r s i n forming d r u g h a b i t s t h r o u g h p r e s c r i b i n g
d r u g s and need t o be informed of d r u g abuse t r e n d s . P o l i c e o f f i c e r s
have been g i v e n t h e i m p o s s i b l e t a s k of c o n t r o l l i n g drug t r a f f i c and
u s e , However, t h e r e i s need f o r more t r a i n i n g f o r p o l i c e o f f i c e r s
p a r t i c u l a r l y i n r e g a r d t o t h e e f f e c t s of d r u g s , why people u s e d r u g s ,
and t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s . The committee was t o l d
t h a t t h e p o l i c e a r e d i r e c t e d t o g e t t h e drug a b u s e r o f f t h e s t r e e t ,
and w i t h t h e l i m i t e d t o o l o f a r r e s t a v a i l a b l e t o them, t h e y have done
a good j o b . However, t h i s approach d o e s n o t keep t h e d r u g a b u s e r
o f f t h e s t r e e t permanently.
F i n a l l y , s c h o o l c h i l d r e n need a good d r u g e d u c a t i o n program
i n t h e s c h o o l s . It was emphasized t o t h e committee t h a t young people
o f t e n do n o t u n d e r s t a n d t h a t d r u g u s e c a n be dangerous. An educat i o n a l program should s t a r t i n t h e l a t t e r y e a r s of e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l
w i t h a t l e a s t one h o u r p e r semester and s h o u l d be t a u g h t by swell i n formed t e a c h e r s u s i n g f a c t u a l , c u r r e n t i n f o r m a t i o n . S e v e r a l s o u r c e s
of m a t e r i a l s f o r s c h o o l s were mentioned a s b e i n g a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e
t e a c h i n g of a w e l l rounded and f a c t u a l drug e d u c a t i o n program.
S t a t e Laboratory. F e d e r a l a u t h o r i t i e s s u g g e s t e d t h a t Colorado
e s t a b l i s h a l a b o r a t o r y a v a i l a b l e t o law enforcement a g e n c i e s f o r
drug i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , p o s s i b l y under t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o$ t h e Colorado
Bureau of I n v e s t i g a t i o n . Law enforcement a g e n c i e s c u r r e n t l y have t o
send d r u g samples t o t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s o f t h e F e d e r a l Bureau of Inv e s t i g a t i o n , t h e Bureau of N a r c o t i c s , t h e Bureau of Drug Abuse Cont r o l , o r t h e Denver P o l i c e Department. O f t e n t h e s e a g e n c i e s a r e n o t
a b l e t o immediately a n a l y z e d r u g samples, and a l o n g d e l a y i n rec e i v i n g t h e a n a l y s i s may mean t h a t a d r u g c a s e i s d i s m i s s e d o r t h e
d e f e n d a n t l o s e s h i s r i g h t t o a speedy t r i a l .
N a r c o t i c Druqs. The 1960 F e d e r a l N a r c o t i c s Law, "Narcotic
Manufacture Act of 1960," removed from t h e exempt l i s t dihydrocodeinone. I n S e c t i o n 48-5-8, C.R.S. 1963, dihydrocodeinone i s s t i l l
exempt. S i n c e f e d e r a l law t a k e s precedence, Colorado should r e v i s e
S e c t i o n 48-5-8 t o conform w i t h f e d e r a l law.
Treatment F a c i l i t i e s . Colorado i s a growing s t a t e , and
growth can b r i n g n a r c o t i c problems. The t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s i n
xviii
Colorado a r e l i m i t e d t o some emergency t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s , one
f a c i l i t y f o r t r e a t m e n t of a c u t e withdrawal symptoms, which i s more
t h a n most s t a t e s have, and t h e Colorado S t a t e H o s p i t a l f o r c o n t r o l l e d withdrawal and t h e r a p y .
The committee recommends t h a t a s p e c i a l i z e d f a c i l i t y be e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t r e a t m e n t of n a r c o t i c a d d i c t s and p e r s o n s needing c a r e
f o r t h e u s e of dangerous d r u g s . T h i s drug t r e a t m e n t ward should be
s e p a r a t e from o t h e r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s and should be s t a f f e d by
p e r s o n s i n t e r e s t e d and s k i l l e d i n t h e t r e a t m e n t of drug a d d i c t i o n
and dependency. It i s f u r t h e r s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y be l o c a t e d i n t h e Denver a r e a s o t h a t it w i l l be a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e l a r g e s t
p o p u l a t i o n c e n t e r i n t h e s t a t e i n p r o v i d i n g b o t h i n p a t i e n t and ambulatory services.
A major d e f i c i e n c y i n t h e s t a t e ' s t r e a t m e n t program i s t h e
l a c k of a f t e r c a r e f a c i l i t i e s c l o s e t o an a d d i c t ' s home. When t h e
a d d i c t r e t u r n s t o t h e same environment where he became a d d i c t e d , he
w i l l become r e a d d i c t e d when t h e problems o f h i s environment a g a i n
p r e s e n t themselves. The American Medical A s s o c i a t i o n s u p p o r t s a program of withdrawal i n a c o n t r o l l e d drug f r e e environment, and a f u l l
program of a f t e r c a r e , i n c l u d i n g r e g u l a r and s u r p r i s e p h y s i c a l tests
on t h e a d d i c t . Much of t h e a f t e r c a r e work can be c a r r i e d on by t h e
s t a t e ' s s o c i a l s e r v i c e s . To a i d t h e s t a t e s Congress passed t h e
I1Narcotic R e h a b i l i t a t i o n Act of 1966, l1 which makes f u n d s a v a i l a b l e
t o t h e s t a t e s t o b u i l d and m a i n t a i n t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s . Colorado
should t a k e advantage of t h e s e funds.
xix
A BILL FOR AN ACT
CONCERNING CERTAIN DRUGS NOT REGULATED BY ARTICLE 5 OF
CHAPTER 48, COLORADO RNISED STATUTES 1963 AS AMENDED,
AND PROVIDING FOR THE REGULATION OF CERTAIN DEPRES-
SANT, STIMULANT, AND HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS AS DEFINED
I N THIS ACT.
Be it enacted b~ t h e General Assembly of
-
the State
of
Colo-
rado:
-
SECTION 1. D e f i n i t i o n s .
(1) A s used i n t h i s a c t ,
X
unless t h e context otherwise indicates:
(2) (a)
(b)
nDepressant drugsw means:
B a r b i t u r i c a c i d , a l l y l b a r b i t u r i c a c i d , aprobar-
b i t a l , beta-bromoallyl,
secondary
-
amylbarbituric acid,
b u t a l l y l o n a l , d i a l l y l b a r b i t u r i c a c i d , b a r b i t a l , hexobarb i t a l , dipropylbarbituric acid, butethal, butabarbital,
c y c l o b a r b i t a l , h e x e t h a l , amobarbital, p e n t o b a r b i t a l , t h i o p e n t a l , v i n b a r b i t a l , mephobarbital, p r o p a l l y l o n a l , phenylm e t h y l b a r b i t u r i c a c i d , s e c o b a r b i t a l , p h e n o b a r b i t a l , prob a r b i t a l , and t h e i r s a l t s ; and
1
,
The s o u r s f o r a l l enumerated
drugs i s 5ne Code o f F e d e r a l
R e q u l a t i o n s , T i t l e 21, p a r t s
65 and 166. T h i s drug l i s t
w i l l need t o be updated ann u a l l y by t h e General Assembly
a s new d r u g s a r e c o n t r o l l e d
by t h e Food and Drug Administ r a t i o n . These a d d i t i o n a l
d r u g s w i l l be l i s t e d i n t h e
F e d e r a l R e a i s t e r and Code of
F e d e r a l Requlations.
I
I
~
I
I
(c)
Bromal hydrate, bromoform, tribromo, c h l o r a l
hydrate, c h l o r a l i m i d e , chloralfonnamide, c h l o r a l o s e , chlorbutanol, acetylcarbromal, bromisovalum, diethylbromo a c e t a mide, ethchlorvynol, ethinamate, g l u t e t h i m i d e , methyprylon,
paraldehyde, l y s e r g i c a c i d , l y s e r g i c a c i d amide, c h l o r a l
b e t a i n e , chlorhexadol, p e t r i c h l o r a l , sulfondiethylmethane,
sulfonethylmethane, sulfonmethane.
(3)
X
X
P-
P
nStimulant drugs" means d-amphetamine, del-amphe-
tamine, d-methamphetamine, dl-methamphetamine, d-desoxyephedrine, dl-desoxyephedrine, and phenmetrazine, and t h e i r
salts.
(4)
wHallucinogenic d r u g s Wmeans dimethyltryptamine,
d - l y s e r g i c a c i d diethylamide, mescaline and i t s s a l t s ,
peyote, psilocybin, and psilocyn.
(5)
"Dangerous drugw s h a l l mean d e p r e s s a n t drugs,
hallucinogenic drugs, o r s t i m u l a n t drugs, o r any of such
drugs i n a mixture, compound, o r w i t h a n y . o t h e r substance.
(6)
w P r a c t i t i o n e r n means a person a u t h b r i z e d by t h e
laws of t h i s s t a t e t o p r a c t i c e medicine, v e t e r i n a r y medicine,
-
Under t h e pharmacy laws of
t h i s s t a t e , t h e board of p h a r macy h a s c o n t r o l , by i n s p e c t i o n , over - a l l p r e s c r i p t i o n
drugs, which i n c l u d e many s t i mulants and d e p r e s s a n t s . However, t h i s c o n t r o l i s l i m i t e d
t o the r e t a i l level, including
i n s t i t u t i o n a l pharmacies. Phys i c i a n s a r e excluded from i n s p e c t i o n by t h e s t a t e board of
pharmacy and manufacturers,
wholesalers, and warehousemen
a r e not now r e g u l a t e d under
Colorado pharmacy laws. These
persons would be r e g u l a t e d
under t h i s a c t i n s o f a r a s t h e
s p e c i f i c drugs l i s t e d i n t h e
a c t a r e concerned.
TIMT
'-
o r d e n t i s t r y , i n t h i s s t a t e o r any o t h e r person who is aut h o r i z e d by t h e laws of t h i s s t a t e t o p r e s c r i b e drugs.
(7)
nPharmacistn means a r e g i s t e r e d pharmacist a s
d e f i n e d by t h e laws of t h i s s t a t e , and, where t h e c o n t e x t
r e q u i r e s , t h e owner of a s t o r e o r o t h e r p l a c e of b u s i n e s s
where drugs a r e compounded o r d i s p e n s e d by a r e g i s t e r e d
pharmacist; b u t nothing i n t h i s s u b s e c t i o n s h a l l be construed
a s c o n f e r r i n g on a person who i s n o t r e g i s t e r e d n o r l i c e n s e d
x
a s a pharmacist any a u t h o r i t y , r i g h t , o r p r i v i l e g e , t h a t is
X
n o t granted t o him by t h e pharmacy laws of t h i s s t a t e .
Cr
(8)
"Manufacturern means a person who by compounding,
mixing, c u l t i v a t i n g , growing, o r o t h e r process, produces
o r prepares dangerous drugs f o r d i s p e n s i n g , b u t does n o t
include a pharmacist who compounds dangerous d r u g s t o be
s o l d o r dispensed.
( 9 ) wVlholesaler* means a person who d i s p e n s e s , witho u t p r e s c r i p t i o n , dangerous d r u g s t h a t he himself h a s n o t
prepared o r produced.
(10) w'Warehouseman" means a person who s t o r e s o r
TMf
d i s p e n s e s dangerous drugs f o r o t h e r s and who has no c o n t r o l
o v e r t h e d i s p o s i t i o n of such drugs except f o r t h e purpose
of such storage o r dispensing.
(11)
m C a r r i e r n means any person who t r a n s p o r t s danger-
ous drugs i n t h e o r d i n a r y course of h i s business f o r any
person required t o be l i c e n s e d pursuant t o s e c t i o n 6 of t h i s
act.
(12)
x
x
'Clinical r e s e a r c h e r u means any person l i c e n s e d
pursuant t o s e c t i o n 6 of t h i s a c t t o experiment with, study,
o r t e s t any dangerous drug within t h i s s t a t e .
(13) "Hospital" means an i n s t i t u t i o n f o r t h e c a r e and
treatment of t h e infirm, s i c k , and i n j u r e d , approved by
an agency of t h i s s t a t e t o be e n t r u s t e d w i t h t h e custody'of
n a r c o t i c drugs and t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l use of n a r c o t i c drugs
under t h e d i r e c t i o n of a p r a c t i t i o n e r .
(14)
nPerson means an i n d i v i d u a l , p a r t n e r s h i p , corpo-
r a t i o n , o r association.
.
.
(15) "Dispensea means s a l e , d e l i v e r y , g i v i n g away, o r
supplying i n any o t h e r manner, o r otherwise disposing of
t o a n o t h e r person.
(16) YBoarda means t h e s t a t e board of pharmacy.
SECTION 2.
Unlawful a c t s .
(1)
Except a s provided i n
s e c t i o n 3 of t h i s a c t , the following a c t s a r e hereby d e c l a r e d
unlawful.
(2) (a)
(b)
To dispense any dangerous drugs unless:
Such dangerous drug i s dispensed by a pharmacist,
upon a p r e s c r i p t i o n , and there i s a f f i x e d t o t h e immediate
c o n t a i n e r i n which s u c h drug is dispensed a l a b e l bearing:
X
X
<
(i) The name and address of t h e phannacy from which
such drug was dispensed;
(ii) The name of t h e pharmacist d i s p e n s i n g the drug;
(iii) The date on which tire p r e s c r i p t i o n f o r such
drug was f i l l e d ;
(iv) The number of such p r e s c r i p t i o n as f i l e d i n the
p r e s c r i p t i o n files of t h e phamacist who f i l l e d such prescription;
(v)
drug ;
The name of t h e p r a c t i t i o n e r who prescribed such
.
Requirements f o r l a b e l i n g
presmiptions
rMT
( v i ) The name and a d d r e s s of t h e p a t i e n t , and, i f
such drug was prescribed f o r an animal, t h e name and address
of t h e owner and a statement of the s p e c i e s of t h e animal;
and
(vii)
The d i r e c t i o n s f o r use of t h e drug as contained
i n the prescription.
(c)
Such dangerous drug i s dispensed by a p r a c t i t i o n e r
i n t h e course of h i s p r a c t i c e , and t h e immediate c o n t a i n e r
X
X
<
P*
i n which such drug i s dispensed bears a l a b e l on which appears t h e d i r e c t i o n s f o r use of such drug, t h e name and
address of such p r a c t i t i o n e r , t h e name and a d d r e s s of t h e
p a t i e n t , t h e d a t a , and, if such drug i s p r e s c r i b e d f o r an
animal, t h e name and address of t h e owner and a statement of
t h e s p e c i e s of t h e animal.
(3)
To f i l l o r r e f i l l any p r e e c r i p t i o n for any danger-
ous drug more than s i x months a f t e r t h e d a t e on which such
p r e s c r i p t i o n was issued, and no such p r e s c r i p t i o n which i s
authorized t o be r e f i l l e d may be r e f i l l e d more t h a n f i v e
times, except t h a t any p r e s c r i p t i o n f o r such a drug a f t e r
s i x months a f t e r t h e d a t e of i s s u e o r a f t e r being r e f i l l e d
f i v e times may be renewed once o r a l l y by t h e p r a c t i t i o n e r
i s s u i n g it, i f such renewal i s promptly reduced t o w r i t i n g
and f i l e d by t h e pharmacist f i l l i n g it, and t h e o r i g i n a l
p r e s c r i p t i o n s h a l l be cancelled.
I f no i n d i c a t i o n of r e f i l l
s t a t u s i s i n d i c a t e d on t h e p r e s c r i p t i o n , it s h a l l n o t be r e filled.
( 4 ) To dispense a dangerous drug upon p r e s c r i p t i o n
x
X
<
re
P
u n l e s s t h e pharmacist who f i l l e d such p r e s c r i p t i o n f i l e s
and r e t a i n s it a s r e q u i r e d i n s e c t i o n 4 of t h i s a c t .
( 5 ) The possession of a dangerous drug by any person.
u n l e s s such person o b t a i n s such drug from a pharmacist on
p r e s c r i p t i o n of a p r a c t i t i o n e r o r i n accordance w i t h paragraph ( 2 ) ( c ) of t h i s s e c t i o n .
The possession of any such
drug which i s not i n a c o n t a i n e r l a b e l l e d i n accordance
w i t h t h e requirements of subsection (2) of t h i s s e c t i o n s h a l l
be prima f a c i e evidence t h a t such drug was n o t l a w f u l l y i n
t h e possession of t h e person possessing it.
( 6 ) To manufacture f o r d i s p e n s i n g any dangerous drug
fMf
w i t h o u t f i r s t o b t a i n i n g a l i c e n s e pursuant t o s e c t i o n 6 of
this act.
(7)
The r e f u s a l t o make a v a i l a b l e and t o accord f u l l
o p p o r t u n i t y t o check any r e c o r d o r f i l e a s r e q u i r e d by sect i o n 5 of t h i s a c t .
(8)
The f a i l u r e t o keep r e c o r d s a s r e q u i r e d by s e c t i o n
4 of t h i s a c t .
( 9 ) The f a i l u r e t o o b t a i n a l i c e n s e a s provided f o r i n
x
2
s e c t i o n 6 of t h i s a c t , o r t h e v i o l a t i o n of t h e terms of any
such l i c e n s e .
SECTION 3.
Exemptions.
(1) (a)
The p r o v i s i o n s of sub-
s e c t i o n s ( 1 ) through ( 6 ) of s e c t i o n 2 of t h i s a c t s h a l l n o t
apply t o t h e dispensing of dangerous drugs t o persons i n cluded i n any of t h e c l a s s e s named i n paragraphs ( b ) through
( f ) of t h i s s u b s e c t i o n ( I ) , o r t o t h e a g e n t s , employees, o r
c a r r i e r s of such persons, f o r use i n t h e u s u a l course of
t h e i r business o r p r a c t i c e , o r i n t h e performance of t h e i r
o f f i c i a l d u t i e s , a s t h e c a s e may be; o r t o t h e possession
of such drugs by such persons o r t h e i r a g e n t s , employees,
o r c a r r i e r s f o r such use:
tMT
(b)
Pharmacists and p r a c t i t i o n e r s l i c e n s e d t o p r a c t i c e
o r do b u s i n e s s i n t h i s s t a t e ;
(c)
Persons who p r o c u r e such d r u g s f o r handling by o r
under t h e s u p e r v i s i o n of pharmacists and p r a c t i t i o n e r s employed by them;
(d)
H o s p i t a l s which procure such d r u g s f o r l a w f u l ad-
m i n i s t r a t i o n by p r a c t i t i o n e r s ;
(e)
X
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r-
X
S f f i c e r s o r employees of a p p r o p r i a t e a g e n c i e s o f
f e d e r a l , s t a t e , o r l o c a l governments, pursuant t o t h e i r of-
f i c i a l duties;
(f) Licensed manufacturers, w h o l e s a l e r s , c l i n i c a l res e a r c h e r s , and warehousemen of such drugs.
(2) A l l combination drugs enumerated a s being exempt
i n t h e Federal R e g i s t e r , Vol. 32, No. 5, J a n u a r y 1 0 , 1967, pp.
197-203 and a s amended i n t h e F e d e r a l R e g i s t e r , Vol. 32, No.
56, March 23, 1967, pp. 440604407, a r e exempt from t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s a c t .
(3)
P r o v i s i o n s of s u b s e c t i o n s ( 1 ) t h r o u g h ( 6 ) of
s e c t i o n 2 of t h i s a c t do n o t a p p l y t o peyote i f s a i d drug
i s used i n r e l i g i o u s ceremonies of any bona f i d e r e l i g i o u s
o r g a n i z a t i o n incorporated under t h e laws of t h i s s t a t e .
SECTION 4.
Inspection of s t o c k and r e c o r d s .
(I) Any
dangerous drug i n t h e possession of a manufacturer, wholes a l e r , c a r r i e r , warehouseman, c l i n i c a l r e s e a r c h e r , .pharmac i s t , o r p r a c t i t i o n e r , s h a l l be, d u r i n g b u s i n e s s hours, open
t o i n s p e c t i o n by i n s p e c t o r s of t h e board, o r a law enforcement o f f i c e r of any p o l i t i c a l s u b d i v i s i o n of t h i s s t a t e .
(2)
x
X
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A l l manufacturers, wholesalers, warehousemen,
c l i n i c a l r e s e a r c h e r s , pharmacists, and p r a c t i t i o n e r s s h a l l
maintain d e t a i l e d , s e p a r a t e r e c o r d s and i n v e n t o r i e s r e l a t i n g
t o dangerous drugs manufactured, purchased, dispensed,
s t o r e d , t r a n s p o r t e d , and handled, and r e t a i n a l l such records and i n v e n t o r i e s r e q u i r e d by t h i s s u b s e c t i o n f o r a
period of two y e a r s a f t e r t h e d a t e of t h e t r a n s a c t i o n shown
by such record and inventory.
SECTION 5.
Idakinq f i l e s and r e c o r d s a v a i l a b l e f o r in-
spection and copyinq.
Persons r e q u i r e d under s e c t i o n 4 of
t h i s a c t t o keep f i l e s o r r e c o r d s r e l a t i n g t o dangerous
drugs s h a l l , upon t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n and d e l i v e r y of w r i t t e n
r e q u e s t of an i n s p e c t o r o r employee duly designated by t h e
board o r a law enforcement o f f i c e r of any p o l i t i c a l subdivision of t h i s s t a t e , and a f t e r proper showing of c r e d e n t i a l s ,
make such f i l e s o r r e c o r d s a v a i l a b l e t o such o f f i c e r , inspect o r , o r employee, a t a l l reasonable hours, f o r i n s p e c t i o n
o r copying, and accord t o such o f f i c e r , i n s p e c t o r , o r employee
f u l l opportunity to. check t h e c o r r e c t n e s s of such f i l e s o r
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records.
SECTION 6.
License required
- fee.
(1)
No person
Subsections ( 1 ) and (2) of
section 6 requires c l i n i c a l
r e s e a r c h e r s and m a n u f a c t u r e r s
t o be l i c e n s e d by t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s a c t .
s h a l l experiment with, study, o r t e s t any dangerous drug
without f i r s t o b t a i n i n g a l i c e n s e a s a c l i n i c a l r e s e a r c h e r
from t h e board.
( 2 ) No person knowingly s h a l l produce, o r process, o r
manufacture, any dangerous drugs, f o r s a l e i n t h i s s t a t e
without f i r s t obtaining a l i c e n s e a s a manufacturer of danI
gerous drugs from t h e board.
( 3 ) No person, except those l i c e n s e d under s u b s e c t i o n s
(1) o r (2) of t h i s s e c t i o n , o r any p r a c t i t i o n e r , pharmacist,
-
Subsection (3) of section 6
r e q u i r e s warehousemen, wholes a l e r s , and any o t h e r p e r s o n
I
I
o r owner of a pharmacy l i c e n s e d t o p r a c t i c e o r do b u s i n e s s
i n t h i s s t a t e , s h a l l s t o r e , possess f o r dispensing, o r other-
n o t enumerated i n this subs e c t i o n and i n s u b s e c t i o n
(6) t o o b t a i n a. l i c e n s e as a
d i s p e n s e r of dangerous drugs.
w i s e s t o r e o r d i s p e n s e dangerous d r u g s w i t h o u t f i r s t o b t a i n i n g a l i c e n s e a s a d i s p e n s e r of dangerous d r u g s o r c l i n i c a l
r e s e a r c h e r from t h e board.
(4)
A l l l i c e n s e s issued p u r s u a n t t o t h i s s e c t i o n s h a l l
be f o r a p e r i o d of one y e a r from t h e f i r s t day of J u l y and
may be renewed f o r a l i k e p e r i o d a n n u a l l y .
The a n n u a l li-
cense f e e s h a l l be one hundred d o l l a r s and s h a l l accompany
each a p p l i c a t i o n f o r such l i c e n s e o r renewal t h e r e o f .
(5)
The board s h a l l s p e c i f y on each such l i c e n s e t h e
l i m i t a t i o n s , i f any, of t h e a u t h o r i t y of t h e l i c e n s e e t h e r e under.
(6) Agents and employees of p e r s o n s l i c e n s e d p u r s u a n t
t o t h i s s e c t i o n and c a r r i e r s s h a l l n o t be r e q u i r e d t o o b t a i n
a l i c e n s e under t h i s s e c t i o n .
SECTION 7.
Qualifications f o r licenses.
(1) (a)
No
l i c e n s e s h a l l be i s s u e d under t h e p r o v i s i o n s of s e c t i o n 6
P r a c t i t i o n e r s , pharmacists,
and owners of pharmacies are
n o t r e q u i r e d t o o b t a i n a lic e n s e because they are cont r o l l e d by t h e l i c e n s i n g board
o f ' t h e i r profession. Also
exempt from l i c e n s i n g are age n t s , employees, and c a r r i e r s
of drugs of p e r s o n s l i c e n s e d
under t h i s s e c t i o n o r by t h e i r
p r o f e s s i o n s 1 boards.
Ex of t h i s a c t u n l e s s t h e a p p l i c a n t t h e r e f o r h a s f u r n i s h e d proof
s a t i s f a c t o r y t o t h e board t h a t :
(b)
The a p p l i c a n t w i l l produce, process, o r manufac-
t u r e , o r w i l l otherwise possess o r d i s p e n s e any dangerous
drug i n t h e normal course of h i s b u s i n e s s ; and
( c ) The a p p l i c a n t i s equipped a s t o l a n d , b u i l d i n g s ,
and paraphernalia properly t o c a r r y on t h e b u s i n e s s described i n h i s a p p l i c a t i o n .
X
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(2) ( a )
Any person l i c e n s e d a s a c l i n i c a l r e s e a r c h e r
by t h e f e d e r a l government s h a l l be presumed t o possess t h e
q u a l i f i c a t i o n s described i n s u b s e c t i o n (1) of t h i s s e c t i o n
s o long a s such f e d e r a l l i c e n s e i s v a l i d .
(b) A c l i n i c a l r e s e a r c h e r must o b t a i n approval of h i s
study, t e s t , o r experiment from t h e s t a t e department of
public h e a l t h p r i o r t o o b t a i n i n g a l i c e n s e from t h e board,
and upon o b t a i n i n g such approval, t h e board s h a l l i s s u e a
l i c e n s e t o such c l i n i c a l r e s e a r c h e r .
(3) ( a )
No l i c e n s e s h a l l be granted t o any person
who has been convicted of a w i l l f u l v i o l a t i o n of s u b s e c t i o n s
( 1 ) through ( 6 ) of s e c t i o n 2 of t h i s a c t ; of s e c t i o n 48-5-20
( I ) , C.R.S.
1963; o r s i m i l a r laws of any o t h e r j u r i s d i c t i o n .
(b) No l i c e n s e s h a l l be g r a n t e d t o any person who,
w i t h i n two y e a r s p r i o r t o a p p l i c a t i o n t h e r e f o r , h a s been conv i c t e d of a w i l l f u l v i o l a t i o n of s u b s e c t i o n s ( 7 ) , ('8).o r
( 9 ) of s e c t i o n 2 of t h i s a c t ; of s e c t i o n 48-5-9, C.R.S.
1963;
o r simi1a.r laws of any o t h e r j u r i s d i c t i o n .
SECTION 8.
X
x
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4
Conviction of v i o l a t i o n
-
s i o n o r r e v o c a t i o n of p r o f e s s i o n a l l i c e n s e .
w u n d f o r suspenA c o n v i c t i o n of
a v i o l a t i o n of any of t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s a c t s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e grounds f o r t h e suspension o r revocaticrn of any l i c e n s e
i s s u e d t o such person under any of t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s
a c t o r any law r e g u l a t i n g t h e p r o f e s s i o n s of medicine, o s t e o pathy, pharmacy, dentistry, o r v e t e r i n a r y medicine.
SECTION 9.
Revocation
- hearins -
j u d i c i a l review.
(1)
The board s h a l l n o t suspend or revoke any l i c e n s e i s s u e d
under t h i s a c t u n t i l a f t e r it h a s g i v e n t h e l i c e n s e e w r i t t e n
n o t i c e by c e r t i f i e d o r r e g i s t e r e d mail, return r e c e i p t
IRE
requested, o r personal s e r v i c e s e t t i n g f o r t h t h e grounds by
s t a t u t o r y r e f e r e n c e t o g e t h e r with s p e c i f i c a u e g a t i o n s of
f a c t f o r t h e suspension o r revocation, and s t a t i n g t h a t t h e
revocation o r suspension s h a l l be e f f e c t i v e twenty days
a f t e r r e c e i p t of t h e n o t i c e , u n l e s s p r i o r t o t h a t time t h e
l i c e n s e holder r e q u e s t s a hearing.
(2)
I f t h e l i c e n s e holder r e q u e s t s a hearing, it s h a l l
be conducted by t h e . b o a r d i n accordance w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n s
of s e c t i o n 3-16-4,
C.R.S. 1963.
