UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
Maiduguri, Nigeria
CENTRE FOR DISTANCE LEARNING
ARTS
ARA 101A/ISL 106:
BASIC ARABIC
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
UNIT: 2
ii
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
Published
UNIT: 2
2007 ©
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by
mimeograph or any other means without prior permission in writing from the
University of Maiduguri.
This text forms part of the learning package for the academic programme of the
Centre for Distance Learning, University of Maiduguri.
Further enquiries should be directed to the:
Coordinator
Centre for Distance Learning
University of Maiduguri
P. M. B. 1069
Maiduguri, Nigeria.
This text is being published by the authority of the Senate, University of
Maiduguri, Maiduguri – Nigeria.
ISBN:
978-8133-62-2
iii
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
PREFACE
This study unit has been prepared for learners so that they can do most of the
study on their own. The structure of the study unit is different from that of
conventional textbook. The course writers have made efforts to make the study
material rich enough but learners need to do some extra reading for further
enrichment of the knowledge required.
The learners are expected to make best use of library facilities and where feasible,
use the Internet. References are provided to guide the selection of reading
materials required.
The University expresses its profound gratitude to our course writers and editors
for making this possible. Their efforts will no doubt help in improving access to
University education.
Professor J. D. Amin
Vice-Chancellor
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
HOW TO STUDY THE UNIT
You are welcome to this study Unit. The unit is arranged to simplify your
study. In each topic of the unit, we have introduction, objectives, in-text,
summary and self-assessment exercise.
The study unit should be 6-8 hours to complete. Tutors will be available at
designated contact centers for tutorial. The center expects you to plan your work
well. Should you wish to read further you could supplement the study with more
information from the list of references and suggested readings available in the
study unit.
PRACTICE EXERCISES/TESTS
1. Self-Assessment Exercises (SAES)
This is provided at the end of each topic. The exercise can help you to
assess whether or not you have actually studied and understood the topic.
Solutions to the exercises are provided at the end of the study unit for you to
assess yourself.
2. Tutor-Marked Assignment (TMA)
This is provided at the end of the study Unit. It is a form of examination
type questions for you to answer and send to the center. You are expected to work
on your own in responding to the assignments. The TMA forms part of your
continuous assessment (C.A.) scores, which will be marked and returned to you.
In addition, you will also write an end of Semester Examination, which will be
added to your TMA scores.
Finally, the center wishes you success as you go through the different units
of your study.
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Arabic is an extremely rich language, which requires, many years of
study to master. However, it is also very simple to learn, if a student
should try to obtain better foundation and steel framework of his own
interest to proceed.
More ever, the main purpose of this approach is to explain to the
students of this level, in a simple manner that if a student should
endeavour to restrict the material contents in this work to the bare
minimum, it will actually serve him as a stepping-stone to a deeper study of
Arabic language.
This unit of study will simply treat the following topics, the Arabic
alphabets, word classes, genders, the definite and indefinite articles and
personal pronouns
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
ARA 101A/ISL 106:
UNIT: 2
BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 0
T A B L E O F C O N T E N TS
PAGES
PREFACE
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HOW TO STUDY THE UNIT -
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INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
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TOPIC
1.
THE ARABIC ALPHABETS
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2.
WORD CLASSES -
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3.
GENDER
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4.
THE DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE
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ARTICLES 5:
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THE PERSONAL PRONOUN -
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SOLUTION TO EXERCISES
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
T O P I C 1:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
1.0
TOPIC:
THE ARABIC ALPHABETS
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1.1
INTRODUCTION -
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1.2
OBJECTIVES
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1.3
IN-TEXT
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1.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF ARABIC ALPHABETS
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1.3.2 VOWELS
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1.3.3 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS
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1.3.4 DOUBLED CONSONANT
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1.3.5 ACCENT
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1.4
SUMMARY -
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1.5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
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1.6
REFERENCE
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1.7
SUGGESTED READING -
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
1.0 TOPIC:
UNIT: 2
THE ARABIC ALPHABETS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This lesson will only concentrate on the study of the Arabic
alphabets, the consonants, the vowels and the accents.
1.2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
i.
Enable the students know, the Arabic alphabets.
ii.
Enable them to learn, how to pronounce them clearly.
iii.
Make them differentiate, the consonant from the vowels.
iv.
Let them understand the accent and their uses.
1.3
IN-TEXT
1.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF ARABIC ALPHABETS
It is good for a beginner of Arabic study to first of all understand, the
Arabic alphabets, which consist of 29 letters. All of which are
consonants with the exception of the first letter alone.
