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STUDY GUIDE
1. Types of Muscle Tissues
Match the types of muscle tissues with the words and phrases.
1) Skeletal
2) Smooth
1, 3 Striated
_____
3) Cardiac
2 Walls of blood vessels
_____
2, 3 Single nucleus
_____
2, 3 Involuntary
_____
3 Heart muscle
_____
3
_____
Intercalated disks
3
_____
Branching network
1 Skeletal muscles
_____
2 Walls of digestive tract
_____
1 Easily fatigued
_____
2. Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces at the right.
1) A bundle of fibers enveloped by connective tissue.
____________________________________________
Fasciculus
2) Binds all fasciculi together.
____________________________________________
Fibrous connective tissue
3) Connective tissue covering entire muscle.
____________________________________________
Deep fascia
4) Cordlike attachment of a muscle.
____________________________________________
Tendon
5) Sheetlike attachment of a muscle.
____________________________________________
Aponeurosis
6) Plasma membrane of muscle cell.
____________________________________________
Sarcolemma
7) Cytoplasm of a muscle cell.
____________________________________________
Sarcoplasm
8) Threadlike contractile elements.
____________________________________________
Myofibrils
9) Thinner protein filaments in myofibrils.
____________________________________________
Actin
10) Thicker protein filaments in myofibrils.
____________________________________________
Myosin
11) Portion of a myofibril between Z lines.
____________________________________________
Sarcomere
12) Light and dark bands on myofibrils.
____________________________________________
Striations
13) Attachment of motor axon to sarcolemma.
____________________________________________
Neuromuscular junction
14) Depression in sarcolemma receiving axon tip.
____________________________________________
Synaptic cleft
15) Motor neuron and its attached muscle fibers.
____________________________________________
Motor unit
3. Physiology of Muscle Contraction
a.
Write the words that complete the sentences in the spaces at the right.
The axon tip of an activated motor neuron releases
1) Acetylcholine
___________________________________________
____1___ into the ____2___ , where it combines
2) Synaptic
___________________________________________
cleft
with ____3___ on the sarcolemma. This stimulates
3) Receptors
___________________________________________
the release of ____4___ from storage areas, which
4) Calcium
___________________________________________
ions
exposes the active sites on ____5___ filaments.
5) Actin
___________________________________________
Cross-bridges of ____6___ attach to the exposed ac-
6) Myosin
___________________________________________
tive sites and exert a power stroke, which pulls
7) Actin
___________________________________________
the ____7___ filaments and the Z lines toward the
8) Contraction
___________________________________________
center of the A band. This process is rapidly repeated until ____8___ is complete.
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b. Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces provided.
____________________________________________
Cholinesterase
1) Decomposes acetylcholine.
2) Combines with oxygen to store small amounts
of oxygen in muscle cells.
3) Phase of cellular respiration that requires oxygen.
Myoglobin
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Aerobic
4) Products of pyruvic acid breakdown when
CO2, H2O, energy
____________________________________________
adequate oxygen is present.
5) Acid formed from pyruvic acid when adequate
oxygen is not available.
____________________________________________
Lactic acid
6) Provides direct energy for muscle contraction.
____________________________________________
ATP
7) Process releasing energy from nutrients in cells.
____________________________________________
Cellular respiration
8) Chemical whose accumulation produces an
oxygen debt.
____________________________________________
Lactic acid
9) Released from creatine phosphate to quickly
re-form ATP.
c.
____________________________________________
High energy phosphate
Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces at the right.
1) Smallest stimulus causing a contraction.
____________________________________________
Minimal or threshold
2) Activation of a muscle fiber causes a
(all-or-none, graded) contraction.
____________________________________________
All-or-none
3) Primary cause of fatigue.
____________________________________________
Lactic
acid
4) Type of contractions observed in whole
muscles (all-or-none, graded).
____________________________________________
Graded
5) Smallest stimulus that activates all motor
Maximal
____________________________________________
units of a muscle.
6) Activation of an increasing number of motor
____________________________________________
Recruitment
units in a series of contractions.
7) Controls the number of motor units that are
activated.
____________________________________________
Nervous system
8) State of constant, partial contraction.
____________________________________________
Muscle tone
9) State of constant, complete contraction.
____________________________________________
Tetanus
4. Actions of Skeletal Muscles
a.
Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces provided.
1) Fixed end of a muscle.
2) Movable end of a muscle.
____________________________________________
Origin
____________________________________________
Insertion
3) Muscles opposing agonists.
____________________________________________
Antagonists
b. Write the names of the muscles that match the actions.
1) Closes and puckers lips.
____________________________________________
Orbicularis oris
2) Pulls angle of mouth upwards.