X
2
(3) J u d i c i a l review of the board's d e c i s i o n may be had
pursuant t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s of s e c t i o n 3-16-5, C.R.S.
SECTION 10.
Violations
- penalties.
(1)
1963.
Any person
who .manufactures o r dispenses dangerous drugs i n v i o l a t i o n
of s e c t i o n 2 of t h i s a c t s h a l l be g u i l t y of a f e l o n y , and,
upon conviction, s h a l l be punished by a f i n e of not more
t h a n one thousand d o l l a r s and by imprisonment i n t h e s t a t e
p e n i t e n t i a r y f o r a period of n o t l e s s t h a n one nor more
t h a n fourteen years.
Manufacturinq o r D i s t r i b u t i o n
Offenses
Any person convicted of unlawful manufacturing , d i s p e n s ing, attempting t o manufacture
o r dispense, o r possess w i t h
i n t e n t t o dispense, s h a l l be
charged with a f e l o n y which i s
punishable by imprisonment of
from one t o f o u r t e e n y e a r s i n
t h e s t a t e p e n i t e n t i a r y , and
f i n e d not more t h a n $1,000
(subsections (1) through (3)).
fbCT ( 2 ) Any person who a t t e m p t s t o manufacture o r dispense
any dangerous drug i n v i o l a t i o n of s e c t i o n 2 of t h i s a c t
s h a l l be g u i l t y of a f e l o n y , and, upon c o n v i c t i o n , s h a l l be
punished by a f i n e of not more t h a n one thousand d o l l a r s and
by imprisonment i n t h e s t a t e p e n i t e n t i a r y f o r n o t less t h a n
one nor more t h a n f o u r t e e n y e a r s .
(3) Any person who h a s i n h i s possession any dangerous
drug with t h e i n t e n t t o d i s p e n s e s a i d drug i n v i o l a t i o n of
x
t h e provisions of s e c t i o n 2 of t h i s a c t , s h a l l be g u i l t y of
X
a felony, and, upon c o n v i c t i o n , s h a l l be punished by a f i n e
Cr
of not more t h a n one thousand d o l l a r s and by imprisonment
i n t h e s t a t e p e n i t e n t i a r y f o r n o t less t h a n one n o r more
than f o u r t e e n y e a r s .
(4)
Any person who v i o l a t e s s u b s e c t i o n s (7). ( 8 ) . o r
( 9 ) of s e c t i o n 2 of t h i s a c t s h a l l be g u i l t y o f a misde-
meanor, and, upon c o n v i c t i o n , s h a l l be punished by a f i n e of
n o t more t h a n f i v e hundred d o l l a r s o r by imprisonment i n t h e
county j a i l f o r not more t h a n one y e a r , o r by b o t h such f i n e
and imprisonment.
Records
- Offenses
Subsection ( 4 ) ' s t a t e s t h a t any
person can be charged w i t h a
misdemeanor i f t h a t p e r s o n
f a i l s t o keep r e c o r d s o r
f a i l s t o o b t a i n a l i c e n s e und e r subsection ( 9 ) o f s e c t i o n
Possession Offenses
There a r e t h r e e p e n a l t i e s f o r
unlawful p o s s e s s i o n of
dangerous drugs. The f i r s t
o f f e n s e i s a misdemeanor, and
t h e c o u r t may s e n t e n c e t h e defendant t o t h e county j a i l f o r
n o t more t h a n one y e a r , f i n e
t h e defendant n o t more t h a n
$5OO,or b o t h imprisonment and
fine.
In addition, t h e court can
g r a n t probation, commit t h e d e
f e n d a n t t o t h e c a r e and c u s t o d y
of t h e department of i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r a period of t i m e not
t o exceed one y e a r , o r t h e
c o u r t may d e f e r t r i a l i f t h e
defendant v o l u n t a r i l y commits
himself t o t h e c a r e and
custody of t h e d e p a r t m e n t of
institutions. In order t o
have a d e f e r r e d t r i a l b o t h the
prosecution and d e f e n d a n t must
consent.
(5) ( a )
Any person who possesses any dangesous drug
i n v i o l a t i o n of s e c t i o n 2 (5) of t h i s a c t s h a l l be g u i l t y
of a misdemeanor, and upon a f i r s t conviction, t h e c o u r t may:
(b) Impose a f i n e on t h e defendant i n an amount n o t
t o exceed f i v e hundred d o l l a r s , o r a sentence of imprisonment
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e c o u r t may
g r a n t probation o r p l a c e t h e
defendant i n t h e care and
custody of t h e department o f
institutions f o r a period of
n o t less than one n o r more t h a n
two years.
i n t h e county j a i l f o r not more t h a n one year, o r both such
f i n e and imprisonment;
( c ) Place t h e - d e f e n d a n t on probation f o r a p e r i o d not
X
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~r
t o exceed one y e a r , and a s a c o n d i t i o n of such probation t h e
c o u r t may r e q u i r e t h e defendant t o o b t a i n treatment and re-
P
h a b i l i t a t i o n c o n s u l t a t i o n concerning dangerous drugs a t a
community mental h e a l t h c e n t e r f o r such time a s a psychia-
trist a t t h e c e n t e r deems necessary t o r e h a b i l i t a t e t h e defendant;
( d ) Commit t h e defendant t o t h e custody of t h e department of i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r a period n o t t o exceed one y e a r ,
f o r r e h a b i l a t i v e treatment.
( 6 ) (a)
A t any time p r i o r t o t r i a l f o r a first v i o l a -
t i o n of subsection (5) of t h i s s e c t i o n o r t o e n t r y of a
The second p o s s e s s i o n o f f e n s e
i s a l s o a misdemeanor and t h e
c o u r t may sentence t h e defenda n t n o t l e s s t h a n one n o r more
t h a n two y e a r s i n t h e c o u n t y
j a i l , f i n e t h e d e f e n d a n t up t o
$1,000, o r both imprisonment
and f i n e .
.
The t h i r d possession o f f e n s e
n
a
sentence th6 d e f e n d a n t t o t h e s t a t e p e n i t e n t i a r y of from one
t o fourteen years, a f i n e of
n o t less than $1,000 o r more
t h a n $2,000, o r b o t h f i n e and
imprisonment.
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e c o u r t may
g r a n t probation o r commit t h e
defendant t o t h e c a r e and
custody of t h e department o f
i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r a p e r i o d of
n o t less than one n o r more
than fourteen years.
The c o u r t may a l s o p l a c e cond i t i o n s on p r o b a t i o n which
would r e q u i r e t h e d e f e n d a n t
fMT p l e a of g u i l t y t o a v i o l a t i o n of s a i d s u b s e c t i o n , t h e c o u r t
may, w i t h t h e consent o f t h e d e f e n d a n t and t h e p r o s e c u t i o n ,
o r d e r t h e prosecution o f t h e o f f e n s e be suspended f o r a
period n o t t o exceed one y e a r , d u r i n g which time t h e c o u r t
may e i t h e r p l a c e t h e d e f e n d a n t on p r o b a t i o n , o r , w i t h t h e
consent o f t h e defendant, commit him t o t h e custody of t h e
department of i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r r e h a b i l a t i v e t r e a t m e n t .
(b)
Upon s a t i s f a c t o r y completion of and d i s c h a r g e from
probation o r commitment t o t h e custody of t h e department of
X
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I-" i n s t i t u t i o n s , a s t h e c a s e may be, t h e charge a g a i n s t t h e
defendant s h a l l be dismissed w i t h p r e j u d i c e ; b u t if t h e
c o n d i t i o n s of probation, o r commitment t o t h e custody of t h e
department of i n s t i t u t i o n s , a r e v i o l a t e d , t h e defendant
s h a l l be t r i e d f o r t h e o f f e n s e of which he i s charged, and,
upon c o n v i c t i o n , t h e c o u r t s h a l l make d i s p o s i t i o n a s provided i n s u b s e c t i o n (5) of t h i s s e c t i o n .
(c)
Upon consenting t o a suspension of t r i a l a s pro-
vided i n paragraph ( a ) of t h i s s u b s e c t i o n ( 6 ) , t h e d e f e n d a n t
s h a l l execute a w r i t t e n waiver t o h i s r i g h t t o a speedy t r i a l .
t o seek t r e a t m e n t a t a community mental h e a l t h c e n t e r
d u r i n g t h e time. s p e n t on probation.
A s i n d i c a t e d i n t h e above
a l t e r n a t i v e s , t h e committee
was concerned a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of a b i l l which c o u l d
make young p e o p l e f e l o n s , part i c u l a r l y i f they experiment
w i t h dangerous d r u g s one o r
two times. No p u b l i c good
would be accomplished by making these adolescents f e l o n s .
The purpose o f t h e wide l a t i t u d e given t o t h e c o u r t s i s
t o provide e d u c a t i o n and t r e a t ment programs f o r these young
people.
(d)
If a defendant g i v e s h i s consent to a deferred
p r o s e c u t i o n under t h i s s u b s e c t i o n ( 6 ) . it s h a l l n o t be cons t r u e d . a s an admission of g u i l t , n o r s h a l l such consent be
admitted i n evidence i n a t r i a l f o r t h e o f f e n s e of which he
i s charged.
(7) ( a )
Whenever any person s h a l l b e charged w i t h a
v i o l a t i o n of t h e p r o v i s i o n s of paragraph (5) ( a ) of t h i s sect i o n , t h e c o u r t , p r i o r t o t r i a l , and w i t h t h e defendant's
consent, s h a l l cause a p r o b a t i o n o f f i c e r t o conduct an inX
X
r
X
v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e background of t h e defendant which s h a l l
include, t o t h e e x t e n t p o s s i b l e , b u t n o t be l i m i t e d t o , such
information about h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and circumstances a f f e c t i n g h i s behavior a s may be h e l p f u l t o t h e c o u r t i n d e ~
termining whether prosecution should be d e f e r r e d under subs e c t i o n ( 6 ) of t h i s s e c t i o n , o r whether p r o b a t i o n should b e
granted i f t h e defendant i s adjudged g u i l t y .
The c o u r t ,
upon i t s own motion o r upon p e t i t i o n of t h e p r o b a t i o n o f f i c e r ,
may o r d e r any defendant who i s s u b j e c t t o p r e t r i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o submit t o a mental o r p h y s i c a l examination, o r
If a mental examination i s o r d e r e d , t h e department of
both.
i n s t i t u t i o n s , upon r e q u e s t of t h e c o u r t o r p r o b a t i o n o f f i c e r ,
s h a l l f u r n i s h such f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s a s a r e n e c e s s a r y
t o conduct such examination.
(b)
Upon completion of such p r e t r i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,
t h e probation o f f i c e r s h a l l submit a written r e p o r t t o the
court.
( c ) No s u b s t a n t i v e evidence a c q u i r e d d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y f o r t h e f i r s t time a s t h e r e s u l t of any such obserX
CI
v a t i o n and examination shall be a d m i s s i b l e on t h e i s s u e of
g u i l t of t h e crime charged.
(8) (a)
A person who i s c o n v i c t e d of a second o f f e n s e
under subsection (5) of t h i s s e c t i o n s h a l l be g u i l t y of a
misdemeanor, and upon c o n v i c t i o n , s h a l l be punished by :
(b)
A f i n e of n o t l e s s t h a n f i v e hundred n o r
more
t h a n one thousand d o l l a r s , o r by imprisonment i n the county
j a i l f o r n o t l e s s t h a n one n o r more t h a n two y e a r s , o r by
b o t h such f i n e and imprisonment; o r
(c)
Commitment t o t h e custody of t h e department of
i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r a period not l e s s t h a n one y e a r nor more
t h a n two years, f o r r e h a b i l a t i v e t r e a t m e n t ; o r
(d)
The c o u r t may place t h e defendant on probation f o r
a period not t o exceed one year, and a s a c o n d i t i o n of such
probation t h e c o u r t may r e q u i r e t h e defendant t o o b t a i n
t r e a t m e n t and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n c o n s u l t a t i o n a t a community
mental h e a l t h c e n t e r f o r such time a s a p s y c h i a t r i s t a t t h e
c e n t e r deems necessary t o r e h a b i l i t a t e t h e defendant.
( 9 ) ( a ) A person who i s convicted of a t h i r d o r subse-
X
+'
r
quent offense under subsection ( 5 ) of t h i s s e c t i o n s h a l l be
g u i l t y of a felony, and, upon conviction, s h a l l be punished
by:
( b ) A f i n e of not less than one thousand nor more than
two thousand d o l l a r s , o r by imprisonment i n t h e s t a t e penit e n t i a r y f o r not less than one n o r more t h a n f o u r t e e n y e a r s ,
o r by both such f i n e and imprisonment; o r
(c)
Commitment t o t h e custody of t h e department of
i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r a period not less t h a n one y e a r nor more
I
t h a n fourteen y e a r s , f o r treatment; o r
(d)
It may p l a c e t h e d e f e n d a n t on p r o b a t i o n f o r a
p e r i o d not t o exceed f i v e y e a r s , and a s a c o n d i t i o n of such
p r o b a t i o n t h e c o u r t may r e q u i r e t h e defendant t o o b t a i n
t r e a t m e n t and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n c o n s u l t a t i o n a t a community
mental h e a l t h c e n t e r f o r such t i m e a s a p s y c h i a t r i s t a t
t h e c e n t e r deems necessary t o r e h a b i l i t a t e t h e defendant.
SECTION 11. J u r i s d i c t i o n .
Exclusive j u r i s d i c t i o n of
v i o l a t i o n s of t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s a c t is hereby v e s t e d
x
i-.
P-
i n t h e d i s t r i c t courts o r juvenile courts of t h i s s t a t e .
P
Commitment t o custody of t h e department
of i n s t i t u t i o n s
-
special provisions.
(1) (a)
After a
person i s committed t o t h e custody of t h e department of ins t i t u t i o n s under t h e p r o v i s i o n s of s e c t i o n 10 o f t h i s a c t ,
b u t p r i o r t o t h e t e r m i n a t i o n of such commitment, i f t h e
c o u r t which committed such person r e c e i v e s from t h e d e p a r t ment of i n s t i t u t i o n s a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t t h a t such person
i s r e h a b i l i t a t e d and t h a t t o c o n t i n u e t h e c u s t o d y of t h e
defendant would be of no b e n e f i t t o such person, t h e n t h e
court may:
(b)
Discharge such person from t h e c u s t o d y o f t h e de-
partment o f i n s t i t u t i o n s ; o r
(c)
Discharge such person from t h e c u s t o d y of t h e de-
partment of i n s t i t u t i o n s and p l a c e him on p r o b a t i o n f o r t h e
remainder o f t h e p e r i o d t o which he was o r i g i n a l l y committed
t o t h e c u s t o d y of t h e department ,of i n s t i t u t i o n s .
(2)
Except a s provided i n s u b s e c t i o n ( 6 ) ( b ) of s e c t i o n
1 0 of t h i s a c t , i f any person committed t o t h e custody of t h e
x
department o f i n s t i t u t i o n s under t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h i s a c t
r
r
v i o l a t e s any term o r p r o v i s i o n o f s u c h commitment, upon re-
'-t
P-
c e i p t of n o t i c e t h e r e o f by t h e c o u r t o r d e r i n g s u c h commitment, t h e c o u r t may revoke i t s o r d e r o f commitment and s h a l l
s e n t e n c e t h e defendant t o t h e county j a i l o r s t a t e penitent i a r y f o r t h e remainder of t h e term of o r i g i n a l commitment.
( 3 ) Any person committed t o t h e department o f i n s t i t u t i o n s under t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s a c t s h a l l have t h e same
r i g h t t o d e d u c t i o n s o f t i m e a s provided i n s e c t i o n 105-7-9,
C.R.S.
1963, and s h a l l be s u b j e c t t o t h e same' f o r f e i t u r e s
o f good time a s provided i n s e c t i o n 105-7-10,
C.R.S.
1963.
SECTION 13.
Rules and r e q u l a t i o n s .
(1) The board i s
hereby a u t h o r i z e d t o promulgate r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s t o i m plement t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s a c t .
( 2 ) The s t a t e department of p u b l i c h e a l t h i s hereby
a u t h o r i z e d t o promulgate r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e
a p p r o v a l of s t u d i e s , t e s t s , o r experiments submitted by
c l i n i c a l r e s e a r c h e r s f o r t h e department's approval.
SECTION 14.
X
r Severability clause.
I f any p r o v i s i o n of
t h i s a c t o r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n t h e r e o f t o any person o r circum-
: stance
i s held i n v a l i d , such i n v a l i d i t y s h a l l not a f f e c t
o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s o r a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e a c t which can be
given e f f e c t without t h e invalid provision o r application,
and t o t h i s end t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s a c t a r e d e c l a r e d t o
be severable.
SECTION 15.
Repeal.
A s t i c l e 4 o f Chapter 48, C.R.S.
1963 is repealed.
SECTION 16.
Applicability.
This a c t s h a l l apply only
Y 6,
C
0,
Y
C
Y
*
I + Z Y
.
0
BACKGROUND REPORT
Much h a s been w r i t t e n and spoken i n r e c e n t y e a r s about t h e u s e
of d r u g s i n American s o c i e t y . Drug abuse h a s r e c e i v e d a t t e n t i o n from
t h e p r e s s , magazines, t e l e v i s i o n , and o t h e r communication media. Res e a r c h r e p o r t s , numerous c o n f e r e n c e s and symposiums, and o t h e r s c h o l a r l y a c t i v i t i e s have been devoted t o d r u g abuse problems. L e g i s l a t i v e
a t t e n t i o n has been g i v e n t o t h i s s u b j e c t a t t h e f e d e r a l l e v e l , and by
s t a t e and l o c a l governments, P u b l i c h e a l t h o f f i c i a l s , p s y c h o l o g i s t s ,
p s y c h i a t r i s t s , t h e p o l i c e , f e d e r a l o f f i c e r s , school o f f i c i a l s , welfare
p e r s o n n e l and c o u n t l e s s o t h e r p e r s o n s have c o n c e n t r a t e d a g r e a t d e a l
of a t t e n t i o n t o a t t e m p t s a t c o n t r o l l i n g d r u g use.
T h i s r e p o r t i s n o t an a t t e m p t t o c o v e r , o r even t o u c h upon,
a l l a s p e c t s of t h e problem o f n a r c o t i c s and d r u g abuse. I n s t e a d , t h e
purpose of t h e r e p o r t i s t o sup lement w i t h some f u r t h e r d e t a i l t h e
r e p o r t and recommendations of t e C r i m i n a l Code Committee w i t h reg a r d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g seven s p e c i f i c a r e a s : 1 ) t h e d r u g s which a r e
abused and t h e i r e f f e c t s on i n d i v i d u a l s ; 2) t h e e x t e n t of d r u g abuse
i n Colorado; 3) the v a r i o u s t r e a t m e n t programs f o r d r u g u s e r s which
are b e i n g developed i n o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y ; 4) i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d by t h e committee r e g a r d i n g e d u c a t i o n a l programs f o r d r u g cont r o l ; 5) t h e q u e s t i o n of whether u s e of "dangerous" d r u g s w i l l l e a d
t o u s e o f n a r c o t i c d r u g s ; 6) t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between d r u g u s e and
crime; and 7) a d d i t i o n a l comments by c o n f e r e e s d u r i n g committee heari n g s . I n a d d i t i o n , an appended item c o n t a i n s a summary of f e d e r a l
laws of o t h e r s t a t e s c o n t r o l l i n g d r u g s w i t h a p o t e n t i a l f o r
abuse.1
laws
R
'1/
il
I n f o r m a t i o n f o r thi's r e p o r t i s t a k e n
The Challenqe of d e n t ' s commission t i c e (Washington, (cited a s President c o t i c s and Dru Abuse, l i s h e d by t h e :rime Druq Abuse: Escape
phia: Smith K l i n e 8 ed., a manual f o r law
source; statements
i n g s on J u n e 28"and 29, J u l y 18, and
p r e s e n t e d t o t h e Colorado Drug Abuse
September 12 and 13, 1967, ( c i t e d a s
Memorandum No. 8) ,
from t h e f o l l o w i n g sources:
Septembez 7; and i n f o r m a t i o n
Institute, Vail, Colo~~ado,
C r i m i n a l Code Committee
Abused Druqs and T h e i r E f f e c t s
u r t y p e s of d r u g s and t h e i r
c t s on i n d i v i d u a l s a r e d i s cuss
t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e r e p o r t
a r c o t i c s ( o p i a t e s ) , depress a n t ~, a c d a t i v e s ) , s t i m u l a n t s , and h a r r u ~ i n o g e n s . I n a d d i t i o n ,
s o l v e n t s and t h e i r e f f e c t s on i n d i v i d u a l s a r e mentioned s i n c e s o l v e n t s can c a u s e p h y s i o l o g i c a l and p s y c h o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s i n a manner
' s i m i l a r t o drugs.
Narcotic bruqs
N a r c o t i c d r u g s need t o be d e f i n e d both i n medical and l e g a l
A medical d e f i n i t i o n of a n a r c o t i c i s any d r u g t h a t produces
s l e e p o r s t u p o r and, a t t h e same t i m e , r e l i e v e s p a i n . L e g a l l y def i n e d , t h e term means any d r u g r e g u l a t e d under t h e f e d e r a l and s t a t e
n a r c o t i c laws, even though some of t h e r e g u l a t e d d r u g s a r e nonn a r c o t i c by medical d e f i n i t i o n . Drugs c l a s s i f i e d m e d i c a l l y a s n a r c o t i t s i n c l u d e : morphine and codeine (opium d e r i v a t i v e s ) ; h e r o i n ( a
morphine d e r i v a t i v e ) ; and meperidine and methadone ( s y n t h e t i c morp h i n e - l i k e d r u g s ) . A l l of t h e s e d r u g s have a p o t e n t i a l f o r p h y s i c a l
and p s y c h o l o g i c a l dependence. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e body w i l l develop a
t o l e r a n c e f o r t h e i r usage, r e q u i r i n g i n c r e a s e d dosages t o have t h e
desired effects.
terms.
c a i n e and marihuana a r e t w c drug s n o t c o n s i d e r e d medically a s n d r c o z i c s ; marihuana h a s been c l a.-s-.ts ~ r ~ ea dmild h a l l u c i n o g e n , and
s i d e r e d a s t r o n g s t i m u l a n t . Howle v e r , t h e s e d r u g s a r e
cocaine i
included
c c o t i c s under s t a t e n a r c o t i c laws , and f e d e r a l penalties for
d r u g s a r e t h e same a s f o r narco.t i c s . ( s e e Appendix A
f o r f u r t h e r information concerning f e d e r a l law). P r e s e n t medical
evidence i n d i c a t e s t h a t u s e r s of t h e s e d r u g s probably w i l l not become p h y s i c a l l y dependent upon e i t h e r drug. However, some evidence
i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s e d r u g s have a p o t e n t i a l f o r c r e a t i n g psychologic a l dependence.
.
N a r c o t i c d r u g s , of c o u r s e , a r e t h e most e f f e c t i v e p a i n r e l i e v T h e s e d r u g s a r e q u i t e o f t e n administ e r e d by p h y s i c i a n s t o p a t i e n t s f o r short-term a c u t e p a i n r e s u l t i n g
from s u r g e r y , f r a c t u r e s , and b u r n s , o r f o r r e l i e f of p a i n accompanied
w i t h t h e l a t t e r s t a g e s of t e r m i n a l i l l n e s s such a s c a n c e r . Morphine
i s a common o p i a t e used i n t r e a t i n g p a i n b u t many o t h e r forms of n a r c o t i c s , both n a t u r a l and s y n t h e t i c , a r e used f o r medical purposes.
ers known t o medical s c i e n c e .
The abuse of n a r c o t i c d r u g s l i e s i n t h e a b i l i t y of t h e s e d r u g s
t o r e d u c e s e n s i t i v i t y t o b o t h p s y c h o l o g i c a l and p h y s i c a l s t i m u l i and
t o produce a s e n s e of euphoria. N a r c o t i c d r u g s are d e p r e s s a n t s t o
t h e c e n t r a l nervous system, and t h e s e d r u g s can produce d r o w s i n e s s ,
Under t h e i n f l u e n c e of
s l e e p , and r e d u c t i o n i n p h y s i c a l a c t i v f t
n a r c o t i c s , t h e a d d i c t i s u s u a l l y l e t h a r g c and i n d i f f e r e n t t o h i s environment and p e r s o n a l s i t u a t i o n . S i d e e f f e c t s can i n c l u d e nausea
1.
and v o m i t i n g , c o n s t i p a t i o n , i t c h i n g , f l u s h i n g , c o n s t r i c t i o n of t h e
p u p i l s of t h e e y e s , and r e s p i r a t o r y d e p r e s s i o n .
When t h e n a r c o t i c s u p p l y i s removed from t h e n a r c o t i c a d d i c t ,
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c withdrawal symptoms d e v e l o p , which v a r y a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e d e g r e e of p h y s i c a l dependence, Symptoms of withdrawal from n a r c o t i c s ma i n c l u d e : n e r v o u s n e s s , a n x i e t y , and s l e e p l e s s n e s s ; yawni n g , r u n n ng e y e s and nose, and s w e a t i n g ; enlargement o f t h e p u p i l s ,
n g o o s e f l e s h , n and muscle t w i t c h i n g ; s e v e r e a c h e s of back and l e g s and
h o t and c o l d f l a s h e s ; v o m i t i n g and d i a r r h e a ; i n c r e a s e d b r e a t h i n g r a t e ;
e l e v a t i o n of blood p r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e ; and a f e e l i n g of d e s p e r a t i o n and a n o b s e s s i o n a l d e s i r e t o s e c u r e a d o s e of n a r c o t i c s . The
l a t t e r c o n d i t i o n i s known a s t h e a b s t i n e n c e s,yndrome, which l a s t s
l o n g e r t h a n any o t h e r symptom.
1
Depressants
D e p r e s s a n t s a r e ' any of s e v e r a l d r u g s , i n c l u d i n g b a r b i t u r a t e s
which s e d a t e t h e u s e r by a c t i n g on t h e c e n t r a l nervous system. ~ e d l c a l u s e s of t h e s e d r u g s i n c l u d e : t r e a t m e n t of e p i l e p s y , h i g h blood
p r e s s u r e , and insomnia; u s e i n t h e t r e a t m e n t and d i a g n o s i s of mental
d i s o r d e r s ; and u s e i n a l m o s t any i l l n e s s o r s p e c i a l s i t u a t i o n which
requires sedation,
B a r b i t u r a t e s a r e r e p o r t e d t o b e t h e most widely used and abused
of t h e d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s , Abuse of t h e s e d r u g s may l e a d t o p h y s i c a l
and p s y c h o l o g i c a l dependence and a t o l e r a n c e f o r t h e drug. When b a r b i t u r a t e s a r e abused, t h e e f f e c t s may i n c l u d e d r o w s i n e s s , s t a g g e r i n g ,
and s l u r r e d speech, a l l of which resemble a l c o h o l i n t o x i c a t i o n .
O t h e r symptoms of b a r b i t u r a t e a d d i c t i o n may i n c l u d e s l u g g i s h r e a c t i o n s , e r r a t i c emotions, f r e q u e n t i r r i t a b i l i t y and antagonism, and
i m p r e s s i o n s o f e u p h o r i a . Death c a n r e s u l t from a n u n i n t e n t i o n a l
o v e r d o s e of b a r b i t u r a t e s o r from mixing b a r b i t u r a t e s w i t h a l c o h o l
o r some o t h e r s e d a t i n g d r u g which c r e a t e s a g r e a t e r e f f e c t t h a n
e i t h e r d r u g t a k e n a l o n e ( p o t e n t i a t i o n ) . S u i c i d a l d o s e s may r e s u l t
i n a s t a t e of g e n e r a l a n e s t h e s i a .
Abrupt withdrawal from b a r b i t u r a t e s i s e x t r e m e l y dangerous and
c o n v u l s i o n s and d e a l t h c a n r e s u l t f o r a p e r s o n who i s p h y s i c a l l y add i c t e d and h a s developed a h i g h t o l e r a n c e t o t h e drug. During t h e
first e i g h t t o twelve hours a f t e r t h e l a s t dose, t h e a d d i c t appears
t o improve b u t , a f t e r t h i s p o i n t , t h e f o l l o w i n g symptoms may ap e a r :
i n c r e a s i n g n e r v o u s n e s s ; headache; muscle t w i t c h i n g ; t r e m o r ; wea n e s s ;
insomnia; nausea; and a sudden d r o p i n blood p r e s s u r e when t h e p e r s o n
s t a n d s a b r u p t l y . C o n v u l s i o n s , which may d e v e l o p a f t e r 72 h o u r s of
withdrawal, i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c which d i s t i n g u i s h e s b a r b i t u r i c withdrawal, from n a r c o t i c withdrawal.
f:
Stimulants
S t i m u l a n t s a r e d r u g s which s t i m u l a t e t h e c e n t r a l nervous systom producing e x c i t a t i o n , a l e r t n e s s , and wakefulness. C a f f e i n e , found
i n c o f f e e , t e a , c o l a , and o t h e r beverages, i s a commonly used stimu-
l a n t , Amphetamines, sometimes known a s "pep p i l l s , " of which t h e r e
a r e dozens on t h e market, were r e p o r t e d by t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Crime Commission t o be t h e most widely used and abused s t i m u l a n t i n t h e United
S t a t e s , A s mentioned e a r l i e r , cocaine i s considered s e p a r a t e l y from
t h e r e s t of t h e stimulants because it i s c o n t r o l l e d under t h e s t a t e
and f e d e r a l n a r c o t i c laws, whereas o t h e r s t i m u l a n t s a r e regulated by
dangerous drug o r o t h e r drug c o n t r o l laws. Cocaine was once widely
used a s a l o c a l a n e s t h e t i c , b u t t h i s use of cocaine has been supplanted by l e s s t o x i c drugs, Cocaine r e p o r t e d l y i s not abused t o a
great extent.