Below are 29 letters with their names:
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
Name
Ba
Letter
UNIT: 2
Name
Alif
‫ب‬
Tha
Ha
Dal
Ra
Sin
Sad
Ta
Ayn
‫ث‬
‫ح‬
‫د‬
‫ر‬
‫س‬
‫ص‬
‫ط‬
‫ع‬
Fa
KaF
Mim
Waw
Ya
‫ف‬
‫ك‬
‫م‬
‫و‬
‫ي‬
Letter
‫ا‬
‫ت‬
‫ج‬
‫خ‬
‫ذ‬
‫ز‬
‫ش‬
‫ض‬
‫ظ‬
Ta
Jim
Kha
Dhal
Dhay
Shin
Dad
Dha
Ghayn
Qaf
Lam
Nun
Hamza
‫غ‬
‫ق‬
‫ل‬
‫ن‬
‫ء‬
After knowing the Arabic alphabets and their names, the next thing
to follow is to understand the rules and regulations governing its writing.
Generally writing Arabic starts from right to left and most of these letters
are bound to four conditions as follows:
‫أ ب ت ث ج ح‬
1.
Standing alone as indicated above, e.g
2.
Joining to proceeding letter only, e.g
‫ــب‬
3.
‫ــت‬
‫ــث‬
‫ـج‬
‫ـح‬
Joining to proceeding and following
‫ـجع ـحع‬
‫ـثع‬
‫ــتع‬
‫ــبع‬
Joining to the following letter only
‫حس‬
‫بس جس‬
‫تس‬
‫ثس‬
1.3.2 THE VOWELS
There are only three vowel marks in Arabic language, which are
written directly above or below the consonants, they follow. These vowels
are:
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
S/No. NAME
1.
Fatha
SIGN
2.
3.
◌ُ
◌ِ
Dummah
Kassrah
َ◌
UNIT: 2
EXAMPLE
َ‫أَ َب ت‬
ُ ُ‫أُ ب‬
‫ت‬
‫ت‬
‫ب‬
ِ
ِ ِ‫إ‬
These three vowels are shortened here but it can be lengthened by
the following unmarked letters. ‫ا‬, ‫ و‬and ‫ ي‬and these three letters are also
called weak letters e.g. َ ‫ با‬ba ‫ بُو‬bu and ‫ بِي‬. If you observe in certain
common words a long á is expressed by a small alif written above the
consonant ‫( ذلك‬that), ‫ ﷲ‬Allahu, (God) ‫( لكن‬but) and etc. Where the
consonant is not followed by a vowel this is called sukun. Meaning resting
e.g. ◌ْ ْ‫ بِب‬this sign when it falls on a weak consonant ‫ و‬and ‫ ي‬we thus
make two diphthongs composed of a short “a” followed by a vowel less ‫ و‬or
‫ ي‬which pronunciation must be given full consonant value e.g ْ‫ بَو‬baw and
‫ بَ ْى‬bay.
1.3.3 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS
As we had already expressed in the previous lesson that, all the
Arabic alphabets are consonant with the exception of the first letter only.
Therefore, the next thing to know after that, is how to pronounce
them, these letters are pronounced more or less as in English language.
Moreover, a special word has to be said about some letters e.g ‫ ح‬is an
emphatic “h” pronounced with a strong and sustained expulsion if the
breath ‫ خ‬is just like “ch” in the scots “toch” or the German “Ach” but with a
more rasping, guttural sound ‫ ص‬is an emphatic “s” pronounced with the
teeth slightly apart, pressing the tip of the tongue against the lower teeth
and raising the tongue to press also against the upper teeth and palate ‫ض‬
is identified as an emphatic “d” ‫ ط‬an emphatic “t” pronounced with tongue
and teeth in the same position as for ‫ ظ ض‬an emphatic “z” or sometime
pronounced “th” with tongue and teeth in the same position as for ‫ص‬
which it is often confused with ‫ ع‬،‫ ض‬is a guttural stop pronounces with
constriction of the laryux ‫ غ‬exactly the sound one makes while gargling ‫ق‬
this is a guttural “k” pronounced from the back of the throat ‫ ء‬Hamza is
the glottal stop.
The above explained consonants are most of the time very difficult
for non Arab people to pronounce it correctly unless if they preferably
learnt it from Arabs.
