BHS 150.1 – Course I
Notetaker: Laurel Hammang
Date: 10/11/12, 1st hour
Page1
Case #3
21 year old Caucasian male with gradual decreased vision…
Bluish tint in conjunctiva is first clue
What can cause this?
Thinning of conjunctiva, can see reflection of choroid (abnormal)
Normal in babies
Examine cornea next, see mild thinning in center
Vogt’s striae are present: stress lines
Stretching
Pachymetry is lower than average (normal is closer to 540-550um)
What’s happening? KERATOCONUS
Vogt’s straie, bulging thin cornea, right age range to be developing keratoconus
Causes:
No one really knows, but eye rubbing may play a role, abnormal collagen (probably a bigger
concern because of bluish tint)
Contact lens conform to cornea and push on it, making his eyes and vision slightly better
Collagen Problems:
Osteogenesis imperfecta, Allergan Luis syndrome (spelling?) Marfan’s syndrome
Education:
Don’t rub eyesuse allergy eye drops to quit itching
Treatment options: RGPs, scleral lenses (or combination), corneal transplant (severe case)
Course of condition in futureother possible systemic problems
Explain things now so that he doesn’t look things up on the Internet alone
Nutrition (multivitamin) to support collagen production
Genetic testing
Clicker Questions
How many moles of ATP are produced when one mole of acetyl coA is completely oxidized to carbon
dioxide and water (assume the use of the glycerol phosphate shuttle)? 12 ATP
(Get 36/38 from Glucose)
The role of the electron transport chain in the production of ATP is to Accept electrons from NADH and
then pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
The role of the ATP synthase in the production of ATP is to allow protons to flow down their
concentration gradient, which provides energy to make ATP.
Why are we concerned about learning the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation (energy production)?
the corneal endothelial cells need lots of energy to keep the cornea clear and hydrated
appropriately to keep all the pumps working and maintaining the appropriate concentrations
Kreb’s cycle occurs in mitochondria in endothelial cells
FA synthesis allows provides lots of energy (storage of glucose)
How do we get energy from the FAs?
(mostly found in membrane-NOT in mitochondria)
break down (oxidation of) FA in mitochondria to get most energy out of them (where Krebs and
ETC occurs)
shuttle them into mitochondria using Fatty acyl CoA and carnitine
activate FA by adding high energy S bond onto it (Acyl CoA synthetase)
USE 2 ATPs TO ACTIVATE
Fatty Acyl CoA can move across outer membrane freely
Fatty Acyl Coa needs carnitine acyl transferase to get into inner membrane: transfers FA from CoA to
carnitine, so carnitine can carry FA across inner membrane
Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase moves carnitine back into intermembrane space to shuttle more FAs
inside
carnitine deficiency=muscle weakness because can’t use FA as energy source
FA Beta Oxidation is reverse of FA Synthesis (using the dimer, adding 2 Carbons on at a time)
In each oxidation, undergo 3 reactions, shortening FA by 2 carbons (acetyl CoA) each time
Also get 1 NADH (makes 3 ATPs) and 1 FADH2 (makes 2 ATPs)
With a 16 Carbon FA, get 8 Acetyl CoAs, 7 NADHs, 7 FADH2s
Series of Reactions:
Oxidation: Dehydrogenase creates double bond and get 1 FADH2 (to accept electrons)
Hydration: add water across double bond and get a NADH
Oxidation: use CoA and thiolase to cleave bond to release acetyl coA
(CoA attaches to end of chain)
**Know order of reactions and what happens at the end
pg 189 Answers:
7 repititions
7 of each
FADH2: 2 ATPs
NADH: 3 ATPs
Total of 5 ATPs
5 ATPs * 7 cycles= 35 ATPs
8 acetyl CoA + 12 (1st clicker question)= 96 + 35 - 2 ATP (used at beginning) = 129 ATP
*Test Questions will always ask about palmitate, not palmitoyl CoA, so must subtract the 2 ATP
used
*Look over this stuff for next Thursday: Review for final and we’ll go over the homework 4 (due
Thursday).