Andrew Johnson
 Only Southern Senator to
support the Union
 Jacksonian Democrat.
 Anti-Aristocrat and resented
Southern Slaveholders.
 White Supremacist.
 Agreed with Lincoln that states
had never legally left the Union.
Damn the negroes! I am
fighting these traitorous
aristocrats, their masters!
Administration of Andrew Johnson
«
While Congress was in recess in the summer of 1865,
President Johnson issued his plan of “restoration.”
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
 Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with
property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to
Johnson)
 In new constitutions, they must accept minimum
conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
 Named provisional governors in Confederate states and
called them to oversee elections for constitutional
conventions.
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
EFFECTS?
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state organizations.
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
A Struggle Emerges
«
By the end of 1865, most of the southern states created new governments
that met Johnson’s plan of restoration.
«
However, southern state representatives were not given a warm welcome in
Washington when Congress reconvened in the fall of 1865.
New Southern State Legislatures

The new southern state
legislatures passed a group
of laws known as the black
codes in 1866.

These laws created harsh
conditions to African
Americans.

Some laws allowed to the
imprisonment of unemployed
African Americans, while
others denied their rights
to property.
 Purpose:
Black Codes
*
Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.
*
Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations.
 Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
•An Agricultural
system in which
the landowner
allows a tenant to
use the land in
return for a share
of the crop
produced on the
land
Growing Radical Republican Alarm!
 Many Southern state constitutions fell short of
minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.
 Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES
Is Slavery Dead?
The Civil Rights Act of 1866
•
This act granted citizenship
to African Americans as
well as gave the federal
government the right to
enforce the laws upon the
states.
14th Amendment


Ratified in July, 1868.
*
Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed
people; granted full citizenship to all individuals born in the United
States
*
Insure against neo-Confederate political power.
*
Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black
citizens!
Congress Breaks with the President
 Congress bars Southern Congressional
delegates.
 Joint Committee on Reconstruction
created.
 February, 1866  President vetoed the
Freedmen’s Bureau bill.
 March, 1866  Johnson vetoed the 1866
Civil Rights Act.
 Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s
vetoes  1st in U. S. history!!
Johnson the Martyr / Samson
If my blood is to be shed
because I vindicate the
Union and the preservation
of this government in its
original purity and character,
let it be shed; let an altar to
the Union be erected, and
then, if it is necessary, take
me and lay me upon it, and
the blood that now warms
and animates my existence
shall be poured out as a fit
libation to the Union.
(February 1866)
The 1866 Bi-Election
 A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.
 Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the
country to push his plan.
Johnson’s “Swing around
the Circle”
A Republican Serge

In the congressional elections of 1866, Republicans won a decisive victory
in both houses of Congress. They also gained the control of the
governments in all northern states.

This gave them the edge to take Reconstruction into their own hands.
The Balance of Power in
Congress
State
White Citizens
Freedmen
SC
291,000
411,000
MS
353,000
436,000
LA
357,000
350,000
GA
591,000
465,000
AL
596,000
437,000
VA
719,000
533,000
NC
631,000
331,000
Radical Plan for Readmission
 Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military
supervision.
 Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage
and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.
 In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized
the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the
process of constitution making.
Military Reconstruction Act of 1867
•
•
•
On March 2, 1867, Congress passed its first act.
It called for the creation of new state governments that had not ratified the 14th
Amendment.
It also divided the 10 states into 5 military districts and placed each under the
authority of a military commander until new governments were formed. Finally, each
gave African Americans the right to vote in the state elections.
Other Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Command of the Army Act
*
The President must issue all
Reconstruction orders through
the commander of the military.
 Tenure of Office Act
*
The President could not remove
any officials [esp. Cabinet members]
without the Senate’s consent, if the
position originally required Senate
approval.
 Designed to protect radical
members of Lincoln’s government.
 A question of the
constitutionality of this law.

All these acts are intended to challenge Johnson
Edwin Stanton
The Effects of Reconstruction
Act of 1867
•
•
Congress also passed a second reconstruction act, a few
weeks later, which allowed the military commanders to
prepare for the new state constitutional conventions.
By 1868, seven southern states, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,
Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina had met
the requirements for readmission into the Union. Virginia,
Texas, and Mississippi were readmitted shortly thereafter.
Tensions Increase
•
•
•
By August 1867, the tension
between the Republican
Congress and President Johnson
had reached a dramatic climax.
President Johnson, without the
approval of the Senate,
suspended Secretary of War
Edward Stanton.
He also appointed some generals
that the Congress opposed as
military leaders in the military
districts.
The House Votes for Impeachment
 The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up
the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!
 Impeach means to formal charge with wrongdoing
The Senate Trial
 11 week trial.
 Johnson acquitted
35 to 19 (one short of required
2/3s vote).
 Johnson served the rest of his
term with great difficulty