Dr. Mohammed El Damir Resume
4556 Niagara Ln N
Plymouth, MN 55446
763-473-0888 meldamir@yahoo.com
US Citizen
An experienced entomologist with myriad experience in academic, research and industry settings.
Skilled at the identification of insects, pest management and prevention strategies, and numerous research laboratory devices and procedures. Have in-depth ability to identify and solve tough technical pest problems. Possess excellent communication and interpersonal skills. Goal-oriented and ability to handle multiple tasks. Possess excellent computer application skills. Familiar with the new and upcoming technologies used in structural, urban and industrial entomology. Ability to undertake and formulate research programs and projects within limited time period. Ability to deal effectively with external and internal counterpart. Possess excellent project management and organizational skills.
Ph.D., Plant and Soil Science Specializing in Entomology.
University of Vermont (UVM), Burlington, Vermont, USA. October 2005
Dissertation Title: Environmental Profile of Entomopathogeic Fungi for
Management of Sunn Pest (Eurygaster integriceps Puton)
M.S., Plant Protection, Specializing in Entomology. University of Aleppo, Syria.
November 1999
Thesis Title: Development of rearing technique for Sitona crinitus Herbst
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae), search for parasitoids in Syria and screening for
host plant resistance
A Post Graduate Diploma, Plant Protection (two semesters), Focusing in
Entomology University of Aleppo, Syria. February 1997
Thesis Title: Survey of important storage insect pests in Syria and study of reproductive rates for some Coleoptera
B.S., Plant Protection, University of Aleppo, Syria. September 1995
Thesis Title: Utilization ELISA test to survey viral diseases of potato in Syria

February 14, 2012. Board Certified Entomologist (BCE) in Urban and
Industrial Entomology. Entomological Society of America.

May 2010-May 2012 . GreenPro Manager Certification.

August 26/2009 . AIB Food Processing Sanitation/Hygiene Certification.

September 23/2008. QualityPro Green Certification.
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Dr. Mohammed El Damir Resume

December 20, 2006.
Pest Management in Food Plants Certification.
National Pest Management Association (NPMA).

July 2006- present.
Structural Pest Control Applicator License, State of
Minnesota, Minnesota Department of Agriculture.

December 2002- December 2005 .Certified Pesticide Applicator License,
Category 1A. State of Vermont, Department of Agriculture.

Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Excel, statistical analysis (SAS), Web services (Dreamweaver).

Fluent in English and Arabic.
December, 2008- present
Technical and Training Director, ADAM’S Pest Control, Inc. 922 Highway 55,
Suite 100, Hamel, MN 55340 USA.

Develop and update urban, industrial and public health pest management service programs and delivery protocols.

Develop and coordinates the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs.

Support of sales and marketing personnel as needed.

Review and update the technical and training documents for company's web site.

Recommend pesticides, products and equipment used to provide company services.

Provide and oversee the On-Boarding Training Program for new hires.

Train, develop, and support the technical knowledge and skills of technicians and managers, including a monthly training presentation.

Coordinate field-testing and evaluating trials for the development of new products.

Develop quality assurance and assessment audits for food processing and handling facilities to determine/assess compliance to third party audits, such as AIB, BRC and SQF.

Help with pest management sale proposals and presentations.

Develop risk management, safety, and quality assurance programs.

Serve as a technical resource to all personnel and clients, including insect identification, problem analysis, and site visits.

Develop and deliver advanced and/or special pest management training programs/ seminars.
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Dr. Mohammed El Damir Resume

Research emerging pest management technologies.

Maintain current knowledge of all pest management techniques and regulatory requirements for service and safety.

Manage licensing, testing and certification activities.

Participate in the company strategic planning meetings

Participate as conference and public speaker.

Act as a part of plan committee for state re-licensing conference.
February 2006-
November, 2008
Technical Director, Guardian Pest Control, Inc., 701 E 4 th St. Duluth, MN 55805
USA.

Designed and delivered the training of new technicians and experienced personnel.
August 2001
–
October 2005.

Provided solutions to tough pest problems.

Delivered training seminars for customers.

Provided technical support and pest identifications to pest management professionals, supervisors, and clients.