____________________________________________
Zygomaticus
3) Helps masseter raise the mandible.
____________________________________________
Temporalis
4) Compresses cheeks.
____________________________________________
Buccinator
5) Pair of neck muscles that flex head.
____________________________________________
Sternocleidomastoid
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6) Pair of neck muscles that extend head.
____________________________________________
Splenius capitus
7) Innermost muscle of abdominal wall.
____________________________________________
Transversus abdominis
8) Raises ribs during inspiration.
____________________________________________
External intercostals
9) Elevates clavicle and scapula.
____________________________________________
Trapezius
10) Draws scapula downward and anteriorly.
____________________________________________
Serratus anterior
11) Adducts and draws humerus across chest.
____________________________________________
Pectoralis major
12) Sheetlike muscle of lower back that adducts
and extends humerus.
____________________________________________
Latissimus dorsi
13) Abducts, flexes, and extends humerus.
____________________________________________
Deltoid
14) Rotates humerus laterally.
____________________________________________
Infraspinatus
15) Assists deltoid in abducting humerus.
____________________________________________
Supraspinatus
16) Assists latissimus dorsi.
____________________________________________
Teres major
17) Assists biceps brachii (two muscles).
____________________________________________
Brachialis
____________________________________________
Brachioradialis
18) Extends forearm.
____________________________________________
Triceps brachii
19) Flexes and rotates forearm laterally.
____________________________________________
Biceps brachii
20) Flexes and abducts wrist.
____________________________________________
Flexor carpi radialis
21) Flexes and adducts wrist.
____________________________________________
Flexor carpi ulnaris
22) Extends fingers.
____________________________________________
Extensor digitorum
23) Extends and adducts wrist.
____________________________________________
Extensor carpi ulnaris
24) Extends and abducts wrist.
____________________________________________
Extensor carpi radialis longus
25) Adducts, flexes, and rotates thigh laterally
(two muscles).
____________________________________________
Adductor longus
____________________________________________
Adductor magnus
26) Abducts and rotates thigh medially.
____________________________________________
Gluteus medius
27) Extends and rotates thigh laterally.
____________________________________________
Gluteus maximus
28) Flexes and abducts thigh.
____________________________________________
Tensor fasciae latae
29) Flexes thigh only (two muscles).
____________________________________________
Iliacus
____________________________________________
Psoas major
30) Flexes leg and thigh.
____________________________________________
Sartorius
31) Flexes leg and adducts thigh.
____________________________________________
Gracilis
32) Group of four muscles that extend leg.
____________________________________________
Quadriceps femoris
33) Three muscles that flex the leg and extend
the thigh.
____________________________________________
Biceps femoris
____________________________________________
Semitendinosus
____________________________________________
Semimembranosus
34) Dorsiflexes and inverts foot.
____________________________________________
Tibialis anterior
35) Flexes leg and plantar flexes foot.
____________________________________________
Gastrocnemius
36) Extends toes and dorsiflexes and everts foot.
____________________________________________
Extensor digitorum longus
37) Plantar flexes and everts foot.
____________________________________________
Peroneus longus
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5.
Major Skeletal Muscles
Label the muscles and associated structures in the following diagrams by writing the names of the labeled
parts in the spaces provided. After labeling, color-code the muscles to help you to distinguish them.
Head and Neck
1
2
1) _______________________________________
Epicranial aponeurosis
2) _______________________________________
Frontalis
4
3) _______________________________________
Occipitalis
3
8
9
10
4) _______________________________________
Epicranius
5) _______________________________________
Masseter
6) _______________________________________
Splenius capitus
7) _______________________________________
Sternocleidomastoid
8) _______________________________________
Temporalis
9) _______________________________________
Orbicularilis oculi
5
6
11
7
12
13
10) _______________________________________
Zygomaticus
11) _______________________________________
Buccinator
12) _______________________________________
Orbicularis oris
13) _______________________________________
Platysma
8
1
9
2
3
Anterior Trunk
10
1) _____________________________________________
Sternocleidomastoid
2) _____________________________________________
Pectoralis minor
4
3) _____________________________________________
Internal intercostal
4) _____________________________________________
Serratus anterior
11
5
5) _____________________________________________
Rectus abdominus
6) _____________________________________________
Internal oblique
7) _____________________________________________
Transversus abdominus
12
6
7
8) _____________________________________________
Trapezius
13
9) _____________________________________________
Deltoid
10) _____________________________________________
Pectoralis major
11) _____________________________________________
Linea alba
12) _____________________________________________
External oblique
13) _____________________________________________
Aponeurosis of external oblique
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Posterior Trunk
1) ______________________________________________
Trapezius
2) ______________________________________________
Deltiod
3) ______________________________________________
Latissimus dorsi
