Qualitative Methods
PBAF 599/SOC 590
Fall 2006
Employing Proper Citations
Please use the following citation guidelines for your papers.
Citations in the text need only use author and date, but the precise form differs
depending on whether the author is cited in the body of a sentence or at the end for
general reference purposes:
(1) “Lawler’s (1992b) recent theory of affective attachments….”
(2) “Thus, the results suggest that research on emotional processes in negotiated
exchange should treat the interest/excitement dimension of positive emotion separately
from the more basic pleasure/satisfaction dimension (Izard 1977; Larsen and Diener
1992).”
Footnotes should be used to provide substantive information that supplements what is
said in the text. They should NOT be used for bibliographic citation purposes. Here is
footnote 8 from Lawler and Yoon (1993, p. 471): “Pretests indicated that these initial
instructions prevented later instructions from being a surprise. There was no indication
that early mention of the gift-giving option produced a ‘mental set’.”
Also recommended for general purposes: Becker, Howard. 1986. Writing for Social
Scientists. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Citations within the text:
(1)For one author: (last name date)
(2)For two authors: (last name and last name data)
(3) For three or more authors (last name of first author et al. date)
Reference List at the end of your paper
(1) To reference a book:
Agresti, Allen. 1984. Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Data. New York: John Wiley and
Sons.
(2) To reference a chapter in a book, a journal article, or two articles by the same
author(s) containing the same year of publication:
Lawler, Edward J. 1986. “Bilateral Deterrence and Conflict Spiral: A Theoretical
Analysis.” Pp. 107-30 in Advances in Group Processes, vol. 3, edited by E.J. Lawler.
Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
_______. 1992a. “Power Processes in Bargaining.” Sociological Quarterly 33: 17-34.
_______. 1992b. “Choice Processes and Affective Attachments to Nested Groups: A
Theoretical Analysis.” American Sociological Review 57: 327-39.
Lawler, Edward J. and Samuel B. Bacharach. 1987. “Comparison of Dependence and
Punitive Forms of Power.” Social Forces 66: 446-62.