Final Exam.
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which is an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to another protein called angiotensin I?
A) Angiotensase
B) Angiogenesis
C) Angiotensin II
D) Renin
2) The lack of voluntary control over urination because of the inability to control the external
urethral sphincter is called:
A) urinary incontinence.
B) bladder control.
C) urination.
D) micturation.
3) Which can be defined as the failure to completely empty urine from the bladder?
A) Detrusor
B) Urinary incontinence
C) Urinary retention
D) Urination
4) An infection of the kidneys due to bacteria migrating from the bladder through the ureters to
the kidneys is referred to as:
A) urinary retention.
B) pyelonephritis.
C) urethritis.
D) cystitis.
5) Which is a hormone that reduces blood volume and pressure as well as increasing urine
volume?
A) Erythropoietin
B) Atrial natriuretic peptide
C) Aldosterone
D) Renin
6) The hormone whose activity is reduced due to the presence of caffeine is:
A) renin.
B) aldosterone.
C) atrial natiuretic peptide.
D) antidiuretic hormone.
7) An abrupt cessation of kidney function is called:
A) chronic renal failure.
B) pyelonephritis.
C) cystitis.
D) acute renal failure.
8) Small, hard crystals that form from the precipitation of calcium or uric acid out of the urine are
called:
A) kidneys nodules.
B) glomerulous.
C) kidney stones.
D) kidney crystals.
9) Thick, smooth muscle located at the junction of the bladder and urethra that aids in pushing
stored urine into the urethra is called the:
A) external urethral sphincter.
B) internal urethral sphincter.
C) urinary sphincter.
D) medial urethral sphincter.
10) The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) acts to stimulate cells that are located in the ________ of
an adult.
A) blood
B) kidneys
C) spleen
D) bone marrow
11) A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates the amount of water reabsorbed by
the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts of the nephrons is known as:
A) aldosterone.
B) atrial natriuretic peptide.
C) antidiuretic hormone.
D) diuretic hormone.
12) Drugs or compounds such as alcohol or caffeine promote the formation of urine. These
chemicals are known as:
A) diuretics.
B) renal stimulators.
C) antidiuretics.
D) hormones.
13) Which of the following is a disease characterized by the excretion of large amounts of dilute
urine caused by a deficiency of ADH?
A) Renal failure
B) Diabetes insipidus
C) Pyelonephritis
D) Cystitis
14) Which of the following is a hormone that regulates the reabsorption of sodium by the distal
convoluted tubules and collecting ducts?
A) Angiotensin
B) ANP
C) ADH
D) Aldosterone
15) A region of the nephron that regulates the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole, which
causes the stimulation and release of aldosterone is the:
A) loop of the nephron.
B) Bowman's capsule.
C) juxtaglomerular apparatus.
D) glomerulus.
16) The nephron is under hormonal control for sodium and water reabsorption at the:
A) Bowman's capsule.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) loop of the nephron.
D) distal convoluted tubule.
17) The inability to control the urination reflex in babies and young children is due to lack of
control over the:
A) internal urethral sphincter.
B) external urethral sphincter.
C) ureters.
D) detrusor muscle.
18) Urinary tract infections are often caused by E. coli bacteria. This type of bacteria normally live
in the intestinal tract but cause infection when it enters the urinary tract. The reason women are
more susceptible to this type of infection than men is because:
A) women have shorter urethras than men.
B) the opening of the urinary tract is closer to the anus than it is in men.
C) the bacteria can be transmitted to the urethra during sex.
D) All of the above.
19) The urinary system of humans is capable of removing excess amounts of all the following
materials from the blood except:
A) plasma proteins.
B) water.
C) hydrogen ions.
D) urea.
20) A person has glucose in his or her urine as determined by a urinalysis. The area of the
nephron that must be malfunctioning to allow glucose to be passed into the urine is the:
A) loop of the nephron.