1.3.4 DOUBLED CONSONANT
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
Whenever two identical consonants come together and not separated
by a vowel only one should be written with the mark ◌ّ above it. Such is
ّ
called shadda – meaning strengthening, for instance ‫ علّم‬for ‫ع ْللَ َم‬
َ while ‫كذب‬
for ‫ب‬
َ ‫ َك ْذ َذ‬the same thing in ‫ب‬
َ ‫ ھَ ﱠز‬for ‫ب‬
َ ‫ ھَ ْز َز‬And it is very important for the
students to pronounce such doubled consonants clearly other wise, the
meaning might be quite different.
Vowelless dental consonants are generally assimilated to a following
‫ ت‬the first being written without any sign and the second receiving shadda.
‫ﱡ‬
ُ ‫ ق ْد‬qudtu .. The letter is not considered
For example ‫قدت‬
quttu for ‫ت‬
incorrect but in any case the correct pronunciation of the consonants
would about this assimilation.
A vowelless ‫ن‬. assimilated to a following ‫ = ل‬L either in
ْ anal
pronunciation or actually in written as the conjunction e.g ‫ أالﱠ‬for ‫أن‬
meaning that not, and for ‫ إن ال‬into which means if not or otherwise.
However, the process of doubling the final vowel is known as
nunation for instance ٌ‫ = كلب‬kalbun ً ‫ كلبا‬kalban ‫ب‬
ٍ ‫ كل‬kalbin all for a dog.
1.3.5 ACCENT
The accent or stress is as important in Arabic language as well as it is
in English. If you divide a word into syllables you can easily determine
where the accent will fall. Arabic words are divided into short and long
syllables. A short or open syllable consists of consonants and vowel. E.g.
‫ سمع جلس قرأ فتح ذكر‬. A long or closed syllable consists of consonants
with long vowel or consonant, e.g. ‫ ﻣقاتل‬a fighter, ُ‫ ﻣكتوب‬a letter ‫ ﻣسافر‬a
traveler ‫ ﻣدروس‬readable.
The accent is never on the last syllable of a word but falls on the
nearest long or closed syllable to the last e.g .‫ ﻣقاتل‬, ُ‫ ﻣكتوب‬.
1.4
SUMMARY
In this lesson we have already discussed on different issues amount
others are the identification of Arabic alphabets, the conditions governing
its written, the vowels, the pronunciation of consonant of both the singular
and the double consonants and including accent.
1.5
SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISES
1. How many alphabets do you think are there in Arabic language?
2. Can you mention fifteen of them?
3. Arabic language consists of both vowel and consonants. Can you
tell us, the exact number of each?
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
4.
5.
1.6
Explain how to write Arabic letters.
What are the conditions governing the Arabic writing give
three examples?
REFERENCES
David Cowan, (1956), Modern
University Press, London.
1.7
UNIT: 2
Literary Arabic, Cambridge
SUGGESTED READING
Said Salah, (1982) Spoken Arabic.
‫ المكتبة الثقافية – بيروت‬- ‫ معلم القراءة الجزء األول‬،‫عطية ﻣحمد‬
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
TOPIC 2:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
2.0
TOPIC:
WORD CLASS
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2.1
INTRODUCTION -
2.2
OBJECTIVES
2.3
IN-TEXT
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2.3.1 NOUN
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2.3.2 VERB -
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2.3.4 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
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2.4
SUMMARY -
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2.5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
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2.6
REFERENCE
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2.7
SUGGESTED READING -
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2.3.3 ADJECTIVE
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
2.0
TOPIC: WORD CLASSES
2.1
INTRODUCTION
UNIT: 2
In this topic, some topics of Arabic grammar will be
discussed
on, this will be mainly on word classes like the noun, verb, adjective and
demonstrative pronoun.
2.2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
i.
Describe the word classes or the parts of speech like the
noun, verb, adjective and demonstrative pronoun.
ii.
Identify the differences between them, so as to know
how to use them properly in their own expressions.
2.3
IN-TEXT
2.3.1 NOUN
A noun is simply defined as the name of a person, place, animal or
thing. This definition does not differ from the Arabic ones. But we
know that, there are different kinds of nouns. These are:
1.
2.
3.
Common Noun
‫أسماء األدوات واآلالت‬
eg. ‫ طاولة‬A table, ‫ ﻣدرسة‬a school, ‫ ﻣسطرة‬a ruler, ‫ طفل‬a baby,
‫ كلب‬a dog, ‫ حقيبة‬a school bag. Etc.
‫أسماء األشخاص‬
Proper Noun
e.g ‫ ﻣحمد‬Muhammad ‫ فاطمة‬Fatimah, ‫ ادم‬Adam, ‫ ﻣريم‬Maryam‫ يعقوب‬Yakubu.. etc.
