Africa Notes - Polk School District
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Sahara Desert covers 1/4 of African continent, lies in the North Sahel ­ a fragile grassland that lies just south of the Sahara Desert, prone to desertification Congo River Basin is a breeding ground for disease carrying insects such as mosquitos & TseTse fly Victoria Falls, located on the Zambezi River is worlds largest by volume waterfall Savanna ­ vast, dry grasslands that cover much of sub­Saharan Africa Geographic features of Africa Some areas covered in jungle ­ forest with dense undergrowth Nile River in Northeast Africa is the longest river in the world Great Rift Valley lies along the eastern plateau, where oldest known human remains were found Tropical Rainforest located along the Equator in the Congo River Basin Two southern deserts are the Namib and the Kalahari Physical Features of Africa Equator Opening Assignment Africa Vocabulary: Choose 24 of the following terms and randomly place on your BINGO sheet. Leave room to define the terms or define them on the back. • Plateau • King Ezana • Sahara • Swahili • Sahel • Great Zimbabwe • Savanna • Shona • Tropical Rainforest • Ghana • Jungle • Tunka Manin • Congo Basin • Soninke • Great Rift Valley • Mali • Bantu • Mansa Musa • Bantu Migration • Timbuktu • Oral Tradition • Sonni Ali • Griots • Songhai • Matrilineal • Mohammed I Askia • Kush • Sundiata • Aksum Opening Assignment Reasons for Migration Causes of the Bantu Migration Sahel region prone to desertification (becoming more desert­like) Overpopulation, more people than food supply can support Seeking land for farming/agriculture Seeking natural resources Seeking increased avenues for trade Bantu people spread throughout Sub­Saharan Africa Bantu Migration Patterns Equator Shade where the Bantu originate. Draw arrows to indicate where the Bantu migrated. Impact of the Bantu Migrations spread and evolution of the Bantu language throughout Sub-Saharan Africa spread of Bantu culture as evidenced by folk tales, (Griots) Bantu peoples migrate throughout Sub­Saharan Africa development of agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa & spread of farming techniques hybridization of crops and introduction of new crops to new areas development towns and villages in areas previously inhabited by nomadic hunter-gatherers spread of tools and weapons made of iron "Headliner" On a separate sheet of paper, write a 1­2 phrase news headline explaining the connection of trade routes and migration patterns. Thinking Like a Historian Language Diffusion mixing of different words and grammar structures between multiple languages Learn about cultural values folk tales and stories passed down from generation to generation (oral traditions), the Griots (traditional African story tellers) Evidence of cross­cultural interactions Musical instruments from Asia Trade goods from different areas such as India & Asia Blending of religious ideas Evidence of agricultural development Hybridization of different crops Introduction of crops from different areas (ex. bananas from Asia to Africa) complex towns & villages Evidence of a ability to smelt iron complex society highly organized governments Opening Assignment R E L I G I O N Discovering Sub­Saharan Africa's Past Language & Literature • Most people spoke some form of Bantu language • Limited early development of a written language • History passed down from generation­to­generation through oral tradition • Griots ­ traditional African story­tellers Cross­Cultural Exchange • Engaged in trade, so goods from on part of Africa ended up scattered throughout Africa • Engaged in trade with India and Arabian peninsula. Evidenced by introduction of goods and ideas from the East • Islam brought to Africa, thrives in North, West, and East Africa • Christianity brought to the Ethiopian Highlands • Traditional religions blended with Islam and Christianity to create religious hybrids • Iron work spreads throughout the region Agricultural Developments • Settled agriculture developed among Bantu people in west Africa, spread during the Bantu migration • introduction of new agricultural species from India, Arabia, etc (ex. Banana) • hybridization of crops occurs (combing two different species of a plant to create a new plant with a specific characteristic) s ge a l vil s l l n a sm tow d an Page 186 bou n kin d tog shi p ( ether fam ily) by bon ds Settlements usually develop along rivers or the coastline larger cities develop along important trading routes/ports oo yf ar m pri the e r s we ider v pro d were matr prop iline erty al pass via t ed d he f o e moth male line wn er to f daug rom hter Role of Women m d e rk wo Patterns of Life the Culture of Sub­Saharan Africa ed in a most believ reator" god supreme "c Governing & Authority decisions usually made by village elders be lie ved belie ved that inha spiri bite ts d all thing s Religious Beliefs in an rsh cest or ip wo e th r fa were polytheistic nature & religion very closely linked together Opening Assignment On a sheet of paper, list everything you already know about Ancient Egypt and civilizations along the Nile River Aksum Kush located in region of Nubia capitals of Napata & Meroe along the Nile River benefited from trade between governed by pharaohs the Red Sea and Briefly conquered by the Nile River the Assyrians Meroe was an important iron working center heavily influenced by Egyptians located in the Ethiopian Highlands conquered Kush region prone to frequent drought resulting in periodic famines Became a Christian kingdom during the reign of King Ezana Opening Assignment 1. 2. 3. Covered 1/4 of the African continent. Location of the African Rainforest People who migrated throughout Sub­ Saharan Africa 4. Longest river in Africa 5. Storytellers 6. Region where Kush was located 7. Religion adopted by King Enzana in Aksum 8. Kush city known for iron production 9. Capital of Kush 10. People who took over and controlled Kush for 500 years Rub al­Khali (a desert) Ethiopian Highlands Griots Congo River Nile River Bantu Persians Islam Minstrals Congo Basin Nubia Christianity Napata Meroe Egyptians Namib Desert Sahara Desert Kalahari Desert Kingdoms of Africa Features of Africa Use Pages 188­192 Kush Aksum Great Zimbabwe Swahili States Region Ghana Mali Songhai Mark and label the following cities: > Napata > Meroe > Aksum > Timbuktu > Goa > Mogadishu > Mombasa > Kilwa East African Trading States Swahili States Location in Africa Important Features Great Zimbabwe located along the Eastern African coastlines Located in SE Africa between the Zambezi River and the Indian Ocean a series of independent trading city­states Founded by the Shona people controlled the gold trade in SE Africa culture & language was a combination of Bantu, Arabic, & major port city on the east African Persian coastline Important Achievements engaged in large­scale overseas trade in the Indian Ocean created a great walled city covering 60+ acres & surrounded by a fortified built large cities (Mogadishu, Kilwa, stone wall Mombasa, etc. West African Trading States State Ghana Mali Songhai Location in Africa Important Features Located in West established by the Africa, between Soninke peoples, main Niger River and the cities of Kumbi, traded Atlantic Ocean in gold for salt, highly the Sahel region organized political sys. Important Accomplishments developed agriculture along Niger, had extensive trade networks, able to smelt iron, built large army (Tunka Manin) Islam was main religion Timbuktu became major Islamic cultural center Successor to Engaged in the salt­gold Expanded arts and Ghana, West Africa trade education in West Africa along Niger River Built large trading cities & to the north Pilgrimage (Hajj) of Mansa Musa to Mecca Highly organized On the Niger River government, created a navy, engaged in salt­ in West Africa gold trade, Islamic Cities of Goa & Timbuktu become cultural & economic centers in Islamic World, continued expansion of education & creation of universities Influential Leaders of Africa Sundiata First king of Mali (nickname Lion King of Mali) United the Mandinka peoples into a single kingdom Converts to Islam, bringing Islam to the Malian people Established a strong military to protect the gold­ to­salt trading routes in West Africa Mansa Musa King of Mali known for his hajj to Mecca w/ a massive caravan (60,000+ people & 80 camels carrying gold & gifts) Built libraries, mosques, & universities Timbuktu becomes an important Islamic cultural center Expands education throughout west Africa Gave away so much gold during his hajj, he devalued gold in these areas Opening Assignment Sundiata Mansa Musa Opening Assignment What did the following people do? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Tunka Manin Mohammad I Askia Sonni Ali Mansa Musa Sundiata King Ezana 1. Tunka Manin ­ Ghanan king who built a massive army to protect the gold­salt trade in Ghana 2. Mohammad I Askia ­ King of Songhai who continued Mansa Musa' s tradition of building up Timbuktu as an important economic and cultural center in west Africa. 3. Sonni Ali ­ King of Songhai who built a large navy for the purpose of protecting trade on the Niger River, Lake Chad, and along the West African coastlines. 4. Mansa Musa ­ King of Mali who built schools, libraries, mosques, universitiesÍž built up Timbuktu into a major cultural center, and went on an epic hajj to Mecca 5. Sundiata ­ United the Malinke people to create the kingdom of Mali 6. King Ezana ­ king of Aksum who converted to Christianity, bringing the religion to the Ethiopian highlands
