Name __________________________________________________________________
Exam #3
Anatomy and Physiology
Multiple Choice: (20 Pts) Circle the letter that corresponds to correct answer(s). There may
be any number of correct answers in each question.
1)
Functions of the endocrine system include;
a.
Development
b.
Reproduction
c.
Homeostasis
d.
Red Blood Cell Production
e.
Metabolism
2)
Blood leaving the heart from the left ventricle;
a.
Enters the Aorta
b.
Enters the Pulmonary trunk
c.
Enters the Pulmonary Artery
d.
Enters the Vena Cava
e.
Is in the systemic circulation
f.
Is in the pulmonary circulation
3)
Sympathetic innervation of the heart works through;
a.
α1 adrenergic receptors
b.
β1 adrenergic receptors
c.
β2 adrenergic receptors
d.
Cholinergic receptors
e.
Muscarinic receptors
f.
Nicotinic receptors
4)
The calcium influx during cardiac muscle action potentials;
a.
Creates a plateau
b.
Makes contractions quicker
c.
Prevents tetanus in cardiac muscle fibers
d.
Initiates Action Potentials in chordae tendenae
e.
Closes valves
5)
Cellular respiration includes;
a.
Transport of oxygen between alveoli and blood
b.
Transport of oxygen between blood and tissue
c.
Transport of oxygen between interstitial fluids and cells
d.
Transport of carbon dioxide between tissue and blood
e.
Transport of carbon dioxide between blood and alveoli
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6)
Human Hemoglobin;
a.
Binds oxygen
b.
Contains iron
c.
Has four subunits
d.
Has six subunits
e.
Blocks Chloride flow
7)
The pleura and pleura sac;
a.
Surround the lungs
b.
Prevent Lungs from collapsing
c.
Pass oxygen to the blood
d.
Pass oxygen from the blood
8)
The kidneys have many functions including;
a.
Water balance
b.
Urine formation
c.
pH maintenance
d.
Elimination of nitrogenous wastes
e.
Maintaining plasma osmolarity
9)
The outer portion of the kidney is known as the;
a.
Cortex
b.
Calyx
c.
Pyramids
d.
Pelvis
e.
Medulla
10) Inulin;
a.
b.
c.
d.
Freely enters the glomerular filtrate
Does not enter the glomerular filtrate
Is completely reabsorbed
Is not reabsorbed
Definitions: (25 Pts) Define the following terms.
11) Systole
12) Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
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13) Law of LaPlace
14) Pneumothorax
15) Porphyrin ring
16) Aldosterone
17) Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
18) Tubular Maximum (Max)
19) Counter Current Exchanger (multiplier)
20) Vasoconstriction
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Short Answers: (30 Pts) Answer the following questions. Diagrams are frequently
useful, so feel free to use them if necessary.
21) List the steps to identify a putative hormone – in other words, how do you know
you have a hormone?
22) Explain how carbon dioxide is transported in the form of Bicarbonate ion from the
tissues to the lungs for release. Be specific. A diagram will almost certainly help.
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31) (10 Pts) On the Oxygen Hemoglobin dissociation curve drawn below;
a.
Label the axis with units
b.
Draw a Bohr Shift
i.
Why is the Bohr Shift physiologically important?
c.
Why is the upper plateau physiologically important?
100
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32) On the schematic diagram below explain (draw) movement of sodium and
potassium to or from the lumen of the renal tube (drawn below on the left) to or from the
peritubular capillary.
Lumen
Tubular
Epithelium
Interstitial
Fluid
Peritubular
Capillary
33) What are the three steps to urine formation? Briefly describe each.
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Essays: (25 Pts) Answer the following question in as much detail as possible.
34) You are sitting in the woods after eating a very messy sandwich, so you are covered
with sandwich drippings, when all of a sudden you realize that your feet are resting on a
bear cub, and his mother is out to get you like you got the sandwich. So you stand up and
run like mad. In this situation it is obviously important to increase cardiac output…..so
a.
What is the equation for cardiac output?
b.
How does standing up increase cardiac output – be specific and show the
specific equation.
c.
In this situation, you will also activate the sympathetic branch of the
autonomic nervous system.
i.
Describe a pacemaker potential
1.
Include which ions are crossing the membrane and which are
not.
2.
How does activation of the sympathetic branch of the
autonomic nervous system alter pacemaker potentials (be specific)
d.
On the Wigger’s diagram below, indicate the following
i.
When EACH valve opens AND closes
ii.
Isovolumetric contraction
iii.
Stroke volume
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