Charged with overseeing licensing and certification, other technical activities.

Managed field trails for new products.

Participated in local and national pest management committees.
Graduate Assistant , UVM, Plant and Soil Science Department. Burlington, VT.
USA.

Researched the development of insect-killing fungi as biological control agents of insects in laboratory, greenhouse and field environments. These included, but were not limited to, testing different isolations/strains of entomopathogenic fungi, testing different formulations, testing different application methods, etc.

Researched insect-killing fungi and entomological related researches for
Sunn Pest management. This included writing research plan proposal, experimental design, data collection and analyses, writing publications, and preparing reports.

Investigated environmental effects on entomopathogenic fungi for management of insects.

Evaluated cold-hardiness of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande).

Investigated traditional and non-traditional forest management techniques and their effects on insect biodiversity and soil.

Scouted and maintained greenhouses.

Managed temperature and relative humidity data from different greenhouses and overwintering sites for analysis.
3

Dr. Mohammed El Damir Resume
October1 999 -
August 2001.
December 1997-
October 1999.
February 1997 –
November 1997.
February 2006-

Reared and maintained western flower thrips and tarnished plant bug colonies.
Entomologist, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research. Aleppo,
Agr. Sci. Res. Center, Aleppo, Syria.

Conducted research on the major economic insect pests of the regions food crops.

Involved in cooperative research with the International Center for
Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) focused on host plant resistance and biological control for key insect pests in the region.
Graduate Assistant , International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry
Areas (ICARDA), Syria. Worked on entomological related works

Developed efficient screening technique of lentil germplasm for resistance to Sitona crinitus Herbest (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) under artificial infestation. This included developing, implementing, data analyses and reporting of a research study, as well as supervision of technical support personnel.

Investigated Adult S. crinitus feeding preference on some legume species.

Studied embryo development and egg hatching of S. crinitus (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) under constant temperature regimes.

Examined effect of Melia azedarach (L.) (Meliaceae) fruit extracts as botanical control agents on S. crinitus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults feeding.

Studied the reproduction rate of S. crinictus .

Reared and screened for virulent strains and biotypes of Russian wheat aphids, Hessian fly, Chickpea leaf miner and Sitona spp. under laboratory and field conditions.

Assisted in various entomological related researches in the program. This included filed trial implementations, data collection, as well as delivering public and professional presentations.

Served as a scientific article database search, experimental design and computer resources person for the lab research group.
Quality Control Specialist , Department of Quality Control, General Organization for Seed Multiplication, Aleppo, Syria.

Worked in the field of seed production quality control of the organization.

Participated in the process of pest control and management of the organization.

Participated in the sampling of specimens provided by farmers having contract with the organization.

Provided guidance and support to farmers having contracts with the organization

Worked in the field of diseases and insects affecting major crops in the organization.
Technical & Training Director , Guardian & Adam’s Pest control, MM.
4

Dr. Mohammed El Damir Resume present
April 2008
August 2001 –
May 2005 .
November 1997-
May 2000 .
February 2006 - present .
August 2001 -
October 2005.
October 1999 -
August 2001.
February 1997 -
November 1997.

Develop and teach pest management techniques pest management professionals, staff and customers.
Invited Lecturer, Entomology Course, Biology Department, University of
Minnesota-Duluth (UMD). Duluth, MN.

Presented: Bed Bugs: These Are Growing Troublesome Ectoparasites.
Graduate Teaching Assistant , University of Vermont, Plant and Soil Science
Department. Burlington, VT.

Taught International Environmental Studies and Entomology & Pest
Management.
Graduate Teaching Assistant , University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

Taught Field Crop Insects, Insect Physiology & Taxonomy, Economic
Insects, Insect Morphology and Taxonomy, and Orchard & Forest Insects.
Guardian Pest Control, Inc . (Duluth, MN. USA) & Adam’s Pest Control, Inc.
(Hamel, MN, USA).

Provided identification of insects and other arthropods to the public.

Answered pest related questions and provided technical pest management information over the phone or via email mainly to the public of

Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Iowa.

