CHAPTER I
DISCUSSION
MORPHOLOGY
The Meaning of Morphology
Morphology is the study o how the words can developed that have the structure and content of
word that can identification , analyzing a the other words wind description the structure of word
that can attached by using the rule or the part of linguistic that study of pattern to form words of
language that effort to pattern the roles that knowing by the native speaker.
1. Morpheme
Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that have about meaning that can’t stand alone. A
word can be analyzed as consisting of one morpheme or two or more morphemes, each of
morpheme usually expressing the different meaning. when a morpheme is represented by a
segment that the segment is a morph, if a morpheme can represented by more than one morph
the morph are allomorph of the same morpheme.
Example:
One
morpheme
More than one morpheme
Hard
Quickly
Strong
Strongly
bright
Brightly
Teach
Unfortunately
Good
Unbreakable
Sad
Uncountable
Cry
Dislike
Sing
Teacher
Book
Writer
Write
Singer
There are two basic type of morphemes :
 Free morpheme is a morpheme is a morpheme that can’t stand alone as a independent words
all by themselves as a word of a language. Most roots in English are free morpheme, there
are few case of roots that must be combined with another bound morpheme. Free morpheme
can be further subdivided into content word and function word .
Example:
 Bound morpheme is a morpheme can’t stand alone and must be attached to other morphemes.
their attachment modifier the unbound morpheme
in such things as number or syntactic
category, adding the bound morpheme –s to the unbound morpheme can change the number .
There are two class of bound morpheme :
 Inflectional morpheme is to modify the grammatical class of words by signaling a change
in number, person, gender, tense, etc. but they don’t shift the best form into another word
class.
 Derivational morpheme is the modify a word according its lexical and grammatical class
and to result in more profound change on the base a word, in derivational morpheme
include suffixes and prefix:
Suffix
prefix
-ish =childish, foolish, selfish, Un-=unreliable,
girlish
unpleasant,
unhappy, untidy, unable
-ous=dangerous,
marvelous,
famous, Im-=impatient,
impolite,
poisonous, immoral, impractical
mysterious, delicious
-er=writer, lecturer, worker, Re-=reflexsive,
singer,
swimmer,
driver,
teacher,
refrigeration,
dancer, relate, responsibility
player,
builder
-y=heavy, busy, happy, lazy, Ex- =examination, expulsion,
lucky, angry, bloody, windy, extensive, expression
wealthy, sandy
-ate=
-able=agreeable,
reliable,
capable,
dependable,
believable,
memorable,
remarkable
a. The Kinds of Morpheme:
 Simple word is word that contain just one morpheme
Example :
Dog, cat , eat, drink , red , yellow , blue , black ,
 Complex word is a word that contain more than one morpheme.
b. Function of Morpheme
Provide information about grammatical function by relating word of sentence.
Example:
 As preposition.
 As article.
 As pronoun.
 As auxiliaries.
 Inflectional affix.
2. Allomorphs
Allomorph is an alternative manifestation of morpheme that correspondent between one to
the other , among the meaning and form of word that have the different singular and plural that
marked by method regulated nicely, the same differences influenced by alternative forms for a
word.
Example the negative prefix in has several allomorphs.
In-:inefficient,
insincere,
inaccurate,
inexperienced
Il-:illegal, illogical, illegible, illusion
Im-=impossible,important,
impotent,
impragnate
Ir-:irregular,
irresponsible,
irrigate,
irrasional
In English indefinite article has 2 allomorphs there are “a” and “ an”.
Example:
a
A book, a glass, a bus, a snake, a lady, a
baby, a pen ,a desk, a father,
an
An adjective, an umbrella, an eyes, an
apple, an egg, an honest
English plural has 3 allomorphs it is cats, dogs, horses,
 Word structure
1. Roots
Roots is the word and carries the major component of meaning, form base for affixes to
attach and can’t be analyzed into small part.
2. Stem
Stem is the formed when roots is combined with an affix .
Example:
Roots
Stem
Male(adj)
Male+ volent (adj+adj), male+volent+y(adj+adj+adv)