Stimulants a r e used medically f o r t r e a t i n g narcolepsy ( a d i s ease c h a r a c t e r i z e d by i n v o l u n t a r y a t t a c k s of s l e e p ) ; counteracting
t h e drowsiness caused by s e d a t i v e drugs; a i d i n g i n weight reduction:
and r e l i e v i n g mild depression. The l a t t e r two uses a r e t h e main
medical u s e s f o r s t i m u l a n t s . Stimulants may produce a temporary
r i s e i n blood p r e s s u r e , p a l p i t a t i o n s , d r y mouth, sweating, headache,
d i a r r h e a , p a l l o r , and d i l a t i o n of t h e p u p i l s , Such e f f e c t s e r e gene r a l l y seen only with high doses o r a s s i d e e f f e c t s with t h e r a p e u t i c
doses. Stimulant drugs, excluding cocaine, seldom cause death, even
i n a c u t e overdosage. However, d e l u s i o n s o r h a l l u c i n a t i o n s may r e s u l t
from t o o l a r g e a dose o r t o o sudden an i n c r e a s e i n dosage,
Stimulants a r e abused because they e l e v a t e t h e mood of t h e
u s e r and c r e a t e a sense of well-being.
Most medical a u t h o r i t i e s a r e
r e p o r t e d t o agree t h a t s t i m u l a n t s do not c r e a t e a p h y s i c a l dependence, and t h e r e a r e no p h y s i c a l withdrawal symptoms. Psychological
dependence does develop, and mental depression and f a t i g u e a r e q u i t e
common a f t e r t h e use of s t i m u l a n t s i s discontinued. Psychological
dependence i s an important f a c t o r i n u s e r s ' continuance of and r e l a p s e t o continued s t i m u l a n t drug abuse. Tolerance a l s o develops i n
use of t h e s e drugs. S mptoms of abuse i n c l u d e t a l k a t i v e n e s s , e x c i t a b i l i t y , r e s t l e s s n e s s , nsomnia, profuse sweating, u r i n a r y frequency,
and a tremor of t h e hands.
1
Hallucinoqens
Hallucinogenic o r p s c h e d e l i c d r u s a r e a very broad grou of
drugs which d i s t o r t p e r c e p t ons by c r e a t ng dream images and ha1 uc i n a t i o n s . To d a t e , medical u s e s f o r hallucinogenic drugs have not
been d e f i n i t e l y e s t a b l i s h e d . Legal possession of hallucinogens i s
s t r i c t l y c o n t r o l l e d by t h e f e d e r a l overnment. The most widely known
of t h e s e d r u s i n c l u d e DMT (dimethy t r y p t a m i n e ) ; LSD ( l y s e r g i c a c i d
diethylamide?; mescaline and i t s s a l t s ; and peyote. P r o v i s i o n s of
t h e f e d e r a l law do not apply t o peyote use i n bona f i d e r e l i g i o u s
ceremonies of t h e Native American Church. LSD i s considered one of
t h e most p o t e n t of t h e hallucinogenic drugs and peyote and mescaline
a r e considered moderate1 p o t e n t . Marihuana was mentioned e a r l i e r a s
being c l a s s i f i e d medical y a s a mild hallucinogen.
?
1
!!
1
!
The general e f f e c t s of hallucinogenic o r ps c h e d e l i c drugs
a r e f a i r l y widely known due t o the large measure or interest by t h e
p u b l i c end coverage by t h e news medib of t h e " h i piea movement and
t o an apparent i n c r e a s e i n t h e use of mind a l t e r ng drugs by s e v e r a l
segments of society. Althou
anic d m s heve varyin degrees of e f f e c t s which l s r t
Pengths o time, uaers Rave
reported numerous r e a c t i o n s
v i a u a l d i s t o r t i o n r of
ohapeo and human forms; sharpening of a l l senres; b r i g h t , v i v i d helm
l u c i n r t i o n r ; and depersonaliz8tion o r l o s r of ego i d e n t i t y ,
P
9
The Medical Society of t h e County of New York c i t e d t h e f o l lowing dangers of LSD use: prolonged psychosis; a c t i n o u t of chara c t e r d l r o r d e r s and homosexual impulses s u i c i d a l i n c l nations;
a c t i v a t i o n of previously l a t e n t psychos s; and reappearances of t h e
drugto e f f e c t s weeks o r even m n t h s a f t e r use, Corresponding with
theoe danger8 t h e same source reported t h a t t h e LSD u s e r n , , , i s enveloped by a sense of i s o l a t i o n and i s o f t e n dom nated by f e e l i n g s of
paranoia and f e a r , f f l a r g e doses a r e ingested over 700 mcg.) conf u s i o n and delirium f r e q u e n t l y ensue. Durin LSD use, repressed
m a t e r i a l ay be unmasked which i s d i f f u c u l t o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l t o .
handle,
I n a d d i t i o n D r . Blum t o l d t h e committee t h a t s t u d i e s conducted by t h e National i n s t i t u t e of Mental Health have concluded t h a t
chromoso e damage has occurred i n 6ub-human animals given l a r g e doses
of LSD.$ Because of extreme e f f e c t s which t h e s e drugs may have,
a u t h o r i t i e s a r e i n agreement t h a t hallucinogenic drugs should not be
administered o t h e r than i n a supervised c l i n i c a l research atmosphere,
9
i
P
"9
t
T h i s drug i s discussed s e p a r a t e l y from t h e o t h e r major categ o r i e s of drugs because of i t s s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which make it
d i f f i c u l t t o c a t e g o r i z e a s a n a r c o t i c , de r e s s a n t , stimulant, o r halo
lucinogen. The f e d e r a l government and a1 of t h e s t a t e s l i s t t h e
drug a n a r c o t i c drug b u t t h e Medical Society of t h e County of New
York reported t h a t t h e drug i s a mild halluci'nogen. The P r e s i d e n t ' s
Crime Commission s a i d t h a t t h e e f f e c t s of t h e drug a r e r a t h e r complicated, combining both s t i m u l a t i o n and depression, with muc of t h e
drug's e f f e c t depending upon t h e p e r s o n a l i t y of t h e u s e r ,
P
d
Marihuana i s g e n e r a l l y smoked, but t h e drug can be s n i f f e d o r
ingested. The mental e f f e c t s of t h e drug may include a f e e l i n g of
euphoria, e x a l t a t i o n , a dreamy sensation accompanied by a f r e e flow
of i d e a s , and a d i s t o r t i o n of t h e sense of time, d i s t a n c e , v i s i o n ,
and hearing. Side e f f e c t s which may accompany t h e s e e f f e c t s include
215.
July
213.
d i z z i n e s s d r y mouth, d i l a t e d p u p i l s and burning e y e s , u r i n a r y f r e quency, d i a r r h e a , nausea, and vomiting, and hunger, a r t i c u l a r 1 f o r
sweets. Much of t h e e f f e c t of t h e drug depends on t e p e r s o n a l t y
of t h e u s e r .
R
X
Medical s c i e n c e h a s concluded t h a t marihuana d o e s not produce
p h y s i c a l dependence and t h e r e a r e no withdrawal symptoms. The u s e
of marihuana may r e s u l t i n a s l i g h t p s y c h o l o g i c a l dependence i n some
i n d i v i d u a l s . R e s e a r c h e r s have compared t h e e f f e c t s of marihuana on
an i n d i v i d u a l a s b e i n g s i m i l a r t o t h e e f f e c t s of a moderate amount
of a l c o h o l ( a l s o a drug) ; and, a s f a r a s i s known, t h e r e a r e few d e t rimental physical e f f e c t s on t h e user.
S i n c e t h e r e h a s been c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n t r o v e r s y r e c e n t l y conc e r n i n g t h e d a n g e r s i n h e r e n t i n t h e u s e of marihuana, it may be of
i n t e r e s t t o r e p o r t o n s t a t e m e n t s p r e s e n t e d i n meetings of t h e C r i m i n a l Code Committee on t h i s s u b j e c t . No one who met w i t h t h e committee advocated t h e " l e g a l i z i n g n of marihuana i n t h e s e n s e of t h e s t a t e
s a n c t i o n i n g i t s u s e by removal of a l l p e n a l t i e s r e l a t i n g t o t h i s drug,
The committee r e p o r t p o i n t e d o u t t h a t marihuana i s s t i l l c o n t r o l l e d
b t h e f e d e r a l law and s t a t e s t a t u t e s could n o t b e i n d i r e c t c o n t r a d lc t i o n of t h e f e d e r a l s t a t u t e s concerning marihuana. F u r t h e r , res e a r c h a t t h e f e d e r a l l e v e l i s r e p o r t e d l y i n p r o g r e s s t o determine
more f u l l y t h e d a n g e r s i n h e r e n t i n t h i s drug. This r e s e a r c h w i l l '
undoubtedly t a k e some y e a r s t o complete,
I n view of t h e l a c k of r e s e a r c h concerning marihuana, it i s
d i f f i c u l t t o s t a t e what d a n g e r s t o s o c i e t y could e x i s t i f t h i s d r u g ,
o r o t h e r d r u g s , were l e g a l i z e d . D r . Richard H. Blum, d i r e c t o r of t h e
psycho-pharmacology p r o j e c t a t S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , t o l d t h e C r i m i n a l
Code Committee t h a t Morocco i s one c o u n t r y where marihuana i s l e g a l l y
a v a i l a b l e ; c o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e d r u g i s found i n a much s t r o n g e r form
t h a n i n t h e United S t a t e s . It was r e p o r t e d t h a t 18 p e r c e n t of t h e
marihuana u s e r s i n t h t c o u n t r y a r e l i k e l y t o be h o s p i t a l i z e d f o r
F u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n of t h e v a r i f i e d r i s k s and
marihuana psychosis.
r e p o r t e d r i s k s of marihuana i s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e crime commission Task
Force Report: Druqs, pages 24 and 25.
9
7
Solvents
The abuse of s o l v e n t s o r " v o l a t i l e i n t o x i c a n t s n i s u s u a l l y by
i n h a l a t i o n o r s n i f f i n g of fumes t o produce a form of i n t o x i c a t i o n .
S u b s t a n c e s abused i n t h i s manner i n c l u d e , among o t h e r m a t e r i a l s ,
g l u e , g a s o l i n e , p a i n t t h i n n e r , l i g h t e r f l u i d , and e t h e r . Chief dang e r s of i n h a l i n g o r s n i f f i n g t h e s e s u b s t a n c e s a r e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of
d e a t h b s u f f o c a t i o n , t h e development of p s y c h o t i c b e h a v i o r , and t h e
s t a t e o r i n t o x i c a t i o n which t h e s e s u b s t a n c e s produce. It i s a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t p h y s i c a l damage t o c e r t a i n body o r g a n s and t o t h e nervous
k
~ r i m l n a lCode ~ommI'tteeMinutes, J u l y 18, 1967, p. 3.
system i s . a d i s t i n c t p o s s i b i l i t y s i n c e many s o l v e n t s and t h e i n g r e - d i e m t s of some t y p e s of g l u e can c a u s e p h y s i c a l damage i f t a k e n i n t e r n a l l y .h/
The c o n s u l t a n t s t o t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Crime Commission c i t e d two
r e a s o n s f o r concern i n t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of s n i f f e r s : 1) t o p r e v e n t
danger w h i l e t h e y a r e i n t o x i c a t e d ; and 2) t o f o r e s t a l l t h e o t h e r w i s e
v e r y l i k e l y development of l a t e r dependency on o t h e r d r u g s and p r e sumed c r i m i n a l a s s o c i a t i o n s p o s s i b l y a r i s i n g o u t of i n t e r e s t i n
i l l i c i t d r u g s . Two recommendations were submitted by t h e c o n s u l t a n t s
i n r e g a r d t o t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of s n i f f e r s . F i r s t would be t o encourage school and p u b l i c h e a l t h p e r s o n s t o develop new methods f o r
c a s e f i n d i n g f o r c h i l d r e n engaged i n t h i s a c t i v i t y and, secondly,
t h a t each s c h o o l , h e a l t h , and p o l i c e agency p a r t i c i p a t e i n a community-wid program f o r t h e r e f e r r a l of such c h i l d r e n t o p s y c h i a t r i c
t r e a t m e n t .-I
9
N a r c o t i c s and Druq Abuse I n Colorado
It i s i m p o s s i b l e t o a s s e s s t h e e x t e n t of u s e of n a r c o t i c s and
dangerous d r u g s i n Colorado on t h e b a s i s of o b j e c t i v e s t a t i s t i c a l
d a t a . Newspapers, t e l e v i s i o n , and o t h e r p u b l i c media may p r o v i d e
some s u b j e c t i v e means of measuring t h e e x t e n t of drug abuse, by a t
l e a s t i n d i c a t i n g through t h e volume of a r t i c l e s t h a t t h e drug problem i n Colorado i s n o t i n s i g n i f i c a n t and t h a t t h e p u b l i c i s i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s s u b j e c t . However, r e l i a b l e , v e r i f i a b l e s t a t i s t i c s on
t h e number of d r u g u s e r s , t h e t y p e s and amounts of d r u g s used, and
t h e groups of p e r s o n s u s i n g d r u g s a r e simply not a v a i l a b l e .
S t a t i s t i c s from p o l i c e departments on t h e number of drug abuse
a r r e s t s may i n d i c a t e a tremendous p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n p o l i c e act i v i t y i n d r u g c o n t r o l i n r e c e n t y e a r s . Such d a t a , however, may be
i n d i c a t i v e of i n c r e a s e d p o l i c e a t t e n t i o n t o problems r e l a t i n g t o d r u g
abuse. An i n c r e a s e i n p e r c e n t a g e s may r e s u l t , i n p a r t , from an ext r e m e l y low b a s e f i g u r e i n p r e v i o u s y e a r s so t h a t even a few a r r e s t s
f o r drug abuse would account f o r a l a r g e p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e . It i s
p o s s i b l e t h a t , i n t h e c a s e of dangerous d r u g s , b o t h t h e most vigorous
a d v o c a t e s and opponents of drug u s e t e n d t o e x a g g e r a t e t h e e x t e n t of
drug abuse i n a t t e m p t i n g t o prove t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e i r p o s i t i o n s
toward l e g i s l a t i o n concerning drug u s e .
I n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d from t h e r e g i o n a l o f f i c e of t h e F e d e r a l
Bureau of Drug Abuse C o n t r o l , i n o p e r a t i o n i n Denver s i n c e mid-1966,
r e p o r t e d 20 i n v e s t i g a t i o n s opened f o r t h e p e r i o d of J u l y through
P
e r by Richard H. Blum,
September, 1966, w h i l e f o r t h e same p e r i o d of 1967, 80 i n v e s t i g a t i o n s
were opened on v i o l a t i o n s of f e d e r a l dangerous d r u g laws. No convict i o n s f o r i l l e g a l s a l e of dangerous d r u s were o b t a i n e d on i n v e s t i g a t i o n s conducted by t h e r e g i o n a l o f f i c e n 1966, b u t 18 c o n v i c t i o n s
f o r i l l e g a l s a l e of dangerous d r u g s were recorded from January through
September of t h i s y e a r . These c o n v i c t i o n s were o n l y f o r i l l e g a l s a l e
of dangerous d r u g s and do not i n c l u d e any p o s s e s s i o n c a s e s , which i s
n o t an o f f e n s e under f e d e r a l s t a t u t e s .
P
The p r e c e d i n g comments, however, a r e n o t i n t e n d e d t o d i s m i s s
t h e s e r i o u s n e s s of d r u g abuse i n Colorado. It i s obvious from t h e
p u b l i c media t h a t d r u g s a r e b e i n g abused and t h a t many segments of
t h e p u b l i c a r e concerned w i t h problems a t t e n d a n t w i t h d r u g use. Even
though complete d a t a , o r even r e l i a b l e e s t i m a t e s , a r e not a v a i l a b l e
on d r u g u s e , some g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s may be made concerning n a r c o t i c and
dangerous drug abuse throughout t h e United S t a t e s and i n Colorado.
N a r c o t i c s . Taking f i r s t t h e problems of n a r c o t i c d r u g s , t h i s
a r e a of d r u g u s e d o e s n o t appear t o b e a s s e v e r e a s t h e dangerous
drug problem i n Colorado, a t l e a s t i n t e r m s of numbers of users. I n
r e c e n t y e a r s , t h e r e a l and a b s o l u t e numbers of known n a r c o t i c a d d i c t s
i n Colorado h a s d e c l i n e d s l i g h t l y , w i t h t h e known number of n a r c o t i c
a d d i c t s i n t h e s t a t e now a t 305. However, not a l l a d d i c t s a r e known
a d d i c t s and it i s n e c e s s a r y t o m u l t i p l y t h e known number by a number
of from t h r e e t o t e n a s an e s t i m a t e of t h e a c t u a l number. Using
t h e s e f i g u r e s , t h e t o t a l n a r c o t i c a d d i c t p o p u l a t i o n would vary between approximately 900 and 3,050 a d d i c t s .
The P r e s i d e n t ' s Crime Commission r e p o r t e d t h a t more t h a n oneh a l f of t h e known h e r o i n a d d i c t s i n t h e United S t a t e s a r e i n New York
and most of t h e o t h e r s a r e i n C a l i f o r n i a , I l l i n o i s , Michigan, New
J e r s e y , Maryland, P e n n s y l v a n i a , Texas, and t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia.
The r e p o r t s t a t e d t h a t , where h e r o i n a d d i c t i o n e x i s t s on a l a r g e
s c a l e , it i s an urban problem, found l a r g e l y i n a r e a s w i t h low a v t r age incomes, poor housing, and h i g h delinquency. The h e r o i n a d d i c t
was s a i d l i k e l y t o b e male, between t h e a g e s of 21 and 30, poor1
educated an u n s k i l l e d , and a member of a d i s a d v a n t a g e d e t h n i c m nori t y group.8
1
3
Hallucinoqens. One of t h e c o n s u l t a n t ' s p a p e r s p u b l i s h e d i n
Task Force: Druss r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e u s e of h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s i n
t h i s c o u n t r y a p p e a r s t o be c o n c e n t r a t e d i n young a d u l t s age 20 t o 25,
b u t t h e r e a r e s i g n s of r a t h e r r a p i d d i f f u s i o n t o h i g h s c h o o l age
l e v e l s and, less r a p i d l y , t o middle and o l d e r aged a d u l t s . The same
a u t h o r s s t a t e d t h a t i t would b e unwise t o v e n t u r e an e s t i m a t e of t h e
number of Americans who have t r i e d one o r a n o t h e r ha lucinogen; any
numerical e s t i m a t e s must b e s u s p e c t . I n view of t h e l a c k of i n f o m a t i o n t o t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e f o l l o w i n g q u o t a t i o n from t h e s e c o n s u l t a n t s
t o t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Crime Commission, which c o n c e r n s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s -
1
~ r e s i d e ~ o r m n i s s i o pp.
n , 212
- 213.
'
t i c s of LSD u s e r s i n t h e United S t a t e s i n g e n e r a l , might be a p p l i c a b l e t o Colorado:
U n t i l a few y e a r s ago, LSD remained l i m i t e d
t o an t B e l i t e l l group of s u c c e s s f u l p r o f e s s i o n a l s ,
a r t i s t s , and communications i n d u s t r y p e r s o n n e l ,
t h e i r f a m i l i e s and f r i e n d s . These same groups
s t i l l a p p e a r t o be u s i n g h a l l u c i n o g e n s , b u t t h e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n of u s e a p p e a r s t o have s h i f t e d t o
younger p e r s o n s . Among t e e n a g e r s , motorcycle c l u b
members, d e l i n q u e n t s , urban poor and m i n o r i t i e s ,
e t c . , t h e r e a r e r e p o r t s of s p r e a d i n g i n t e r e s t , suge s t i n g t h e expected d i f f u s i o n down t h e socioeconom?c s c a l e . No common p s y c h o l o g i c a l o r s o c i o l o g i c a l
f e a t u r e s may be expected among t h e u s e r s of any
s e c u l a r and s o c i a l d r u g ; d i f f e r e n t people t a k e d r u g s
f o r d i f f e r e n t r e a s o n s . Within groups s h a r i n g common
s o c i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i t i s sometimes poss i b l e t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e drug-interested persons,
r e g u l a r u s e r s , heavy u s e r s , e t c . , on t h b a s i s of
p s y c h o l o g i c a l o r background f a c t o r s , , .
3
S t i m u l a n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y amphetamines, may be s u b j e c t t o abuse
o r n o n - z p w medical u s e by p e r s o n s s e e k i n g t o combat l e t h a r g y ,
overweight, and f a t i g u e , S t u d e n t s s t u d y i n g f o r exams, t r u c k d r i v e r s ,
and n i g h t s h i f t workers have been c i t e d a s groups u s i n g amphetamines,
S o c i a l and p r i v a t e u s e h a s a l s o been r e p o r t e d f o r p e r s o n s s e e k i n g
e x c i t e m e n t o r mood changes i n t h e s e n s e of " k i c k s " o r llhighsll. The
c o n s u l t a n t s t o t h e Crime Commission r e p o r t e d t h a t v a r i o u s s t u d i e s
have i d e n t i f i e d u s e among l a t e a d o l e s c e n t s , i n c l u d i n g d e l i n q u e n t s ,
b u t e x t e n d i n g t o o t h e r s d e s c r i b e d a s " r e b e l l i ~ u s ,"~w~i l d , " o r simply
" p a r t y going." Some d a t a was r e p o r t e d t o s u p p o r t t h e view t h a t amphetamine a b u s e r s and t h o s e prone t o dependency were bad1 a d j u s t e d
y o u n g s t e r s b e f o r e u s i n g t h e s e d r u g s e w A major concern n t h e cont r o l of s t i m u l a n t d r u g s i s t h e v a s t q u a n t i t i e s produced (4% b i l l i o n
t a b l e t s i n 1962) of which a l a r g e p e r c e n t a g e , . p e r h a p s one-half of t h e
t o t a l , i s e s t i m a t e d t o go i n t o i l l i c i t d i s t ~ i b u t i o nchannels.
X
B a r b i t u r a t e s . A s i n t h e c a s e of s t i m u l a n t s , t h e r e i s l i t t l e
i n f o r m a t i o n about which people use b a r b i t u r a t e s and how o f t e n d r u g s
i n t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a r e used. The e x t e n t of abuse of b a r b i t u r a t e s
i s d i f f i c u l t t o a s s e s s , e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e c a s e f i n d i n g procedures a r e
s u b j e c t t o e r r o r . One example c i t e d of t h e problem of i d e n t i f y i n g
d r u g abuse, i n c l u d i n g b a r b i t u r a t e s , was i n a Boston h o s p i t a l i n which
o n l y s i x of 82 c a s e s of d r u g a b u s e r s had been o f f i c i a l l y r e p o r t e d t o
an a g e n c y . W
Task Force Report:
D
#
I
E
E
z
;
-1/ m, pa
29
34.
- 30.
Druqs, p. 27.
( p a p e r by Blurn and Funkhouser
-
I n summary, i t a p p e a r s t h a t a changing p a t t e r n of d r u g abuse
h a s been e v o l v i n g i n r e c e n t y e a r s . A l a r g e segment of n a r c o t i c d r u g
abuse h i s t o r i c a l l y h a s been found i n g h e t t o s o r p o v e r t y a r e a s of
t h e l a r g e s t c i t i e s i n t h e cotlntry. Reasons f o r t h i s phenomenon a r e
many, b u t one i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i s t h a t t h e u s e of n a r c o t i c d r u g s
r e p r e s e n t s t o t h e u s e r a form of e s c a p e from t h e r e a l i t i e s of a poor
e n v i r o n m e n t . , However, i t should b e noted t h a t d r u g abuse o c c u r s i n
a l l s o c i a l and economic c l a s s e s and p e r s o n s who c a n p u r c h a s e t h e i r
d r u g s w i t h o u t r e s o r t i n g t o crime o r can a f f o r d p r i v a t e t r e a t m e n t a r e
t o become a p a r t of p o l i c e r e c o r d s and d r u g abuse s t a tless
i s t i clik@
s.
Dangerous d r u g a b u s e , r a t h e r t h a n n a r c o t i c a d d i c t i o n , i s
o f t e n found i n t h e middle- and upper-economic l e v e l s of s o c i e t y .
P e r h a p s it i s because d r u g problems a r e no l o n g e r l i m i t e d t o c e r t a i n g e o g r a p h i c a r e a s o r t o t h e lower-economic l e v e l s , s o c i e t y a s a
whole h a s become more concerned w i t h problems of d r u g abuse. Abuse
of dangerous d r u g s i s s a i d t o have a growth p a t t e r n s t a r t i n g i n o l d e r g e n e r a t i o n s and moving down t o younger p e r s o n s , which p a t t e r n i s
t h e r e v e r s e of t h e n a r c o t i c a d d i c t i o n p a t t e r n . A number of p e r s o n s
have s a i d , f o r example, t h a t abuse of h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s s t a r t e d
w i t h c o l l e g e p r o f e s s o r s and s p r e a d t o g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s , t h e n t o ygd e r g r a d u a t e s , h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s , and even t o younger students.-/
P r o f e s s o r Blum t o l d t h e Committee t h a t t h e group of LSD u s e r s i s becoming younger, even t o t h e e x t e n t of e
entary school c h i l d r e n i n
Corresponding w i t h t h e
C a l i f o r n i a experimenting w i t h t h e drug.
s h i f t i n g p a t t e r n of d r u g abuse t o i n c l u d e middle- and upper-economic
and s o c i a l l e v e l s of s o c i e t y , P r o f e s s o r Blum s t a t e d t h a t t h e younger
g e n e r a t i o n ' s d r u g abuse h a s s h i f t e d away from a l c o h o l , n a r c o t i c s ,
and o t h e r t o x i c s u b s t a n c e s t o more s o p h i s t i c a t e d r u g s , i n c l u d i n g
LSD, marihuana, and o t h e r e x o t i c h a l l u c i n o g e n s .I5
4
I t i s a l s o p o i n t e d o u t t h a t young p e o p l e a r e n o t t h e o n l y
d r u g a b u s e r s a s many r e s p e c t a b l e a d u l t s i n a l l o c c u p a t i o n s abuse
d r u g s . F o r example, p h y s i c i a n s and o t h e r s who have i r r e g u l a r s l e e p i n g h a b i t s and need t o s l e e p immediately a f t e r l y i n g down, may have
a tendency t o abuse d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s . Drug abuse by young p e r s o n s
may be i n t h e form of e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n and by p e r s o n s who want t o exp l o r e l i f e of which d r u g u s e i s j u s t one a s p e c t . Seldom do young
p e o p l e c o n t i n u e d r u g abuse. A d o l e s c e n t s who c o n t i n u e u s i n g h a l l u c i g s a r e s a i d t o do s o because of some deep-rooted emotional
problem.
nogenic
@
Drug Abuse, p. 15.
C r i m i n a l Code Committee Minutes, J u n e 28 and 29, 1967, p. 36.
14/ I b i d . , J u l y 18, p. 2.
15 I b i d . , p. 4.
( S t a t e m e n t by D r . L. Barbato,
I b i d . , June 28 and 2 9 , pp. 33
34.
