QATs
Quality Assessment Tasks
UNIT 1
N
OUTCOME 1
VCE Physical Education
SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK
Introduction
OUTCOME 1
Collect and analyse information from, and participate in, a variety of practical
activities to explain how the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems
function, and how the aerobic and anaerobic pathways interact with the systems to
enable human movement.
Task
A practical laboratory report
Your teacher will advise you of the contribution of this task to the assessment of this
outcome.
This task involves two parts:
PART A: Completion of a heart dissection (Section 1) and participation in a range
of practical, physical activities (Section 2)
PART B: Development of a report (two sections) based on PART A (60 marks)
Your teacher will advise you of any variations to these conditions.
The following key knowledge is the focus of this task:
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of the heart and lungs, mechanics of breathing, gaseous exchange, blood vessels,
blood flow around the body at rest and during exercise
The following key skills are the focus of this task:
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muscular systems at rest compared to exercise
NAME:
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VCE Physical Education N SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK, UNIT 1 – OUTCOME 1
Task
PART A: SECTION 1 – HEART DISSECTION
Equipment and Materials
You will require:
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Method
1 Make observations
1 First, work out which is the anterior (front) and posterior
(back) sides of the heart. The anterior or ventral side is the
most convex (rounded).
2 Locate the tip of the heart or the apex. Only the left ventricle
extends all the way to the apex.
3 Hold and feel the heart. Observe and record comments about
how the heart feels in terms of its firmness and texture. Also
comment on its size, colour, weight and features such as blood
vessels and fat tissue.
4 Place the heart on the dissecting board so that the front or
ventral side is towards you. The front of the heart is recognized
by a groove that extends from the right side of the broad end of the heart diagonally to a point above and to your left of the apex.
5 The heart is now on the board in the position it would be in a body as you face the body. Locate
the following chambers of the heart from this surface:
i Left atria - upper chamber to your right
ii Left ventricle - lower chamber to your right
iii Right atria - upper chamber to your left
iv Right ventricle - lower chamber to your left
6 While the heart is still in this position on the dissecting board, locate these blood vessels at the
broad end of the heart. Observe and comment on what these blood vessels look and feel like
(colour, texture, firmness, etc).
i Coronary artery - this blood vessel lies in the groove on the front of the heart and it
branches over the front and the back side of the heart to supply oxygenated blood and
nutrients to the heart muscle itself.
ii Pulmonary artery - this blood vessel branches and carries blood to the lungs to receive
oxygen and can be found curving out of the right ventricle (upper chamber to your left).
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Task
iii Aorta - major vessel located near the right atria and just behind the pulmonary arteries to
the lungs. Locate the curved part of this vessel known as the aortic arch. Branching from
the aortic arch is a large artery that supplies blood to the upper body.
iv Pulmonary veins - these vessels return oxygenated blood from the right and left lungs to
the left atrium (upper chamber on your right).
v Inferior & Superior Vena Cava - these two blood vessels are located on your left of the
heart and connect to the right atrium (upper chamber on your left). Deoxygenated blood
enters the body through these vessels into the right receiving chamber.
2 Begin the Dissection
1 Cut open the left ventricle following the lines on the diagram below. Can you see the flaps of
the bicuspid valve? Draw a sketch or take a digital photo of the valve showing the suspensory
ligaments.
2 Cut open the right ventricle by following the lines on the diagram. Describe how the right
ventricle is different from the left ventricle in term of volume and thickness of the walls. Take a
digital photo to show these differences.
3 Cut into the atria and observe the thickness of the walls of the atria. Is the muscle wall thicker
or thinner than the walls of the ventricles? Explain why this is the case.
4 Finally, what can you say about the size (volume) of each of the chambers? Are they different
sizes, which is the largest?
(Note: You are required to bring your observations and other recorded data to class when
completing the Report task).
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Task
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
The superior and inferior vena
cava enter into the right atrium
on the other side (posterior or
dorsal side)
The pulmonary vein
enters the left atrium
on the posterior
(dorsal) side.
Coronary artery and vein
When you need to see
inside the right ventricle,
cut here.
When you want to
open the left ventricle,
cut here.
Clean Up
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provided.
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Task
PART A: SECTION 2 – CARDIOVACULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPONSES TO
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY:
Equipment
The following equipment is required in order to undertake the practical activities that are to be
undertaken in this part of the laboratory:
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Method
You are to work in pairs to undertake the following activities (both partners should complete all
activities).
‡ Lying quietly
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Note: The activities should be undertaken over two practical class sessions with adequate rest periods to
be given between any activities performed in the one session.