Provided public pest awareness and educational presentations to the community.
University of Vermont, Plant and Soil Science Department, Burlington, VT, USA.
Provided identification of insects for Vermont citizens.
General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research. Aleppo, Agr. Sci. Res.
Center, Aleppo, Syria.

Provided insect specimens and fact sheets as extension tools for farmers.

Provided guidance and assistance to farmers in the implementation of IPM programs.

Diagnosed insect and disease problems on major agricultural crops.
Department of Quality Control, General Organization for Seed Multiplication,
Aleppo, Syria.

Worked with a professional team helping growers to manage their farms from planting to harvesting.

Diagnosed insect and disease problems on major agricultural crops.

El Damir, M. 2006. Comparison of house fly forewing and artificial media for examining environmental effects on conidial germination of entomopathogenic fungi. J. Biol. Sci.
6 (2): 286-293.

El Damir, M. 2006. Variation in germination, virulence and conidial production of single spore isolates of entomopathogenic fungi in response
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Dr. Mohammed El Damir Resume to environmental heterogeneity.
J. Biol. Sci. 6 (2): 305-315.

El Damir, M. 2006. Effect of growing media and water volume on conidial production of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. J.
Biol. Sci. 6 (2): 269-274.

El Damir, M., M. El Bouhssini and M.N. Al-Salti. 2004. Embryo development and egg hatching of Sitona crinitus Herbst (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) under constant temperature regimes. Pakistan Journal of
Biological Sciences, 7: 1191-1193.

El Damir. M., M.N. Al-Salti and M. El Bouhssini.2001. Ecology and biology of Sitona crininitus H. in northern Syria. Bassel Al-Assad Journal for Engineering Sciences. pp. 109-119.

El Damir, M., M. El Bouhssini and M.N. Al-Salti. 2000. Effect of Melia azedarach L. fruit extracts on Sitona crinitus Herbst control. Arab J. Pl.
Prot. 18 (2): 64-67.

El Damir, M., M. El Bouhssini and M.N. Al-Salti. 1999. A simple screening technique of lentil germplasm for resistance to Sitona crinitus
Herbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) under artificial infestation. Arab J. Pl.
Prot. 17 (1): 33-35.

El Damir, M.
2013. Drywood Termites: Were Where? Pest Control
Technology Magazine (PCT). Funerary. PP. 100.

El Damir, M.
2012. Pest Profile- Follow the Moisture. Pest Control
Technology Magazine (PCT). June. PP. 136.

El Damir, M.
2012. Understanding the Biology of Termites. Pest Control
Technology Magazine (PCT). January. PP. 56.

El Damir, M. 2011. Principles of Green Pest Management. Pest Control
Technology Magazine (PCT). June Issue. PP. 134-135.

El Damir, M. 2010. Seasonal Invaders: Tis the Season. Pest Control
Technology Magazine (PCT). October Issue. PP. 190-191.

El Damir, M. 2010. Spotlight on Springtails. Pest Control Technology
Magazine (PCT). May Issue pp. 126-131.

El Damir, M. 2009. Dealing with Bed bugs in Your Community. CIC
MIDWEST NEWS. Summer 2009, page 25,27.



The 54 th Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America,
December 10-13, 2006. Indiana Convention Center & RCA Dome
Indianapolis, IN. Presented using house fly wings as insect cuticle to test temperature and relative humidity effects on conidial germination of insect-killing fungi.
The 36 th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, July
2003, Burlington, Vermont. Presented effect of growing media and water volume on conidial production of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae.
The Fourth Agricultural Conference “Scientific Research for Safe
Agricultural Production’’ Jerash Private University, Faculty of Agriculture and Science, April 2001. Presented ecology and biology of Sitona crinitus
H. and its damage to some local varieties of lentil in Syria.
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Dr. Mohammed El Damir Resume

International Symposium on Biological Control of Crop Pests. University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria, October 24-28, 1999. Presented effect of Melia azedarach L. fruit extracts on Sitona crinitus H. control.

Seventh Arab Congress of Plant Protection. University of Jordan,
Amman-Jordan, October 2000. Presented Sitona feeding preference on some legume species.