Abstract Noun
e.g ‫ حياة‬life, ‫ تفكير‬thoughtfulness, ‫ شك‬doubt ‫ نجاح‬success, ‫سعادة‬
happiness. Etc.
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
4.
UNIT: 2
Collective Noun
e.g ‫ ﻣشاھدون‬audience,‫جماعة‬. congregation, ‫ نادى‬a club, ‫ فريق‬a
team, ‫ شركة‬a company and etc.
2.3.2 VERB
A verb is known as those words, which indicate or tell what a noun or
pronoun does. In Arabic is called ‫ فعل‬fi’lun. There are three kinds of verbs,
which are commonly known in Arabic as follows.
1.
Past Tense is the expression of the past action or state of
being such a tense expresses immediate past action.
Comparatively in Arabic expression about the past action ‫فعل‬
‫ ﻣاضى‬e.g. He did, ‫ فع َل‬he heard ‫ سم َع‬she heard ‫ سمعت‬two of
them ‫ سمعا‬heard ‫ سمعوا‬more than two of them heard‫ سمعتا‬two
females heard.
2.
Present tense is the tense that expresses the current and
habitual action comparatively in Arabic is differed ‫فعل ﻣضارع‬
e.g. ُ‫ أذھب‬I am going, ُ‫ نذھب‬we are going ُ‫ يذھب‬He is going,
ُ‫تذھب‬she is going, ‫ يذھبان‬two males are going ‫ تذھبون‬you are
going, more than two males, or combined with females. ‫تذھبين‬
You are going more than two females. You can notice that the
origin of present tense is formed from the past tense whereby
some letters were added to the beginning of the past tense in
order to change it to present tense. These letters are ‫ا‬, ‫ي‬, ‫ن‬
and ‫ ت‬which are group in a word ‫أنيت‬. So if you apply any of
the four letters above before the past tense definitely it will
change it to present tense as showed above.
3.
Future or Command is the tense that expresses the future
action but compare with Arabic there is different of gender
‫فعل األمر‬
e.g. ‫ إذھب‬go for a male singular ‫ إذھبي‬for a female singular ‫ إذھبا‬for
two males, ‫ إذھبا‬for two females only, ‫ إذھبوا‬For more than two males
or combined, ‫ إذھبن‬for more than two females only.
2.3.3
ADJECTIVE:
Adjective is the word that describes a noun or give more information
about noun but in Arabic there is no grammatical distinction between the
noun and the adjective, where by any adjective can be used as noun.
Adjective pattern is just like nominal patterns make their plurals
either according to the pattern for the sound plural or according to the
broken plural patterns.
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
Such can only be determined through practice in reading or
References to a good dictionary.
There are five major adjective patterns in Arabic language as follows:
.‫فاعل‬. eg. ‫ ذاھب‬a passer, ‫ دارس‬a reader, ‫ ساﻣع‬a listener, ‫ كاتب‬a
writer.
2.
‫ فعيل‬e.g ‫ سعيد‬happy,‫ كريم‬generous, ‫ شريف‬noble ‫ غبي‬a stupid.
3.
‫ فعالن‬: e.g. ‫ كسالن‬a lazy, ‫ عطشان‬a thirsty ‫ نعسان‬a sleepy, ‫ تعبان‬a
tired.
4.
‫ فعول‬: e.g ‫ جھول‬very ignorant, ‫ كسول‬very lazy.
5.
‫ فعّال‬: e.g ‫ أ ّكال‬always eating, ‫ ع ّداء‬always running.
Above are the adjectives used to qualify a noun or pronoun in Arabic
language. But adjective should be used in accordance with the genders of
noun and it is number of quantity. E.g. ،‫ رجال ﻣجتھدون‬،‫ بنت ﻣجتھدة‬،‫ولد ﻣجتھد‬
1.
‫نساء ﻣجتھدات‬
2.3.4 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
A demonstrative pronoun, are those words used to indicate the
position of object pointing at, whether nearby or far away. In this case we
have to understand that, object may be singular dual, plural, feminine or
masculine.
1.
Singular forms of demonstrative pronoun, we used ‫ ھذا‬to indicate the
nearby object whether sensible or insensible, but it must be
masculine gender. If it is feminine gender we use ‫ ھذه‬for a closer
object of both sensible and insensible nature e.g. ‫ ھذه بنت‬this is a girl
‫ ھذه ﻣدرسة‬this is a school.
2.
