Wind Farm Design Principles
Module 2.2 – Lesson 001
Tutor: John Stavenuiter PhD
Version: February 2015
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Wind Energy Content & Features
Intended Learning Outcomes
The student has/can/is:
• knowledge and understanding of relevant terminology
• look through the organizational structure, processes and design
aspects, of the asset (Wind Farms) related to expected problems in
Wind farm Design
• able to define a Wind Farm Design approach
• able to describe and execute several techniques used within Wind
Farm Design activities
• understand the necessity of appropriate methods and techniques
• awareness of future threats and opportunities.
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Wind Energy Context & Features
http://www.wwindea.org/webimages/WWEA_half_year_report_2014.pdf
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Global wind map, installed capacity and production
for lead countries (data from 2013)
KEY POINT: good wind
resources are found in many
regions, notably in the United
States, Europe and China,
which lead the global market.
Estimated Renewable Energy Share of
Global Final Energy Consumption, 2012
[Renewables 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT, page 21]
Fossil, the lowest cost of electricity?
How should you calculate?
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[GWEC Global Wind Report 2014]
Pollution from Electric Power
Example from the US
Sulfur Dioxide
70%
Carbon Dioxide
34%
Nitrous Oxides
33%
Particulate Matter
28%
Toxic Heavy Metals
23%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Percentage of U.S. Emissions
Source: Northwest Foundation, 12/97
Electric power is a primary source of industrial air pollution
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80%
Wind Farm Design Principles
2 examples
Offshore Wind Farm Horns Ref, Denmark, 2002
80 Vestas V80-2.0 MW units, in total 160 MW installed
Onshore Wind Farm Anacacho, Texas, 2012
55 Vestas 1.8 MW WT in total 100 MW installed
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Conservative, Moderate, and High
Renewables Scenarios to 2050
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[Renewables GLOBAL FUTURES REPORT 2013]
Wind Energy History
• 1 A.D.
• Hero of Alexandria uses a wind machine to power an organ
• ~ 400 A.D.
• Wind driven Buddhist prayer wheels
• 1200 to 1850
• Golden era of windmills in western Europe – 50,000
• 9,000 in Holland; 10,000 in England; 18,000 in Germany
• 1850’s
• Multiblade turbines for water pumping were made
• 1882
• Thomas Edison commissions first commercial electric generating stations in NYC and London
• 1900
• Competition from alternative energy sources reduces windmill population to fewer than
10,000
• 1850 – 1930
• Heyday of the small multiblade turbines
•
As many as 6,000,000 units installed in US
• 1936+
• US Rural Electrification Administration extends the grid to most formerly isolated rural sites
•
Grid electricity rapidly displaces multiblade turbine uses
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Wind Turbines
Power for a House or City
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Significant Power Source
coal
coal
petroleum
petroleum
natural gas
natural gas
nuclear
nuclear
hydro
hydro
other renewables
other renewables
wind
wind
Wind currently (2014) produces
less than 1% of the world power.
Source: Energy Information Agency
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Wind could
generate
6% of
worlds
electricity
by 2020.
Global Wind Energy Outlook (2014)
Three visions of the future:
1. IEA New Policies Scenario (The baseline scenario obtained by the
International Energy Agency)
2.GWEO Moderate Scenario
3.GWEO Advanced Scenario
The Moderate and Advanced scenario’s are evolved over the years as a
collaboration between the Global Wind Energy Council, Greenpeace
International and the German Aerospace Centre.
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[GLOBAL WIND ENERGY OUTLOOK 2014]
Global Cumulative Wind Power Capacity
Note: As wind power
plays a more and more
central role in our
electricity system, the
various scenarios from
industry, the IEA, NGOs
and others all begin to
converge.
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[GLOBAL WIND ENERGY OUTLOOK 2014]
Wind Power Share of Global Electricity Demand
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[GLOBAL WIND ENERGY OUTLOOK 2014]
Investment and Employment
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[GLOBAL WIND ENERGY OUTLOOK 2014]
Service Team at Work
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[GLOBAL WIND ENERGY OUTLOOK 2014]
Benefits of Wind Power
• Environmental
• Economic Development
• Fuel Diversity & Conservation
• Cost Stability
Wind Farms: Are All the Best Spots Taken?
Source: Vestas
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How much Power a Wind Turbine can generate?
Note: Power is the rate of producing energy. Power is measured in kiloWatts (kW) or MegaWatts (MW).
Energy is what is used to do work and is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or Megawatt-hours (MWh)
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[Wind Learning Centre, 2015]
How much Energy a Wind Farm Turbine can generate?
Notes;
1. Some of turbines in the table are not
suitable for ‘class 1’ sites with annual
average wind speeds above 8.5 m/s,
hence are shown as n/a. Where there
is a figure provided for 9 m/s, this will
be a special ‘class 1 variant’ which
generally has a smaller rotor and
shorter tower to limit the extreme
loads on the turbine.
2. The Enercon E82 comes in three
variants with maximum power outputs
of 2, 2.3 and 3 MW depending on the
average wind speed at the site. In the
table we have selected the most
appropriate variant.
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[Wind Learning Centre, 2015]
Wind Turbine Annual Energy Production
for a range of Annual Mean Wind Speeds
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[Wind Learning Centre, 2015]
How much money would a farm wind turbine
provide?
Each of these components is described in more
detail here along with information on how they can affect
the overall value of the energy generated. If you want a
simple answer, then assuming 100% of the generated
energy was exported with an export rate of 5 p/kWh, then
the value of the electricity generated, per kWh, for the
wind turbine sizes shown below would be:
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[Wind Learning Centre, 2015]
How much does a (small) farm wind turbine cost?
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[Wind Learning Centre, 2015]
Reading Literature
• Renewables 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT,
• Market and Industry Trends, page 30-57
• Policy Landscape, page 74-86
• GWEC-Global-Wind-Report_9-April-2014
• REDEFINING THE COST DEBATE – THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY’S COST
OF ELECTRICITY, page 6-9
• A RENEWABLE ENERGY FUTURE, page 10-15
• GLOBAL WIND ENERGY OUTLOOK 2014
• The Global Wind Energy Outlook Scenarios, page 8-24.
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Assignment for Lesson M2.2-001
As assignment for this lesson you have to answer
8 multiple choice question at the WFL academy
site.
You have passed this lesson when you have a
100% score of right answers.
Success by doing the Question Quiz!
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