Quiz 3 Q2 Review Sheet
Honors Biology
Quiz 3 will cover:
Chapter 8: 8.1 to 8.13
Go through the slides and study them.
1. Identify the two most important functions of all organisms.
2. If the genes of an organism code for RNA/proteins that build an organism that cannot
survive or reproduce, what is the fate of those genes? What does this tell you about your
genes?
3. Explain why male lions when first entering a new pride will chase away the current
male and kill all the cubs. Why does this make sense and not make sense at the same
time?
4. Humans have a special skill that no other organism on the planet has. This skill is
thought to be the key to our success in terms of our cooperating with each other even
though we are not closely related. What skill am I referring to? Why do no other
organisms cooperate with non-kin (non-related members of their species)? Why are we
able to?
5. Identify the two parts of the life cycle. Draw a simple picture showing the human life
cycle. Be sure to include the ovum, sperm, zygote, fertilization, mitotic cell division,
meiotic cell division, haploid, diploid, n, 2n, n=23, n=46 and the number of chromosomes
the cells have.
6. Explain how asexual reproducing organisms generate diversity. Compare this to the
way sexually reproducing organisms generate diversity. Why is maintaining genetic
diversity one of the most important functions of life?
7. Compare asexual to sexual reproduction. Include the advantages and disadvantages of
both, how the offspring compare to the partent(s) genetically, number of parents, types of
organisms that use each, etc…
8. Explain what is meant by evolutionary tradeoff and give examples including an
example relating to question 7.
9. Explain why in sexual reproduction, the offspring look so different to the parents as
compared to the offspring of an asexual parent.
10. Define cell theory. Who are credited with this theory?
11. Describe how prokaryotes divide as compared to eukaryotes. What is the name given
to this type of division?
12. Cell division refers to both mitosis (mitotic cell division), which is a small part of the
cell cycle, and meiosis (meiotic cell division), which is not part of the cell cycle because
it is not a cycle. Explain what I mean by it not being a cycle.
13. Mitotic cell division is not only used for reproduction. Identify all of the other
functions of mitotic cell division discussed in class. When is it used for reproduction?
14. Identify the name of the special type of mitotic cell division used by such organisms
as yeast. How does this differ from mitotic cell division in organisms like humans?
15. In class we found out that bacteria and other single celled protists and fungi are not
the only organisms that can reproduce asexually. Some plants and animals can do this as
well. What is the process called in plants and give an example? How is asexual
reproduction accomplished in animals?
16. In class we briefly mentioned regeneration. This is NOT reproduction. Regeneration
is the growing back of a lost part of the organisms like when a starfish grows back an arm
that it lost. This is obviously growth and required mitotic cell division. Why is this not
reproduction?
17. Why do cells divide?
18. What is the eukaryotic cell cycle? If a cell with 46 chromosomes goes through the
cell cycle once, how many cells will result and how many chromosomes will each cell
have? How do the chromosomes in the new (daughter) cells relate to the chromosomes in
the original (“parent”) cell?
19. What must all cells do before they can divide and what is the name of the enzyme that
is involved in performing this function (HINT: S phase)?
20. Describe the molecular structure of DNA (parts of the nucleotide, how nucleotides
attach, 5’ and 3’, the two strands, anti-parallel, etc…)
21. What is Chargaff’s rule?
22. Explain how 6 feet of DNA can be packaged into a nucleus with a diameter of 1/100th
of a millimeter.
23. Compare the extended form of DNA to the condensed form. At what stage in the cell
cycle would you find each?
24. Know the difference between the terms DNA, chromosome, and chromatin.
25. Describe the chromosomes found in the human nucleus (how many, which are
homologous, autosomes, sex chromosomes, etc…)
26. In terms of chromosomes, how are males and females different?
27. In class we concluded that we have at least two of every gene. Explain why.
28. We said that if the gene for hemoglobin were located on chromosome 11 there would
be another hemoglobin gene located at the same loci (position) on the other chromosome.
These genes would be similar, but not identical. Why?
29. Where does each homologous chromosome of a homologous pair come from?
30. Compare autosomes to sex chromosomes.
31. Describe which chromosomes (in humans) would be found in the sperm? In the
ovum? Remember: the sperm can have two different combinations.
32. Who determines the sex of the offspring in humans, the male or female? Explain.
33. Compare haploid to diploid. What do these terms refer to? Which cells inside us are
haploid and which are diploid? (We have two types of cells, the gametes = sex cells, and
somatic cells = body cells. The prefix soma- means “body”.)
34. If a cell is 2n, is it haploid, diploid or triploid? Explain.
35. If the haploid number in the organism described in #33 is 38 (n = 38), how many
chromosomes would be in its body (somatic) cells.
36. If a triploid (3n) organism has a haploid number of 20, how many chromosomes
would be found in its somatic cells? How many chromosomes would be in a single set?
37. Do the ploidy problems on the website (notes sections).
38. What is a gene? What do genes code for directly (do not say polypeptides or
proteins)? How long are genes on average? How long are chromosomes? How many
genes per chromosome? How long is the human genome? How many of each gene do
you have? How does this relate to being diploid? How many genes do our cells have
approximately?
39. What is the haploid number of humans? What about dogs?
40. When a chromosome is replicated in S phase the result is two sister chromatids
attached by a centromere. How do sister chromatids compare to each other? When is this
structure present in the cell cycle?
41. After S phase, how many chromosomes are there? How much DNA is there relative
to before S phase? After cytokinesis, how many chromosomes does each new cell have?
How much DNA does each new cell have compared to before and after S phase?
42. What must happen to the sister chromatids during the cell cycle? Why does this make
sense in terms of what the cell is trying to accomplish?
43. How is mitosis different from cytokinesis?
44. Cytokinesis is different in plant and animal cells. Explain how they are different and
why they need to be different. Compare the cleavage furrow to the cell plate.
45. Make sure you identify the subphase of any cell I show you in mitosis. Check out
DCE #3 on page 152. You should be able to identify subphases.
46. We discussed that the point of no return in the cell cycle is the passing of a cell from
G1 into S phase. Explain why.
47. Cells that are not dividing are typical stuck in what part of the cell cycle? Why would
this make sense?
48. Describe the structure of a pair of centrioles. How does this compare to a basal body?
47. Describe the structure of the centrosome. What is the function of the centrosome
during mitosis? What about during G1 (a normal functioning cell)?
48. For the “essay” question, you will be required to draw and label a cell for each
subphase of the cell cycle (G1,S,G2,P,M,A,T/cytokinesis). Under each image should be a
set of bullets describing what is happening in that image. You need only label a structure
once. The cell will be diploid and have a haploid number of 2 (n=2).
(The following terms MUST be included: interphase, mitotic phase, mitosis, cytokinesis, G1, S, G2,
prophase (early and late), metaphase, anaphase, telophase, nulcear envelope, plasms membrane, nucleolus,
chromatin, centromsomes, centrioles, asters, spindle fibers, mitotic spindle, chromosome, sister chromatids,
sisters, centromere, kinetochore, MTOC, DNA replication, metaphase plate, microtubules, daughter
chromosomes, poles, cleavage furrow )
I put some mitosis videos up on the website under the misc. section.
49. Explain why the cell cycle needs to be regulated.
50. What is a tissue culture hood and tissue culture flasks used for?
51. What does the word nutrients refer to for us as chemoheterotrophs?
52. What are the two basic requirements for normal cells to divide that cancer cells
ignore?
53. Compare density dependent inhibition to anchorage dependence.
54. How can one override density dependent inhibition in a tissue culture flask?
55. Explain how growth factors like human growth hormone works on the cellular level.
Which checkpoint does hGH regulate?
56. Be able to explain how the cell cycle is regulated / controlled on the cellular level. Be
sure to include the three checkpoints, what each checkpoint “looks for” in general,
whether the signals to proceed are external/internal or both, etc… In terms of density
dependent inhibition, how does this relate to the G1 checkpoint? Explain how cells being
next to each other can regulate G1.
57. What is cancer? How does cancer arise? Be very specific.
58. Explain why being born with a negative mutation in a gene that codes for a protein
that repairs your DNA can make you more susceptible to getting cancer.
59. Compare a malignant to a benign tumor.
60. What does the term “metastasis” mean and which type of tumor exhibits metastasis.
61. Explain how cancer spreads through the body and how new tumors arise.
62. Compare carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia/lymphoma. Read this section in the book.
Expect a question.
63. Why is it so difficult to treat cancer compared to other diseases like those caused by
bacteria?
64. Describe the current cancer treatments in detail. Know the examples and their
sources.
65. Explain why deforestation is not good in terms of medicine / treating disease.
66. Make sure you understand the cell ploidy (haploid, diploid, triploid, etc…) and
haploid number. You will see a bunch of these questions.
67. Which chromosomes are in human gametes?
68. Draw a triploid cell with n=2. Look at the powerpoint for the answer.
69. Make sure you can follow the ploidy as well as the number of chromosomes as
compare to the amount of DNA through meiotic cell division. For example, after S phase,
there are still 46 chromosomes (diploid), but twice as much DNA. In contrast, after
meiosis I, there are 23 chromosomes (haploid), but the same amount of DNA as the
starting somatic (parent) cell. There will be questions pertaining to this.