Results – Data Collection
At the completion of each of the activities you need to measure and record the following data:
‡ Heart rate immediately after the completion of each activity
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To determine heart rate either take your pulse count for 10 seconds immediately after each activity and
then multiply this by six to give you your heart rate per minute or else record the heart rate shown on
your heart rate monitor immediately after cessation of the activity.
To determine respiratory frequency count the number of breaths taken in the 15 seconds immediately
after each activity and then multiply this by four to give you your respiratory frequency.
All relevant data measurement should be recorded in an appropriate results table.
(Note: You are required to bring your results sheets to class when completing the Report task.)
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Task
PART B: PRACTICAL LABORATORY REPORT
Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
General
You have participated in a heart dissection laboratory and a variety of physical activities in Part A of this
task. You will use the data and knowledge gained through these classes to present a laboratory report. It
will include:
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respiratory systems.
Develop your report on separate sheets using the following guidelines.
Additional advice
‡ You have 90 minutes of class time.
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Aim
Write an appropriate aim for this practical laboratory report.
(2 marks)
SECTION 1 – HEART DISSECTION
Presentation of results
Clearly present, in an appropriate format, the observations you made during the heart dissection,
including any sketches, diagrams or photos.
(5 marks)
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Task
Discussion questions
Question 1
Label the following diagram of the heart. Copy and paste or replicate this diagram into your report.
(7 marks)
Question 2
What is meant by the terms systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation?
(2 marks)
Question 3
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(5 marks)
Question 4
What is the function of the heart valves? Why are there no valves at the entrance to the right and left
atrium?
(2 marks)
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VCE Physical Education N SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK, UNIT 1 – OUTCOME 1
Task
SECTION 2 – CARDIOVACULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPONSES TO PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY
Presentation of results
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during Part A (Section 2) of this task.
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(2 marks)
2 Draw two appropriate graphs that display the heart rate and respiratory frequency for both you
and your partner for each of the activities undertaken. Your two graphs should allow for ease of
comparison of heart rate and respiratory frequency for each activity
(8 marks)
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Task
Discussion questions
Question 1
a Which activities resulted in the lowest and highest heart rates? Suggest reasons for this.
b Which activities resulted in the lowest and highest respiratory frequency? Suggest reasons for this?
(2 + 2 = 4 marks)
Question 2
Discuss the relationship between heart rate and the intensity of physical activity.
(2 marks)
Question 3
Define the following terms that refer to cardiovascular and respiratory function:
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(6 marks)
Question 4
Explain the relationship between heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output and how each are
affected by physical activity.
(5 marks)
Question 5
Explain the relationship between respiratory frequency, tidal volume and ventilation and how each are
affected by physical activity.
(5 marks)
Question 6
Create a flowchart depicting the path that air travels from outside of the body until it diffuses into the
blood.
(3 marks)
Conclusion
Write an appropriate conclusion for this practical laboratory report.
(2 marks)
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Teacher
Advice
General
This task requires students to complete a practical laboratory report in two sections both of which are
related to how the cardiovascular and respiratory systems function to enable human movement.
In the first section students will report on the dissection of a heart. In the second section students
will report on their participation in a variety of physical activities and the effect that these have on
circulatory and respiratory function.
Prior to undertaking the Report task students will need to have undertaken the heart dissection. They
will also need to have participated in a variety of physical activities in which they will gather and collect
data that they will then utilise in completing this task.
Students should also have been instructed in how to take pulse measurements or alternatively how to
correctly use heart rate monitors
Ethical and safety Issues
Some students may be sensitive to the use of any animal product for the purpose of a scientific
dissection, or to the very existence of animals bred and raised for human consumption.
Some students may have religious or cultural objections to handling dead animal material and
depending on the method of slaughter.
If you have access to a magnifying video camera you could project a demonstration dissection. Prepare
a handout or PowerPoint of illustrations and/ or animations for students who are not taking a practical
part in the activity. Students who are unwilling to handle animal material, but are keen to see what is
going on could take digital photographs of the heart in different stages of dissection.
In addition teachers should give consideration to student involvement in physical activities.
Physical activity such as that suggested in this QAT can be stressful and may cause injury, especially if
attempted by individuals without an appropriate level of physical fitness. It is therefore recommended that all
students have permission and medical clearance to undertake the activities outlined in this task. Neither the
authors nor publisher can accept responsibility for any injury or condition that may be sustained as a result of
performing any of the physical activities described in this QAT.
Equipment and resources
A range of equipment and resources is required for Part A. See details as outlined. In addition students
could be given access to computers to develop their report in PART B.