Fourth Conference of Agricultural Scientific Research, Douma,
Damascus, Syria, September 2000. Presented screening lintel accessions for resistance to Sitona crinitus H.

El Damir, Mohammed. March, 3, 2015. Pest Scenarios . 2015 Minnesota
Structural Pest Management Conference. Minneapolis Convention Center
1301 Second Ave South. Minneapolis, Minnesota 55403.

El Damir, Mohammed. February 20, 2015. Stinging Insect Management
& Contro l. Michigan Pest Management Association 2015 Annual Winter
Meeting. FireKeepers Casino & Hotel 11177 East Michigan Ave. Battle
Creek, MI 49014.

El Damir, Mohammed. February 20, 2015. Restaurant IPM . Michigan
Pest Management Association 2015 Annual Winter Meeting. FireKeepers
Casino & Hotel 11177 East Michigan Ave. Battle Creek, MI 49014.

El Damir, Mohammed. September, 24, 2014. No Thy Enemy: Bed Bug
Biology and Habits . Green Mill, Plymouth. MN

El Damir, Mohammed. April 30, 2013. Small Fly Identification and
Management . PestWorld East. JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai. United
Arab Emirates.

El Damir, Mohammed. April 29, 2013. Using Pest Monitoring Devices as
Part of an Effective Integrated Pest Management Program . PestWorld
East. JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai. United Arab Emirates.

El Damir, Mohammed. February 21, 2013. Bed Bug Prevention .
Minnesota Visiting Nurse Agency. 2000 Summer St NE, Suite 100,
Minneapolis, MN 55413

El Damir, Mohammed. October 20, 2012. Getting the Most out of
Monitoring Traps . PestWorld 2012. John B. Hynes Veterans Memorial
Convention Center - Boston MA.

El Damir, Mohammed. October 12, 2012. Bed Bug: Train- the-Trainer.
Adam’s Pest Control, Inc. Hamel. MN 55340.

El Damir, Mohammed. January 31- April 30, 2012. Using Heat to Kill
Bed Bugs . Part of University of Minnesota bed bug seminars in Minnesota.

El Damir, Mohammed. March 06, 2012.
Getting the Most out of
Monitoring Traps . 2012 MN Food Plant Pest Management Conference,
Minneapolis Convention Center, Minneapolis, MN.

El Damir, Mohammed. November 7, 2011. BOMI (Design, Operations, and Maintenance of Building Systems II program): taught a session on
Pest Management . Opus College of Business, University of St. Thomas,
Terrence Murphy Hall 153, 1000 LaSalle Avenue, Minneapolis, MN
55403.

El Damir, Mohammed. April 20, 2011. Bed Bugs Minnesota Conference:
Identifying Bed Bugs and their Biology. Embassy Suites. 2800 American
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Dr. Mohammed El Damir Resume

Boulevard West. Bloomington, MN 55431.

El Damir, Mohammed . March 31, 2011. Minnesota Department of
Agriculture, Inspection and Permit Unit Training: How to Reduce the Risk of Transporting Bed Bugs . 625 Robert Street North, St. Paul, Minnesota
55155-2538.

El Damir, Mohammed . December 15, 2010. Presented at the Infection
Control Meeting: Bed Bug Medical Response Plan . 200 West 1st St
Paynesville MN 56362.
El Damir, Mohammed . September 27 & 28, 2010. APIC 33rd Annual
State Conference for Infection Prevention & Healthcare Professionals:
How to Deal with Bed Bugs . Hilton Minneapolis St. Paul Airport Mall of
America Hotel, Bloomington, MN 55425.

El Damir, Mohammed . June 17, 2009. Training Seminar: Dealing With
Bed bug Infestations . Woodland North Apartments, 9240 University
Avenue NW, Coon Rapids, MN 55448.

El Damir, Mohammed . July 17, 2008. Training Seminar: Prevention and
Management Practices of Bed Bugs . Holiday Inn, 1951 US Highway 41
W, Marquette, MI 49855.

El Damir, Mohammed . June 03, 2008. Training Seminar: Bed Bugs: A
Growing Problem . Sheraton Duluth Hotel. 301 East Superior Street.
Duluth, Minnesota 55802.