-nt
H e a l t h S e r v i c e s , Denver u n i v e r s i t y . )
-
Drua Treatment Proarams
When c o n s i d e r i n g t h e development of t r e a t m e n t programs f o r
d r u g a b u s e r s and a d d i c t s , t h e d i s t i n c t i o n s between "dangerous drugsU
h a l l u c i n o g e n s , s t i m u l a n t s , and d e p r e s s a n t s
and "hard narcot i c s " become somewhat complicated, F o r example u s e of p r a c t i c a l l y
any d r u g o r s u b s t a n c e can c r e a t e s p s y c h o l o g i c a i dependence f o r t h o
u s e r , b u t a p h y s i c a l dependence i s g e n e r a l l y considered t o develop
o n l y i n u s e of n a r c o t i c s and d e p r e s s a n t s , However, t h e committee
was t o l d t h a t p s y c h o l o g i c a l dependence was much more d i f f i c u l t t o
c u r e t h a n was p h y s i c a l withdrawal. F u r t h e r , p h y s i c a l withdrawal from
b a r b i t u r a t e s and o t h e r s e d a t i v e s ( d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s ) pose s e r i o u s d i f
f i c u l t i e s which can r e q u i r e more i n t e n s i v e medical s u p e r v i s i o n t h a n
d o e s withdrawal from o p i a t e s , Deaths can o c c u r i f dependence t
t h e s e d r u g s i s n o t d e t e c t e d and c o n v u l s i o n s and d e l i r i u m occur,&
--
--
-
I n s h o r t , i t a p p e a r s t h a t a v a r i e t y of t r e a t m e n t approaches
and f a c i l i t i e s would be r e q u i r e d t o handle t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of
drug a b u s e r s , Chronic a b u s e r s of h a l l u c i n o g e n s , s t i m u l a n t s , o r s o l v e n t s might need t o be t r e a t e d f o r emotional o r p s y c h o l o g i c a l problems r a t h e r t h a n p h y s i c a l withdrawal. Abusers of d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s
appear t o need t r a i n e d p e r s o n n e l and i n t e n s i v e c a r e f a c i l i t i e s d u r i n g
t h e w i t h d r ~ w a ls t a g e from d r u g s followed by p s y c h o l o g i c a l c o u n s e l i n g
programs. A program f o r n a r c o t i c a d d i c t s , i n o r d e r t o have a chance
f o r s u c c e s s , r e q u i r e s withdrawal f a c i l i t i e s , p s y c h i a t r i c s e r v i c e s ,
and a f t e r c a r e programs t o a s s i s t i n t h e a d d i c t s ' r e t u r n t o t h e community.
P o l i c y q u e s t i o n s concerning t r e a t m e n t programs which need t o
be answered i n c l u d e whether a t r e a t m e n t program i s needed f o r u s e r s
of a l l d r u g s , i n c l u d i n g hard n a r c o t i c s and tb dangerous drugs, o r
should a t t e n t i o n be focused on t r e a t m e n t programs f o r s e l e c t e d
drugs? Does t h e number of n a r c o t i c d r u g u s e r s i n Colorado warrant
t h e development of a t r e a t m e n t c e n t e r by t h e s t a t e ? I f p e r s o n s u s e
some of t h e n o n - n a r c o t i c d r u g s on themselves, without n o t i c e a b l e
harm t o s o c i e t y , should t h e s t a t e u s e i t s r e s o u r c e s f o r a problem
which ma be c o n s i d e r e d more troublesome by t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c t h a n
i t a c t u a l y i s , m e d i c a l l y speaking?
1
A s f a r s p e c i f i c needs f o r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s i n Colorado,
t h e f o l l o w i n g e x c e r p t of t h e s t a t e m e n t p r e s e n t e d t o t h e committee by
D r . Hans S c h a p i r e , Chief of P s y c h i a t r i c S e r v i c e s of t h e Colorado Department of I n s t i t u t i o n s , r e p r e s e n t s t h e viewpoint of one person who
i s f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e s t a t e ' s e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s and w i t h probable
f u t u r e needs f o r a n a r c o t i c t r e a t m e n t program:
Task F o r c e Re o r t : Druqs, p, 142, ( P a p e r by J o n a t h a n 0. Cole,
m , m o h s t i t u t e of Mental ~ e a l t h . )
A s you undoubtedly know, t h e two f e d e r a l
n a r c o t i c h o s p i t a l s a t Lexington, Kentucky, and
F o r t Worth, ~ e x a s ~ a ir ne t h e p r o c e s s of b e i n
c o n v e r t e d i n t o p u r e r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t i e s , Th s
means t h a t n a r c o t i c a d d i c t s from t h e v a r i o u s
s t a t e s w i l l no l o n g e r b e a b l e t o r e c e i v e t r e a t ment i n t h e s e two f a c i l i t i e s which have been
p l a c e d under t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n of t h e Natio.na1
I n s t i t u t e of Mental H e a l t h , The i n t e n t of Cong r e s s a s spelled out i n t h e Narcotic Addiction
R e h a b i l i t a t i o n Act of 1966 ( P u b l i c Law 89-793)
i s t h e p r o v i s i o n of t r e a t m e n t and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n
f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e n a r c o t i c a d d i c t i n h i s own
s t a t e o r community. F o r t h i s purpose, t h e Surgeon G e n e r a l h a s been a u t h o r i z e d t o make such
c o n t r a c t u a l arrangements a s may be n e c e s s a r y
w i t h p r i v a t e and p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s t o p r o v i d e
examination and t r e a t m e n t f o r p e r s o n s f a l l i n g
under t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s a c t . It seems
t h e r e f o r e highly d e s i r a b l e t h a t both t h e S t a t e
H o s p i t a l and t h e F o r t Logan Mental H e a l t h Cent e r b e p r e p a r e d t o t r e a t a d d i c t i o n and h a b i t u a t i o n so t h a t t h e most a p p r o p r i a t e t r e a t m e n t f o r
t h e i n d i v i d u a l be a v a i l a b l e b o t h on an i n p a t i e n t
and ambulatory b a s i s . A s f a r a s Colorado S t a t e
H o s p i t a l i s concerned i t h a s now i n o p e r a t i o n a n
a l c o h o l i c t r e a t m e n t and a d d i c t i o n c e n t e r housing
about 70 p a t i e n t s . The overwhelming m a j o r i t y of
t h e s e p e r s o n s a r e a l c o h o l i c s . It would n o t b e
t o o d i f f i c u l t t o expand e x i s t i n g s e r v i c e s and t o
p r o v i d e more s p e c i a l i z e d s e r v i c e s f o r t h o s e n a r c o t i c a d d i c t s who w i l l r e q u i r e c a r e no l o n g e r
a v a i l a b l e i n t h e F e d e r a l c e n t e r s . However, 60%
of t h e known a d d i c t s i n Colorado ( t o t a l number
200) l i v e i n t h e Denver m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . I
t h e r e f o r e recommend t h a t a s p e c i a l i z e d t r e a t m e n t
u n i t b e developed a t t h e F o r t Logan Mental H e a l t h
C e n t e r , s t a f f e d by t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d and s k i l l e d
i n t h e t r e a t m e n t of d r u g dependence. T h i s new
u n i t should p r o b a b l y be a p a r t of a new d i v i s i o n
which would i n c l u d e t h e p r e s e n t a l c o h o l i s m u n i t ,
A c a r e f u l s t u d y would have t o b e u n d e r t a k e n t o
d e t e r m i n e what, i f any, a d d i t i o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n
w i l l be r e q u i r e d . However, l e g i s l a t i v e i n t e n t
and c o n c e r n should be e x p r e s s e d by making p l a n n i n g f u n d s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e Department of I n s t i t u t i o n s i n t h e n e x t s e s s i o n of t h e G e n e r a l
Assembly.
9
'
Even t h e most modern t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y and
t h e most d e d i c a t e d s t a f f w i l l have poor r e s u l t s
u n l e s s p r o v i s i o n s a r e made t o c a r r y t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of t h e n a r c o t i c a d d i c t i n t o t h e community.
I t m i h t b e wise i n t h e c o u r s e of funded p l a n n i n g ?o l e a r n more a b o u t t h e o p e r a t i o n s and
e x p e r i e n c e s of t h e C a l i f o r n i a r e h a b i l i t a t i o n
c e n t e r , t h e program of t h e S t a t e o f New York,
w methods of t r e a t m e n t of
and about c e r t a i n
narcotic addicts.
fl
I t w i l l be noted t h a t p r a c t i c a l l y a l l o f t h e t r e a t m e n t programs c o n c e r n t r e a t m e n t f o r n a r c o t i c a d d i c t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r h e r o i n u s e r s . E s t i m a t e s o f Colorado n a r c o t i c a d d i c t s v a r y between 900
and 3,000 p e r s o n s . A more s e r i o u s problem, i n t h e number of a b u s e r s ,
p r o b a b l y e x i s t s i n r e g a r d t o dangerous d r u g u s e r s .
For d r u g s which a r e p h y s i c a l l y a d d i c t i n g , r e p o r t s i n d i c a t e
. t h a t some e x p e r i m e n t a l programs have been more s u c c e s s f u l t h a n p r e v i o u s programs, which have d e t o x i f i e d t h e a d d i c t b u t r e t u r n e d him
t o h i s o l d environment. G e n e r a l l y , more s u c c e s s f u l t r e a t m e n t p r o grams c o n s i s t of c o n t r o l l e d withdrawal i n a h o s p i t a l s e t t i n g , reh a b i l i t a t i o n programs, and a f t e r c a r e t r e a t m e n t . The b a s i c elements
of a program developed by t h e Boston s t a t e h o s p i t a l may be of i n t e r e s t i n i l l u s t r a t i n g o n e program d e v e l o p d f o r n a r c o t i c and b a r b i t u r i c d r u g u s e r s by a s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n . - q /
f
It i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t most of t h e p a t i e n t s admitted
t o t h i s program were s a i d t o have s e v e r e c h a r a c t e r d i s o r d e r s f o r
which t h e y need a s s i s t a n c e n e a r l y a s much a s f a r t h e i r drug a d d i c t i o n problem. P r i o r t o t h e i r a d m i t t a n c e t o t h e program, t h e p a t i e n t s
were r e p o r t e d t o have averaged t h r e e a r r e s t s , u s u a l l y f o r crimes comm i t t e d t o p r o c u r e d r u g s . The p a t i e n t s r e p r e s e n t e d a wide v a r i e t y of
work e x p e r i e n c e s b u t a r e below a v e r a g e i n work s k i l l s and a b i l i t i e s .
The e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l of t h e a d d i c t s was s a i d t o r a n g e w i d e l y , w i t h
a s low a s t h e t h i r d g r a d e l e v e l and a median a t t h e t e n t h g r a d e
level.
When t h e a d d i c t i s f i r s t a d m i t t e d , h e i s examined p h y s i c a l l y ,
and a d r u g withdrawal program i s i n i t i a t e d . I f t h e a d d i c t u s e s n a r c o t i c s , methadone, a s y n t h e t i c n a r c o t i c d r u g , i s used f o r about f o u r
weeks i n d e c r e a s i n g q u a n t i t i e s d u r i n g withdrawal. If t h e a d d i c t h a s
a b a r b i t a l dependence, nembutal i s a d m i n i s t e r e d i n d e c r e a s i n g quant i t i e s d u r i n g w i t h d r a w a l , f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y s i x weeks. I f a f t e r a
r e a s o n a b l e l e n g t h of t i m e an a d d i c t c a n n o t be withdrawn under t h i s
t r e a t m e n t method, h e i s r e f e r r e d e l s e w h e r e .
Use of d r u g s d u r i n g t h e withdrawal phase was d e s c r i b e d a s an
a d j u n c t t o o t h e r forms of t r e a t m e n t . For example, d u r i n g and a f t e r
18/ C r i m i n a l Code Committee Minutes, J u n e 2 8 and
-
29, pp. 20
21.
( ~ o t e so n
C r i m i n a l Code Committee, Memorandum No. 8 , pp. 2-3.
t r e a t m e n t program by D r . David J. Myerson, P s y c h i a t r i s t , Boston
S t a t e H o s p i t a l .)
withdrawal, t h e a d d i c t b e g i n s t o d e v e l o p a few b a s i c work h a b i t s by
assignment t o t h e shop a r e a . An a d d i c t may f e e l d e p r e s s e d and t h e r e
may b e a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s p a r i t y between h i s a s p i r a t i o n s and h i s act u a l work l e v e l .
A f t e r withdrawal i s completed, t h e p a t i e n t i s g i v e n a s e r i e s
of t e s t s t o d e t e r m i n e whether he should r e t u r n t o s c h o o l f o r f u r t h e r
e d u c a t i o n o r should b e s e n t d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e job placement program.
The t r e a t m e n t program m a i n t a i n s a j o b placement f i l e and j o b s a r e
found f o r t h e a d d i c t . The c e n t e r t r i e s t o s c a l e t h e a d d i c t ' s employment t o r e a l i s t i c work s t a n d a r d s t h a t o f f e r reaso'nable chances
of s u c c e s s . A t t h i s p o i n t i n t h e program t h e h o s p i t a l ward becomes
a half-way house w i t h t h e a d d i c t going t o s c h o o l o r h i s j o b d u r i n g
t h e day, and r e t u r n i n g t o t h e ward a t n i g h t . Group t h e r a p y s e s s i o n s
a r e h e l d i n t h e e v e n i n g s i n which t h e a d d i c t s can d i s c u s s problems.
These group t h e r a p y s e s s i o n s were s a i d t o p r o v i d e a s a f e t y v a l v e f o r
r e l e a s e of t h e a d d i c t ' s d a i l y problems.
When t h e a d d i c t i s f u l l y employed and h a s developed some
b a s i c work h a b i t s , he i s r e l e a s e d t o a n o u t - p a t i e n t s t a t u s and t h e
a f t e r c a r e program b e g i n s . The a f t e r c a r e program i s concerned w i t h
p h y s i c a l and mental problems and c o n s i s t s of f r e q u e n t v i s i t s ' , h e a l t h
c a r e , and r e a d j u s t m e n t t o f a m i l y l i . f e and s o c i e t y . S t u d i e s have
concluded t h a t a d r u g a d d i c t a b u s e s h i s h e a l t h and c o n t i n u e s t o negl e c t h i s h e a l t h f o r a l o n g p e r i o d of t i m e a f t e r withdrawal. The
f a m i l y l i f e g e n e r a l l y l a c k s l o v e and o t h e r f a m i l y problems may be
p r e s e n t . F r e q u e n t l y , t h e spouse of t h e e x - a d d i c t t r e a t s him a s i f
he was s t i l l a d d i c t e d t o d r u g s . The program p r o v i d e s f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s e r v i c e s and m a y . b r i n g i n o t h e r s o c i a l a g e n c i e s i n an a t t e m p t
t o b r i n g t h e f a m i l y c l o s e r t o g e t h e r . I f a t any t i m e t h e r e i s e v i dence t h a t t h e e x - a d d i c t i s u s i n g d r u g s , h e i s r e a d m i t t e d t o t h e
ward.
S e v e r a l o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l programs have been i n i t i a t e d i n an e f f o r t t o f i n d b e t t e r o r more permanent t r e a t m e n t program f o r d r u g a b u s e r s . Some of t h e s e programs a r e mentioned below.
d ( 1 ) Methadone maintenance i s a program of s u b s t i t u t i n g methadone f o r h e r o i n . The proqram was s t a r t e d i n New York by D r s . Vincent
P . Dole and Marie ~ y s w a n d e r . I n t h i s program t h e a d d i c t i s withdrawn
from h e r o i n and g r a d u a l l y methadone i s a d m i n i s t e r e d u n t i l a d a i l y
d o s e i s s t a b i l i z e d . The e f f e c t of methadone i s t o block t h e e u p h o r i c
e f f e c t s of h e r o i n and methadone d o e s n o t produce e u p h o r i a s e d a t i o n o r
d i s t o r t i o n of b e h a v i o r . The a d d i c t r e t u r n s d a i l y t o t h e c l i n i c f o r a
d o s e of methadone. T e s t s a r e made f o r t h e p r e s e n c e of h e r o i n and i f
a t e s t i s p o s i t i v e ( i . e . , h e r o i n found i n t h e a d d i c t ' s s y s t e m j , he i s
removed from t h e program. No meaningful c o n c l u s i o n s have been made
20/
-
id
pp. 7-8.
( ~ o t e sfrom D r . P a t r i c k Hughes, N a t i o n a l In%ie
of Mental H e a l t h . See a l s o , P r e s i d e n t ' s Crime Commiss i o n Report, pp. 225
228.)
-
-
from t h e p r o ram because of t h e newness of t h e program, P a t i e n t s
i n t h e h o s p i a 1 n which t h i s program h a s been used and school dropo u t s i n slum a r e a s a r e s a i d t o be e n t h u s i a s t i c about t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of t h i a approach. The crime commission r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e
results of r e s e a r c h on t h i s s u b j e c t a r e f r a mentary and f i n a l judgments on i t s s u i t a b i l i t y a r e not y e t p o s s i b e,
!
f
9
S e v e r a l communities have e s t a b l i s h e d
f r e q u e n t l y w i l l have e x - a d d i c t s on t h e
s t a f f f o r l i a i s o n and o r d e r l y d u t i e s . Group t h e r a p and guidance
w i l l be major f u n c t i o n s of t h e house. A n a t t e m p t w 11 be made t o
change t h e a d d i c t ' s environment. No p r e s s u r e i s made t o have t h e
a d d i c t o b t a i n a j o b immediately upon j o i n i n g t h e house, although
t h e p e r s o n s i n t h e house a r e expected t o assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s
f o r t h e house while l i v i n g t h e r e .
1
(3) Haiqht-Ashburv Medical C l i n i c was r e c e n t l y e s t a b l i s h e d
by t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a Medical School. The c l i n i c i s open
t o t r e a t any h i p p i e who wants medical t r e a t m e n t f o r s o c i a l and o t h e r
d i s e a s e s a s w e l l a s f o r "bad t r i p s m on LSD. T h i s program i s t o o new
t o f o r m u l a t e any c o n c l u s i o n s concerning a p p r o p r i a t e t r e a t m e n t f o r
LSD u s e r s . However, one c o n s u l t a n t t o t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Crime Commiss i o n i n d i c a t e d t h a t a b u s e r s of LSD and o t h e r h a l l u c i n o g e n e who
develop p s c h i a t r i c symptoms ( s c h i z o p h r e n i c - l i k e o r p a n i c r e a c t i o n s )
can prabab y be a d e q u a t e l y handled i n c o n v e n t i o n a l p s y c h i a t r i c s e t ting~,
1
Community A d d i c t i o n C e n t e r s have been e s t a b l i s h e d i n
s t o r e f r o n t s i n a few l a r g e c i t i e s . One major purpose of t h e s e
c e n t e r a i s t o d i s p e l t h e commonly h e l d b e l i e f t h a t drug a d d i c t s
cannot be t r e a t e d , Ex-addicts have been working i n t h e s e c e n t e r s
and block workers, i n c l u d i n g VISTA members and l o c a l r e s i d e n t s , coo p e r a t e i n e d u c a t i o n a l programs concerning d r u g s f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r
block o r a r e a .
(4)
A s f o r t r e a t m e n t f o r a b u s e r s of s t i m u l a n t and d e p r e s s a n t
d r u g s , it h a s been suggested t h g t some combination of i n t e n s i v e
s u p e r v i s i o n and t r e a t m e n t p l u s r e g u l a r monitoring t o d e t e c t r e l a p s e
might be u s e f u l . However, t h e same s o u r c e s t a t e d t h a t more study
of t h e groups a b u s i n g t h e s e d r u g s i s needed u r g e n t l y a s a b a s i s f o r
c l e a r e r recommendations. I t w i l l be r e c a l l e d t h a t withdrawal from
d e p r e s s a n t s may r e q u i r e more i n t e n s i v e medical s u p e r v i s i o n t h a n does
withdrawal from "hardt8 n a r c o t i c s . Thus, some s p e c i a l i z e d t r a i n i n g
may be n e c e s s a r y f o r p e r s o n n e l i n i n s t i t u t i o n s which might handle
c a s e s of d e p r e s s a n t d r u g abuse.
I t should be p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i n t r e a t m e n t programs developed
t h u s f a r f o r d e p r e s s a n t d r u g a b u s e r s , t h e p r o g n o s i s f o r c u r e of
p h y s i c a l dependence i s poor, and t h e problems p r e s e n t e d a r e r e p o r t e d
t o be s i m i l a r t o problems encountered i n t h e t r e a t m e n t of o p i a t e add i c t s . However, a s t r o n g argument can be made f o r an e f f o r t i n t h e
d i r e c t i o n of t r e a t m e n t programs r a t h e r t h a n t a k i n g a p u n i t i v e approach toward t h e s e drugs. One of t h e q o n s u l t a n t s of t h e crime com-
m i s s i o n r e p o r t compared a p u n i t i v e approach f o r d e p r e s s a n t s w i t h t h e
f u t i l i t y of t h a t approach f o r a l c o h o l i c and n a r c o t i c a d d i c t s .
While l i t t l e i s known a b o u t p u n i t i v e approach toward u s e r s of "medical d e p r e s s a n t o r
s t i m u l a n t d r u g s , " it may be e x p e c t e d t h a t a s i n
t h e c a s e o f a l c o h o l i c s and n a r c o t i c a d d i c t s a
p u n i t i v e approach t o u s e r s who have l o s t c o n t r o l
o v e r t h e i r use w i l l r e s u l t i n a "revolving doorn
o r a r e p e t i t i v e c y c l e of a r r e s t , r e l e a s e and
a r r e s t , o r a r r e s t , c o n v i c t i o n , imprisonment, rel e a s e and a r r e s t . I n n e i t h e r t h e c a s e of t h e
a l c o h o l i c s n o r n a r c o t i c a d d i c t s h a s it been
shown t h a t s u c h a p r o c e s s a i d s t h e u s e r t o abandon h i s h a b i t . The o n l y t h i n g t h a t s u c h a
p r o c e s s accomplishes i s t o keep dependent u s e r s
o f f t h e s t r e e t s f o r some p e r i o d of time. I n t h e
c a s e of a l c o h o l i s m it h a s been r e f e r r e d t o a s
" l i f e imprisonment on t h e i n s t a l l m e n t plan."
If
t h e s o l e o b j e c t of t h i s p r o c e s s i s t o keep dependent u s e r s o f f t h e s t r e e t s , t h e o b j e c t c o u l d
b e b e t t e r accomplished e i t h e r by l o n g e r p r i s o n
t e r m s o r by l o n g p e r i o d s of n o n p u n i t i v e i s o l a t i o n
from s o c i e t y .
I s o l a t i o n would be based on t h e view t h a t
a d d i c t s and h a b i t u a l u s e r s commit c r i m e s and
s e l l drugs t o support t h e i r h a b i t s , o r f o r o t h e r
r e a s o n s , and i n t r o d u c e n o n a d d i c t s t o d r u g s .
T h i s view h a s been advanced t o s u p p o r t l o n g p e r i ods of i s o l a t i o n f o r n a r c o t i c s and a d d i c t s irres p e c t i v e of whether a p a r t i c u l a r a d d i c t h a s
committed a c r i m e o t h e r t h a n p o s s e s s i o n o r use...
The known f a c t s c e r t a i n l y do n o t w a r r a n t it i n
t h e c a s e o f a d d i c t s and h a b i t u a l u s e r s of "medic a l l y d e p r e s s a n t and s t i m u l a n t drugs.... II
I f it i s f e a r e d t h a t dangerous d r u g a b u s e r s
w i l l i n t r o d u c e n o n u s e r s t o d r u g s and d i s t r i b u t e
d r u g s , t h e y may be punished f o r t r a f f i c k i n g
o f f e n s e s i n c l u d i n g p o s s e s s i o n f o r t h e purpose of
s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n . I f it i s f e a r e d t h a t u s e
w i l l l e a d t o c r i m e , t h e u s e r may, u n l e s s he
s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d i r r e s p o n s i b l e , b e punished
f o r t h e c r i m e s he commits. I f p a r t i c u l a r
abusers a r e dangerous t o themselves o r o t h e r s
b e c a u s e o f mental i l l n e s s o r o t h e r w i s e meet
g e n e r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n of t h e
m e n t a l l y ill, t h e y s h o u l d be t r e a t e d a s o t h e r
m e n t a l l y ill p e r s o n s and i s o l a t e d f o r t h e s a f e t y
of s o c i e t y and of t h e m s e l v e s and f o r any poss i b l e t r e a t m e n t t h a t may be a f f o r d e d t o them.
'
I f t h e y o n l y p o s s e s s o r u s e d r u g s and a r e n o t
s u f f i c i e n t l y d i s t u r b e d by t h e i r u s e t o meet usu a l s t a n d a r d s f o r commitment a s m e n t a l l y ill,
o r a s long a s t h e r e i s l i t t l e likelihood t h a t
t h e y can be s u c c e s s f u l l y t r e a t e d , t h e y should
n o t be subjected t o nonpunitive i s o l a t i o n . .
.a/
Druq E d u c a t i o n Proqrama
S e v e r a l c r i t i c i s m s of p r e s e n t d r u g e d u c a t i o n programs were
mentioned t o t h e C r i m i n a l Code Committee. The e d u c a t i o n a l i s s u e s
r a i s e d might b e s t b e summarized i n t h e q u e s t i o n s : Who needs t o b e
e d u c a t e d i n r e g a r d t o d r u g abuse? How c a n t h e most b e n e f i c i a l educ a t i o n a l programs b e developed?
P r o f e s s o r Blum and s e v e r a l o t h e r c o n f e r e e s t o l d t h e committee
t h a t , i n g e n e r a l , t h e b e s t approach t o t h e d r u g a b u s e problem v@s
t h r o u g h e d u c a t i o n . It i s n e c e s s a r y t o t e a c h y o u t h s t h a t , i f it i s
n e c e s s a r y t o e x p l o r e , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o have t h e p r o p e r e d u c a t i o n
t o e x p l o r e . A t t i t u d e s toward d r u g s should b e formed e a r l y , beginn i n g i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s . P a r e n t s should b e g i n t e a c h i n g
c h i l d r e n i n f o r m a l l y t h e d a n g e r s of d r u abuse. D r . Blum s a i d t h a t
a d o l e s c e n t s should have a b a s i c ground ng of d r u g e d u c a t i o n by age
fourteen.
B
An e d u c a t i o n a l a p p r o a c h toward d r u g s r e q u i r e s t h a t t e a c h e r s
b e w e l l e d u c a t e d on d r u g problems b e f o r e t h e y b e g i n t o t e a c h s t u d e n t s . One problem mentioned i n r e g a r d t o some e d u c a t i o n a l ' p r o g r a m s
was t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s w i l l known more a b o u t d r u g s t h a n do t h e t e a c h e r s . The c r i m e commission v e r i f i e d p r e v i o u s c o n c l u s i o n s t h a t p u b l i c
and p r o f e s s i o n a l e d u c a t i o n i n t h e f i e l d was i n a d e q u a t e and was
81cloudedby m i s c o n c e p t i o n s and d i s t o r t e d by p e r s i s t e n t f a l l a c i e s . "
P r o f e s s o r Blum s t a t e d t h a t many e d u c a t i o n a l a t t e m p t s were a r c h a i c
w i t h t h e p r o p e r methods and a i d s simply n o t a v a i l a b l e t o t e a c h e r s .
I t was a l s o noted by D r , Rlum t h a t p a r e n t s , t h e p o l i c e , and
m e d i c a l d o c t o r s need t o b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e d r u g e d u c a t i o n program
s i n c e t h e s e p e r s o n s a r e i n a p o s i t i o n of i n f l u e n c i n g p a t t e r n s of
d r u g u s e i n t h e s o c i e t y . One s p e c i f i c s u g g e s t i o n was t h a t s t a t e
f u n d s b e made a v a i l a b l e t e d u c a t e l a w enforcement o f f i c e r s i n d r u g
abuse and d r u g c o n t r o l ,
d
Tas F o r
c e Report: Druqs, pp.
Wk
Rosenthal, Associate Professor
-
104
105. ( p a p e r by Michael P.
of Law, R u t g e r s , t h e S t a t e Univ e r s i t y , S c h o o l of Law, Camden, New ~ e r s e y . )
23/ C r i m i n a l Code Committee Minutes, J u l y 18, pp. 4 , 10.
A s t a f f member of t h e s t a t e department of p u b l i c h e a l t h sug-
g e s t e d t h a t an e d u c a t i o n a l program i n c l u d e t h e t e a c h i n g of s a f e u s e
of p r e s c r i b e d d r u g s which a r e used i n e v e r y day medicine, many of
which a r e e x t r e m e l y p o t e n t . T h i s t o p i c should b e interwoven i n t o
t h e h e a l t h c u r r i c u l u m of t h e s c h o o l s s o t h a t f u t u r e c i t i z e n s have a
complete u n d e r s t a n d i n g of b o t h t h e d a n g e r s and b e n e f i t s of modern
d r u g s . I t was r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e Colorado P u b l i c H e a l t h A s s o c i a t i o n
ng a p r o j e c t t o f o r m u l a t e c u r r i c u l u m m a t e r i a l on t h i s
The p o s s i b i l i t y of c h i l d r e n e x p e r i m e n t i n g w i t h d r u g s a t an
e a r l i e r a g e , because of t h e i r knowing about d r u g s , was acknowledged
by D r . Blum a s a p o s s i b l e d a n g e r of a d r u g e d u c a t i o n program. Howe v e r , t h i s remark was q u a l i f i e d by t h e s t a t e m e n t t h a t c h i l d r e n a r e
going t o h e a r about dangerous d r u g s s o o n e r o r l a t e r , and it w i l l be
b e t t e r f o r t h e c h i l d r e n t o have a well-rounded d r u g e d u c a t i o n which
would p r o v i d e an i n t e l l i g e n t c h o i c e on whether t o experiment w i t h
dangerous d r u g s . I f t h e c h i l d r e n a r e i n c l i n e d t o e x p e r i m e n t , a t
have knowledge of t h e d r u g s w i t h which t h e y a r e exl e a s t they w
perimenting.