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N
Solution
Task
Pathway
Below are suggested responses. Teachers should consider the merits of alternative responses. The
following responses should form the basis of the laboratory report.
Aim
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their aim to investigating or learning more about the structure and function of the cardiovascular and
respiratory systems.
SECTION 1 – HEART DISSECTION
Presentation of results
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observations and diagram, sketches and/or photographs that address the key questions posed during the
heart dissection directions. This should include observations and comments about how the heart feels
in terms of its firmness and texture, as well as its size, colour, weight and features such as blood vessels
and fat tissue. Students should also provide information (including diagrams or photos) to show the
relative thickness of the walls of the various heart chambers, and the differences in the size or volume of
these chambers.
Discussion questions
Question 1
Seven marks available here – half mark for each part of the heart correctly identified as follows:
Aorta
Superior vena
cava
Pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Left atrium
Tricuspid valve
Aortic valve
Inferior vena
cava
Mitral valve
Right ventricle
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Septum
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Left ventricle
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Solution
Pathway
Question 2
Two marks available here – one mark for each definition provided.
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atrium (1 mark).
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atrium (1 mark).
Question 3
Five marks available here – awarded as follows. To access full marks students must include all elements
listed below including the heart valves. Teachers can deduct marks as they deem appropriate for any
missing element.
Right ventricle ÖPulmonary valve Ö Pulmonary artery ÖLungs ÖPulmonary vein ÖLeft atrium ÖMitral
valve Ö Left ventricle ÖAortic valve ÖAorta ÖBody tissues and cells ÖVena cava ÖRight atrium
ÖTricuspid valve ÖRight ventricle
Question 4
Two marks available here allocated as follows:
The valves of the heart are located within the chambers of the heart and are critical to the proper flow of blood
through the heart. All of the valves act as one-way valves, allowing blood to flow either from one chamber
to another, or allowing blood to flow out of the heart, in only one direction (1 mark). The valves control the
flow of blood through the heart by opening and closing during the contractions of the heart. The opening and
closing functions of the valves are controlled by pressure differences generated within the heart, as well as some
muscles located within the heart (1 mark).
SECTION 2 – CARDIOVACULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPONSES TO PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY:
Presentation of results
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rate and respiratory frequency for all activities and for both partners should be recorded in the table
provided.
2 Eight marks available here – four marks for each graph drawn. One graph should display the heart
rate data for both partners for each of the activities undertaken and the other should display the
respiratory frequency data for both partners for each of the activities undertaken. In both cases a
bar graph would be the most appropriate graph. To access full marks each graph should be neatly
drawn, with a title provided and all axes appropriately scaled and labelled.
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Solution
Pathway
Discussion questions
Question 1
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and highest heart rates should be identified and reasons suggested as to why.
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and highest respiratory frequency should be identified and reasons suggested as to why.
Question 2
Two marks available here as follows:
Physical activity or exercise results in an increase in heart rate since the active muscles require an increased
supply of oxygen (1 mark). The greater the intensity of the activity or exercise the higher the heart rate so that
more oxygen can be delivered to the working muscles (1 mark).
Question 3
Six marks available here – one mark for each correct definition provided:
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heart (1 mark).
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Question 4
Five marks available here as follows:
All three of these parameters are inter-related. Cardiac output is the product of heart rate multiplied by stroke
volume (1 mark). An increase in either stroke volume or heart rate results in an increase in cardiac output (1
mark). During physical activity, all three of these parameters will increase (1 mark). Heart rate will increase
linearly or in direct proportion to the intensity of exercise (1 mark) whilst stroke volume will increase with
increases in exercise intensity up to about 40-60 percent of maximal exercise intensity (1 mark).
Question 5
Five marks available here as follows:
All three of these parameters are inter-related. Ventilation is the product of respiratory frequency multiplied
by tidal volume (1 mark). An increase in either respiratory frequency or tidal volume results in an increase
in ventilation (1 mark). During physical activity, all three of these parameters will increase (1 mark).
Respiratory frequency will increase from about 12-15 breaths per minute at rest up to 35-50 breaths per
minute during maximal intensity exercise (1 mark). Tidal volume will increase from about 0.5 litres per
breath up to 3-5 litres per breath at maximal intensities (1 mark).
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Solution
Pathway
Question 6
Five marks available here – awarded as follows. To access full marks students must include all elements
listed below including the heart valves. Teachers can deduct marks as they deem appropriate for any
missing element.
Nasal cavity ÖPharynx Ö Larynx ÖTrachea Öbronchi ÖBronchioles ÖAlveoli Ö Capillary ÖBlood
ÖRed blood cells
Conclusion
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