Assyrian Art and Introduction
Map of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and its expansions.
A Military Culture
The Assyrian empire dominated Mesopotamia and all of the Near East for the first half of the first millennium,
led by a series of highly ambitious and aggressive warrior kings. Assyrian society was entirely military, with
men obliged to fight in the army at any time. State offices were also under the purview of the military.
Ashurbanipal slitting the throat of a lion from his chariot (detail),Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions, gypsum hall relief
from the North Palace, Ninevah, c. 645-635 B.C.E., excavated by H. Rassam beginning in 1853 (British Museum)
Indeed, the culture of the Assyrians was brutal, the army seldom marching on the battlefield but rather
terrorizing opponents into submission who, once conquered, were tortured, raped, beheaded, and flayed with
their corpses publicly displayed. The Assyrians torched enemies' houses, salted their fields, and cut down their
orchards.
Luxurious Palaces
As a result of these fierce and successful military campaigns, the Assyrians acquired massive resources from
all over the Near East which made the Assyrian kings very rich. The palaces were on an entirely new scale of
size and glamor; one contemporary text describes the inauguration of the palace of Kalhu, built by
Assurnasirpal II (who reigned in the early 9th century), to which almost 70,000 people were invited to
banquet.
Lion pierced with arrows (detail), Lion Hunts of Ashurbanipal (ruled 669-630 B.C.E.), c. 645 B.C.E., gypsum,
Neo-Assyrian, hall reliefs from Palace at Ninevah across the Tigris from present day Mosul, Iraq (British Museum)
Some of this wealth was spent on the construction of several gigantic and luxurious palaces spread throughout
the region. The interior public reception rooms of Assyrian palaces were lined with large scale carved
limestone reliefs which offer beautiful and terrifying images of the power and wealth of the Assyrian kings and
some of the most beautiful and captivating images in all of ancient Near Eastern art.
Feats of Bravery
Ashurbanipal taking aim at a lion (detail), Lion Hunts of Ashurbanipal (ruled 669-630 B.C.E.), c. 645 B.C.E., gypsum,Neo-Assyrian, hall reliefs from
Palace at Ninevah across the Tigris from present day Mosul, Iraq (British Museum)
Like all Assyrian kings, Ashurbanipal decorated the public walls of his palace with images of himself performing
great feats of bravery, strength and skill. Among these he included a lion hunt in which we see him coolly
taking aim at a lion in front of his charging chariot, while his assistants fend off another lion attacking at the
rear.
Sacking of Susa by Ashurbanipal, North Palace, Nineveh, 647 B.C.E.
One of the accomplishments Ashurbanipal was most proud of was the total destruction of the city of Susa.
In this relief, we see Ashurbanipal’s troops destroying the walls of Susa with picks and hammers while fire
rages within the walls of the city.
Military Victories & Exploits
Wall relief from Nimrud, the sieging of a city, likely in Mesopotamia, c. 728 B.C.E. (British Museum)In the Central Palace at Nimrud, the Neo-Assyrian
king Tiglath-pileser III illustrates his military victories and exploits, including the siege of a city in great detail.
In this scene we see one soldier holding a large screen to protect two archers who are taking aim. The
topography includes three different trees and a roaring river, most likely setting the scene in and around the
Tigris or Euphrates rivers.
Essay by Dr. Senta German (Smarthistory)