B) distal convoluted tubule.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
21) This type of hormone characteristically requires a second messenger.
A) Lipid-soluble
B) Steroid
C) Water-soluble
D) Prostaglandins
22) In males, the primary source of estrogens is the:
A) hypothalamus.
B) heart.
C) adrenal cortex.
D) ovaries.
23) When a woman breast-feeds, oxytocin causes the milk to move from the glands and toward
the nipples. What other organ might also react at that time?
A) Uterus
B) Rectum
C) Thymus
D) Perilymph
24) Which hormone causes glucose levels to increase in the blood stream by influencing the liver
to convert glycogen to glucose?
A) Thyroxin
B) Adrenaline
C) Glucagon
D) Insulin
25) Cancer cells often fail to respond to certain hormones because they lack this cell membrane
feature important in binding with that specific hormone.
A) DNAs
B) Dockers
C) Targets
D) Receptors
26) Normally, when the pancreas senses rising blood glucose, it secretes:
A) insulin.
B) glycogen.
C) glucagon.
D) thyroxin.
27) Which of these lipid molecules functions in the body's inflammatory response and to prevent
blood clots, regulate body temperature, and open airways to the lungs?
A) Carotenoid
B) Prostaglandins
C) Leukotrines
D) Melanin
28) Which of the following hormones may take part in one or more of these functions: influence
daily rhythms, inhibit fertility hormones, inhibit melanin production, and influence sleep
patterns?
A) Melatonin
B) Thymosin
C) Oxytocin
D) Growth
29) High blood pressure would be more likely associated with this hormone.
A) Growth hormone
B) Estrogen
C) Aldosterone
D) Calcitonin
30) Eating lots of shrimp would tend to decrease the incidence of which of the following
conditions?
A) Simple goiter
B) Graves' disease
C) Gigantism
D) Diabetes insipidus
31) Maria has been in labor for 12 hours and her obstetrician thinks that it is time to artificially
induce birth. What hormone will the physician inject?
A) Prolactin
B) Vasopressin
C) Somatostantin
D) Oxytocin
32) Inflammatory processes can be painful and even dangerous if they continue inappropriately.
Which of the following would control those processes?
A) Thyroid hormone
B) Growth hormone
C) Vasopressin
D) Cortisol
33) The hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary are connected by:
A) the circulation.
B) nerve cells.
C) special ducts.
D) There is no connection.
34) Parathyroid hormone causes the blood calcium level to rise, but calcitonin causes those levels
to fall. The relationship between the two hormones would be said to be:
A) expressive.
B) antagonistic.
C) synergistic.
D) permissive.
35) Which is the hormone that stimulates growth by increasing cell size or increasing the rate of
cell division?
A) Calcitonin
B) Growth Hormone
C) Oxytocin
D) Tropic hormone
36) A hormone that stimulates the release of a future egg cell by the ovaries in females is which of
the following?
A) Luteinizing
B) Follicle-stimulating
C) Oxytocin
D) Prolactin
37) An injection of ACTH would cause an increase in the release of which of the following
hormones?
A) Thyroxin
B) Aldosterone
C) Growth hormone
D) Antidiuretic hormone
38) Sue has begun to lactate but she is not pregnant and her youngest child is 14 years old. What
might be causing this abnormality?
A) Excess estrogen
B) Progesterone production
C) Hyperthyroidism
D) Pituitary tumor
39) Sandhu has type I diabetes so he must frequently inject himself with insulin. He has to be
careful not to inject himself too often or with too much of the hormone because this vital chemical
will virtually disappear from his bloodstream.
A) Glycogen
B) Oxycontin
C) Glucose
D) Oxygen
40) Gian-Carlo is going to have his adrenal cortex removed because of a tumor. After the surgery
he will need:
A) melatonin and insulin.
B) oxytocin.
C) cortisol.
D) calcitonin.
41) Which of the following does not contain granules in the cytoplasm?