~
I t may b e e a s i e r t o c i t e t h e need f o r i n c r e a s e d e d u c a t i o n a l
e f f o r t s i n r e g a r d t o d r u g abuse t h a n i t i s t o p r e s e n t a workable
program t n r o u g h which young p e r s o n s c a n b e a c c u r a t e l y and a d e q u a t e l y
informed on t h e d a n g e r s of d r u g abuse. A sound d r u g e d u c a t i o n f o r
t e a c h e r s i n e l e m e n t a r y g r a d e s , a s w e l l a s i n j u n i o r h i g h and h i g h
s c h o o l s , a p p e a r s t o b e one of t h e f i r s t n e c e s s a r y s t e p s . Use of
t e c h n i c a l l y q u a l i f i e d p r o f e s s i o n a l p e r s o n s , i n c l u d i n g medical doct o r s and p h a r m a c i s t s , by t h e s c h o o l s i n d e v e l o p i n g d r u g e d u c a t i o n a l
programs c o u l d b e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t . Some e d u c a t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s
can be o b t a i n e d from p h a r m a c e u t i c a l m a n u f a c t u r e r s , f e d e r a l o f f i c e s ,
and from f i l m l i b r a r i e s . I n view of c r i t i c i s m s d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r
of some of t h e t e a c h i n g m a t e r i a l s t h a t a r e b e i n g u s e d , i t i s import a n t t o c a r e f u l l y evaluate t h e drug education information being
presented i n t h e schools.
The Q u e s t i o n of Danserous Druss P r o q r e s s i n q t o Use of N a r c o t i c Druqs Another c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o be noted c o n c e r n s t h e p o s s i b l e p r o g r e s s i o n of d r u g u s e from d a n g e r o u s d r u g s t o hard n a r c o t i c s . There
a r e some p o p u l a r b e l i e f s t h a t a c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t s between marihuana
u s e and l a t e r a d d i c t i o n t o h e r o i n . S i m i l a r b e l i e f s might b e h e l d i n
r e g a r d t o u s e of o t h e r dangerous d r u g s and t h e f u t u r e u s e of "hardtt
m m i n a l ~ o d e C o m m i t t e e e s ,J u n e 2 8 and 29, p. 59.
24/ I b i d . , J u l y 18, p. 12.
n a r c o t i c s . D r . Blum r e p o r t e d t o t h e P r e s i d e n t 1 8 Crime Commission
t h a t U T h e e v i d e n c e from c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s and u t o p i a t e and news a r t i c l e s i s c l e a r t h a t many p e r s o n s n o t i n h e r o i n - r i s k neighborhood6 who
experiment w i t h rnarihuana do n o t l p r o g r e s s l t o ' h a r d 1 n a r c o t i ~ r . ~ w
I n a n o t h e r paper t o t h e Commission D r . Blum s t a t e d :
Most p e r s o n s who experiment w i t h marihuana do
n o t t r y h e r o i n , some h e r o i n users...sven i n
slum c u l t u r e s . . . h a v e n o t f i r s t t r i e d marihuana,
and among h e r o i n u s e r s f i r s t t r y i n g marihuana
a number of o t h e r common f a c t o r s a r e a l s o
l i k e l y t o be p r e s e n t . Among t h e s e may be experimentation with o t h e r i l l i c i t drugs refleca t t e r n of drug i n t e r e s t afid
t i n g a genera
a v a i l a b i l i t y . A69
D r . Alan Frank, a p s y c h i a t r i s t a t t h e Univer_sit of Colorado S t u d e n t H e a l t h S e r v i c e s , i n speaking of LSD u s e , e x p l a ned t h a t c e r - t a i n p e o p l e need a c r u t c h t h r o u g h o u t l i f e and w i l l s e a r c h u n t i l t h e y f i n d t h e i r c r u t c h . Drugs, t o many p e r s o n s , r e p r e s e n t a c r u t e h . If one of t h e m i l d e r d r u g s d o e s n o t g i v e t h e d e s i r e d e f f e c t , en i n d i - ill s e a r c h f o r a s t r o n g e r drug t o o b t a i n t h e necessasy supvidua@
port.
Taking t h i s view, i t c o u l d be concluded t h a t t h e p s r s o n a l i t y
makeup of t h e s e p e r s o n s , r a t h e r t h a n t h e u s e of m i l d e r d r u g s , could
push t h e s e p e r s o n s i n t o t h e u s e of n a r c o t i c s .
1
D r . Blum a l s o s t a t e d t o t h e committee t h a t t h e b e s t t h e o r y on
drug a d d i c t i o n assumes t h a t a c e r t a i n pre-mental p a t t e r n must be p r e s e n t b e f o r e a person w i l l become a d d i c t e d t o d r u g s . Also, t h e use
of d r u g s o v e r a long p e r i o d of time was s a i d t o i n c r e a s e the. chances
f o r drug a d d i c t i o n . T h i s l a t t e r t h e o r on d ~ u g swas compared
s i m i l a r p a t t e r n found i n u s e of a l c o h o l e a d i n g t o alcoholism.
1
?&Pa
Druq Use and Crime
Another i m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n on which t h e r e has been c o n s i d e r a b l e
d i s c u s s i o n o v e r a long p e r i o d of time concerns t h e p o s s i b l e c o r r e l a t i o n between d r u g u s e and crime. The P r e s i d e n t ' s Crime Commission
and t h e c o n s u l t a n t l s p a p e r s provided c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s c u s s i o n t o t h e
q u e s t i o n of a p o s s i b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p between dru abuse and crime.
T h i s s u b j e c t i s complicated by a l a c k of adequa s e v i d e n c e p a r t i c u l a r l y i n r e g a r d t o u s e of marihuane and crime. Any r e l a t i o n s h i p
between c r i m e s and d r u g s a p p e a r s t o depend upon such f a c t o r s a s t h e
e
28/
Task Force: Drucis, p. 24. ( P a p e r by Blum and Funkhouser
~ a l b a ~
I b i d . , p . 53. ( p a p e r by Blum and ~ r a u n s t e l n ) . C r i m i n a l Code Committee Minutes, June 28 and 29, p. 39.
I b i d . , J u l y 18, p. 3. -
p e r s o n a l i t y of t h e i n d i v i d u a l u s i n g t h e d r u g , t h e drug b e i n g used,
and t h e p e r s o n ' s s t y l e of l i f e b e f o r e and a f t e r u s i n g t h e d r u g s . I n
d i s c u s s i o n s of t h i s t o p i c it i s a d v i s a b l e t o c o n s i d e r t h e u s e r s of
hard n a r c o t i c s s e p a r a t e l y from t h e u s e r s of c e r t a i n dangerous drugs.
Two r e a s o n s were p o i n t e d o u t whereby p e r s o n s who a r e a d d i c t e d
t o hard n a r c o t i c s a r e n o t a b l e t o m a i n t a i n t h e i r a d d i c t i o n w i t h o u t
r u n n i n g a f o u l of t h e c r i m i n a l law. F i r s t , a n a d d i c t h a s a c o n s t a n t
need f o r d r u g s which must be purchased and p o s s e s s e d b e f o r e t h e y
can be consumed. P u r c h a s e , p o s s e s s i o n , and s a l e of o p i a t e s , i n gene r a l , a r e c r i m i n a l o f f e n s e s under s t a t e and f e d e r a l laws. The comm i s s i o n a l s o noted t h a t many s t a t e s have p r o h i b i t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e
p o s s e s s i o n of p a r a p h e r n a l i a , such a s n e e d l e s and s y r i n g e s , designed
f o r u s e by n a r c o t i c a d d i c t s . Thus, t h e commission concluded, t h e
n a r c o t i c a d d i c t l i v e s i n a l m o s t p e r p e t u a l v i o l a t i o n of one o r seve r a l c r i m i n a l laws which p e r t a i n d i r e c t l y t o t h e u s e of drugs.
The second c o n f l i c t i n g a r e a c o n c e r n s o f f e n s e s of t h e fundr a i s i n g v a r i e t y . Assaultive o r v i o l e n t a c t s , contrary t o popular
b e l i e f , were s a i d t o be t h e e x c e p t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t h e r u l e f o r t h e
h e r o i n a d d i c t , s i n c e t h e d r u g h a s a calming and d e p r e s s a n t e f f e c t .
However, i n o r d e r t o s u p p o r t t h e n a r c o t i c h a b i t , t h e a d d i c t must
u s u a l l y t u r n t o crime, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e t h e f t of p r o p e r t y .
The f o l l o w i n g s t a t i s t i c s used by t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Crime Commiss i o n were s u p p l i e d by t h e F e d e r a l Bureau of I n v e s t i g a t i o n . A t o t a l
of 4,385 people i d e n t i f i e d a s h e r o i n u s e r s had an a v e r a g e c r i m i n a l
c a r e e r ( t h e span of y e a r s between t h e f i r s t a r r e s t and l a s t a r r e s t )
of t w e l v e y e a r s d u r i n g which t h e y had averaged t e n a r r e s t s . S i x of
t h e s e a r r e s t s , on a n a v e r a g e , were f o r o f f e n s e s o t h e r t h a n n s r c o t D r . Blum p o i n t e d o u t t o t h e committee t h a t many n a r c o t i c
ics.29/
a d d i c t s had c r i m i n a l r e c o r d s b e f o r e t h e y became a d d i c t e d t o n a r c o t i c s . They show t r e n d s of c o n t i n u e d u s e o f n a r c o t i c s and t h e y w i l l
a l s o c o n t i n u e c r i m i n a l a c t i v i t i e s .30/
I n r e g a r d t o a c o r r e l a t i o n between crime and v i o l e n c e and
u s e of marihuana, t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Crime Commission s a i d t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s of o p i n i o n a r e a b s o l u t e and t h e c l a i m s a r e beyond r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . One view i s t h a t marihuana i s a major c a u s e o f crime and
v i o l e n c e and a n o t h e r i s t h a t marihuana h a s no a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h crime
and o n l y a m a r g i n a l r e l a t i o n t o v i o l e n c e . I n e s s e n c e , t h e Commiss i o n r e p o r t e d t h a t n e i t h e r s i d e c o u l d prove t h e i r c a s e based on
present evidence but suggested t h e following hypothesis i n regard
t o crime and v i o l e n c e o c c u r r i n g w i t h t h e u s e o f marihuana:
J
9
2
30/
-
P r e s i d e n t ' s Crime Commission, pp. 221
222.
C r i m i n a l Code Committee Minutes, J u l y 18, p. 7.
One l i k e l y h y p o t h e s i s i s t h a t , given t h e
a c c e p t e d tendency of marihuana t o r e l e a s e inh i b i t i o n s , t h e e f f e c t of t h e d r u g w i l l depend
on t h e i n d i v i d u a l and t h e circumstances. It
might, b u t c e r t a i n l y w i l l n o t n e c e s s a r i l y o r
inevitably, lead t o aggressive behavior o r
crime. The r e s p o n s e w i l l depend more on t h e
i n d i v i d u a l t h a n t h e drug. T h i s h y p o t h e s i s i s
c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e evidence t h a t marihuana
does n o t a l t e r t h e b a s i c p e r s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e .31/
I n d i s c u s s i n g drug u s e and crime w i t h t h e committee, D r . Blum
mentioned t h a t t h e h a l l u c i n o g e n s may cause t h e u s e r t o engage i n
some b i z a r r e a c t s and a l s o have caused some s u i c i d e s . S t a t i s t i c e on
amphetamine u s e were s a i d t o show no c a u s a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e
drug and crime. Cocaine was r e p o r t e d t o show some evidence of causi n g a g i t a t i o n , b u t t h e d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e drug t o crime was
remote. It i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t D r . Blum s a i d t h a t one known
c a u s a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between drug u s e and crime was w i t h a l c o h o l .
C r i m e s committed under t h e i n f l u e n c e of a l c o h o l were d e s c r i b e d as
crimes of v i o l e n c e , a l t h o u g h s t u d i e s on t h i s s u b j e c t have shown t h a t
t h e person committing such a n a c t and t h e person a g a i n s t whom t h e
a c t was co i t t e d have had p r e v i o u s h i s t o r i e s o f committing a c t s of
v i o l e n c e . 32 7
P o s s i b l y t h e b e s t summary of t h e q u e s t i o n of a r e l a t i o n e h i p
of drug u s e t o crime i s t h e f o l l o w i n g q u o t a t i o n from D r . B l u m i n a
paper t o t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s C r i m e Commission:
..
. m h e b e s t evidence t o d a t e suggest t h a t
t h e drug-crime r e l a t i o n s h i p depends upon t h e
k i n d s of p e r s o n s who choose t o use d r u g s , t h e
k i n d s of p e r s o n s one meets a s a drug u s e r , and
on t h e l i f e circumstances both b e f o r e drug use
and t h o s e developing a f t e r w a r d by v i r t u e of t h e
dependent o r a d d i c t i v e )
i n d i v i d u a l ' s own (e.
r e s p o n s e and s o c i e t y9 s. * response t o him ( p r o h i b i t i o n of u s e , a r r e s t , and i n c a r c e r a t i o n , e t c . ) .
I n s p i t e o f popular b e l i e f s t o t h e c o n t r a r y , one
d a r e n o t assume t h a t drug-dependency aua dependenc y l e a d s i n e v i t a b l y t o any p a r t i c u l a r t y p e o f
s o c i a l conduct, i n c l u d i n g c r i m i n a l i t y . I n s o f a r
a s some a c t i v i t i e s a r e p a r t of o b t a i n i n g and usi n g t h e d r u g s themselves, t h e s e w i l l be r e p e a t e d
&
3
P r e s i d e n t ' s C r i m e Commission, p. 225. C r i m i n a l c o d x m m i t t e e Minutes, J u l y 18, pp. 7 - 8 . b u t t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s may o r may not be c r i m i n a l
dependin , a s we have noted, on t h e laws and
s o c i a l c rcumstance of t h e person,33/
P
A d d i t i o n a l Statements t o t h e Committee
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e m a t e r i a l p r e v i o u s l y included i n t h e Committee Report and Recommendations and i n t h e Background Report, a
number of o t h e r s t a t e m e n t s were submitted and c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s c u s s i o n was h e l d with t h e c o n f e r e e s who met w i t h t h e committee on June
28 and 29, J u l y 18, and September 7. Copies of t h e complete s t a t e ments and t h e d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h t h e s e c o n f e r e e s a r e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e
committee minutes. However, i n o r d e r t o provide a more complete
p i c t u r e of t h e v a r i e t y of p o i n t s of view expressed i n t h e s e h e a r i n g s
and t o mention some a d d i t i o n a l i s s u e s presented t o t h e committee, a
b r i e f o u t l i n e of t h e s t a t e m e n t s of f o u r c o n f e r e e s i s presented below.
M r , John Gray, D e t e c t i v e , I n t e l l i s e n c e and N a r c o t i c s Bureau,
Denver P o l i c e De~artment.34/ D e t e c t i v e Gray's p o s i t i o n 5 0 n dangerous drugs was t o f a v o r s t r i n g e n t l e g i s l a t i o n c o n t r o l l i n g a l l ' d a n g e r ous drugs because t h e drug abuse problem i n Colorado has grown t o
l a r e p r o p o r t i o n s i n r e c e n t y e a r s . The problem was due p r i m a r i l y t o
an n f l u x of " h i p p i e t y p e subculture^.^ T h i s i n f l u x i s due t o a
l a c k of s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n c o n t r o l l i n g dangerous drugs. Strong laws
concernin dangerous d r u s would discourage h i p p i e s from coming t o
Colorado o r t h e y would now t h e y would be d e a l t with f i r m l y i f t h e y
did e n t e r t h e s t a t e , .
1
P
il
For adequate c o n t r o l of t h e drug abuse problem, t h e p o l i c e
departments i n Colorado need s t r o n g p e n a l t i e s f o r unlawful possess i o n and use of t h e dangerous drugs, I t i s d i f f i c u l t and expensive
t o c o n t r o l dangerous drug abuse without possession p e n a l t i e s because
of t h e d i f f i c u l t y of proving unlawful s a l e . Undercover a g e n t s buyi n g unlawfully possessed drugs must be s p e c i a l l y t r a i n e d , and t h e y
can be used a s an undercover a g e n t o n l y once i n any one a r e a . With
s t r o n g possession and use p e n a l t i e s , it would be unnecessary t o
prove unlawful s a l e , and undercover a g e n t s would n o t have t o be
used, D e t e c t i v e Gray s a i d t h a t a weakness of t h e f e d e r a l law i s
t h a t it f a i l 8 t o make possession and use of dangerous drugs i l l e g a l ,
J
3
34/
Task Force: Druqs, p. 23. ( p a p e r by Blum and Funkhouser
~ a l b a w
Criminal Code Committee Minutes, June 28 and 29, 1967, pp.
42
- 46,
-
M r . L e s t e r Thomas. Denver J u v e n i l e c o u r t .25/ Mr. Thomas h a s
worked p r i m a r i l y i n t h e a r e a o f s o l v e n t abuse. He was opposed t o
any s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n which would make s o l v e n t abuse a crime and
s u g g e s t e d two r e a s o n s why s o l v e n t abuse s h o u l d n o t be a crime.
F i r s t , any a t t e m p t t o c o n t r o l a l l s o l v e n t s would f a i l because of t h e
wide u s e of s o l v e n t s which can be abused.
Second, t h e o n l y s o l v e n t a b u s e r who would be p r o s e c u t e d would
be t h o s e c h i l d r e n who a r e from t h e lower income f a m i l i e s who have
s e r i o u s f a m i l y , economic, and s o c i a l problems w i t h which t h e y must
cope. Making t h e s e c h i l d r e n d e l i n q u e n t s o r a t t a c h i n g a stigma of
g l u e s n i f f e r would o n l y c a u s e g r e a t e r problems f o r t h e c h i l d . M r .
Thomas s a i d t h a t c h i l d r e n who s n i f f e d g l u e a l o n e , away from h i s
p e e r s , needs p s y c h i a t r i c h e l p and e d u c a t i o n , and t h e r a p y i s needed
f o r t h e whole f a m i l y .
M r . J o s e p h Arnold, S p e c i a l M i n i s t r y t o Younq A d u l t s , United
M r . Arnold f e l t t h a t t h e committee had n o t
Church of C h r i s t . 3 6
h e a r d from e n o u g h d s c i p l i n e s concerned w i t h drug use t o d e v e l o p a
comprehensive i d e a on a t o t a l drug l e g i s l a t i o n program. The committ e e s h o u l d l i s t e n t o a u t h o r i t i e s from c e r t a i n r e l i g i o u s e l e m e n t s ,
a r t i s t s , and t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l element of s o c i e t y , Mr. Arnold s a i d .
Each of t h e s e groups c l a i m t h a t u s e o f h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s benef i t s t h e i : group i n some way, and t h e s e people s h o u l d be g i v e n a
chance t o e x p l a i n t h e i r p o i n t o f view and t o prove t h e i r c l a i m s
about drug use.
From a p e r s o n a l view, M r . Arnold f a v o r e d d r u l e g i s l a t i o n
a l o n g t h e l i n e s adopted by t h e f e d e r a l government w t h p e n a l t i e s f o r
i l l e g a l s a l e , d i s t r i b u t i o n , and manufacture of drugs. He p o i n t e d
o u t t h a t young p e o p l e s h o u l d n o t be made f e l o n s because o f t h e i r
e x p e r i m e n t i n g mind. M r . Arnold u r ed t h e committee n o t t o be pushed
i n t o h a s t y d r u g l e g i s l a t i o n by pub i c p r e s s u r e s i n c e t h e l i v e s a f f e c t e d most by drug l e g i s l a t i o n a r e a d o l e s c e n t s .
7
4
D r . Alan Frank. P s y c h i a t r i s t . S t u d e ~ tH e a l t h S e r v i c e s , Uni:
v e r s i t y of Colorado.3//
D r . Frank spoke t o t h e committee a s a
p s y c h i a t r i s t , n o t a s a member of t h e U n i v e r s i t y s t a f f . The drug
abuse problem was s a i d t o be i m p o s s i b l e t o s o l v e . The u s e of dang e r o u s d r u g s i s b a s i c a l l y a moral i s s u e o r c o n f l i c t between genera t i o n s . L e g i s l a t o r s have t o s e p a r a t e moral a t t i t u d e s from o b j e c t i v i t y i n r e a c h i n g a d e c i s i o n on t h e u s e of d r u g s . The o l d e r elements
of s o c i e t y g e n e r a l l y r e j e c t d r u g abuse, and t h e younger g e n e r a t i o n
i s more w i l l i n g t o experiment w i t h new i d e a s . D r . Frank p o i n t e d o u t
t h a t u s e of a l c o h o l , t o b a c c o , and c o f f e e were c a p i t a l c r i m e s i n
v a r i o u s p a r t s of t h e world d u r i n g t h e 1 8 t h Century. The q u e s t i o n
-
37/
I b i d . , pp. 39
41.
I b i d . , September 7, 1967, pp. 1 6.
I b i d . , J u n e 28 and 29, 1967, pp. 36
- -
39.
t o be answered b e f o r e l e g i s l a t i o n i s passed i s where do t h e s e d r u g s
f i t i n t o society.
D r . Frank s a i d t h a t w h i l e he d i d n o t advocate use of dangerous d r u g s , he was opposed t o s e v e r e p o s s e s s i o n p e n a l t i e s . Drug
l e g i s l a t i o n should be concerned w i t h t h e s o u r c e s of dangerous drugs.
The b e s t approach t o t h e LSD problem was through e d u c a t i o n ,
Explain a l l a s p e c t s of LSD i n terms a d o l e s c e n t s
can understand; t a l k i n g i n a d u l t terms g i v e s young people t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t what i s s a i d about LSD i s a d u l t propaganda. I f adol e s c e n t s a r e g i v e n t h e p r o p e r e d u c a t i o n , a t l e a s t t h e y w i l l be a b l e
t o make an i n t e l l i g e n t d e c i s i o n on whether o r n o t t o t a k e LSD when
t h e y a r e confronted w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n .
D r . Frank s t a t e d .
APPENDIX A
COMPILATION OF FEDERAL LAWS REGARDING NARCOTICS AND DRUGS H a r r i s o n N a r c o t i c Act.
Termed t h e f i r s t e f f e c t i v e n a r c o t i c s
c o n t r o l measure. t h i s law i n i t i a t e d a p o l i c y which i s s t i l l t h e
~ n a c t e da s a revenue
b a s i s of p r e s e n t d r u g c o n t r o l programs:
m e a s u r e , t h e T r e a s u r y Department i s d e s i g n a t e d a s t h e enforcement
agency.
A s a r e v e n u e measure, t h e H a r r i s o n Act imposes a t a x of one
c e n t p e r ounce on n a r c o t i c d r u g s produced o r i m p o r t e d i n t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s and s o l d o r removed from consumption o r s a l e .
The t a x i s
imposed upon t h e f o l l o w i n g n a r c o t i c d r u g s : opium, i s o n i p e c a i n e ,
coca l e a v e s and o p i a t e s ; compounds, m a n u f a c t u r e s , s a l t s , d e r i v a t i v e s ,
o r p r e p a r a t i o n s o f t h e f o r e g o i n g ; and s u b s t a n c e s c h e m i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l
t o t h e foregoing.
Payment of t h e t a x must be e v i d e n c e d by stamps a f f i x e d t o t h e
package o r c o n t a i n e r , No p e r s o n may p u r c h a s e , s e l l o r d i s t r i b u t e
n a r c o t i c d r u g s u n l e s s he d o e s s o from a stamped package. P o s s e s s i o n
o f n a r c o t i c s i n unstamped c o n t a i n e r s i s "prima f a c i e e v i d e n c e of a
violation."
The a c t a l l o w s t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y t o d e t e r m i n e
whether a pharmaceutical p r e p a r a t i o n c o n t a i n i n g a n a r c o t i c drug
combined w i t h o t h e r i n g r e d i e n t s s h o u l d w a r r a n t a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e
law. Except f o r t h e d i s p e n s i n g of n a r c o t i c d r u g s t o a p a t i e n t by
a p r a c t i t i o n e r " i n t h e c o u r s e of h i s p r o f e s s i o n a l p r a c t i c e only"
and t h e s a l e , d i s p e n s i n g , o r d i s t r i b u t i o n of n a r c o t i c d r u g s by a
d e a l e r t o a consumer i n p u r s u a n c e of a p r a c t i o n e r ' s p r e s c r i p t i o n ,
s a l e o r t r a n s f e r of n a r c o t i c d r u g s i s u n l a w f u l e x c e p t i n p u r s u a n c e
of a w r i t t e n o r d e r o r a r e c i p i e n t on an o f f i c i a l form s u p p l i e d by
t h e T r e a s u r y Department.
P e r s o n s i n t h e v o c a t i o n i n v o l v i , n g t h e h a n d l i n g of n a r c o t i c
d r u g s must r e g i s t e r a n n u a l l y w i t h t h e T r e a s u r y Department and pay
an o c c u p a t i o n a l t a x g r a d u a t e d from one d o l l a r t o 24 d o l l a r s p e r
year.
They a r e a l s o r e q u i r e d t o keep r e c o r d s , make them a v a i l a b l e
t o law o f f i c e r s , and f i l e r e t u r n s a s r e q u i r e d by t h e S e c r e t a r y of
t h e Treasury.
T r a f f i c i n n a r c o t i c drugs without r e g i s t r a t i o n i s a separate
o f f e n s e , i n d e p e n d e n t of f a i l u r e t o r e g i s t e r .
Thus, t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of n a r c o t i c d r u g s i n i n t e r s t a t e commerce by p e r s o n s n o t
r e g i s t e r e d i s p r o h i b i t e d e x c e p t f o r employees and a g e n t s of r e g i s t r a n t s w i t h i n t h e s c o p e of t h e i r employment' o r o t h e r a u t h o r i z e d
p e r s o n s w i t h i n t h e s c o p e o f t h e i r employment.
marihuana, morphine, opium, p a r a l d e h y d e , p e y o t e , o r suphonmethanco r chemical d e r i v a t i v e s of t h e f o r e g o i n g .
2 ) P r e s c r i p t i o n i s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e d i s p e n s i n g of a drug
i n t e n d e d f o r use by man which:
( a ) c o n t a i n s c e r t a i n n a r c o t i c and o t h e r subs t a n c e s o r s u b s t a n c e s d e s i g n a t e d by r e g u l a t i o n a s n h a b i t forming,t1
( b ) i s not s a f e e x c e p t under t h e s u p e r v i s i o n
of a l i c e n s e d p r a c t i t i o n e r because of i t s
p o t e n t i a l i t y f o r harmful u s e , o r
( c ) i s l i m i t e d t o u s e under t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l
s u p e r v i s i o n of a l i c e n s e d p r a c t i t i o n e r under
p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of new d r u g s
i n t o i n t e r s t a t e commerce.
3 ) No new d r u g s may be i n t r o d u c e d i n t o i n t e r s t a t e commerce
u n l e s s an a p p l i c a t i o n f i l e d w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r y of H e a l t h , Education
and Welfare i s i n e f f e c t w i t h r e s p e c t t o such drug.
4 ) Annual r e g i s t r a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d of e s t a b l i s h m e n t s t h a t
manufacture, compound, o r p r o c e s s d r u g s and t h a t w h o l e s a l e o r
d i s t r i b u t e any d e p r e s s a n t o r s t i m u l a n t drug. The 1962 Drug Act
e s t a b l i s h e d r e g i s t r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s . The d e p r e s s a n t and s t i m u l a n t
drug r e g i s t r a t i o n s were added by t h e Drug Abuse C o n t r o l Amendments
of 1965 which e s t a b l i s h e d s p e c i a l f e d e r a l c o n t r o l s o v e r d e p r e s s a n t ,
s t i m u l a n t , and h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s .
S e c t i o n 301 of t h e F e d e r a l Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, a s
amended i n 1962 and 1965, enumerates p r o h i b i t e d a c t s a s f o l l o w s :
( a ) I n t r o d u c t i o n o r d e l i v e r y i n t o i n t e r s t a t e commerce of
a d u l t e r a t e d o r misbranded f o o d s , d r u g s , d e v i c e s , o r cosmetics.
state.
(b)
T h e i r a d u l t e r a t i o n o r misbranding i n i n t e r s t a t e commerce.
(c)
T h e i r r e c e i p t and d e l i v e r y i n a d u l t e r a t e d o r misbranded
( d ) The i n t r o d u c t i o n O r d e l i v e r y i n t o i n t e r s t a t e commerce
of any a r t i c l e i n v i o l a t i o n of temporary permit c o n t r o l s ( a p p l i c a b l e
t o f o o d ) o r i n v i o l a t i o n of p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of new
drugs.
