LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Language of Anatomy
Martini Chapter 1
Credit: Portland Community College
Edited 2009
Anatomy
• Gross anatomy: the study of body structures
visible to the naked eye (without a
microscope)
• Microscopic anatomy:
• Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures of
individual cells
• Histology: examination of tissues (groups of
specialized cells that work together to perform
a specific function.
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Anatomical Position
• Anytime you describe structures
relative to one another, you must
assume this standard position:
• Body erect
• Feet slightly apart
• Palms facing forward
• Thumbs point away from body
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Anterior
Landmarks
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Posterior
Landmarks
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Anatomical Locations
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Abdominal: abdominal region
Acromial: the point of the shoulder
Antebrachial: forearm
Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow
Axillary: armpit
Brachial: upper arm
Buccal: cheek of the face
Calcaneal: heel of the foot
Carpal: wrist
Cephalic: head
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Anatomical Locations
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Cervical: neck
Deltoid: round part of the shoulder
Digital: fingers and toes
Dorsum: back
Femoral: thigh
Frontal: forehead
Gluteal: buttocks
Hallux: big toe
Inguinal: groin
Lumbar: lower back
Mammary: breast
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Anatomical Locations
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Mental: chin
Nasal: Nose
Occipital: base of the skull
Olecranal: elbow
Oral: mouth
Orbital: bony eye socket
Otic: ear
Palmar: palm of hand
Patellar: Kneecap
Pedal: Foot
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Anatomical Locations
• Pelvic: pelvis region
• Perineal: area between anus and external
genitals
• Plantar: sole of foot
• Pollex: thumb
• Popliteal: behind the knee
• Pubic: genital region
• Sacral: lower back between the hips
• Scapular: shoulder blade
• Tarsal: ankle
• Thoracic: chest
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Body Orientation
and Direction
• These are relative positions
• Proximal/distal
• Used to describe locations on
the arms and legs
• GI tract
• Medial/lateral
• Medial is closer to the midline
• Farther away from the midline
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Body Orientation and Direction
• Dorsal: Back
• Ventral: Front
• Superior or Cephalad is
toward the head
• Inferior or Caudal is
toward the feet
• Anterior: most forward
• Posterior: toward the
backside
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Planes of the Body
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Dorsal Body Cavity
• Dorsal cavity
protects the nervous
system
• Contains Brain and
Spinal Cord
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Cavities
• Thoracic Cavity
• Heart & Lungs
• Subdivided into the
mediastinum and plural
cavities
• Lower border is the diaphragm
• Abdominal Cavity
• Stomach, Liver, Intestines
• Pelvic Cavity
• Reproductive organs Bladder,
Rectum
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Serous Membranes
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Serous Membranes have two layers
1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
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Serous fluid separates the serosae
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Serous Membranes
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Serous Membranes of the Heart
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Quadrants
• RUQ
• Liver
• LUQ
• Spleen
• RLQ
• Appendix
• LLQ
• Sigmoid colon
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Abdominopelvic
Regions
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Lab Activity 2
Organ Systems
Martini Chapter 1, Pages 9-10
Integumentary System
• Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands
• Function:
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Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Involved in vitamin D synthesis
Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry
Site of pain and pressure receptors
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Skeletal System
• Structure: 206 bones of the human body
• Function:
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides a framework that muscles can use to create
movement
• Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)
• Mineral storage
• Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium
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Muscular System
• Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body
• Function:
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Locomotion
Manipulation of the environment
Maintaining posture
Thermogenesis (generation of heat)
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Nervous System
• Structures: Brain, Spinal cord,
and peripheral nerves.
• Function:
• Fast-acting control system of the body
• Monitoring of the internal and external environment
and responding (when necessary) by initiating
muscular or glandular activity
• Information Assessment
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Endocrine System
• Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands
• Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal,
Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small
Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries,
Kidneys, Heart
• Functions:
• Long-term control system of the body
• Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient
use among other things.
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Cardiovascular System
• Structures:
• Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
• Functions:
• The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.
• Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients
(glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2),
wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules
(hormones), and heat.
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Lymphatic/Immune
System
• Structures:
• Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus,
Red bone marrow
• Functions:
• Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream
• Disposal of debris
• Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens
i.e., disease-causing organisms)
• Absorption of fat from the digestive tract
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Respiratory System
• Structures:
• Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Functions:
• Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove
CO2
• Regulate blood pH
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Digestive System
• Structures:
• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas,
liver, gallbladder
• Functions:
• Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into
absorbable units that will enter the blood for
distribution to the body’s cells
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Urinary System
• Structures:
• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra
• Functions:
• Removal of nitrogenous wastes
• Regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes,
and acidity
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Reproductive System
• Structures:
• Male:
• Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra,
prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis
• Female:
• Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary
glands
• Functions:
• Making Babies
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The End
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