El Damir, Mohammed . May 20, 2008. Training Seminar: Bed bugs,
Cockroaches & Rodents Management . Catholic Charities of St. Paul &
Minneapolis, MN.

El Damir, Mohammed . March 21, 2008. Training Seminar: Management
& Prevention of Bed Bugs in Residences . Thies & Talle Management, Inc.
Afton View Apartments 365 S. Winthrop St. Maplewood, MN 55119.

El Damir, Mohammed . March 18, 2008. Training Seminar: Managing
Bed Bugs in Apartment Buildings . Dominium Management Services. City
Limits Apartments, 127 East 59th St. #204, Minneapolis, MN.

El Damir, Mohammed . May 23, 2007. Training Seminar: Resurgence of
Bed Bug Infestations in the USA - Cockroach and Commensal Rodent
Management . Catholic Charities of St. Paul & Minneapolis, MN.

El Damir, Mohammed . March 14, 2007. 2007 Minnesota Food Plant Pest
Management Conference. Cockroaches in Tough Places . Minneapolis
Convention Center, Minneapolis, MN.

El Damir, Mohammed . August 16, 2006. Training Seminar: Inspection and Detection Methods for Storage Insect Pests . Faribault Foods Inc,
15403 Us Highway 12 SW, Cokato, MN 55321.

El Damir, Mohammed . July 27, 2006. Training Seminar: Bed Bugs
Management and their Biology in Urban Environment . Housing &
Redevelopment Authority (HRA) of Duluth. 222 E 2nd St. Duluth, MN
55816-0900.

El Damir, Mohammed . April 21, 2006. Training Seminar: Bed Bugs and their Management . ZMC Hotels, Inc., Duluth, MN.

El Damir, Mohammed . April 18, 2006. Training Seminar: Understanding
Bed Bugs . The Inn on Lake Superior, Duluth, MN.

El Damir, Mohammed . March 2006. Training Seminar: Bed Bugs and their Management . Fairfield Inn, Duluth, MN.
8

Dr. Mohammed El Damir Resume

2015 North Central Mosquito Control Association Annual Meeting. April
9 and 10, 2015. University of Minnesota. 890 Buford Avenue, Saint Paul,
MN 55108.

PestWorld 2014. October 21-24. Walt Disney World Swan & Dolphin
Resort. Orlando, Florid.

Entomology 2013. ESA 61 st Annual Meeting. November 10-13, Austin
Convention Center. Austin, Texas.

PestWorld 2013. October 22-25. Phoenix Convention Center Phoenix,
Arizona .

2013 North Central Mosquito Control Association Annual Meeting. April
11-12, 2013. North Central Mosquito Control Association. Andover,
Minnesota.

PestWorld 2012, October 17-20, 2012. John B. Hynes Veterans Memorial
Convention Center. Boston. MA.

PestWorld 2011, October 18-22, Ernest N. Morial Convention Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana.

The North Central Mosquito Control Association 7th Annual Meeting.
April 14-15, 2011. Metropolitan Mosquito Control District’s North Region
Facility, Andover, Minnesota.
 DuPont ProBusiness Exchange: Arilon® Symposium. March 8-10, 2010.
Ritz Carlton, Naples, FL 34108.

The North Central Mosquito Control Association 4th Annual Meeting.
April 23-24, 2009. Metropolitan Mosquito Control District’s North Region
Facility, Andover, Minnesota.

2009 Minnesota Structural Pest Management Conference. March 2-3,
2009. Minneapolis Convention Center 1301 Second Avenue South
Minneapolis, MN.

Leadership Week 2008, National Pest Management Association, June 17-
19, 2008. The Ritz-Carlton, New Orleans, LA. USA.

2008 Minnesota Structural Pest Management Conference. March 3-4,
2008. Minneapolis Convention Center 1301 Second Avenue South
Minneapolis, MN.

72nd Purdue Pest Management Conference, January 7-11, 2008. Purdue
University. Stewart Center, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.

PestWorld 2007, October 17-20 at the Gaylord Palms Resort &
Convention Center. Orlando, Florida, USA.