Dual forms of demonstrative pronoun. Instead of ‫ ھذا‬or ‫ھذه‬, we used
‫ ھذان‬for dual near object whether sensible or insensible but for males
only. In the case of females we used ‫ ھتان‬for them.
3.
Plural form of demonstrative pronoun. We have only one
demonstrative pronoun, which is generally used to indicate the
plural of both males and females respectively. If they are close we
used ‫ ھؤالء‬it has no distinction between the male and the female. But
when the object is far away if singular for both sensible and
insensible nature ‫ ذلك‬is used for feminine ‫ تلك‬is used if for dual
masculine ‫ ذلكما‬is used while for ‫ تلكما‬for feminine. However, ‫أؤالئك‬
is for general.
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
2.4
UNIT: 2
SUMMARY
In this lesson, we have focused on the word classes in which we also
treated many topics such as noun including its kinds verb and its types
adjective and it differences in Arabic language and demonstrative pronoun.
2.5
2.6
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES
1.
There are four types of noun, list them, and give examples of
each in Arabic.
2.
Define what verb means in Arabic language? Then state the
kinds of verb in Arabic, and give some examples under each
of them.
3.
Adjectives are those words use to qualify either a noun or
pronoun. Mention its types and give examples of each.
4.
Demonstrative pronoun is of many categories, state them
and give examples of each in Arabic.
REFERENCE
David
2.7
Cowan, (1956), Modern
University Press, London.
Literary Arabic, Cambridge
SUGGESTED READING
New simplified Arabic Course for Junior Secondary School book I
Spectrum, Ibadan
‫ مبادئ القراءة سلسلة اللغة العربية للتالﻣيذ الجزء الرابع – إبادان‬،‫سيد حمزة ﻣالك الدكتور‬
‫ المكتبة الثقافية – بيروت‬- ‫ ﻣعلم القراءة الجزء األول‬،‫عطية ﻣحمد‬
. ‫علي الجازم وصاحبه النحو الواضح الجزء األول‬
ّ
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
TOPIC 3:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
3.0
TOPIC:
3.1
GENDER
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INTRODUCTION -
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3.2
OBJECTIVES
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3.3
IN-TEXT
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3.3.1 MASCULINE GENDER
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3.3.2 FEMININE GENDER -
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3.3.3 SINGULAR
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3.3.4 DUAL
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3.3.5 PLURAL -
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3.4
SUMMARY -
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3.5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
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3.6
REFERENCE
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3.7
SUGGESTED READING -
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14
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
3.0
TOPIC: GENDER
3.1
INTRODUCTION
UNIT: 2
This lesson will treat different manners of gender, especially the case
of feminine and masculine, in addition to the singular, dual and plural
cases of gender.
3.2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
i.
Identify the differences between the two genders,
masculine and feminine.
ii.
Outline singular, dual and plural forms.
iii.
Elaborate on the proper use of the gender in
expressions.
3.3
IN-TEXT
3.3.1
THE MASCULINE
‫المذكر‬
When we talk of gender we refer to sex differentiation of creatures.
There are four forms of genders in English, they are masculine, feminine,
neutral and common gender. However, in Arabic language, there are only
two grammatical genders, which are, masculine and feminine. Examples of
the masculine e.g. ‫ رجل‬a man, ‫ فقير‬a poor man, ‫ بيت‬a house, ‫ ولد‬a boy ‫كتاب‬
a book ‫ تلميذ‬a pupil, and ‫ ﻣسافر‬a traveller. From the above mentioned, is
understood a masculine is an objective representing male gender.
3.3.2 THE FEMININE
‫المؤنث‬
Generally feminine gender is originated formed from the masculine
gender by suffixing it with what is called Ta’un marbudta ‫ة‬.
For instance, ‫ تلميذة‬a female pupil, ‫ ﻣسافرة‬a female traveller, ‫ فقيرة‬a
poor woman, ‫ ﻣعلمة‬a female teacher.
Some feminine genders end without, ‫ ة‬and s. e.g
A pregnant ‫ حاﻣل‬a desert ‫صحراء‬, while some classes of feminine gender did
not require distinctive ending e.g ‫ أم‬a mother, ‫ عريس‬a bride, ‫ أخت‬a sister,
‫ عجوز‬an old woman, ‫ ﻣرض ٌع‬a suckling mother and etc. In addition to that
we should know that there are also ‫ المؤنث اللفظية‬e.g. ‫ الحرب‬،‫ الشمس‬and
‫ المؤنث المعنوية‬e.g. ‫ اليد‬،‫الدار‬.