Break(N)
Un+break(prefix+N), un+break+able(prefix+N+suffix)
Count(V)
Un+count+able(prefix+V+suffix)
Business(V) Un+business+like(prefix+V+suffix)
Source(N)
Re+source+ful+ness(prefix+N+adj+suffix)
3 Lexical Category
Lexical category is the element that is the part vocabulary of a language.
1. Precditable and unpredictable allomorph
a. Predictable
Predictable allomorphs are systematic. In fact they occur so regularly that linguistic can
write rules which describe the alternations. For example: abbreviate, annual, account, appeal,
affect, arrive, aggressive, assent.
b.Unpredictable
Unpredictable allomorphs are variants forms which don’t seem systematic to modern
English speakers. They are almost always a product of history and did make sense an earlier
point in time. There are almost always a product of history and did make a sense at an early
point in time For the example: gen gone and go. since the allomorph are no longer predictable
we have to memorize to be given all un predictable allomorph in the morpheme sets.
AFFIX
Affix is the general term of morpheme that attached to a root or stem. An affix is abound
morpheme that is joined before , after, or within a roots and stem.
There are 2 the different classes of affixes.
1. Triggers phonological changes in consonant or vowel of the base- stress shifts.
2. Phonological neutral, have not effect on base or stress of resulting word.
Compounding is compound word is the combination that existing of words, compound that
you built have 2 type its exocentric and endocentric.
1.Derivation
Is an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and or the different category
from the base.
Constrain on derivation, constrain is phonological –en only can be attach as a suffix to a
monosyllabic base ending in an obstruent.
2.Inflectional Affix
Is the modification of a words form to indicate grammatical information of various sorts ,
the base that inflectional form are added to is some time called a stem, in English is usually
marked with affixes(suffix). Type of inflectional are:
 Reduplication is the repletion of all part of word to indicate a grammatical or semantic
contrast.
 Tone placement is the different pitch to indicate different tense .
 Agreement , when one word is inflected to match a certain grammatical properties to another
word –number and person.
 Case is a change in a words for direct object and indirect object.
The Different of Derivation and Inflection
If the inflection doesn’t change the grammatical category or the meaning of the word to
which its affixes, can combine with nearly every possible word (plural –s).
So the derivation can change the category and does change the meaning, generally all
English prefixes are derivation even though they don’t change the lexical category of the word,
have to occur closest to base some time changing the part of speech of the word, can combine
with a more limited set(- ment).indicate grammatical role don’t change basic meaning of the
word .
Example:
 -s: she cooks
 -ed: she cooked
 -ing: she is cooking
 -v3/en: she has cooked
 Plural –s: dogs foot
 Comparative: she is younger
 Superlative: she is youngest
There are 3 special case of –ing affixes:
a.Derivational ( v+ing=n)
b.Derivation(v+ing=adj)
c.Inflection(v+ing=v)
The Kinds of Affix:
1.Prefix
Prefix is affixing includes prefixing(adding before the base).
prefix
Dis-
Example
Dishonest,disagreeable,disloyal,
discourteous
Un-
Unreliable, unpleasant, unhappy, untidy,
unable
Im-
Impatient,impolite, immoral, impractical
In-
Inefficient,insincere,
inaccurate,inexperienced
Il-
Illegal, illogical, illegible
Ir-
Irresponsible, irrational,irreplaceable
Over-
Overcook, overdo, oversimplify, overflow,
overcharge
Under- Undercook,underfeed, undercharge
Fore-
Foresee,foretell,forewarn,forecast
En-
Endanger,enlarge,encourage,enrich,
enforce
Em-
Empower, embitter
2.suffix
Suffix is adding after the base(an end of word) or an affix is attached to the end of a root or
stem.
Example :
suffix
Example
-ster
Gangster,youngster
-eer
Engineer, mountaineer, widower
-ess
Manageress, waitress, actress,hotess
-ist
Novelist, dramatist, artist, pianist
-er
Writer,
lecturer,
worker,
singer,
driver,dancer, swimmer, teacher, player,