( e ) R e f u s a l t o permit a c c e s s t o r e c o r d s of i n t e r s t a t e s h i p ment of f o o d , d r u g s , d e v i c e s , o r c o s m e t i c s o r t o make r e c o r d s o r
r e p o r t s r e q u i r e d under p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of a Itnew
drug."
( f ) R e f u s a l t o permit e n t r y a& i n s p e c t i o n of c e r t a i n
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n which f o o d s , d r u g s , d e v i c e s , and c o s m e t i c s a r e
manufactured o r h e l d .
( 9 ) Manufacture of a d u l t e r a t e d o r misbranded f o o d s , d r u g s ,
d e v i c e s , and c o s m e t i c s .
( h ) The g i v i n g o f c e r t a i n f a l s e g u a r a n t e e s r e g a r d i n g good
f a i t h i n r e c e i v i n g o r d e l i v e r i n g such a r t i c l e s .
( i ) C e r t a i n f a l s e u s e of i d e n t i f i c a t i o n d e v i c e s r e q u i r e d
u n d e r law, d o i n g of c e r t a i n a c t s which c a u s e a d r u g t o be c o u n t e r f e i t ,
o r t h e s a l e , d i s p e n s i n g , o r h o l d i n g f o r s a l e o r d i s p e n s i n g of a
c o u n t e r f e i t drug.
(j)
Misuse o f t r a d e s e c r e t i n f o r m a t i o n .
( k ) C e r t a i n a c t s r e s u l t i n g i n a d u l t e r a t i o n o r m i s b r a n d i n g of
f o o d s , d r u g s , d e v i c e s , o r c o s m e t i c s i n i n t e r s t a t e commerce.
(1) R e p r e s e n t i n g o r s u g g e s t i n g i n l a b e l i n g o r a d v e r t i s i n g
t h a t a p p r o v a l of a new d r u g a p p l i c a t i o n i s i n e f f e c t o r t h a t t h e d r u g
c o m p l i e s w i t h new d r u g i n t r o d u c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s .
(m)
V i o l a t i o n of laws g o v e r n i n g t h e c o l o r i n g of m a r g a r i n e .
( n ) The u s e i n s a l e s promotion of any r e f e r e n c e t o a r e p o r t
o r a n a l y s i s furnished under i n s p e c t i o n procedures.
(0)
I n t h e c a s e of p r e s c r i p t i o n d r u g s , f a i l u r e of t h e manuf a c t u r e r , packer, o r d i s t r i b u t o r t o maintain o r t r a n s m i t t o requesti n g p r a c t i t i o n e r s t r u e and c o r r e c t c o p i e s of a l l p r i n t e d m a t t e r
r e q u i r e d t o be i n c l u d e d i n t h e d r u g package.
( P ) F a i l u r e of d r u g m a n u f a c t u r e r s and p r o c e s s o r s and depressant o r stimulant drug wholesalers, jobbers, o r d i s t r i b u t o r s
t o r e g i s t e r w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r y of H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n , and Welfare.
( q ) R e l a t i v e t o stimulant o r depressent drugs: manufacturi n g , p r o c e s s i n g , o r compounding, e x c e p t by r e g i s t e r e d d r u g f i r m s f o r
l e g a l d i s t r i b u t i o n ; d i s t r i b u t i n g such d r u g s t o p e r s o n s n o t l i c e n s e d
o r a u t h o r i z e d t o r e c e i v e them; p o s s e s s i o n of s t i m u l a n t o r d e p r e s s a n t
d r u g s e x c e p t a s a u t h o r i z e d by law; f a i l u r e t o p r e p a r e , o b t a i n , o r
keep r e q u i r e d r e c o r d s , and t o p e r m i t i n s p e c t i o n and copying of such
records; r e f u s a l t o premit e n t r y o r inspeciion a s authorized; f i l l i n g o r r e f i l l i n g p r e s c r i p t i o n s f o r t h e s e d r u g s i n v i o l a t i o n of law.
Imprisonment f o r n o t more t h a n one y e a r o r a f i n e of n o t more
t h a n $1000, o r b o t h , i s t h e p e n a l t y f o r v i o l a t i o n of any of t h e s e
p r o h i b i t i o n s . I f t h e v i o l a t i o n i s committed a f t e r a p r e v i o u s conv i c t i o n h a s become f i n a l , o r i s made w i t h i n t e n t t o d e f r a u d o r m i s l e a d , t h e v i o l a t o r i s s u b j e c t t o irnprisonrnent f o r n o t more t h a n
t h r e e y e a r s o r a f i n e of n o t more t h a n $10,000, o r both.
Druq Abuse C o n t r o l Amendments.
I n J a n u a r y , 1963, P r e s i d e n t
Kennedy e s t a . b l i s h e d a P r e s i d e n t ' s Advisory Commission on N a r c o t i c
and Drug Abuse. The Commission made 25 recommendations, t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e s e b e i n g s e e n i n t h e amendments of 1965.
The Drug Abuse C o n t r o l Amendments of 1965 impose more
s t r i n g e n t c o n t r o l s on s t i m u l a n t , d e p r e s s a n t , and h a l l u c i n o g e n i c
d r u g s . The new law, which became e f f e c t i v e i n 1966, b e g i n s w i t h a
d e c l a r a t i o n by Congress t h a t t h e s e d r u g s need n o t move a c r o s s s t a t e
l i n e s t o be s u b j e c t t o i t s r e g u l a t i o n s . The law n o t e s t h a t
o r d e r t o make r e g u l a t i o n and p r o t e c t i o n of i n t e r s t a t e commerce i n
such d r u g s e f f e c t i v e , r e g u l a t i o n of i n t r a s t a t e commerce i s a l s o
n e c e s s a r y 8 ' because of t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s of d e t e r m i n i n g p l a c e of
o r i g i n and consumption and because r e l u l a t i o n of i n t e r s t a t e b u t n o t
i n t r a s t a t e commerce 81would d i s c r i m i n a t e a g a i n s t and a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t
i n t e r s t a t e commerce i n such d r u g s . "
The amendments add t o t h e body of law a d e f i n i t i o n of
depressant o r stimulant drug a s ,
( a ) one which c o n t a i n s b a r b i t u r i c a c i d o r i t s s a l t s o r a
d e r i v a t i v e t h e r e f r o m which h a s been d e s i g n a t e d under f e d e r a l law
a s h a b i t forming;
( b ) one which c o n t a i n s amphetamine o r i t s s a l t s o r a subs t a n c e d e s i g n a t e d a s h a b i t forming by t h e S e c r e t a r y of H e a l t h ,
E d u c a t i o n , and Welfare because of i t s s t i m u l a n t e f f e c t on t h e
c e n t r a l nervous system; and
( c ) one c o n t a i n i n g a s u b s t a n c e d e s i g n a t e d by r e g u l a t i o n a s
h a v i n g a " p o t e n t i a l f o r abusew because of i t s d e p r e s s a n t o r stimul a n t e f f e c t on t h e c e n t r a l nervous system o r i t s h a l l u c i n o g e n i c
e f f e c t . N a r c o t i c d r u g s a r e s p e c i f i c a l l y excluded.
L y s e r g i c a c i d and l y s e r g i c a c i d amide a r e d r u g s covered by
t h e amendments of 1965, a l o n g w i t h m e s c a l i n e and i t s s a l t s , p e y o t e ,
and p s i l o c y b i n . The a c t a l s o p r o h i b i t s t h e p o s s e s s i o n of d e p r e s s a n t
o r s t i m u l a n t d r u g s e x c e p t by seven c l a s s e s of persons--who can be
g e n e r a l l y d e s c r i b e d a s m a n u f a c t u r i n g o r doing r e s e a r c h upon t h e
drugs.
No p r e s c r i p t i o n f o r a d e p r e s s a n t o r s t i m u l a n t d r u g may be
f i l l e d or r e f i l l e d more t h a n s i x months a f t e r t h e d a t e of i t s
i s s u a n c e , and no r e f i l l a b l e p r e s c r i p t i o n may be r e f i l l e d more t h a n
f i v e t i m e s . However, p r e s c r i p t i o n s may be renewed, i n w r i t i n g o r
o r a l l y ( i f reduced t o w r i t i n g and f i l e d by t h e p h a r m i c i s t ) , by t h e
p r e s c r i b i n g p r a c t i t i o n e r and t h e n a g a i n r e f i l l e d t o t h e same e x t e n t
a s an o r i g i n a l p r e s c r i p t i o n .
APPENDIX B
NARCOTIC AND DANGEROUS DRUG LEGISLATION I N OTHER STATES
I.
S t a t e N a r c o t i c Laws
Narcotics
N a r c o t i c s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o f i v e g r o u p s by f e d e r a l law and
t h e u n i f o r m s t a t e n a r c o t i c laws: (1) opium and i t s d e r i v a t i v e s
morphine, h e r o i n , e t c . ; ( 2 ) c o c a l e a v e s and i t s d e r i v a t i v e s ( c o c a i n e ) ;
c a n n a b i s ( m a r i h u a n a ) ; ( 4 ) t h e m e p e r i d i n e ( p e t h i d e n e ) g r o u p ; and
o p i a t e s ( s u b s t a n c e s with an a d d i c t i o n forming o r s u s t a i n i n g l i a b i l i t y s i m i l a r t o morphine o r c o c a i n e ) .
--
Even though marihuana and c o c a i n e a r e d e f i n e d a s n a r c o t i c s
by law, p h a r m a c o l o g i s t s r e p o r t t h a t marihuana i s a m i l d h a l l u c i n o g e n
and c o c a i n e i s a s t r o n g s t i m u l a n t , a n d , e x c e p t by l a w , n e i t h . e r d r u g
i s r e l a t e d i n any way t o t h e n a r c o t i c f a m i l y .
further discuss i o n of c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f d r u g s , see P r e s i d e n t ' s Crime Commission
R e p o r t , p. 213.)
o or
Uniform N a r c o t i c Druq Laws
The u n i f o r m n a r c o t i c d r u g a c t was f i r s t p r o m u l g a t e d by t h e
Commissioners on Uniform S t a t e Laws i n 1932. Except f o r C a l i f o r n i a
and P e n n s y l v a n i a , a l l s t a t e s h a v e a d o p t e d t h e Uniform N a r c o t i c Drug
Act. However, b o t h C a l i f o r n i a and P e n n s y l v a n i a have n a r c o t i c d r u g
laws which a r e d e s c r i b e d o n p a g e s 8 and 9 o f t h i s memorandum.
I n g e n e r a l , t h e i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s o f t h e Uniform N a r c o t i c
Drug Law a r e a s f o l l o w s : ( 1 ) l i c e n s i n g of p h a r m a c i s t s s e l l i n g o r
d i s t r i b u t i n g n a r c o t i c s ; (21 l i c e n s i n g o f m a n u f a c t u r e s of n a r c o t i c s ;
( 3 ) r e c o r d s o f n a r c o t i c s d i s p e n s e d must b e k e p t by p h y s i c i a n s ,
d e n t i s t s , v e t e r i n a r i a n s , p h a r m a c i s t s , m a n u f a c t u r e s , and anyone e l s e
who c a n l e g a l l y d i s p e n s e n a r c o t i c d r u g s ; ( 4 ) a l i s t i n g o f n a r c o t i c
d r u g s t h a t a r e exem t from law; (5) a u t h o r i z e d p o s s e s s i o n of n a r c o t i c d r u g s ; and ( 6 s e v e r e p e n a l t i e s f o r i l l e g a l m a n u f a c t u r e , s a l e ,
d i s t r i b u t i o n , and p o s s e s s i o n o f n a r c o t i c d r u g s . Marihuana h a s no
known m e d i c a l u s e and p o s s e s s i o n of t h i s d r u g i s i l l e g a l u n d e r p r o v i s i o n s of t h e Uniform N a r c o t i c A c t . P o s s e s s i o n of h e r o i n i s a l s o
i l l e g a l , and f e d e r a l l a w b a n s i m p o r t a t i o n o f h e r o i n .
7
S t a t e s Which Have adopted the Uniform N a r c o t i c Druq Law, and Anx
S t a t u t o r y Chanqe Therelxom
'
Uniform N a r c o t k Druq Act
T a b l e of S t a t e s Wherein Act Has Been Adopted*
State
Alabama Year
EnacteA
General S t a t u t o r y Notes**
1935
I n s e r t s two s e c t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o
n o t i c e , h e a r i n g and commitment of
drug a d d i c t s . Code of Ala., T i t .
22, §§ 249, 250.
Arizona
1935
I n s e r t s s e c t i o n p r o v i d i n g f o r confinement and t r e a t m e n t i n t h e s t a t e
h o s p i t a l f o r t h e i n s a n e of persons
c o n v i c t e d under t h i s a c t . A.R.S.
§ 36-1022.
Arkansas
1937
Colorado 1935
Connecticut
1935 Alaska
Includes a section providing f o r
s e a r c h and s e i z u r e on a sworn complaint or affidavit.
Laws 1955, c. 188, added s e c t i o n providing f o r r e g u l a t i o n s f o r enforcement and f o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g s upon
p r o p o s a l s t o promulgate new o r amen§§ 19-244
ded r e g u l a t i o n s . C.G.S.A.
e t seq.
Delaware
1935 I n s e r t s s e c t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o confinement and t r e a t m e n t of a d d i c t s
and manuf a e t u r e , p o s s e s s i o n and s a l e
of hypodermic n e e d l e s . 16 Del. C.
33 4714, 4716.
Florida
1953 I n s e r t s s e c t i o n p r o v i d i n g f o r exami n a t i o n and t r e a t m e n t of h a b i t u a l
u s e r s of n a r c o t i c d r u g s , which was
amended by L. 1935, c . 17120; L.
1947, c . 23823, S 2 ; L. 1949, c .
25035, 8 11; L. 1951, c . 26484, 5
1 0 ; L . 1953, c . 28233, § 4 , and L.
1955, C . 29615, O 33. F*S*A* f
398.18.
Year
State
Georgia
Enacted
G e n e r a l S t a t u t o r y Notes**
Inserts section providing f o r f i l i n
9
of an a f f i d a v i t a s t o u s e of n a r c o t c
d r u g s , and i n v e s t i g a t i o n and t r e a t ment of u s e r s of any n a r c o t i c drug.
L. 1952, p. 324, S 9 , s u b s t i t u t e d
I1Georgia S t a t e Board of Pharmacyw f o r
" S t a t e Commissioner of A g r i c u l t u r e M
wherever a p p e a r i n g i n t h e Act. Code
§§ 42-815, 42-818, 42-820.
Hawaii
Adopts Uniform A c t , b u t makes so
many changes t h a t i t i s not f e a s i b l e
t o s e t out differences.
Laws 1929, Act 71, § 3 , provided f o r
use of word " p o d i a t r i s t w wherever
n e c e s s a r y i n t h i s Act. R.L.H. 1955
f S 52-10 t o 52-39.
Idaho
I n s e r t s s e c t i o n p r o v i d i n g f o r punishment of v i o l a t i o n s f o r which no pena l t y i s s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o v i d e d . I.C.
S 17-2822.
Illinois
Laws 1957, p. 2569, r e p e a l e d o r i g i n a l
enactment by L: 1935, p. 723, and ena c t e d a new a c t which i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y
s i m i l a r t o t h e Uniform A c t , b u t cont a i n s many v a r i a t i o n s and a d d i t i o n a l
p h r a s e o l o g y which a r e i m p r a c t i c a l t o
i n d i c a t e by s t a t u t o r y n o t e s . S.H.A.
ch. 38, 5 5 22-1 t o 22-49.
Indiana
Iowa
S u b s t i t u t e s l l p h a r m a c i s t mf o r " a p o t h e cary1I t h r o u g h o u t and i n s e r t s s e c t i o n
r e l a t i n g t o search warrants.
Laws 1965, c . 195, r e p e a l e d p r o v i s i o n s
of t h e Uniform N a r c o t i c Act adopted by
L. 1937, c . 114 and r e e n a c t e d new provisions substantially similar t o t h e Uniform Act b u t which i n c l u d e numerous changes, a d d i t i o n s and o m i s s i o n s which a r e i m p r a c t i c a l t o i n d i c a t e by s t a t u t o r y note. I.C.A. 5 8 204.1-204.25. s
w
Year Enacted
G e n e r a l Statutorv Notes*
Kansas C o n t a i n s an a d d i t i o n a l s e c t i o n r e l a t i n g t o t h e a d o p t i o n of o r d i n a n c e s
by c i t i e s t o c o n t r o l t r a f f i c i n n a r c o t i c d r u g s , and s u b s t i t u t e s " p h a r m a c i s t " f o r apothecarytv throughout
Act. G.S. 1959 Supp. B 65-2501 e t seq.
Kentucky Inserted provisions relating t o the
power of t h e S t a t e Board of H e a l t h
o r t h e S t a t e Dept. of H e a l t h t o maint a i n a c t i o n t o r e s t r a i n o r e n j o i n any
v i o l a t i o n of t h i s Act; s e a r c h and
s e i z u r e , and p o s s e s s i o n , s a l e o r u s e
of n a r c o t i c s i n p e n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s .
KRS 218.010 e t s e q .
Louisiana I n s e r t s section providing f o r searches
and s e i z u r e , a f f i d a v i t s and w a r r a n t s ,
and p e n a l t i e s f o r making f a l s e a f f i d a v i t s . LSA-R.S. 40:972.
Maine Laws 1965, c . 431, § 16 added p r o - v i s i o n r e l a t i n g t o f o r f e i t u r e of con-
t r a b a n d n a r c o t i c s and making d e s t r u c - t i o n of s u b s t a n c e i n premises t o be s e a r c h e d , prima f a c i e evidence t h a t d e s t r o y e d s u b s t a n c e was u n l a w f u l l y p o s s e s s e d n a r c o t i c s . 22 M.R.S.A. 0 2367. Maryland I n s e r t s section regulating possession of hypodermic s y r i n g e s and n e e d l e s , Code 1957, a r t . 27, § 297. Massachusetts Enacted p r o v i s i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e
s a l e , p o s s e s s i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n of
n a r c o t i c d r u s which a r e p a t t e r n e d
a f t e r t h e Un form Act p r o v i s i o n s , b u t
because of t h e many v a r i a t i o n s t h e r e from which c a n n o t be s e t o u t i n s t a t u t o r y n o t e s , r e f e r e n c e should be made
t o t h e S t a t e code. M.G.L.A.
c . 94,
S 197 e t seq.
1
Michigan
Minnes~ta
Mississippi,
1937 Inserts section r e l a t i n
cement of a c t . M.S.A.
t o enfor- D 618.12.
State
Year
Enacted
Missouri
General S t a t u t o r y Notes*
Laws 1953, p. 625, added s e c t i o n
r e l a t i n g t o s e a r c h w a r r a n t s , and
s e i z u r e of n a r c o t i c s .
Laws 1957, p. 679, i n s e r t e d p r o v i s i o n s r e l a t i n g t o f o r f e i t u r e of
v e h i c l e o r c r a f t t r a n s p o r t i n g narc o t i c d r u g s , and r e g u l a t i o n s by t h e
d i r e c t o r of d i v i s i o n of h e a l t h .
S e c t i o n s 195.025, 195.135, 195.145,
195.195, RSMo 1959, V.A.M.S.
Inserts f i v e sections relating t o
s e a r c h , s e i z u r e and f o r f e i t u r e of
d r u g s . R.C.M. 1947, f f 54-112 t o
54-116.
Montana
Nebraska
Adopted Uniform Act by L. 1933, c .
51; Comp. Laws § § 5090 t o 5090.25.
T h i s enactment, however, was h e l d
u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l because o f , def ect i v e t i t l e , and t h e Uniform Act was
again enacted, without reference t o
t h e p r i o r s t a t u t e , by L. 1937, c .
23. N.R.S. 453.010-453.240.
Nevada
New Hampshire
1963
New J e r s e y
1933
N e w Mexico
1935
C o n t a i n s numerous a d d i t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s . 1953 Comp. § § 54-7-1 t o
54 -7 -49
New York
1933
Adds s e c t i o n s s e t t i n g up t h e bureau
of n a r c o t i c c o n t r o l , and r e l a t i n g t o
u s e of opium p i p e s and t o o b t a i n i n g
d r u g s from one p h y s i c i a n w h i l e under
t r e a t m e n t from a n o t h e r . McKinneyts
P u b l i c H e a l t h Law, § § 3302, 3303,
3304, 3312, 3340, 3343, 3350, 3351.
North C a r o l i n a
1935
Inserted provisions relating t o the
p o s s e s s i o n of hypodermic s y r i n g e s
and n e e d l e s , growing n a r c o t i c p l a n t s
by u n l i c e n s e d p e r s o n s , s e i z u r e and
f o r f e i t u r e of v e h i c l e s , v e s s e l s o r
a i r c r a f t used i n t r a n s p o r t i n g n a r c o t i c s , and r e p o r t s by p h y s i c i a n s .
G.S. § § 90-108, 90-111.1 t o 90-111.3.
.
State
Year
En.act e.d
General
S t a t u t o r v Notes*
North Dakota
Laws 1955, p . 178, amended e n t i r e a c t
which c o n t a i n s many v a r i a t i o n s and
a d d i t i o n a l phraseology which a r e i m p r a c t i c a l t o i n d i c a t e by s t a t u t o r y
notes.
Ohio
Laws 1959, p. 1044, amended p r o v i s i o n s r e l a t i n g t o r e c o r d of d r u g s ,
d r u g c o n t e n t s , exemptions and pena l t i e s , b u t because of t h e many
v a r i a t i o n s from t h e Uniform Act,
r e f e r e n c e should be made t o t h e S t a t e
Code. R.C. § 3719.01 e t seq.
Oklahoma
Contains additional provisions r e l a t i n g t o c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of new prod&
u c t s a s n a r c o t i c d r u g s and d i s p e n s a t i o n of n a r c o t i c s on o r a l p r e s c r i p t i o n p u r s u a n t t o t h e r u l e s and regul a t i o n s of t h e S e c r e t a r y of T r e a s u r y
af t h e United S t a t e s . 6 3 Okl. S t .
Ann. 59 401.1, 425.
Oregon
Adds f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n : **TheBoard
of Pharmacy s h a l l make a l l needed
r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s f o r c a r r y i n g
t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s a c t i'nto
effect."
Laws 1961, c . 572, added p r o v i s i o n s
r e l a t i n g t o exempt s t a t u s of n a r c o t i c s .
ORS 474.010-474.990.
Rhode I s l a n d
1934
South C a r o l i n a
1934
South Dakota
1935
Tennessee
1937
Contains several additional sect i o n s . Gen. Laws 1956, 85 21-28-1
t o 21-28-67.
Act c o n t a i n s an a d d i t i o n a l prov i s i o n r e l a t i n g t o proceedings
b e f o r e l i c e n s i n g boards. T.C.A.
§ 52-1317.
State
Texas
Year
Enacted
1937
G e n e r a l S t a t u t o r y Notes**
Laws 1953, c . 328, p. 812, § 5, added a s e c t i o n r e q u i r i n g f i n g e r - p r i n t i n g and photographing of p e r - s o n s a r r e s t e d and p e r s o n s c o n v i c t e d , and r e q u i r i n g t h e c o u r t s t o n o t i f y t h e Department of P u b l i c S a f e t y of t h e d i s p o s i t i o n of any c a s e . Vernon's Ann. P.C. a r t . 725b,
18a. Utah
Repealed o r i g i n a l enactment by L. 1935, c . 8 0 , and e n a c t e d a new a c t which i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y s i m i l a r t o t h e Uniform Act a s amended i n 1952; includes a section providing f o r s e i z u r e and d i s p o s i t i o n of n a r c o t i c s and dope p i p e s o r a p p a r a t u s . U.C.A. 1953, 58-13a-1 e t s e q . Vermont
Laws 1951, No. 170, 5 8 135-158, r e - p e a l e d o r i g i n a l enactment b y ' L . 1945, No. 113 and r e e n a c t e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y s i m i l a r p r o v i s i o n s . 18 V.S.A. § § 4141-4163. Virginia
I n s e r t s section r e l a t i n g t o search and s e i z u r e . Washington
Laws 1959, c . 27 r e p e a l e d t h e f o r m e r a d o p t i o n by L. 1951, c . 22 and r e e n a c t e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y s i m i l a r prov i s i o n s . RCW 69.33.220-69.33.970.
West V i r g i n i a
1935
Inserts three sections relating t o
s e a r c h w a r r a n t s , c h l o r a l h y d r a t e and
malonylurea. Code, S § 16-8A-19 t o
16-8A-21.
Wisconsin
1935
Adds s e c t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o advert i s i n g n a r c o t i c s , p o s s e s s i o n of
opium p i p e s , p o s s e s s i o n and u s e of
m a r i j u a n a and d r u g a d d i c t s . W.S.A.
161.26 t o 161.30.
State
Wyoming
* Quoted from
412-414.
** Because of
Year
Enacted
General S t a t u t o r y ~ o t e s * *
1937
Inserts section relating t o issuance of w a r r a n t . W.S. 1957, § 35362.
Uniform Laws Annotated, Volume 9B, 1966, pp. 409-410,
t h e numerous amendments t o t h e v a r i o u s s t a t e e n a c t ments of t h e Uniform N a r c o t i c Drug Act, i t i s n o t f e a s i b l e t o
a t t e m p t t o show a l l of t h e r e s u l t i n g v a r i a t i o n s by s t a t u t o r y
n o t e s , and i t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t r e f e r e n c e be made t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r
s t a t e code f o r t h e t e x t of t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r o v i s i o n s .
S t a t e s Which Have Not Adopted t h e Uniform N a r c o t i c Druq Law
C a l i f o r n i a h a s a comprehensive n a r c o t i c law which i s found i n
H e a l t h and S a f e t y , S e c t i o n . 1 1 0 0 0 e t
West's Anno. C a l i f o r n i a Codes
seq.
--
A l l d r u g s found i n t h e uniform n a r c o t i c drug law a r e l i s t e d
under C a l i f o r n i a ' s n a r c o t i c drug law, a l t h o u g h C a l i f o r n i a l i s t s each
drug s e p a r a t e l y ( ~ e c .11001). C a l i f o r n i a a l s o h a s p r o v i s i o n s f o r
an exempt l i s t ( ~ e c .11200) and p r o v i s i o n s f o r keeping r e c o r d s (Ch.
3, A r t s . 3-6) which a r e a l s o s i m i l a r t o t h e uniform law. U n l i k e
t h e uniform law, C a l i f o r n i a h a s made p r o v i s i o n s f o r a D i v i s i o n of
N a r c o t i c Enforcement found i n t h e S t a t e Department of J u s t i c e (Sec.
11100). The c h i e f and a l l i n s p e c t o r s of t h e d i v i s i o n have a l l of
t h e powers and d u t i e s of p o l i c e o f f i c e r s of t h e s t a t e ( ~ e c .11105).
P h y s i c i a n s d i s p e n s i n g n a r c o t i c d r u g s a r e l i c e n s e d by t h e
a t e and, upon t h e r e q u e s t of t h e p h y s i c i a n o r upon r e q u e s t of
~ e s t a t e , a p h y s i c i a n c a n have h i s n a r c o t i c l i c e n s e revoked ( ~ e c .
1 6 3 ) . N a r c o t i c a d d i c t s c a n n o t r e c e i v e n a r c o t i c s from a ph s i c i a n
u n l e s s t h e a d d i c t h a s r e c e i v e d p e r m i s s i o n from t h e d i v i s i o n YSec.
11164). C a l i f o r n i a ' s n a r c o t i c law r o v i d e s f o r t r e a t m e n t of narc o t i c a d d i c t s (Ch. 4 , Arts. 1 and 2
y.
The p e n a l t i e s f o r i l l e g a l manufacture, s a l e , d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and p o s s e s s i o n of n a r c o t i c d r u g s , i n c l u d i n g marihuana
and c o c a i n e , a r e g e n e r a l l y more s e v e r e t h a n t h e uniform n a r c o t i c drug
law (Ch. 5 ) . For example, i l l e g a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and i l l e g a l s a l e o r
d i s t r i b u t i o n c a r r i e s a f e l o n p e n a l t y of from f i v e y e a r s t o l i f e f o r
The f i n a l c h a p t e r of t h e C a l i f
t h e f i r s t o f f e n s e ( s e c t i o n 1 531)
o r n i a n a r c o t i c law, C h a p t e r 7 , p r o v i d e s f o r enforcement of t h e law.
r
-
.
The P e n n s y l v a n i a d r u g law i n c l u d e s t h e same f e a t u r e s a s
c o n t a i n e d i n t h e uniform n a r c o t i c drug law. ( ~ u r d o n ' sPenna.
S t a t . Anno., Vol. 35, H e a l t h and S a f e t y
Ch. 6 , S e c t i o n 780 e t
seq.) However, t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a a c t i s unique because i t i n c l u d e s
--
p r o v i s i o n s f o r b o t h n a r c o t i c s and d a n g e r o u s d r u g s which o t h e r s t a t e s
usually provide i n separate s t a t u t e s .
11.