Therefore, you should also note that, some parts of the body are
ُ an
considered as feminine gender e.g ‫ يد‬a hand, ‫ عين‬an eye, ‫ج ُل‬
ِ ‫ ِ◌ر‬a foot, ‫أذن‬
ear and etc.
15
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
Apart from the parts of the body there are also some words which are
ٌ a house (not baytun),
treated as feminine gender such as, ٌ‫ حرب‬a war ‫بيت‬
ٌ‫ أرض‬earth, ‫ نا ٌر‬a fire and ‫ ري ٌح‬and etc.
Some words are common genders they are used for both genders.
E.g ‫ طريق‬or ‫ طريقة‬for condition, ‫ حال‬or ‫ حالة‬or for way or road. Although,
we know that “Ta’un marbuta” is one of the significance of female gender
but there are some few names of male ending with it, e.g. ‫ حمزة‬، ،‫ﻣعاوية‬
‫طلحة‬.
3.3.3
SINGULAR FORM OF GENDER
Both genders have singular forms e.g ‫ تلميذ‬for masculine a male
pupil, while ‫ تلميذة‬for feminine a female pupil, ‫ طالب‬a male student while
‫ طالبة‬a female student, ‫ صبي‬for a male child, while ‫ صبية‬a female child. And
etc.
3.3.4
DUAL FORM OF GENDER
Dual case is similar to that of the singular, the only distinction
between them is that we add to letters, ‫ ا‬and ‫ ن‬to the masculine and
feminine gender. E.g ‫ تلميذتان‬for two female pupils, ‫ تلميذان‬for two male
pupils, ‫ طالبان‬for two male students, while ‫ طالبتان‬for two female student and
etc.
3.3.5
PLURAL FORM OF GENDER
In the plural form of gender, the rules are different for both the
singular and dual cases because some nouns are having broken form of
plural e.g ‘‫ طالب‬،‫طالبان‬, ‫ طالب‬، and ‫تلميذ‬, ‫تلميذان‬, the plural is ‫تالﻣيذ‬, pupils. In
the case of feminine gender examples are ‫ تلميذة‬, ‫تلميذتان‬while plural is ‫تلميذات‬
and ‫طالبة‬, ‫ طالبتان‬plural form is ‫ طالبتان‬for female students.
As we are studying gender, we notice that generally, feminine gender
is also originates from the masculine gender. The issues of singular, dual
and the plural forms of gender are also attached to the origin form of
masculine.
3.4
SUMMARY
In this topic we discussed gender, its types and forms
16
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
3.5
UNIT: 2
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
1. Differentiate the masculine from feminine gender?
2. List the distinction between the feminine and
masculine gender.
3. State two significances of dual form of gender.
17
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
3.6
UNIT: 2
REFERENCES
David Cowan, (1956), Modern Literary Arabic, Cambridge
University, London.
3.7
SUGGESTED READING
New simplified Arabic Course for Junior Secondary School book I
Spectrum, Ibadan.
‫ مبادئ القراءة سلسلة اللغة العربية للتالﻣيذ الجزء الرابع – إبادان‬،‫سيد حمزة ﻣالك الدكتور‬
‫ المكتبة الثقافية – بيروت‬- ‫ معلم القراءة الجزء األول‬،‫عطية ﻣحمد‬
‫علي الجازم وصاحبه النحو الواضح الجزء األول‬
ّ
18
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
TOPIC 4:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
4.0
TOPC:
THE DEFINITE AND THE INDEFINITE
ARTICLES
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4.1
INTRODUCTION -
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4.2
OBJECTIVES
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4.3
IN-TEXT
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4.3.1
INDEFINITE
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4.3.2
DEFINITE -
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4.4
SUMMARY -
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4.5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
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4.6
REFERENCE
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4.7
SUGGESTED READING -
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
4.0
TOPIC: THE DEFINITE AND THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES
4.1
INTRODUCTION
UNIT: 2
This lesson will focus on the Definite and the indefinite articles and
its kinds in Arabic grammar.
4.1
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
i.
Define the definite and the indefinite word articles in
Arabic.
ii.
Distinguish between the definite and the indefinite
articles in Arabic.
4.3
IN-TEXT
4.3.1 THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES
In Arabic language, there is nothing known as indefinite article. This
is because, the definite article is for most cases, numbers, and genders is ‫أل‬
al which is written prefixed to the word it defines. The words with
indefinite articles could only be identify when they are free of these articles.