A) Neutrophils
B) Eosinophils
C) Basophils
D) Lymphocytes
42) Which of these is not an example of a plasma protein?
A) Glucose
B) Globulin
C) Albumin
D) Antibody
43) Which of these is part of the defense against parasites such as tapeworms and hookworms
that have invaded the body?
A) Neutrophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) Eosinophils
D) Monocytes
44) Which of these lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells, which can then produce antibodies?
A) T lymphocytes
B) Basophils
C) Eosinophils
D) B lymphocytes
45) A hormone produced in the kidney that is released in response to low oxygen levels to
stimulate the production of red blood cells is called:
A) hemoglobin.
B) erythropoietin.
C) Rh factor.
D) progesterone.
46) Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which a person bleeds excessively because
they have a faulty gene for a clotting factor that is inherited on the X chromosome?
A) Cru-du-chat
B) Down syndrome
C) Hemophilia
D) Color blindness
47) Which of these conditions is a cancer of the blood cells that causes uncontrolled division of
white blood cells, causing the number of cells to increase?
A) Mononucleosis
B) Leukemia
C) Anemia
D) Sickle cell anemia
48) Once in the active form, thrombin actually causes which molecule to change?
A) Fibrinogen
B) Thrombin
C) Plasmin
D) Prothrombin
49) Which of the following are blood clots that drift through a person's circulatory system?
A) Prothrombin
B) Formed elements
C) Platelet plug
D) Embolus
50) Which protein functions to break down clots after wounds heal?
A) Plasmin
B) Plasminogen
C) Thrombin
D) Fibrinogen
51) The liquid portion of the blood that consists of about 55% of the total volume of blood is
referred to as:
A) stem cells.
B) distilled water.
C) plasma.
D) platelets.
52) Infectious mononucleosis is caused by:
A) pernicious anemia.
B) Epstein Barr virus.
C) lead poisoning.
D) blood doping.
53) Which white blood cell plays an important role in the body's defense against parasitic worm
infection?
A) Neutrophils
B) Basophils
C) Eosinophils
D) Monocytes
54) Which protein transports oxygen in the blood stream?
A) Plasminogen
B) Hemoglobin
C) Erythropoietin
D) Thrombin
55) Which of these leukocytes are the most abundant and begin to phagocytize pathogens to
reduce the spread of infection?
A) Eosinophils
B) Monocytes
C) Erythrocytes
D) Neutrophils
56) Where is the birthplace of most formed elements located?
A) Red bone marrow
B) Yellow bone marrow
C) Thymus
D) Lymph nodes
57) Sometimes the immune system overreacts from exposure to a normally harmless thing like
cat hair. Subsequent exposure to this allergen elicits a massive inflammatory response. Since the
chemical histamine is the cause of this type of large inflammation, what cell type is most likely to
be behind the problem?
A) Neutrophils
B) Basophils
C) Lymphocytes
D) Macrophages
58) Neutrophils engulf microbes by phagocytosis to fight an infection. Normally, they perform
this function for some time but then die off. These dead cells and other foreign materials form
pus. What cell then cleans up all the dead neutrophils?
A) Macrophages
B) More neutrophils
C) Basophils
D) Eosinophils
59) A doctor is treating a patient with some form of anemia. First, they try to give the patient
extra vitamins that contain iron, with no effect. The RBCs are normally shaped and there is no
sign of lead poisoning. The doctor tries an injection of vitamin B12, and the anemia is under
control. What type of anemia did the patient have?
A) Iron deficiency
B) Sickle cell
C) Pernicious
D) Hemorrhagic
60) Polycythemia is a disease characterized by an abnormally high number of red blood cells.
This makes the blood thick, hard to pump, and it may tend to clog up the vascular system.
Athletes sometimes try to mimic this by an illegal practice in an attempt to boost oxygen delivery.
This practice is called:
A) blood doping.
B) leukemia.
C) bloodletting.
D) bone marrow transplant.