builder
-or
Inventor, inspector, instructor
-ar
Beggar , burglar,liar
-ant
Assistant,applicant,participant,accountant
informant, inhabitant
-ee
Employee, trainee, divorcee, absentee
-tion
Attention,
construction,
description,
direction, junction, solution
-ation
Accommodation,
appreciation,
confirmation, explanation, information,
operation, recommendation
--ing
Belonging, booking, crossing, sailing,
turning, bringing, recording
-al
Arrival, survival, refusal, revival
-ance
Tolerance, significance, remonstrance
-ment
Government,
development,
announcement
-ive
Attractive, sensitive, talkative
-ous
Dangerous, famous, marvelous
-ious
Furious, curious, antitious,
-ar
Polar, muscular, circular, rectangular
-al
Educational, criminal, tropical, musical
-ic
Scientific, tragic, atomic, specific
-able
Agreeable, reliable, believable
-ible
Responsible, possible, terrible
-ful
Useful, careful, hopeful, restful, merciful
-ly
Mainly, wordly,friendly, brotherly
-ish
Childish, foolish,selfish, girlish,
-like
Childlike, lifelike, workmanlike
-ism
Nationalism, rationalism, pragmatism
-ness
Kindness, madness, sadness
-ify
Terrify, simplify, justify, identify
-en
Deafen, sadden, ripen, shorten
-ise/-ize Organize, realize, critize,
-ity
Electricity, similarity, familiarity
-acy
Accuracy, intimacy, privacy
-ation
Identification,
organization
simplification,
3.infix
Infix is an affix that is inserted within a root or stem. The focus marker -um- is an infi which
is added after the first consonant of the root.
Example:
 bili:root’buy’
 um-:infix
 bumili:word ‘bought’
4.circumfix
A circumfix is an affix made up of two separate parts which surround and attach to a root or
stem. The morphological its so called circumfixation, aand located both at the beginning and at
the end of English words, together as single units. There are 3 category of circumfix its
- “ a- ing” example : ahunting, arunning, abooking, acrossing, asailing, aturning, arecording
-“em-en” example:embiggen, embolden, embrighten.
-“e- en”.example:enlighten
Example :
Circumfix
Occurs in two parts on kabaddangan
both outer edges of a root (Tuwali
or stem
'help'
Ifugao,
Philippines)
5.Simulfix
A simulfix is a change or replacement of vowels or consonants (usually vowels) which
changes the meaning of a word.
Example :
Eat ate,flyflew, goosegoese, leaveleft, childchildren, makemade, dodid.
6.Suprafix
Suprafix is a type of affix where a suprasegmental change (such as tone or stress) modifies an
existing morpheme's meaning. In many languages, they are used to differentiate between
otherwise identical lexemes, but in some they are used derivationally or inflectionaly.
Noun
Verb
‘implant
Impla’nt
To’rment
Torme’nt
Re’test
Rete’st
7.Separable afix
A separable affix is an affix that can be detached from its stem and located elsewhere in a
construction.
Example:
NOUN
VERB
A CONflict
To conFLICT with the truth
The CONtent
To con TENT the critics
A CONtest
To con TEST the case
A CONtract
To conTRACT a disease
A CONvert
To conVERT the opposition
A CONvict
To conVICT the criminal
An Import
To imPORT wheat
An Increase
To inCREASE your income
An Insert
To in SERT
8.Derivational Afix
Derivation is the formation of a new word or inflectable stem from another word or stem.
It typically occurs by the addition of an affix. The derived word is often of a different word class
from the original. It may thus take the inflectional affixes of the new word class.
Example:
ROOT
DERIVATIONAL
MEANING
AFFIXES
Beauty (noun)
+)fulbeautiful(adjective)
Very pretty or attractive
Beautiful
+)lybeautifully(adverb)
Giving pleasure to the
(adjective)
Musical(noun)
senses
+)lymusically(adverb)
The kinds of derivational affix:
a.
Productive affix
A productive affix is a derivational affix that is currently used in the derivation of new
words.
b.
Unproductive affix
An unproductive affix is a derivational affix which is no longer used to form new words.
ROOT
DERIVATIONAL
MEANING
AFFIXES
Beauty (noun)
+)fulbeautiful(adjective) Very
pretty
or
attractive
Beautiful (adjective)
+)lybeautifully(adverb)
Giving pleasure to the
senses
Musical(noun)
+)lymusically(adverb)
Manual(adverb)
+)lymanually(verb)
9.Inflectional affix
An inflectional affix is an affix that:

expresses a grammatical contrast that is obligatory for its stem's word class in some given
grammatical context

does not change the word class of its stem

is typically located farther from its root than a derivational affix, and produces a predictable,
non idiosyncratic change of meaning
HOMOPHONE AND HOMOGRAPH
Homophone
Homo (from the Greek word “homos”, meaning “same”)Phone (from the Greek word
“phone” meaning “voice” or “sound”) so A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as
another word but differs in meaning. Homophones are words of the same language that are
pronounced a like event if they differ in spelling, meaning, or origin.Same sound, different
meaning:
Example:
two
Too
new
Knew
i
Eye
high
Hi
flour
Flower
By
Buy
allowed
Aloud
aural
Oral
bare
Bear
base
Bass
bay
Bey
be
Bee
beach
Beech
beer
Bier
cast
Caste
caw
Core
berry
Bury
berth
Birth
all
Awl
altar
Alter
auger
Augur
aural
Oral
ball
Bawl
beat
Beet
billed
build
beau
bow
2. Homograph
Homograph is words that have different pronunciations but the same spelling.
Example:
-
Bow: rhyming with go and referring to an instrument for shooting arrows
-
Bow: rhyming with cow and indicating a bending of the body as a form of respectful
greeting.
LEXICAL CATEGORY
Lexical Category I
Lexical category can also call word class, lexical or in traditional grammar is called parts of
speech: is a linguistic category of words which is generally defined by the syntactic or
morphological behavior.
There are kinds of word classes:
a. Opened word class:
 Is new word that can be attach by the other words.
 Is a word class that accepts the addition of new item, trough such processes as
compounding, derivation, coining, borrowing, etc. Typical open word classes are
nouns, verb, and adjectives.
Open words clases :
 Adjectives
 Adverbs
 Interjection
 Nouns
 Verbs
 Measure word
 Proverbs
 Pronouns
 Constructions
 Cardinal number
b. Closed word class:

Is new word that cant be attach by the other word

Different languages may have different lexical categories, or they might associate.
Different properties to the same one.

Not all languages have the same lexical categories.
Closed word class:
 Auxiliary Co verbs
 verbs
 Critics
 Conjunction
 determiner
c. Adjective
Adjective is a part of speech which modify a noun usually describing it or making it
meaning more specific.

Common adjectives that actually modifies people, places and things: big, old, thin, thick.
Those words can modify themselves with adverbs.

In some language participles are used as adjectives: washing machine, broken chairs, etc
Example :

The in front of the building is my uncle.

Dreaming world is aim’s everyone.
 Adjectival phrase is a phrase with an adjective as its head
-Really Enthusiastic , the adjective enthusiastic to modify by the adverb really to
form the adjectival phrase and it’s the complement of the verb are.
-Keen On Football, the adjective keen combines with the prepositional phrase on
football, the head of the phrase is keen and the phrase describe the keen-ness.
 Attributive and predicative adjective is one which is part of a noun phrasewith the
noun which it modifies. Generally in some language attributive precede the noun.
 A predicative adjective is one which functions as part of the predicate of a
sentence its mean that linked with the noun by a verb often a copula.
Example: English and Japanese
Attributive
Predicative
A delicious peach
The peach is delicious
Oishii momo
Momo wa oishii
A long letter
The latter was long
A long lettetr
The letter was long
 Nominal use of adjective
Adjective are some times used in place of noun.
Example: the old, the sick, the blind, etc.
 Adjective use of noun
English is unusual in that it allows noun to be used adjectivally.
 Adjective order
Adjective usually occur an unmarked order, however some language do not have this
tendency but English is a language with a preferred order of adjective.
 Adjective order groups
Determiner, size, color, material and etc.
 Comparison of adjective most English adjective have comparative and superlative form
that constructed in one of two ways, comparative and superlative form apply only to the
base form of the adjective.
 Adjective of relation
Are adjective formed from a noun with the general meaning of relating to or like. In
English these adjective are often constructed by adding a suffix o the noun or noun root.
ADVERB, INTERJECTION, AND NOUN
a. Adverb
Adverb is a word that modifies any other part of language (verbs, adjectives, (including
number), clauses, sentences and other adverbs) except for noun. Adverb typically answer such
questions as how?, when?, where?, in what way ?Or how often? This function is called the
adverbial function. An adverb as adverbial may be a sentence element in its own right.
Example:

They treated her well (S+VERB+OBJECT+ADVERBIAL)

Alternatively, an adverb may be contained within a sentence element.