C u r r e n t S t a t e Laws C o n t r o l l i n q Danserous Druqs
D a n q e r ~ u sDruqs
The d a n g e r o u s d r u g c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , a s d e s c r i b e d by t h e
f e d e r a l food and d r u g a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , c o n t a i n s f o u r l a r g e c a t e g o r i e s of n o n - n a r c o t i c d r u g s f o r c o n t r o l p u r p o s e s .
(under f e d e r a l
law b o t h marihuana and c o c a i n e a r e n a r c o t i c s . ) The f o u r g r o u p i n s
a r e : ( 1 ) d e p r e s s a n t s ; ( 2 ) s t i m u l a n t s ; (3) h a l l u c i n o g e n s ; and ( 4
s t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s combined.
combinations drugs
3
--
The de r e s s a n t s a r e p r o b a b l y t h e most d a n g e r o u s of t h i s
l a r g e r q u a n t i t i e s of t h e d r u g
g r o u p b e c a u--rse t o erance develops
and b o t h p h y s i c a l and
a r e r e q u i r e d t o r e c e i v e t h e same e f f e c t s
p s y c h o l o g i c a l dependence d e v e l o p s . During w i t h d r a w a l , t h e a b s t i n ence syndrome i s p r e s e n t and, u n l e s s p r o p e r m e d i c a l c a r e i s g i v e n
t o t h e a d d i c t , he may d i e d u r i n g w i t h d r a w a l . Medical a u t h o r i t i e s
b e l i e v e t h a t a d d i c t i o n t o d e p r e s s a n t s p r e s e n t s a g r e a t e r danger
t h a n a d d i c t i o n t o n a r c o t i c s . Under c u r r e n t f e d e r a l law, t h e dep r e s s a n t s which a r e c o n t r o l l e d ( b y g e n e r i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and n o t
1 Chloral hydrate ( c h l o r a l ) ; (2)
by t r a d e names) i n c l u d e :
e t h c h l o r v y n o l lacid idyl) ; 3 e t h i n a m a t e ( v a l m i d ) ; ( 4 ) l u t e t h i m i d e
; (5) methyprylon ( n o l u d a r ) ; ( 6 ) p a r a l d e h y d e ;
7) l y s e r g i c
a c i d amide; ( 9 ) c h l o r a l b e t a i n e ( b e t a - c h l o r ) ;
( l o r a ) ; ( 1 1 ) p e t r i c h l o r a l ( ~ e r i c l o r ;) ( 1 2 )
s u l f o n d i e t h y l m e t h a n e ( t e t r o n a l ) ; ( 1 3 ) s u l f onethylmethane ( t r i o n a l ) ;
( 14) sulfonmethane ( s u l f o n a l )
--
I
--
?
.
S t i m u l a n t s a r e d r u g s which s t i m u l a t e t h e c e n t r a l nervous
system. L i k e d e p r e s s a n t s , t o l e r a n c e c a n d e v e l o p f o r s t i m u l a n t s .
However, p h y s i c i a n s a g r e e t h a t p h y s i c a l dependence d o e s n o t d e v e l o p
s o t h e r e a r e no w i t h d r a w a l symptoms from s t i m u l a n t s . S t i m u l a n t s d o
c r e a t e a p s y c h o l o g i c a l dependence, S t i m u l a n t s c o n t r o l l e d by f e d e r a l
law ( b y g e n e r i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) i n c l u d e : ( 1 ) d - dl-methamphetamine
, d l - d e s o x y e p h e d r i n e ) and t h e i r s a l t s , and (21 phenmetrazine
[:;eludin)
and i t s s a l t s .
P r o b a b l y t h e g r e a t e s t c o n t r o v e r s y i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a s been
o v e r t h e u s e of h a l l u c i n o g e n s . T h e r e i s , a t p r e s e n t , no known
medical u s e f o r t h e s e d r u g s , and t h e y a r e l e g a l l y a v a i l a b l e o n l y t o
q u a l i f i e d c l i n i c a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s . Experimentation with hallucinogens
h a s b r o u g h t many c o n t r o v e r s i e s i n t o t h e f o r e g r o u n d . A s was d i s c u s s e d
i n committee h e a r i n g s , some r e s e a r c h e r s c l a i m t h a t LSD c a n c a u s e
damage t o t h e chromosomes. O t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s b e l i e v e t h a t p r o longed u s e w i l l c a u s e permanent damage t o t h e normal b r a i n p a t t e r n s .
What i s known a b o u t t h e s e d r u g s a r e : ( 1 ) t o l e r a n c e d o e s n o t
d e v e l o p ; ( 2 ) t h e r e i s no p h y s i c a l dependence, which means t h e r e
a r e no withdrawal symp*mi;- (3) . p s y c h o l o g i c a l dependence probably
can d e v e l o p , such as \ifh v'se of a l c o h o l and t o b a c c o ; and ( 4 ) peop l e who u s e h a l l u c i n o g e n s c o n t i n u o u s l y probably have some i n n e r
problems which a r e removed when tihe h a l l u c i n o g e n i c drug i s
administered
.
C u r r e n t f + d e r a l law c o n t t p l s t h e f o l l o w i n g h a l l u c i n o g e n i c
d r u g s ( b y genetric c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) : ( 1 ) DMT ( d i m e t h y l - t r y t a r n ~ n e );
( 2 ) LSD; LSD-25 ( d - l y s e r g f c a c i d d f e t h y l a m i d e ) ; (3) mesca i n e and
i t s s a l t s ; ( 4 ) peyote ( p m v i s i o h s of t h e f e d e k a l law do not a p p l y
t o nbh-drug u s e i n bona f i ~ d er e l i g i o u s ceremonies of 'the N a t i v e
American church.) ; ( 5 ) p s i l o ' c ~ b i m , p s i l o c i b i n : (6) p s i l b c y n ,
psilocin,
P
Model. S t a t e Qruq Abuse ~ o . n t t r o 1A&
The model s t a t e dtug abuse a c t was promulgated by t h e U.S.
Department of H e a l t h , ~&'u.catI.on,and Welfare. T h i s a c t h a s t h e
endorsement of t h e p h a r m a c e u t i c a l mafiuf a c t u r e s because a unif o h
a c t w i l l mhk'e i t e a s i e r t o me@%s t a t e r e g u l a t i o n s . The F e d e r a l
Bureau of Drug Abuse G o n t r a l alga w6uld l i k e t o have t h e a c t b
passed because i t i s v e r y s i r n i l a t t o f e d e r a l l a w . A drug abuse
a c t would a l s o a i d t h e bureau bekause the bureau c o u l d t h e n work
with l o c a l p o l i c e agencf e s .
I m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s of t h e
include: (1) requires a
system of r e c o r d keeping f o r a l $ p e o p l e d e a l i n g w i t h dangerous
d r u g s ; ( 2 ) pf.ovldes f o r i n ~ p e c t I @ n ob f t e c o r d s ; ( 3 ) g i v e s i n s p e c t o r
a l l powers and d u t i e s o f s t h e t 14M ehforcement a g e n c i e s ; ( 4 ) g i v e s
t h e i n s p e c t o t powers of s&aPch ~Fid s e i z u r e : ( 5 ) p r o v i d e s p e n a l t i e s
f o r i l l e g a l rnanufatture, s a l e OF d i s t k i b u t i o n , and p o s s e s s i o n
( p e n a l t i e s a r e l e f t t o t h e d i s e k e t i s n of t h e s t a t e ) ; and ( 6 )
s e i z u r e of i l l e g a l d r u g s ~ f t h o u *t a search w a r r a n t and p o s s i b l e
c o n f i s c a t i o n of v e h i c l e s i ~ v 6 l v e di n t r a n s p o t t a t i o n of i l l e g a l
dangerous d r u g s .
Danqerous Dxuqs . C o n t r o l l e d By S t a t e s
State
Qepr.es.san.k$* HalL.ucLna$ens*
Stimulants*
Alabama
Alaska
A r iton a
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Peyote only
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
None
State
Depressants* Hallucinoqens*
Stimulants*
None
-
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
x
x
x
x
x
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hamp - h i r e
New J e r s e y
x
x
x
x
New Mexico
New York
North C a r o l i n a
North Dakota
Ohio
x
x
x
x
x
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode I s l a n d
South C a r o l i n a
x
x
Possibly**
x
x
x
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
x
x
Virginia
Washington
West V i r g i n i a
Wisconsin
Wyoming
x
x
x
Possibly**
Possibly**
x
Possibly** x
x
x
x
x
x
x
* These c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s a r e broad, and some s t a t e s do not
a l l d r u q s under t h e g e n e r a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
** Any s t a t e which h a s g i v e n t h e a u t h o r i t y t o an agency t o
control
?-
name
dangerous d r u g s could have a l r e a d y i n c l u d e d t h e s e d r u g s under
r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s which would not be found i n t h e s t a t u t e s .
States
Which Hav,e A&pf e.4 t.bs Mdel Prua.A
A k a n s a s -- Arkansas
-k-
Chapter
~ S C
B ~ t r o Act
l
S t a t u t e s Anno,,
tdbl 7A, Title 82
A ~ k a n s a sr e c e n t l y passed t h e modal d r u g abuse c o n t r o l a c t ,
However, t h e law L i b r a r y d o e s n o t have Arkansast 1967 S e ~ s i o nLaws
a t t h i s t i m e , and t h e s t a f f i s unable t o r o v i d e t h e e x a c t c i t a t i o n .
From i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d from the Federa Bureau of Drug Abuse
C o n t r o l , Arkansas h a s p r o v i s i o n s f a r s t r o n g p o s s e s s i o n p e n a l t i e s ,
s e i z u r e of c o n t r o l l e d dangerous d r u g s w i t h o u t a seerch wd2kent, and
s t a t e i n s p e c t o r s have a11 p a l i c e pawors,
!
--
Georgia
42-7 and 42-99.
p. 371.
Code of Georgia Anno., Book 14A, T i t l e 42 C h a p t e r
Georgia Laws of 1966, Vol. 1, C h a p t e r 501 (3.8, 80)
With t h e 1966 amendment t o G e a 2 g i a t s Dan e r a u s Drug Act ( ~ h .
4 2 - 7 ) . Georgia h a s a l l of t h e p r o v i s i o n s found ?n t h e model d r u p
abuse c o n t r o l a c t -- C h a p t e r 1, S e c t i o n 1, Ga, L, 1966, pa e 372,
The p e n a l t y f o r v i o l a t i o n of t h e dangerous drug law is a m sdemeanar.
f
Hawaii -- Hawaii adopted t h e model d r u abuse s o h t r o l a c t i n
1967. m t s 1967 S t ~ s d i o nLaws are not ava l a b l e , and a c i t a t i o n
cannot be g i v e n . According t o i n f a r m a t i o n f e c e i v s d from t h e F e d e r a l
Bureau of Dru Abuse C o n t r o l , H a w a i i ' s law i n c l u d e s : ( 1 ) p o s s e s s i d n
p e n a l t i e s ; ( 2 7 s e i z u r e of i l l e a 1 dangerous d r u g s w i t h o u t a s e a r c h
w a r r a n t ; and (3) s e i z u r e a f ve icles used i n t r a n s p o r t i n g f l l e g a l
dangerous d r u g s , A l l o t h e r features of t h e model a c t axe t h e same,
!
it
Idaho
C h a p t e r T
--
Idaho Code, Vol, 7 , H e a l t h and S a f e t y , T i t l e 37,
Idaho h a s adopted t h e made1 dkug abuse c o n t r o l a c t , The agency a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e law i s t h e Idaho S t a t e Board of Pharmac
( S e c . 37-3320). The p e n a l t y f o r i l l e g a l manufacture, illegal sa e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n , i l l e g a l possessibr'i, and s e l l i n g c o u n t e r f e i t d r u g s i s a f e l o n y , V i o l a t i o n s of o t h e r p r o h i b i t e d a c t s i s a misdemeador (Sec. 37-3304)
1
.
Minnesota -- Minnesota had laws r e g u l a t i n g d e p r e s s a n t d r u s
and p e y o t e , b u t i n t h e 1967 l e g i s l a t i v e s e s s i o n , Minnesota p a s s e
t h e model drug abuse c o n t r o l a c t , T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n was r e c e i v e d
from t h e F e d e r a l Bureau of Drug Abuse C o n t r o l , and s i n c e Minnesota
h a s n o t s e n t t h e i r 1967 S e s s i o n Laws t a t h e law l i b r a r y , t h e s t a f f
i s unable t o p r o v i d e a s t a t u t e c i t a t i o n .
3
Nebraska -- According t o t h e F e d e r a l Bureau a f Drug Abuse C o n t r o l , Nebraska adopted t h e madel d r u g abuse c o n t r o l a c t , Un-
l a w f u l p o s s e s s i o n of dangerous d r u g s i s s u b j e c t t o s e i z u r e w i t h o u t a s e a r c h w a r r a n t , and v e h i c l e s used i n t t a n s p o r t a t i o n of i l l i c i t dangerous d r u g s a r e s u b j e c t t o c o n f i s c a t i o n . --
New J e r s e
New J e r s e y S e s s i o n Law S e r v i c e , 1967, No. 1,
Chapter3m--, p. 25 e t seq.
New J e r s e y h a s adopted t h e model d r u g abuse c o n t r o l a c t .
There a r e no s p e c i a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r c o n f i s c a t i o n of i l l i c i t dangerous d r u g s o r v e h i c l e s used i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of i l l e g a l dangerous
d r u g s . P e n a l t y f o r v i o l a t i n g t h e a c t i s a misdemeanor, p u n i s h a b l e
by f i n e o n l y (Sec. 9 , p. 3 1 ) .
--
New Mexico
New Mexico S t a t u t e s 1953, Vol. 8 , P a r t 2 ,
S e c t i o n s 54-6-25 t o 54-6-51.
C o n t r o l l e d d r u s a r e s t i m u l a n t s , d e p r e s s a n t s , and h a l l u c i I l l i c i t dangerous d r u g s a r e s u b j e c t t o
nogens ( ~ e c .54-6-27FT.
s e i z u r e without a search warrant. Vehicles t r a n s p o r t i n g these
d r u g s a r e a l s o s u b j e c t t o c o n f i s c a t i o n ( ~ e c .54-6-31).
Penalt.ies
f o r v i o l a t i o n of t h e New Mexico Drugs and Cosmetics Law a r e : ( 1 )
v i o l a t i o n of Sec. 54-6-28A, B , C , and G i s a misdemeanor on f i r s t
o f f e n s e and a f e l o n y on t h e second and subsequent o f f e n s e s ( i l l e g a l
manufacture, i l l e g a l s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n , and i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n
of dangerous d r u g s )
Sec. 54-6-51A.
--
--
New York
New York h a s passed t h e model d r u g abuse a c t
c o n t r o l l i . . g dangerous d r u g s , b u t no f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l able.
--
South C a r o l i n a
Code of Laws of South C a r o l i n a , Yol. 7 ,
T i t l e 3 2 , S e c t i o n 32-1505 e t seq.
During t h e 1966 l e g i s l a t i v e s e s s i o n South C a r o l i n a passed
t h e model drug abuse c o n t r o l a c t , c o n t r o l l i n g s t i m u l a n t s , d e p r e s s a n t s , and h a l l u c i n o g e n s ( ~ e c .32-1505). S e i z u r e of i l l e g a l
dangerous d r u g s ma be made o n l y i f a s e a r c h w a r r a n t h a s been
No p r o v i s i o n s a r e made f o r
p r o p e r l y executed r ~ e c .32-1510.2).
c o n f i s c a t i n g v e h i c l e s used i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of i l l e g a l dangerous
d r u g s . P e n a l t i e s f o r v i o l a t i o n of t h e law i n c l u d e : (1) f i r s t
maximum $2,000 f i n e o r two y e a r s imprisono f f e n s e a misdemeanor
ment o r b o t h ; ( 2 ) second o f f e n s e
f i n e of n o t l e s s t h a n $2,000
nor more t h a n $5,000 o r imprisonment of not l e s s t h a n two nor more
d i s c r e t i o n of t h e c o u r t ; and ( 3 ) t h i r d and subsethan 5 years
quent o f f e n s e s
imprisonment of not l e s s t h a n f i v e nor more t h a n
t e n y e a r s w i t h no p r o b a t i o n o r s u s p e n s i o n . Sec. 32-1510.3.
--
--
--
--
--
From i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d from t h e F e d e r a l
Tennessee
Bureau of Drug Abuse C o n t r o l , Tennessee passed t h e model drug abuse
c o n t r o l a c t d u r i n g t h e 1967 l e g i s l a t i v e s e s s i o n , b u t no f u r t h e r
information i s available.
Utah
t o 58-33-8. -- Utah Code Anno.,
Vol. 6 , T i t l e 53, S e c t i o n s 58-33-1 During t h e 1967 l e g i s l a t i v e s e s s i o n , Utah passed t h e model
d r u g abuse c o n t r o l a c t , which c o n t r o l s s t i m u l a n t s , d e p r e s s a n t s , and
h a l l u c i n o g e n s ( S e c . 58-33-1). Utah law g i v e s a u t h o r i t y t o t h e
department of b u s i n e s s r e g u l a t i o n t o s e i z e i l l e g a l dangerous d r u g s
and v e h i c l e s used i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of i l l e g a l dangerous d r u g s
P e n a l t i e s i n c l u d e : (1)
w i t h o u t a s e a r c h w a r r a n t ( ~ e c .58-33-5)
s a l e t o a minor
f e l o n y : and ( 2 ) any o t h e r v i o l a t i o n i s a misdemeanor (Sec. 58-33-4)
--
.
.
--
Virqinia
Code of V i r g i n i a , Vol, 7 , T i t l e 5 4 , S e c t i o n s
54-446.3 t o 54-446.13.
V i r g i n i a h a s adopted t h e model drug abuse c o n t r o l a c t .
C o n t r o l l e d d r u s a r e s t i m u l a n t s , d e p r e s s a n t s , and h a l l u c i n o g e n s
I t i s unlawful t o i l l e g a l l y p o s s e s s , s e l l o r
( ~ e c .54-446.3
d i s t r i b u t e , o r manufacture t h e s e dangerous d r u g s ( S e c . 54-446.4).
The law
Records a r e t o be k e p t f o r t h r e e y e a r s ( ~ e c .54-446.5).
makes no mention of s e i z u r e of dangerous d r u g s o r s e i z u r e of
v e h i c l e s t r a n s p o r t i n g i l l e g a l dangerous drugs. P e n a l t i e s f o r
v i o l a t i o n o f t h e a c t i n c l u d e a misdemeanor f o r t h e f i r s t o f f e n s e
and a f e l o n y f o r any subsequent o f f e n s e (Sec. 54-446.11).
3.
Wyoming
pp. 462-471.
--
S e s s i o n Laws of Wyoming, 1967, C h a p t e r 158,
Wyoming h a s e n a c t e d t h e model d r u g abuse c o n t r o l a c t which
c o n t r o l s s t i m u l a n t s , d e p r e s s a n t s , and h a l l u ~ i n o g e n s(Sec. 1, p.
4 6 3 ) . I l l e g a l dangerous d r u g s can be s e i z e d w i t h a s e a r c h w a r r a n t
and v e h i c l e s used i n t r a n s p o r t i n g . i l l e g a 1 dangerous d r u g s can be
c o n f i s c a t e d ( S e c . 5 , p. 4 6 5 ) . P e n a l t y f o r v i o l a t i o n of t h e law i s
a misdemeanor ( S e c . 4 , p. 465)
.
S t a t e s C o n t r o l l i n q S t i m u l a n t s , Depressants,. and H a l l u c i n o q e n s o r
Have Given an Aqency A u t h o r i t y t o Add Danqerous Druqs t o a Danqerous
bruq L i s t , b u t Have Not Adopted t h e Model, Druq Abuse C o n t r o l Act
Arizona
32-1964-1975.
-- Arizona
Revised S t a t u t e s Anno., Vol. 10, S e c t i o n
Arizona c o n t r o l s s t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s , and i n a d d i t i o n
t h e s t a t e board of pharmacy h a s t h e a u t h o r i t y t o add dangerous d r u g s
t o t h e l i s t ( ~ e c .32-1964). Records of s a l e of dangerous d r u g s
s h a l l be k e p t f o r f i v e y e a r s (Sec. 32-1965). Arizona law makes i t
unlawful t o i l l e g a l l y s e l l o r p o s s e s s - d a n g e r o u s d r u g s ( ~ e c .32-1968).
The p e n a l t y provided by t h e law i s a misdemeanor (Sec. 32-1975).
--
W e s t ' s Anno. C a l i f o r n i a Codes; B u s i n e s s and
California
P r o f e s s i o n s S e c t i o n 4210 e t seq. and H e a l t h and S a f e t y S e c t i o n
11901 e t seq.
S t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s a r e c o n t r o l l e d d r u g s i n C a l i f o r n i a
B u s i n e s s and P r o f e s s i o n s Code S e c t i o n 4211. Everyone d e a l i n g w i t h
s t i m u l a n t ' a n d d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s a r e r e q u i r e d t o o b t a i n a l i c e n s e from
t h e s t a t e (Sec. 4 2 2 2 ) . Whenever s t i m u l a n t o r d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s a r e
a d m i n i s t e r e d o r d i s p e n s e d r e c o r d s of t h e s a l e have t o be k e p t ( S e c .
4227 and Sec. 4 2 3 2 ) . P o s s e s s i o n of s t i m u l a n t o r d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s
w i t h o u t a p r e s c r i p t i o n i s i l l e g a l ( ~ e c .4230). Any v i o l a t i o n s of
--
-
t h e dangerous drug l a w w i l l c a r r y t h e p e n a l t y of a misdemeanor
( ~ e c .4233), and i n t h e c a s e of a d o c t o r o r pharmacist, c o n v i c t i o n
may r e s u l t i n suspension o r r e v o c a t i o n of any l i c e n s e i s s u e d under
t h e p r o v i s i o n of t h e Business and P r o f e s s i o n s Code ( ~ e c 4238).
.
The
s t a t e board of pharmacy s h a l l have i n s p e c t o r s with powers and d u t i e s
of l e g a l l y empowered p,eace o f f i c e r s (Sec. 4221). I n s p e c t o r s s h a l l
have t h e power t o i n s p e c t i n v e n t o r y s t o c k s of dangerous drugs and
r e c o r d s p e r t a i n i n g t o s a l e of dangerous drugs ( s e c t i o n s 4231 and
4232).
I n 1966, C a l i f o r n i a passed a new law r e s t r i c t i n g dangerous
d r u g s , T h i s law included s t i m u l a n t s , d e p r e s s a n t s , and h a l l u c i n o genic drugs (LSD and DMT)
Health and S a f e t y Code, S e c t i o n 11901.
Unlawful possession of r e s t r i c t e d drugs s h a l l on t h e f i r s t o f f e n s e
be a misdemeanor and upon each o f f e n s e t h e r e a f t e r a f e l o n y ( ~ e c .
11910). Unlawful s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n , manufacture, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , e t c . , s h a l l be a f e l o n y (Sec. 11912)
Anyone attempting t o
involve a minor i n r e s t r i c t e d dangerous d r u g s s h a l l be, upon conv i c t i o n , sentenced t o t h e s t a t e p e n i t e n t i a r y ( ~ e c .11913)
The
p r o v i s i o n s of t h e l a b do not apply t o l e g a l c l i n i c a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s
of LSD and DMT ( ~ e c . 11916)
--
.
.
.
--
Connecticut
The 1967 s e s s i o n of t h e Connecticut L e g i s l a t u r e passed a dangergus drug abuse law; however, t h e 1967 Connecticut
Session Laws have not been r e c e i v e d by t h e law l i b r a r y and t h e s t a f f
w i l l not be a b l e t o g i v e t h e c i t a t i o n of t h e law. According t o i n formation r e c e i v e d from t h e F e d e r a l Bureau of Drug Abuse C o n t r o l ,
C o n n e c t i c u t ' s drug abuse law was p a t t e r n e d a f t e r t h e model drug
abuse c o n t r o l a c t , b u t t h e Connecticut law i s more comprehensive.
Florida
to 4 0 4 . 1 5 .
--
F l o r i d a S t a t u t e s Anno,, T i t l e 27, S e c t i o n s 404.01
C o n t r o l l e d drugs i n F l o r i d a a r e s t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s
( ~ e c .404.01), P r o h i b i t e d a c t s i n c l u d e : unlawful p o s s e s s i o n and
f a i l u r e t o keep r e c o r d s (Sec. 404.02)
Anyone d e a l i n g with stimul a n t s o r d e p r e s s a n t s i s r e q u i r e d t o keep r e c o r d s f o r a p e r i o d of
two y e a r s (Sec. 404.05).
Records s h a l l be open t o i n s p e c t o r s from
t h e F l o r i d a S t a t e Board of Health (Sec. 404.06). Any s t i m u l a n t s o r
d e p r e s s a n t s not meeting t h e requirements of t h e c h a p t e r s h a l l be
l a b e l e d contraband and s h a l l be s u b j e c t t o s e i z u r e and c o n f i s c a t i o n
by any law enforcement o f f i c e r ( ~ e c 404.07).
,
Any v e h i c l e , v e s s e l ,
o r a i r c r a f t c a r r y i n g contraband s h a l l a l s o be s u b j e c t t o s e i z u r e
and f o r f e i t u r e ( S e c , 4 0 4 , 0 8 ) , The F l o r i d a Board of Health has t h e
a u t h o r i t y t o make r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s deemed necessary t o implement t h e law (Sec. 404.12).
P e n a l t y f o r v i o l a t i o n of t h e law i s
a f e l o n y ( ~ e c 404.15).
.
Anyone l i c e n s e d t o a d m i n i s t e r d r u g s may
have h i s l i c e n s e revoked upon c o n v i c t i o n of any v i o l a t i o n of t h e
The F l o r i d a L e g i s l a t u r e amended Chapter 404 by
law (Sec 404.14)
adding a new s e c t i o n , S e c t i o n 404,001. The name of t h e law was
changed t o t h e F l o r i d @ Drug Abuse Law ( c h a p t e r 67-136, 1967 Regular
s e s s i o n ) . The only important change i n t h e law was t h e a d d i t i o n of
h a l l u c i n o g e n i c drugs to t h e l i s t of c o n t r o l l e d drugs ( ~ e c .4 0 4 . 0 1 ( 3 ) ) .
.
.
.
--
Indiana
B u r n s I n d i a n a S t a t u t e s Anno., Vol. 7, P a r t 1,
H e a l t h e m i t l e 35, S e c t i o n s 35-3331 t o 35-3339.
.
The I n d i a n a Dangerous Dru Act c o n t r o l s s t i m u l a n t s , d e p r e s s a n t s , and h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s Sec. 35.33325)
Unlawful a c t s
include:
(1) i l l e g a l s a l e ; (2) i l l e g a l possession; (3) f a i l u r e t o
keep r e c o r d s of s a l e s ; ( 4 ) r e f u s a l t o p e r m i t i n s p e c t i o n of r e c o r d s ;
and ( 5 ) a t t e m p t i n g t o o b t a i n d r u g s by f r a u d ( ~ e c .35-3333). Upon
c o n v i c t i o n of t h e s e u n l a w f u l a c t s t h e p e n a l t y i s a f e l o n y ( ~ e c .353338).
9
--
L o u i s i a n a Revised S t a t u t e s 1950, T i t l e 4 0 , P u b l i c
Louisiana
H e a l t h and S a f e t y , P a r t X , N a r c o t i c s Sub-Part D , S e c t i o n s 1031 t o 1046.
L o u i s i a n a law c o n t r o l s s t i m u l a n t s , d e p r e s s a n t s , and h a l l u c i n o e n i c d r u g s ( ~ e c .1 0 3 2 ) . Unlawful a c t s i n c l u d e : ( 1 ) i l l e g a l s a l e ;
q2) i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n ; ( 3 ) f a i l u r e t o keep r e c o r d s : ( 4 ) r e f u s a l t o
open r e c o r d s t o i n s p e c t o r s ; and ( 5 ) a t t e m p t i n g t o o b t a i n dangerous
d r u g s by f r a u d ( ~ e c .1 0 3 3 ) . L o u i s i a n a law h a s p r o v i s i o n s f o r c l i n i c a l r e s e a r c h i n g of dangerous d r u g s ( ~ e c .1035). Records a r e t o be
k e p t a s ma be r e a s o n a b l y r e q u i r e d by t h e s t a t e board of pharmacy
( S e c . 1036Y. The s t a t e board of pharmacy s h a l l have t h e a u t h o r i t y
A l l i l l e g a l 1 p o s s e s s e d dangerous
t o i n s p e c t r e c o r d s ( S e c 1037)
d r u g s a r e c o n s i d e r e d c o n t r a b a n d s u b j e c t t o s e z u r e and c o n f i s c a t i o n
by any law enforcement o f f i c e r ( ~ e c .1038). P e n a l t y f o r v i o l a t i o n
of t h e L o u i s i a n a dangerous drug law i s a f i n e of n o t more t h a n $1,000
o r imprisonment i n t h e p a r i s h j a i l f o r two y e a r s o r both. For each
subsequent o f f e n s e punishment s h a l l be not more t h a n a $5,000 f i n e o r
confinement i n t h e s t a t e p e n i t e n t i a r y f o r a p e r i o d of n o t more t h a n
f i v e y e a r s , o r b o t h imprisonment and f i n e (Sec. 1046).