4) ______________________________________________
Levator scapuli
4
1
5) ______________________________________________
Supraspinatus
5
6) ______________________________________________
Infraspinatus
6
2
7) ______________________________________________
Teres minor
7
8) ______________________________________________
Teres major
8
9) ______________________________________________
Rhomboideus major
9
3
Anterior Forearm
1
Biceps brachii
1) ______________________________________________
Brachialis
2) ______________________________________________
2
Brachioradialis
3) ______________________________________________
Extensor carpi radialis longus
4) ______________________________________________
Flexor carpi radialis
5) ______________________________________________
3
Palmerus longus
6) ______________________________________________
4
Flexor carpi ulnaris
7) ______________________________________________
5
6
7
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Posterior Forearm
1) ______________________________________________
Triceps brachii
2) ______________________________________________
Brachioradialis
1
3) ______________________________________________
Extensor carpi radialis longus
4) ______________________________________________
Flexor carpi ulnaris
2
5) ______________________________________________
Extensor digitorum
6) ______________________________________________
Extensor carpi ulnaris
3
4
5
6
1
Anterior Thigh
2
Psoas major
1) _____________________________________________
Iliacus
2) _____________________________________________
3
Tensor fasciae latae
3) _____________________________________________
Sartorius
4) _____________________________________________
7
4
5
6
Rectus femoris
5) _____________________________________________
8
Vastus lateralis
6) _____________________________________________
9
Adductor longus
7) _____________________________________________
Adductor magnus
8) _____________________________________________
10
Gracilis
9) _____________________________________________
Vastus medialis
10) _____________________________________________
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Posterior Thigh
Adductor magnus
1) ______________________________________________
Gracilis
2) ______________________________________________
Semiteudinosus
3) ______________________________________________
6
Semimembranosus
4) ______________________________________________
Gastrocnemius
5) ______________________________________________
7
Gluteus medius
6) ______________________________________________
1
Gluteus maximus
7) ______________________________________________
Biceps femoris
8) ______________________________________________
2
3
8
4
5
4
5
1
2
3
6
Anterior Leg
7
1) ______________________________________________
Peroneus longusnus
2) ______________________________________________
Tibialis anterior
3) ______________________________________________
Extensor digitorum longus
4) ______________________________________________
Patella
5) ______________________________________________
Patellar ligament
6) ______________________________________________
Gastrocnemius
7) ______________________________________________
Soleus
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Lateral Leg
Biceps femoris
1) ______________________________________________
1
Gastrocnemius
2) ______________________________________________
6
Soleus
3) ______________________________________________
Peroneus longus
4) ______________________________________________
Calcaneal tendon
5) ______________________________________________
Vastus lateralis
6) ______________________________________________
2
Tibialis anterior
7) ______________________________________________
3
Extensor digitorum longus
8) ______________________________________________
4
7
8
5
6. Disorders of the Muscle System
Write the names of the disorders in the spaces provided.
1) Inflammation of connective tissues of muscles.
2) Involuntary, tetanic contraction of a muscle.
Fibrositis
____________________________________________
Cramp
____________________________________________
3) Antibodies attach to acetylcholine receptors,
4) Inflammation of muscle tissue.
Myasthenia gravis
____________________________________________
Myositis
____________________________________________
5) A pulled muscle.
Strain
____________________________________________
preventing normal stimulation of muscles.
6) Abnormal increase of fibrous connective tissue
Fibrosis
____________________________________________
in a muscle.
7) Viral disease that destroys motor neurons and
Poliomyelitis
____________________________________________
paralyzes skeletal muscles.
8) Group of diseases characterized by the progressive
Muscular dystrophy
____________________________________________
degeneration of muscles.
9) A bacterial disease that prevents the release of
acetylcholine from axon tips.
10) A bacterial disease commonly called “lockjaw.”
Botulism
____________________________________________
Tetanus
____________________________________________
11) Sudden, involuntary weak contractions of a
Spasms
____________________________________________
muscle or group of muscles.
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7. Clinical Applications
a.
The accumulation of lactic acid can make muscles sore. Would heat or cold applications be best to alleviate the soreness? _____
Heat Explain. ____________________________________________________________
Heat increases blood flow to the affected area which speeds up
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
removal
of waste products.
b. While playing tennis, Jim had a sudden pain on the back of his left thigh. Was this a sprain or a
strain?
A strain.
What muscles were probably involved?
Biceps femoris, semi-
membranosus & semitendinosus
c.
Tom has been working out to build up his muscles. At the microscopic level, how does a muscle increase in size and strength? ____________________________________________________________________
Heavy exercise increases the number of myofibrils in muscle fibers (cells).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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