Whenever a noun or adjective is defined with definite article it will
lose its nunation with immediate effect eg. ٌ‫ كتاب‬a book, ُ‫ الكتاب‬the book, ‫قل ٌم‬, a
pen ‫ القل ُم‬the pen ‫ رج ٌل‬a man ‫ الرج ُل‬the man etc.
We should understand that the article is something different from
the nunation, therefore, they are two distinct things and they will never
meet each other in a noun or adjective.
4.3.2 THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
As it is indicated previously that in Arabic language, there is nothing
known as indefinite article but nunation. So, to Arabs the noun or
adjective can be either nunated or defined. These are major ways of
qualifying a noun or an adjective e.g ‫ رج ٌل‬nunated a man ‫ الرج ُل‬defined the
ٌ nunated ‫البيت‬
ُ
man ‫بيت‬
defined the house all these are noun. Adjectives are
‫ صغي ٌر‬nunated ‫ الصغي ُر‬defined the small,‫ي‬
ٌ ‫ قو‬nunated a strong, ‫ي‬
ُ ‫ القو‬defined
the strong, etc.
20
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
4.4
UNIT: 2
SUMMARY
This topic concentrated on the definite and the indefinite articles
only.
4.5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES
1.
2.
3.
4.6
Differentiate between the Definite and the indefinite articles
State the significance of definite and indefinite articles
How can you change indefinite noun to definite noun in
Arabic.
REFERENCE
David Cowan, (1956) Modern Literary Arabic Cambridge University
Press London
4.7
SUGGESTED READING
Adeoye Ajetunmobi, School Certificate (1973) Ogunsanya Press Pub.
badan.
New Simply Arabic Course for Junior Secondary school Book II
Spectrum, Ibadan.
21
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
TOPIC 5:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
5.0
TOPIC:
THE PERSONAL PRONOUN -
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5.1
INTRODUCTION -
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5.2
OBJECTIVES
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5.3
IN-TEXT
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5.3.2. SECOND PERSON PERSONAL PRONOUN -
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5.3.3. THIRD PERSON PERSONAL PRONOUN -
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5.4
SUMMARY -
5.5
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5.3.1. FIRST PERSON PERSONAL PRONOUN
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SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES
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5.6
REFERENCES
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5.7
SUGGESTED READINGS
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
5.0
TOPIC: THE PERSONAL PRONOUN
5.1
INTRODUCTION
UNIT: 2
This topic will discuss on the personal pronoun of its elements.
5.2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
i.
Describe the personal pronoun and its elements
ii.
Differentiate between the first person, second person
and third forms of personal pronoun in Arabic
5.3
5.3.1
IN-TEXT
THE PERSONAL PRONOUN
When we talk about the personal pronoun, I think it is necessary for
us to understand the three conditions of speaking, which are, the
first person, second person and third person.
These conditions are very important to this study, because we
use pronoun to replace a noun in its absence.
Now let us discuss on the three conditions one by one.
‫المتكلم‬
This has only two forms of both are singular and plural. E.g singular
we use ‫ أنا‬meaning I. While plural is ‫ نحن‬means ‘we’ for both
feminine and masculine gender.
5.3.1.1 THE FIRST PERSON
5.3.1.2 THE SECOND PERSON
We have five pronoun under this category, which, are, ‫ أنت‬anta for
you a male, while ‫ أنت‬for you a female a ‫ أنتما‬for both of you, whether
ّ , for
female or male alike ‫ أنتم‬for more than two males or combine ‫أنتن‬
more than two females only.
5.3.1.3 THE THIRD PERSON
We also have five personal pronouns that are representing this form.
These are, ‫ ھو‬for a singular male meaning He, while ‫ ھي‬for a singular
female she, ‫ ھما‬this is use for both male and females while ‫ ھم‬is used
ّ is used.
for males when it is females only ‫ھن‬
All the personal pronouns are twelve in numbers as follows:
23
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
ّ ،‫ ھم‬،‫ ھما‬،‫ ھي‬،‫ ھو‬،‫أنتن‬
ّ ،‫ أنتم‬،‫ أنتما‬، ‫ت‬
‫ھن‬
ِ ‫ أن‬، َ‫ أنت‬،‫ نحن‬،‫أنا‬
Two for the first person =
‫ ضمير المتكلم أنا‬for singular while ‫نحن‬
for plural
Five for the Second person:
= ‫ت‬
ِ ‫ أن‬،‫ ضمير المخاطب أنت‬for the
singular of both female and male then ‫ أنتما‬for dual of both genders,
ّ
‫ انتم‬for male only or combined ‫أنتمن‬
is for female only.