.
.
1
--
Maine
Maine Revised S t a t u t e s Anno., Vol 1 2 , T i t l e 22,
H e a l t h m e l f a r e , S e c t i o n 2201 e t seq., a s amended by t h e Maine
S e s s i o n Laws 1967.
The board of commissioners of t h e p r o f e s s i o n of harmacy
s h a l l r e g u l a t e a l l s t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s ( S e c . 220P). It i s
unlawful t o p o s s e s s o r s e l l d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s u n l e s s a p r e s c r i p t i o n
f o r t h e d r u g s h a s been o b t a i n e d from a d o c t o r (Sec. 2210). I n t h e
amended law a new s e c t i o n (2212B) makes i t a f e l o n y t o p o s s e s s
h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s . Anyone found w i t h i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n of
d r u g s enumerated i n S e c t i o n s 2201 t o 2210 ( ~ a r c o t i cd r u g s mentioned
i n t h e s e s e c t i o n s a r e n o t d i s c u s s e d ) s h a l l be g u i l t y of a f e l o n y .
If a p e r s o n i s found u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e s e enumerated d r u g s ,
t h e i n d i v i d u a l i s g u i l t y of a f e l o n y . I n s p e c t o r s s h a l l have t h e
r i g h t t o i n s p e c t a l l r e c o r d s ( ~ e c .2215).
S e c t i o n 2368 ( a s e c t i o n i n Maine's n a r c o t i c law) concerning l i c e n s i n g of m a n u f a c t u r e r s and w h o l e s a l e r s was amended i n 1967 t o p r o h i b i t any manufacturing of h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s . C l i n i c a l r e - s e a r c h e r s s h a l l be l i c e n s e d and c o n t r o l l e d by t h e bureau of h e a l t h . P e n a l t y f o r i l l e g a l l y manufacturing h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s i s ad- m i n i s t e r e d under t h e n a r c o t i c s p e n a l t i e s . --
Maryland
Anno. Code of Maryland, A r t . 27, Sec. 307 e t
seq. and A r t . 43, S e c t i o n s 285 and 289 a s amended i n 1966.
Maryland d e f i n e s dangerous d r u g s a s any drug i n t e n d e d f o r
man which may have p o t e n t i a l l y harmful e f f e c t s u n l e s s a d m i n i s t e r e d
under t h e s u p e r v i s i o n of a p h y s i c i a n ( ~ e c .3 0 7 ) . The s t a t e d e p a r t ment of p u b l i c h e a l t h i s a u t h o r i z e d t o promulgate t h e n e c e s s a r y
r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s f o r t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e a c t ( ~ e c .312).
V i o l a t i o n of t h e a c t i s a f e l o n y ( ~ e c .3 1 3 ) . Unlawful a c t s a r e :
( 1 ) i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n of s t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s ; ( 2 ) f a i l u r e
t o keep r e c o r d s ; and ( 3 ) i l l e g a l manufacture of a s t i m u l a n t d r u g
Laws of Maryland 1966, C h a p t e r 377, pp. 666-669.
--
Massachusetts
-- M a s s a c h u s e t t s
General Laws Anno., Ch. 94,
A r t . 187A e t seq. a s amended i n 1967.
Under M a s s a c h u s e t t s law harmful (dan e r o u s ) d r u g s i n c l u d e
s t i m u l a n t s , d e p r e s s a n t s , and h a l l u c i n o g e n s Sec. 187A and 1967
Regular S e s s i o n Ch. 4 9 ) . I l l e g a l s a l e i s a misdemeanor ( ~ e c .94187A). I l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n of dangerous d r u g s i s a misdemeanor
( ~ e c .94-187B)
9
.
--
Michi an
Michigan S t a t u t e s Anno., Vol. 1 3 , R e g u l a t i o n s
Under P O~Ic +
eowers, T i t l e 18, S e c t i o n s 18.1101 t o 18.1108 a s amended. Michigan law c o n t r o l s t h e s a l e and p o s s e s s i o n of s t i m u l a n t s
and d e p r e s s a n t s . Records of s a l e must be k e p t by a l l l i c e n s e d
d i s p e n s e r s of t h e s e d r u g s [Sec. 18.11011. A l l r e c o r d s must be k e p t
f o r a p e r i o d of two y e a r s Sec. 18.1104
Anyone g u i l t y o f . a n y
v i o l a t i o n of S e c t i o n 18.1101 t o 18.1105 i s g u i l t y of a m$sdeme'anor.
Anyone d i s t r i b u t i n g , s e l l i n g , o r i n p o s s e s s i o n of any h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s e x c e p t exemption provided f o r by t h e F e d e r a l 'Food Drug
amended
and Cosmetics A c t i s g u i l t y of a f e l o n y ( S e c . 18.1106
d u r i n g t h e 1966 l e g i s l a t i v e s e s s i o n , Mich. S t a t . Anno., S t a t u t e
R e l e a s e No. 7 , p. 3 0 5 ) . A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e a c t i s c a r r i e d o u t
by t h e s t a t e board of pharmacy ( S e c . 18.1108)
.
--
.
--
Missouri
M i s s o u r i Revised S t a t u t e s , Cumulative Supplement
1965, C h a p t e r 195.240 e t seq.
I l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n , i l l e g a l s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n , and i l l e g a l
manufacturing of s t i m u l a n t and d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s i s a f e l o n y i n
M i s s o u r i ( S e c . 195.240 and 195.270). From i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d
from t h e F e d e r a l Bureau of Drug Abuse C o n t r o l , M i s s o u r i h a s i n c l u d e d
h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s under t h i s s t a t u t e , b u t t h e 1967 Missouri
S e s s i o n Laws a r e not a v a i l a b l e and t h e s t a f f cannot g i v e a c i t a t i o n .
--
Montana
Revised Codes of Montana 1947, Replacement 2 ,
P a r t 2 , T i t l e 27, S e c t i o n 27-701 e t seq.
S t i m u l a n t and d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s a r e c o n t r o l l e d i n Montana ( S e c . 27-716). Any v i o l a t i o n of S e c t i o n 27-716 s h a l l be deemed a m i s b r a n d i n g of a d r u g o r d e v i c e . The p e n a l t y f o r misbranded d r u g s
o r d e v i c e s i s a misdemeanor ( ~ e c .27-705). I t i s u n l a w f u l t o manuf a c t u r e , s e l l o r d i s t r i b u t e , and p o s s e s s any h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s
a s d e f i n e d by f e d e r a l law u n l e s s a u t h o r i z e d by t h e Montana D e p a r t ment o f P u b l i c H e a l t h o r u n d e r p r o v i s i o n s of t h e f e d e r a l a c t ( ~ e c .
27-724). P e n a l t y f o r v i o l a t i o n of S e c t i o n 27-724 i s a misdemeanor
on f i r s t o f f e n s e and a f e l o n y on t h e second o r s u b s e q u e n t o f f e n s e s
( ~ e c .27-725)
.
--
Nevada
S t a t u t e s of Nevada, 1965 S p e c i a l S e s s i o n , 1966
S p e c i a l S e s s i o n , and 1967 R e g u l a r S e s s i o n , Vol. 2 , pp. 1629 e t s e q .
Nevada c o n t r o l s s t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s ( S e c . 13, p. 1 6 3 1 ) .
Records of d a n g e r o u s d r u g s a r e t o b e k e t and open t o i n s p e c t i o n by
Unlawful s a l e of d a n g e r a u t h o r i z e d i n s p e c t o r s ( S e c . 18, p. 1 6 3 3
o u s d r u g s t o a minor i s a f e l o n y ( ~ e c .2 0 , p. 1 6 3 3 ) . Unlawful poss e s s i o n of d a n g e r o u s d r u g s i s a misdemeanor ( S e c . 2 1 , pp. 1633 and
16341.. H a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s a r e c o n t r o l l e d by Sec. 4 8 , p. 1636 of
t h e law. I t i s a misdemeanor t o i l l e g a l l y p o s s e s s , s e l l o r d i s t r i b u t e and m a n u f a c t u r e any d r u g which may n o t be l a w f u l l y i n t r o duced i n t o i n t e r s t a t e commerce u n d e r t h e F e d e r a l Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic A c t ( ~ e c .6 2 , p. 1 6 3 9 ) .
P.
--
Nrrth Carolina
G e n e r a l S t a t u t e s o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a , Vol.
2C, s e c t i o n 90-111.3 e t s e q . a s amended i n 1967.
S t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s a r e c o n t r o l l e d d r u g s i n North
C a r o l i n a ( S e c . 90-113.1).
P r o h i b i t e d a c t s u n d e r t h e law i n c l u d e :
(1) i l l e g a l s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n ; and ( 2 ) i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n of
s t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s ( ~ e c .90-113.2)
The b o a r d of pharmacy
i s t h e c o n t r o l l i n g agency Sec. 90-113.6
Records a r e t o be k e p t
P e n a l t y f o r v i o l a t i o n of
f o r a p e r i o d of two y e a r s Sec. 90-113.5
t h e law i s f i r s t o f f e n s e a misdemeanor and e a c h o f f e n s e t h e r e a f t e r
a f e l o n y ( ~ e c .90-113.7).
I n 1967 a new s u b s e c t i o n ( b ) was added
t o S e c . 90-113.7 which gave t h e s t a t e a u t h o r i t y t o s e i z e and d i s p o s e
of any v e h i c l e , v e s s e l , o r a i r c r a f t u n d e r 7,000 pounds which i s
used f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of s t i m u l a n t s o r d e p r e s s a n t s .
1
.
.
I.
The N o r t h C a r o l i n a n a r c o t i c d r u g a c t was a l s o amended i n
1967. Added t o t h e n a r c o t i c s d e f i n i t i o n were a l l h a l l u c i n o g e n i c
The h a l l u c i n o g e n s a r e now s u b j e c t t o a l l p r o d r u g s ( S e c . 90-87)
v i s i o n s of t h e u n i f o r m n a r c o t i c d r u g law.
.
-- Oregon
Oreqon
475.010 e t s e q .
R e v i s e d S t a t u t e s , Vol. 3 , T i t l e 3 7 , C h a p t e r
The d r u g a d v i s o r y c o u n c i l h a s t h e a u t h o r i t y t o d e s i g n a t e
d a n g e r o u s d r u g s ( S e c . 475.010).
The s t a f f was n o t a b l e t o d e t e r mine which d r u g s a r e c o n t r o l l e d i n Oregon. S a l e o r p o s s e s s i o n of
dangerous drugs without a p r e s c r i p t i o n i s i l l e a 1 (Sec.
V i o l a t i o n o f S e c t i o n 475.100 i s a misdemeanor Ysec. 475.990 ( 2 )
--
475*1001 .
Pennsylvania
P u r d o n ' s Penna. S t a t u t e s Anno., T i t l e 35,
S e c t i o n 35-780-1 e t s e q .
Dangerous d r u g s which a r e c o n t r o l l e d a r e : , ( I ) s t i m u l a n t s ;
( 2 ) d e p r e s s a n t s ; and ( 3 ) any o t h e r d r u g , because of i t s t o x i c i t y o r p o t e n t i a l i t y f o r harmful e f f e c t i s c o n s i d e r e d u n s a f e f o r u s e e x c e p t under a p h y s i c i a n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( S e c . 780-2 ( h ) )
The s e c r e t a r y of h e a l t h a f t e r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a Drug, Device, and Cosmetic Board h a s t h e a u t h o r i t y t o add d r u g s t o t h e dangerous drug l i s t ( S e c . 780-2 ( h ) ) . A l l p o s s e s s i o n of dan e r o u s d r u g s , e x c e p t a s provided by law, i s contraband ( S e c . 780-2 v) )
Records of dangerous d r u g s a l e s and p u r c h a s e s a r e t o be k e p t f o r two y e a r s , and t h e r e c o r d s a r e open t o i n s p e c t i o n by a u t h o r i z e d p e r s o n s ( S e c . 780-9). Any p e r s o n s d e a l i n g i n dangerous d r u g s must - r e g i s t e r w i t h t h e s e c r e t a r y of h e a l t h (Sec. 780-11).
A l l contraband d r u g s a r e s u b j e c t t o s e i z u r e ( S e c . 780-12)
Unlawful a c t s
1 i l l e g a l manufacture ( 2 ) i l l e g a l s a l e o r d i s t r i b u include:
t i o n ; and 131 i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n i S e c . 780-4 ( a ) ) . P e n a l t i e s f o r
v i o l a t i o n of t h e dangerous d r u g p o r t i o n of t h e law i s a misdemeanor
f o r t h e f i r s t o f f e n s e and a f e l o n y f o r each subsequent o f f e n s e
(Sec 780-20 ( a) )
.
? .
.
.
.
--
Texas
Vernon's P e n a l Code of t h e S t a t e of Texas, Vol. 2 , ~ r t i c l e 7 2 6 ae t seq. a s amended. Dangerous d r u g s which a r e c o n t r o l l e d i n Texas i n c l u d e s t i m u - l a n t s , d e p r e s s a n t s and h a l l u c i n o g e n s ( ~ r t 726d,
.
Sec. 1, a s amended i n 1966 and 1 9 6 7 ) . P r o h i b i t e d a c t s i n c l u d e i l l e g a l manufacture, s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n , and i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n ( ~ r t 726d,
.
Records a r e t o be k e p t and open t o i n s p e c t i o n ( ~ r t 726d,
.
Dangerous d r u g s u n l a w f u l l y p o s s e s s e d a r e s u b j e c t t o
(1) f i r s t offense
s e i z u r e ( A r t . 726d, Sec. 8 ) . P e n a l t i e s i n c l u d e :
a maximum f i n e of $3,000 o r imprisonment f o r not l e s s t h a n . 3 0 d a y s
nor more t h a n two y e a r s o r b o t h ; and ( 2 ) second o r subsequent o f f e n s e
a felony.
..
--
+
--
Washin t o n
Revised Code of Washington, Vol. 9 , T i t l e 69, C h a p t e r 9.40 e t s e q a s amended i n 1 9 6 5 ) . Dangerous d r u g s a r e any d r u g s which r e q u i r e a p r e s c r i p t i o n ( S e c . 69.40.063).
Upon r e c e i v i n g a s e a r c h w a r r a n t dangerous d r u g s can be s e i z e d ( S e c . 69.40.100).
Any p l a c e d i s t r i b u t i n g dangerous d r u g s i l l e g a l l y s h a l l be deemed a p u b l i c n u i s a n c e ( S e c . 69.40.080). Unlawful a c t s i n c l u d e :
1) i l l e g a l sale o r distribution; (2) i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n ; and 3) i l l e g a l manufacture of dangerous d r u g s (Sec 69.40.061, 69.40.063, 69.40.080, 69.40.090, and 69.40.100)
S t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s a r e s p e c i f i c a l l y named a s dangerous Sec. 69.40.060).
P e n a l t i e s f o r v i o l a t i o n of t h i s law i n c l u d e :
1) f i r s t offense
a misdemeanor; ( 2 ) second o f f e n s e
gross
Maximum of $1,000 f i n e o r one y e a r imprisonment o r
misdemeanor
a f e l o n y ; and ( 4 ) s a l e o r
b o t h ; ( 3 ) t h i r d o r subsequent o f f e n s e
d i s t r i b u t i o n t o a minor
a f e l o n y ( S e c . 69.40.070).
According t o
i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d from t h e F e d e r a l Bureau of Drug Abuse C o n t r o l ,
h a l l u c i n o g e n i c d r u g s were added a s c o n t r o l l e d d r u g s d u r i n g t h e 1967
r e g u l a r s e s s i o n . No i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e from t h e law l i b r a r y
and an e x a c t c i t a t i o n i s not p o s s i b l e .
.
.
--
--
--
--
--
--
West V i r q i n i a
A c t s of t h e L e g i s l a t u r e of west V i r g i n i a
1965, c h a p t e r 133, pp. 503-508.
West V i r g i n i a c o n t r o l s s t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s s p e c i f i c a l l y
and h a l l u c i n o g e n s b r e f e r e n c e t o t h e f e d e r a l law and any amendments
t o t h e f e d e r a l law Sec. 1 ( 1 ) , p. 5 0 4 ) . P r o h i b i t e d a c t s i n c l u d e :
(1) unlawful s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n ; and ( 2 ) i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n of
dangerous d r u g s (Sec. 2 , pp. 506 and 5 0 7 ) . R e g u l a t i o n s t o implement t h i s law a r e made by t h e s t a t e board of pharmacy ( ~ e c 4
. , p.
5 0 8 ) . I l l e g a l dangerous d r u g s c a n be s e i z e d w i t h a s e a r c h warrant
( ~ e c .5 , p. 5 0 8 ) . P e n a l t y f o r v i o l a t i o n of t h e a c t i s : (1) f i r s t
offense
f i n e not t o exceed $1,000 o r imprisonment f o r n o t more
a felony
t h a n f i v e y e a r s * and ( 2 ) second o r subsequent o f f e n s e
( s e c . 6 , p. 5081.
1
--
--
S t a t e s C o n t r o l l i n q Some Danqerous Druqs
--
Alabama
1966, p. 575.
Act No. 430, A c t s of Alabama, S p e c i a l S e s s i o n
Alabama law makes i t u n l a w f u l t o p o s s e s s , t r a n s p o r t , d e l i v e r ,
s e l l , o f f e r f o r s a l e , b a t e r , o r g i v e away i n any form LSD, p s i l o c y b i n ,
o r any o t h e r drug o r compound known a s psycotomimetics ( h a l l u c i n o gens) ( S e c . 1 ) . S e c t i o n 4 of t h e a c t p r o v i d e s f o r a f e l o n y p e n a l t y
f o r i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n .
Alaska
--
Alaska S t a t u t e s , T i t l e 1 7 , C h a p t e r 15.
S e c t i o n 17.15.010 s t a t e s t h a t it s h a l l be unlawful to s e l l ,
b a r t e r , d i s t r i b u t e , o r g i v e away d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s . The p e n a l t y f o r
i l l e g a l s a l e i s a misdemeanor ( ~ e c .17.15.040).
Colorado
--
S e c t i o n s 48-4-1 t o 48-4-4,
C.R.S.
1963.
Colorado c o n t r o l s s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n of anhalonium and
The p e n a l t y f o r i l l e g a l s a l e i s a mispeyote ( S e c . 48-4-2).
demeanor ( ~ e c .48-4-3)
.
Delaware
4905.
--
Delaware Code Anno.,
T i t l e 1 6 , S e c t i o n s 4901 t o
Delaware c o n t r o l s d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s ( ~ e c .4 9 0 1 ) . The law r e q u i r e s t h e keeping of r e c o r d s , and t h e p r o p e r l a b e l i n g of c o n t a i n e r s
( S e c s . 4903 and 4 9 0 4 ) . T h e r e a r e no p r o v i s i o n s f o r p e n a l t i e s .
-
Kentucky
Health.
-- Kentucky
Revised S t a t u t e s , T i t l e 18, P u b l i c
law (Sec. 217.461).
D e p r e s s a n t d r u g s a r e c o n t r o l l e d by
Unlawful a c t s i n c l u d e :
(1) i l l e g a l s a l e ;
manufacture;
and ( 3 ) i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n ( ~ e c .217..462
of s a l e must
be m a i n t a i n e d f o r a t l e a s t two y e a r s and t h e r e c o r d s s h a l l be open
t o i n s p e c t i o n t o a u t h o r i z e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e s t a t e board of
Kentucky
h e a l t h and t h e s t a t e board of pharmacy (Sec. 217.511).
law c o n t r o l s s t i m u l a n t s under s e c t i o n 217.720.
I t i s unlawful t o
i l l e g a l l y p o s s e s s , s e l l , and manufacture s t i m u l a n t s ( ~ e c .217.730)
The s t a t e board of h e a l t h and t h e s t a t e board of pharmacy s h a l l
r e g u l a t e t h i s law. I n s p e c t o r s s h a l l have a l l p o l i c e powers ( ~ e c .
217.790).
There i s no s p e c i f i c r e g u l a t i o n r e q u i r i n g keeping of
r e c o r d s f o r s t i m u l a n t d r u g s . P e n a l t y f o r v i o l a t i o n of t h e d e p r e s s a n t law i s a misdemeanor ( ~ e c .217.992).
Penalty f o r violation
of t h e s t i m u l a n t law i s a misdemeanor.
.
--
M i s s i s s i p p i Code 1942, Anno., Vol. 5 A , P u b l i c
Mississippi
W e l f a r e , S e c t i o n s 6831-01 t o 6831-12.
C o n t r o l l e d d r u g s i n M i s s i s s i p p i a r e s t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s a n t s (Sec.
Prohibited a c t s include:
(1) i l l e g a l d i s t r i bution o r
i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n ; and ( 3 ) f a i l ~ ~ tr oe keep r e c o r d s o r r e f u s a l t o a l l o w i n s p e c t o r s t o i n s p e c t r e c o r d s (Sec. 68310 2 ) . M a n u f a c t u r e r s and p h a r m a c i s t s a r e r e q u i r e d t o keep r e c o r d s of
s t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s f o r two y e a r s ( S e c . 6831-05).
Records
s h a l l be open t o i n s p e c t o r s from t h e s t a t e board of pharmacy upon
w r i t t e n r e q u e s t ( S e c . 6831-05). The s t a t e board of pharmacy i s
a u t h o r i z e d t o promulgate t h e n e c e s s a r y r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s f o r t h e
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e a c t s ( S e c . 6831-07). V i o l a t i o n of t h i s law i s
a f e l o n y ( S e c . 6831-08)
.
.
--
North Dakota
North Dakota Century Code Anno., Vol. 3 ,
Chapter 1 9 , A r t i c l e 1 9 e t seq.
North Dakota c o n t r o l s d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s ( S e c . 19-19-02).
Anyone d i s p e n s i n g d e p r e s s a n t s must keep r e c o r d s of t h e i r d e p r e s s a n t d r u g i n v e n t o r y and r e c o r d s of s a l e ( S e c . 19-19-06). These
r e c o r d s a r e open t o i n s e c t i o n f o r i n s p e c t o r s from t h e board of
pharmacy ( S e c . 19-19-077.
I t i s unlawful t o i l l e g a l l y s e l l o r d i s t r i b u t e d e p r e s s a n t s
o r i l l e g a l l y p o s s e s s b a r b i t u r a t e s ( S e c . 19-19-03). P e n a l t y f o r
v i o l a t i n g t h e law i s a misdemeanor.
--
Ohio
P a g e ' s Ohio Revised Code, T i t l e 3 7 , S e c t i o n s 3719.23 e t seq. a s amended. D e p r e s s a n t s a r e c o n t r o l l e d d r u g s i n Ohio ( S e c . 3719.23).
Unlawful a c t s i n c l u d e :
( 1 ) i l l e a 1 s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n ; and ( 2 )
I n v e n t o r y and s a l e r e c o r d s
i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n ( S e c . 3719.24
must be k e p t f o r two y e a r s ( S e c . 3719.26).
These r e c o r d s can be
i n s p e c t e d by a u t h o r i z e d a g e n t s of t h e board of pharmacy ( S e c .
3719.27).
P e n a l t y f o r any v i o l a t i o n of t h e r o v i s i o n s of t h i s
law i s a misdemeanor ( ~ e c .3719.99 ( I ) (1967 )
7.
7.
--
Oklahoma
Oklahoma S t a t u t e s Anno., T i t l e 6 3 , S e c t i o n s
465.11 t o 465.19 a s amended.
Oklahoma c o n t r o l s s t i m u l a n t and d e p r e s s a n t d r u g s ( S e c . 63- 465.11).
Unlawful a c t s i n c l u d e :
( 1 ) i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n ; and ( 2 ) Records a r e t o be i l l e g a l s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n ( S e c . 63-465.12).
k e p t f o r two y e a r s , and t h e s e r e c o r d s a r e open t o i n s p e c t i o n by
a g e n t s of t h e board of pharmacy ( ~ e c s .63-465.13 and 4 6 5 . 1 7 ) .
V i o l a t i o n o f t h e a c t i s a misdemeanor on t h e f i r s t o f f e n s e and a
f e l o n y f o r e a c h s u b s e q u e n t o f f e n s e ( s e c . 63-465.19, 1966 amendment)
.
--
Rhode I s l a n d
G e n e r a l Laws o f Rhode I s l a n d , Vol. 4 ,
S e c t i o n s 21-29-1 t o 21-29-23.
Rhode I s l a n d c o n t r o l s s t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s ( s e c . 2129-2).
Important unlawful a c t s are:
i l l e g a l possession;
( 2 ) i l l e g a l s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n ; and
f a i l u r e t o keep r e c o r d s
( s e c . 21-29-3).
R e c o r d s of i n v e n t o r y and s a l e s must be k e p t f o r
two y e a r s ( ~ e c .21-29-8 and 21-29-9).
Records a r e open t o i n s p e c t o r s ( ~ e c .21-29-10).
A l l unlawfully possessed stimulants o r
d e p r e s s a n t s a r e c o n t r a b a n d and s u b j e c t t o s e i z u r e ( s e c . 21-29-11).
Any v e s s e l , v e h i c l e , o r a i r c r a f t used i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of c o n t r a The b o a r d of
band i s s u b j e c t t o f o r f e i t u r e ( S e c . 21-29-12).
pharmacy h a s t h e a u t h o r i t y t o make r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s n e c e s s a r y
t o c a r r y o u t p r o v i s i o n o f t h i s law ( S e c . 21-29-17).
Any l i c e n s e d
p h y s i c i a n o r p h a r m a c i s t v i o l a t i n g t h i s a c t may have h i s l i c e n s e
suspended o r revoked ( S e c . 2 1 - 2 9 - 1 9 ) .
Unlawful s a l e of s t i m u l a n t s
o r d e p r e s s a n t s t o a minor i s a f e l o n y ( ~ e c .21-29-20).
For v i o l a t i o n of t h e g e n e r a l p r o v i s i o n s of t h e l a w t h e p e n a l t y f o r f i r s t
o f f e n s e i s a misdemeanor and e a c h s u b s e q u e n t o f f e n s e a f e l o n y
( ~ e c .21-29-21).
--
S o u t h Dakota
S o u t h Dakota Code, 1960 Supp., T i t l i : 2 2 ,
C h a p t e r 22.13A, S e c t i o n s 22.13A01 t o 22.13A09 a s amended ity c h a p t e r
106 S e s s i o n Laws of S o u t h Dakota 1965.
C o n t r o l l e d d r u g s i n S o u t h Dakota a r e d e p r e s s a n t s and s t i m u l a n t s ( s e c . 22.13A02 and 22.13A10).
Important unlawful a c t s i n (1) i l l e g a l s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n ; ( 2 ) i l l e g a l p o s s e s s i o n ;
clude:
and ( 3 ) f a i l u r e t o keep r e c o r d s ( ~ e c s .22.13A03 and 2 2 . 1 3 ~ 1 1 ) .
Records a r e t o b e k e p t f o r two y e a r s ( S e c . 2 2 . 1 3 ~ 0 6 3 , and r e c o r d s
a r e t o be open t o i n s p e c t i o n b a u t h o r i z e d a g e n t s of t h e s t a t e
board of h e a l t h ( S e c . 22.13A07y.
P e n a l t i e s f o r v i o l a t i o n of t h i s
law a r e a misdemeanor on f i r s t o f f e n s e and a f e l o n y f o r e a c h subs e q u e n t o f f e n s e ( ~ e c .2 2 . 9 9 3 3 ) .
Wisconsin
S e c t i o n 151. .07. --
W i s c o n s i n S t a t u t e s 1965, V o l e 1, C h a p t e r 151, Dangerous d r u g s c o n t r o l l e d i n W i s c o n s i n a r e s t i m u l a n t s and d e p r e s s a n t s ( S e c . 1 5 1 , 0 7 ( 1 ) ( a ) . S a l e and p o s s e s s i o n o f i l l e g a l The d a n g e r o u s d r u g s i s p r o h i b i t e d ( S e c 151.07 ( 4 ) , 151.07 ( 7 )
s t a t e b o a r d of pharmacy i s t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r of t h e law ( ~ e c . 151.07 ( 9 ) . P e n a l t y f o r v i o l a t i o n o f t h e law i s a misdemeanor ( ~ e c .151,07 ( 1 0 ) . .
.
*
I n t h e c o m p i l a t i o n of d a n g e r o u s d r u l a w s of s t a t e s , p a g e s 46
t h r o u g h 5 6 , t h e f o l l o w i n g s h a l l app y : u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d
a misdemeanor i s any p e n a l t y w i t h a maximum o f $ 1 , 0 0 0 f i n e o r
one y e a r imprisonment o r b o t h ; u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d , a f e l o n y
i s any p e n a l t y o v e r $ 1 , 0 0 0 f i n e o r one y e a r imprisonment o r b o t h .
9