Leadership Week 2007, National Pest Management Association, June 19-
21, 2007. Westin Buckhead, Atlanta, GA, USA.

2007 Minnesota Structural Pest Management Conference. March 13-14,
2007. Minneapolis Convention Center 1301 Second Avenue South
Minneapolis, MN.

Progress in Pest Management Update 2007. February 13-14. Kalahari
Water Park and Resort, Dells, Wisconsin USA.

The 54th Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America.
December 10-13, 2006. Indiana Convention Center & RCA Dome
Indianapolis, IN.

PestWorld 2006, October 25 – 28, 2006. Gaylord Texan Resort &
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Dr. Mohammed El Damir Resume
Convention Center, Grapevine, TX, USA.

Minnesota Structural Pest Management Conference 2006. March 6- 7,
2006. Earle Brown Heritage Center, MN, USA.

The 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, July
26 -30, 2003. Burlington, Vermont, USA.

International Symposium on Biological Control of Crop Pests. October 24-
28, 1999. University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

Seventh Arab Congress of Plant Protection. October 22-26, 2000.
University of Jordan, Amman-Jordan.

Fourth Conference of Agricultural Scientific Research. September 2000.
Douma, Damascus, Syria.

Outstanding Research Presentation: Fourth Conference of Agricultural
Scientific Research, Damascus, Syria. September 2000.

Outstanding Research Presentation: Seventh Arab Congress of Plant
Protection, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. October 2000.

Certificate of Scientific Research Excellence from the Syrian Minister of
Agriculture for research on: The use of Melia azedarach fruit extracts to control Sitona crinitus Herbst. 26 December 2001.
October 2010-
Present
January 2010
2007-2015
2009-2011
June 1, 2007- June
30, 2015
2011
2007- 2009
2006- present
2006- 2007
Member of the Minnesota Bed Bug Advisory Committee.
President, Minnesota Pest Management Association (MPMA).
Planning Committee, Member. Minnesota Structural Pest Management
Conference. “
All Structural Pest Control Applicators licensed in Minnesota must renew their licenses each year. They will re-certify and be able to renew their structural licenses every year by attending the Minnesota Structural Pest
Management Conference sessions ”.
Member of the Bed Bug Work Group, Commercial Division, National Pest
Management Association (NPMA).
Committee Member, National Pest Management Association (NPMA),
Commercial Division. ( Members are appointed for one year term, and reappointed every year by the new president of the NPMA .
Correspondent, National Pest Management Association’s, Bed Bug Division
Steering Committee.
Board of Directors, Minnesota Pest Management Association (MPMA).
Correspondent, National Pest Management Association’s, Wood Destroying
Organisms Division Steering Committee.
Correspondent, National Pest Management Association’s, Residential Division
Steering Committee.

2006 to present.
National Pest Management Association.
10

Dr. Mohammed El Damir Resume

2001 to present . Entomological Society of America.

1999 to 2002.
Arab Society for Plant Protection.

23 rd Annual School of Structural Fumigation. November 15-November
19, 2010. University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research & Education
Center, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, Florida 33314.

Quality Assurance Training Program : Train– the – Trainer. March 30-
April 1, 2009. Food Protection Alliance, Indianapolis, IN.

Dreamweaver-Web Page Design II & I . September 2006. Center for
Economic Development, University of Minnesota-Duluth, MN.

Graduate Teaching Assistant Teaching Retreat.
2003. UVM,
Burlington, VT, USA.

Preparing Photos and Images for the Web. 2004.
UVM, Burlington, VT.

Lights, Camera, Learn. 2004.UVM, Burlington, VT.

Writing Across the Curriculum. 2004. UVM, Burlington, VT.

Thesis / Dissertation Workshop. 2004. UVM, Burlington, VT,

The 10 Secrets of Successful Teaching and Writing. 2004. UVM,
Burlington, VT.


July/2005-February/2006. Provided educational and personal care support to a youth with profound developmental disabilities in both school and community settings with a goal for his independence.
August/2004-November/2005. Provided transfer, personal care and companionship for elderly handicapped man.
Arabic- fluent; English-fluent.
11