An extremely small child entered the room (S+VERB+O).
 Adverb vs abverbial
An adverb is a type of word that is a member of the adverb part of speech class while
adverbial a syntactic function. For example: the farmer work hard.
 The group of advebs
There are any kinds the group of adverb such as:
1. adverb of meaner ( adverb that tell how) Example: hardly
2. adverb of time ( adverb that tell when) example: then , mow, soon.
3. Adverb of place (adverb that tell where) example: there, here and now
here.
4. Adverb of degree(adverb that tell to what extent) example: more, very,
barely etc.
5. Adverb which comment(on the whole sentence. Example: stupidly.
6. Adverb which link sentence. Example: miss god, therefore and etc.
b. . Interjection

An interjection sometimes called a filled pause is a part of speech that usually has no
grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence and simply expresses emotion on the part
of the speaker, although most interjections have clear definitions.

Interjections are generally uninflected function words have sometimes been seen as
sentence words since they can replace or be replaced by a whole sentence (they are
holophrastic). Sometimes, however, interjections combine with other to form sentence, but
not with finite verbs.A noun or noun substantive is a part of speech (a word or phrase) which
can co- occur (in) definite articles and attributive adjective and function as the head of noun
phrase. The word “noun” derives from the Latin no men “name”.
 A traditional definition of nouns is that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a
person, place, thing, event, substance, quality or idea. They serve as the subject or object of a
verb and the object of a preposition.That definition has been criticized by contemporary
linguistic as being quite uninformative. For example, it appears that verbs like or die refer to
event and so they fall under the definition. Similarly, adjective like yellow or difficult might
be thought to refer to qualities and adverbs like outside or upstairs seem to refer to places. But
verbs, adjective and adverbs are not nouns, so the definition is not particularly helpful in
distinguishing nouns from other parts of speech.
d. Noun
A noun can co-occur with an article or an attributive adjective. Verbs and adjectives can't. In the
following, an asterisk in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical. A
traditional definition of noun is that hey are all and only those expression that refer to a person,
place , thing, event, substance , quality or idea.
Classification of nouns
Proper nouns and common nouns
Proper nouns are the unique entities and capitalize in English and most other language that use
the latin alphabet and this is one easy way to recognize them. All other noon are called common
nouns, some time the same word can function as both a common noun and a proper noun.thr
common meaning of the word of word constituting a proper noun may be unrelated to the object
to which the proper non refers.
Count nouns and mass noun
Count nouns is countable noun refer to discrete countable object, and can take a plural that can
combine with numeral or quantifier. While the mass noun is uncountable noun refer to object
that cant be individually enumerated. Some word function in the singular is a countable noun
without change the spelling As a uncountable noun in plural.
Collective nouns
Are subject specific word use to define a group of people, animal, object or concept.
Concrete noun and abstract noun
Concrete noun refer to definite object, while abstract noun on the other hand refer to ideas or
concept.
Nouns and pronouns
Nouns phrase can be replaced by pronouns such as he, its, which and those, in order to avoid
repletion or explicit identification or for other reasons.
VERBS AND CLOSED WORDS CLASSES
a. Verb
A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action (“bring”,” read”), occurrence
(“decompose “, “glitter”) or a state of being (“exist”,” stand”). A verb may vary in form
according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also
agree with the person, gender, and or number of some its arguments (subject, object, etc.).
Valency
Is the number of argument that a verb takes, a verb can be classified as one of
Intransitive is the verb only have a subject. For example: she cooks
Transitive is the verb have a subject and a direct object. For example: we hunt rabbits.
Distransitive is the verb has a subject, a direct object and an indirect object.
Copula
Copula is a word that used to describe its subject, in many language copulas are a special kind of
verbsome time called linking verbs.
VERBAL NOUN AND VERBAL ADJECTIVE
Verbal nouns are nouns that describe the action of the verb: gerund (V + ing) and
infinitives (to + V1).Verbal adjective are generally called participle.
Agreement
The verb which is inflected, often aggress with its primary argument in person number
and gender. English only shows distinctive agreement in the third person singular, present tense
form of word the rest of the persons are not distinguished in the verb.
VERBS AND CLOSED WORDS CLASSES
a. Verb
A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action (“bring”,” read”), occurrence
(“decompose “, “glitter”) or a state of being (“exist”,” stand”). A verb may vary in form
according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also
agree with the person, gender, and or number of some its arguments (subject, object, etc.).
Is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the
noun. Articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to
volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the, a, and an. (Some can in
certain circumstances function as a plural of a/an.)
b. Closed Words Classes
Closed Words Classes is the number of arguments that a verb takes. According to
valency, adverb can be classified as one of:
VERBAL NOUN AND VERBAL ADJECTIVE
Verbal nouns are nouns that describe the action of the verb: gerund (V + ing) and
infinitives (to + V1).Verbal adjective are generally called participle.
Agreement
The verb which is inflected, often aggress with its primary argument in person number
and gender. English only shows distinctive agreement in the third person singular, present tense
form of word the rest of the persons are not distinguished in the verb.
Auxiliary Verb
In linguistic an auxiliary or helping verb is a verb which function is to give further
semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb which follows it
A. Function of the English Auxiliary Verb:
1. Passive Voice
2. Progressive Aspect
3. Perfect Aspect
4. Modal
5.Dummy
6. Quasi- auxiliaries
B. Property of the Auxiliary verb
There are kind properties of the auxiliary.
 Negation

doesn’t it work?
 Inversion (invert to form question)
 You will come?
 Will you come?
 Emphasis (use do)
 I do like this beer!
 Ellipsis
 John never sings, but Mary does sing.
 Taq Question
 You will come, wont you?
 You ate, didn’t you?
 Conjunction
A conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases, or clauses together. A
conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle and it may not stand between the items it
conjoins. Types Of Conjunction:
 Coordinating Conjunction
Are conjunction that join two items of equal syntactic importance. Ex: and, but , or , nor , and for
 Correlative Conjunction
Are pairs of conjunction which work together to coordinate two items. Ex: both/ and. Either/ or,
not only, and but also.
 Subordinating Conjunction
Are conjunction that introduce a dependent clause. Ex: after, although, if, unless, and because.
 Determiner
A determiner is a noun modifier that expresses the references of a noun or nun phrase in
the context including quantity. Determiners include of :
A. articles: a, an, and the
B. demonstrative: this, that, these, those and which
C. possessives determiners: her, his, its, my, our, their, your.
D. quantifiers: all, few, many, several, some, every.
 Measure word
Are word that are used in combination with a numeral to indicate the count of nouns.
And often classify the noun to modify into some semantic class and consequently
measure word are considered numeral classifier, closely similar to grammatical gender.
 Adposition
Is any of wide variety of particles and affixes that are attached to a noun phrase in order
to modifier it, and classified by the replacement relative object , the most common kinds
of adpositionsare preposition, which precede their object which follow them.
 Preposition
Are very difficult aspect of the English language for the learners. List of preposition and
the meanings:
1.Postposition
2.Ambipositions
3.Circumpositions
Pronoun
A pronoun is a pro- form that substitutes for a noun phrase. A pronoun can also be
precedent as “He” is in the sentence: He gave it to her, John did”.
The use of pronouns is particularly welcome when it prevents repetition.
Example :

John bought the coat. Then John gave the coat to Alice.
(It can be expressed more actively by: “John bought the coat. Then he gave it to
Conjunction
A conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases, or clauses together. A
conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle and it may not stand between the items it
conjoins.
Determiner
A determiner is a noun modifier that expresses the references of a noun or nun phrase in
the context including quantity. Determiners include of :
A. articles: a, an, and the
B. demonstrative: this, that, these, those and which
C. possessives determiners: her, his, its, my, our, their, your.
D. quantifiers: all, few, many, several, some, every
Pronoun
A pronoun is a pro- form that substitutes for a noun phrase. A pronoun can also be
precedent as “He” is in the sentence: He gave it to her, John did”.
The use of pronouns is particularly welcome when it prevents repetition.
Example :

John bought the coat. Then John gave the coat to Alice.
(It can be expressed more actively by: “John bought the coat. Then he gave it to