While the rest five are for the third person: = ،‫ ھي‬،‫ضمير الغائب ھو‬
for the singular of both male and female ،‫ ھما‬for dual of both
ّ use only for females.
genders ‫ ھم‬is for male only or combined ‫ھن‬
We should understand that all personal pronouns are categorized in
two forms attached and detached personal pronoun attached e.g. ،‫ھما‬
ّ ،‫ ھم‬detached e.g. ‫ أنتم‬،‫ أنتما‬،‫ت‬
،‫ھن‬
ِ ‫ أن‬، َ‫ أنت‬etc.
5.4
SUMMARY
This topic focussed on the personal pronoun and its elements in
general.
5.5 SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES
1.
2.
3.
5.6
State the condition of personal pronouns
What are the elements of personal pronouns?
How can you differentiate Personal pronouns?
REFERENCES
David Cowan, 1956, Modern Literary Arabic, Cambridge University
Press, London.
5.7
SUGGESTED READINGS
Adeoye Ajetunmobi, School Certificate (1973) Ogunsnya Press Pub,
Ibadan.
Spectrum New simplified Arabic Course for Junior Secondary
School,
Book II.
24
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
TOPIC 1
1. Arabic language consists of 29 alphabets.
2. All of the Arabic letters are consonants, with the
exception of the first letter alone.
3. The Arabic vowels are:
Fatha َ◌ Dummah ◌ُ and Kassrah ◌ِ
4. The conditions governing the Arabic writing are:
a. Starting from right to left.
b. Standing alone.
c. Joining to proceeding letter only.
d. Joining to proceeding and following letter.
e. Joining to following letter only.
TOPIC 2
1.
Four kinds of noun are:
i.
Common – e.g
‫طاولة ﻣدرسة طفل‬
ُ‫ﻣحمد عل ُي ﻣري ُم فاطمة‬
ii. Proper e.g
iii. Abstract e.g
‫شجاعة حياة نجاح‬
iv. Collective e.g
‫شركة نادى فريق‬
2.
Verb in Arabic means: ‫الفعل‬
TOPIC 3
1.
The conditions governing Personal pronoun are:
i. First person e.g ‫أنا‬
‫نحن‬
ّ ‫أنتما أنتم‬
ii. Second person e.g ‫ت أنت‬
ِ ‫أنتن أن‬
ّ
iii. Third person e.g ‫ھو‬
‫ھم ھما ھي‬
‫ھن‬
25
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
TOPIC 4
1.
2.
3.
Articles in Arabic is of two categories, which are:
Definite article ‫لنعريف‬
‫ال‬
ٍ
Nunation for indication of an indefinite state of a word
‫التنوين للتنكير‬
4.
The distinction between the feminine and masculine
genders are:
i.
ii.
Masculine gender is not ending with ‫ ة‬while
feminine gender is ending with it.
The feminine gender has many symbol of
ending such as one mentioned above, ‫ع ي‬
‫ ا‬and other special cases.
26
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
QUESTION ONE:
A.
B.
Write all Arabic alphabets with fatha sign on top.
Explain the distinction between letter ‫ ك‬and ‫ق‬
QUESTION TWO:
Verb is divided into how many forms?
Demonstrative pronoun also has how many forms?
QUESTION THREE:
A.
B.
C.
What gender are the following
‫عجوز عروس أخت‬
What gender do you think all parts of the body are?
Mention two common genders you know.
QUESTION FOUR:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
When ever a noun or an adjective loses its nunation it will
eventually obtain
Define these nunated nouns, ‫كتابٌ قل ٌم رج ٌل‬
‫ المتكلم‬means ______
How many personal pronouns do we have?
Mention only six of them.
27
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
TUTOR – MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1.
Complete the following with suitable Adjective.
........................‫أشجار‬
.......................‫ﻣساحة‬
...........................‫بالد‬
.......................‫ﻣصانع‬
.......................‫ﻣدارس‬
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
2.
:‫أشر إلى األسماء اآلتية باسم إشارة ﻣناسب للبعيد‬
:(‫ أولئك‬،‫ تلك‬،‫)ذلك‬
‫ طالب‬................. .1
‫ دراجة‬................. .2
‫ دراجات‬................. .3
‫ بنات‬................. .4
‫ ﻣشجعون‬................. .5
3.
Translate the following into English:
‫السيارة‬
‫المكتبة‬
‫السوق‬
‫المدرسة‬
‫الكتاب‬
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28
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri