CONTENTS
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS .......................................
1
1.1
Terms used in microprocessor literature .....................................................
1
1.2
Evolution of microprocessor........................................................................
3
1.3
Basic functional blocks of a microprocesor....................................................... 7
1.4
Microprocessor based system... .................................................................
(Organisation of microcomputer)
8
1.5
Concept of multiplexing in microprocessor. ................................................
9
1.6
INTEL 8085............................ .....................................................................
11
1. 7
ZILOG Z80........................................................................................................... 18
1.8
MOTOROLA 6800 ......................................................................................
22
1.9
INTEL 8086.................................................................................................
27
1.10 MOTOROLA MC68000 ...............................................................................
1.10.1 Pins and signals of 68000 ................................................................
1.10.2 Architecture of MC68000 microprocessor ........................................
37
38
42
1.11 Short questions and answers ......................................................................
45
CHAPTER - 2 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS .......................................
53 .
2.1
Microprocessors and microcontrollers ........................................................
53
2.2
INTEL 8031/8051 microcontroller ...............................................................
2.2.1 Pins and signals of 8031/8051 ..........................................................
2.2.2 Architecture of 8031/8051 .................................................................
2.2.3 Programming model of 8031/8051 .....................................................
55
55
60
63
2.3
INTEL 8096 microcontroller ........................................................................
2.3.1 Pins and signals of 8096 ...................................................................
2.3.2 Architecture of 8096 microcontroller ..................................................
2.3.3 Special function registers (SFRs) of 8096..........................................
73
73
78
87
2.4
Short questions and answers......................................................................
94
CHAPTER - 3 INSTRUCTION SET OF 8085 ..................................................................
97
3.1
Processor cycles.........................................................................................
97
3.2
Machine cycles of 8085 ..............................................................................
97
3.3
Instruction format of 8085 ...........................................................................
111
3.4
Addressing modes ......................................................................................
111
3.5
Instruction set .............................................................................................
112
3.6
Data transfer instructions ............................................................................
121
3.7
Arithmetic instructions ................................................................................
133
3.8
Logical instructions .....................................................................................
143
3.9 Branching instructions ................................................................................
3.10 Machine control instructions
152
156
3.11 Timing diagram of 8085 instructions ...........................................................
159
3.12 Short questions and answers......................................................................
167
CHAPTER - 4 INSTRUCTION SET OF 8086. ...............................................................
173
4.1
Bus cycles and timing diagram. ..................................................................
173
4.2
Classification of 8086 instructions...............................................................
181
4.3
Format of 8086 instructions ........................................................................
182
4.4
Addressing modes of 8086 .........................................................................
188
4.5
Instruction execution time ...........................................................................
194
4.6
Instructions affecting flags ..........................................................................
212
4.7
Data transfer instructions. ...........................................................................
214
4.8
Arithmetic instructions .................................................................................
219
4.9
Logical instructions .....................................................................................
229
4.10 String manipulation instructions ..................................................................
237
4.11
Control transfer instructions .......................................................................
241
4.11.1 CALL and RET instructions.............................................................
242
4.11.2 Unconditional jump instructions ......................................................
245
4.11.3 Conditional jump instructions ..........................................................
246
4.11.4 Loop instructions. ............................................................................
248
4.12 Processor control instructions .....................................................................
251
4.13 Examples of 8086 instructions ....................................................................
253
4.14 Short questions and answers......................................................................
262
CHAPTER - 5 INSTRUCTION SET OF MC68000 .........................................................
267
5.1
Bus cycles and timing diagram ...................................................................
267
5.2
Format of 68000 instruction ........................................................................
270
5.3
Addressing modes of 68000 instructions ....................................................
271
5.4
Instructions of MC68000 processor ............................................................
277
5.5
Short questions and answers......................................................................
296
CHAPTER - 6 INSTRUCTION SET OF 8031/8051 ........................................................
299
6.1
Machine cycles and timing diagram ............................................................
299
6.2
Addressing modes ......................................................................................
307
6.3
Classification of 8031/8051 instructions ......................................................
308
6.4
Data transfer instructions ............................................................................
315
6.5
Arithmetic instructions .................................................................................
318
6.6
Logical instructions. ....................................................................................
321
6.7
Program branching instructions ..................................................................
324
6.8
6.9
Boolean variable instructions ......................................................................
Short questions and answers
328
330
CHAPTER - 7 MEMORY AND I/O INTERFACING ........................................................
333
7.1
Introduction to memory ...............................................................................
333
7.2
Semiconductor memory ..............................................................................
333
7.3
ROM and PROM.........................................................................................
335
7.4
EPROM ......................................................................................................
336
7.5
Static RAM ..................................................................................................
340
7.6
DRAM and NVRAM ....................................................................................
345
7.7
Interfacing static RAM and EPROM............................................................
346
7.8
Even and odd memory banks in 16-bit microprocessors ............................
350
7.8.1 Even and odd memory banks in 8086 based system .......................
7.8.2 Even and odd memory banks in 68000 based system .....................
350
353
Memory organisation in microprocessor system .........................................
353
7.9.1 Memory organisation in 8085 based system .....................................
355
7.9.2 Memory organisation in 8086 based system .....................................
358
7.9.3 Memory organisation in 68000 based system ...................................
363
7.9.4 Memory organisation in 8031/8051 based system ............................
364
7.10 I/O structure of a typical microcomputer .....................................................
365
7.11 Interfacing I/O and peripheral devices ........................................................
366
7.12 Memory and I/O interface examples ...........................................................
372
7.12.1 Examples of memory and I/O interface in 8085 based system ........
372
7.12.2 Examples of memory and I/O interface in 8086 based system ........
386
7.12.3 Examples of memory and I/O interface in 68000 based system ......
392
7.9
7.12.4 Examples of memory and I/O interface in 8031/8051 based system …….397
7.13 Short questions and answers......................................................................
401
CHAPTER-8 INTERRUPTS ............................................................................................
407
8.1
Interrupt and its need ..................................................................................
407
8.2
Classification of interrupts ...........................................................................
408
8.3
Interrupts of 8085........................................................................................
8.3.1 Software interrupts of 8085 ...............................................................
8.3.2 Hardware interrupts of 8085 .............................................................
8.3.3 Priorities of interrupts of 8085 ...........................................................
8.3.4 Enabling, disabling and masking of 8085 interrupts ..........................
8.3.5 INTR and its expansion in 8085 ........................................................
409
409
410
411
411
414
8.4
Interrupts of 8086........................................................................................
416
8.4.1 INTEL predefined (or dedicated) interrupts .......................................
416
8.4.2 Software interrupts of 8086 ...............................................................
418
8.4.3 Hardware interrupts of 8086 .............................................................
418
8.4.4 Priorities of interrupts of 8086 ...........................................................
419
8.4.5 Implementing interrupt scheme in 8086 ............................................
8.4.6 INTR and its expansion in 8086
419
422
Programmable interrupt controller-INTEL 8259 ..........................................
423
8.5.1 Interfacing 8259 with 8085 microprocessor ......................................
424
8.5.2 Interfacing 8259 with 8086 microprocessor ......................................
426
8.5.3 Functional block diagram of 8259 .....................................................
427
8.5.4 Processing of interrupts by 8259 ......................................................
430
8.5.5 Programming (or initializing) 8259 ....................................................
Short questions and answers ......................................................................
432
437
CHAPTER-9 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING ............................................
445
8.5
8.6
9.1
Levels of programming ...............................................................................
445
9.2
Flowchart ....................................................................................................
446
9.3
Assembly language program development tools ........................................
448
9.4
Variables and constants used in assemblers .............................................
453
9.5
Assembler directives ...................................................................................
454
9.6
Procedures and macros ..............................................................................
461
9.7
Delay routine ..............................................................................................
463
9.8
Stack ..........................................................................................................
467
9.9
Interrupts of personal computers ................................................................
469
9.10 Hand coding of assembly language programs in 8086 ...............................
477
9.11 Examples of 8085 assembly language programs .......................................
481
9.12 Examples of 8031 assembly language programs .......................................
535
9.13 Examples of 8086 assembly language programs .......................................
546
9.14 Short questions and answers ......................................................................
650
CHAPTER-10 PERIPHERAL DEVICES AND INTERFACING .....................................
655
10.1 Programmable peripheral devices ..............................................................
655
10.2 Parallel data communication interface ........................................................
10.2.1 Parallel data transfer schemes ........................................................
10.2.2 INTEL 8212 .....................................................................................
10.2.3 Programmable I/O port and Timer-INTEL 8155/8156 .....................
10.2.4 Programmable peripheral interface -INTEL 8255 ............................
10.2.5 Programmable I/O port and memory-INTEL 8355 ...........................
10.2.6 Programmable I/O port and memory-INTEL 8755 ...........................
10.2.7 DMA data transfer scheme .............................................................
10.2.8 DMA controller - INTEL 8237 ...........................................................
10.2.9 DMA controller - INTEL 8257 ...........................................................
10.3 Serial data communication interface ...........................................................
10.3.1 Serial data communication
655
656
659
660
667
677
678
680
682
698
707
707
10.3.2 USART-INTEL 8251A ......................................................................
712
10.3.3 Serial communication in 8051 microcontroller ................................
718
10.4 Keyboard and display interface ...................................................................
10.4.1 Keyboard interface using ports ........................................................
10.4.2 Display interface using ports ............................................................
10.4.3 Latches and Buffers as I/O devices .................................................
10.4.4 Keyboard / Display controller -INTEL 8279 ......................................
10.4.5 Keyboard and Display interface using 8279.....................................
719
719
722
727
729
733
10.5 Programmable Timer-INTEL 8254 ..............................................................
739
10.5.1 Operating modes of 8254 ................................................................
746
DAC interface.............................................................................................
753
10.6.1 DAC 0800 ........................................................................................
755
10.7 ADC interface..............................................................................................
760
10.7.1 ADC 0809 ........................................................................................
762
10.8 Short questions and answers .......................................................................
770
10.6
CHAPTER-11
INTEL 80x86 FAMILY OF PROCESSORS ..........................................
775
11.1
Introduction ................................................................................................
775
11.2
INTEL 80186 ..............................................................................................
777
11.2.1 Pins and signals of 80186 ................................................................
777
11.2.2 Architecture of 80186 .......................................................................
782
11.3
INTEL 80286 ..............................................................................................
786
11.3.1 Pins and signals of 80286 ................................................................
786
11.3.2 Architecture of 80286 .......................................................................
789
11.3.3 Real address mode of 80286 ...........................................................
792
11.3.4 Protected virtual address mode of 80286 ........................................
793
11.4 INTEL 80386 microprocessor .....................................................................
797
11.4.1 Pins and signals of 80386 ................................................................
800
11.4.2 Architecture of 80386 microprocessor .............................................
802
11.4.3 Registers of 80386 microprocessor .................................................
804
11.4.4 Operating modes of 80386 microprocessor .....................................
809
11.5 INTEL 80486 microprocessor .....................................................................
813
11.5.1 Pins and signals of 80486 ................................................................
813
11.5.2 Architecture of 80486 .......................................................................
817
11.6 Pentium microprocessor ............................................................................
820
11.6.1 Pins and signals of Pentium microprocessor ...................................
821
11.6.2 Architecture of Pentium microprocessor ..........................................
827
11.7 Advanced Pentium processors ...................................................................
11.7.1 Pentium Pro .....................................................................................
11.7.2 Pentium II.........................................................................................
11.7.3 Pentium III........................................................................................
11.7.4 Pentium 4.........................................................................................
830
831
831
831
832
CHAPTER-12
SYSTEM DESIGN WITH MICROPROCESSORS ................................
833
12.1 Designing a microprocessor based system................................................
12.2 INTEL 8085 microprocessor based systems
833
836
12.2.1 8085 based minimum system .........................................................
836
12.2.2 Temperature control system ...........................................................
836
12.2.3 Motor speed control system ............................................................
840
12.2.4 Traffic light control system ..............................................................
843
12.2.5 Stepper motor control system .........................................................
847
12.3 Support chips needed for 8086 based system ............................................
849
12.3.1 Clock generator-INTEL 8284A ........................................................
849
12.3.2 Bus controller-INTEL 8288..............................................................
852
12.3.3 Coprocessor-INTEL 8087 ...............................................................
853
INTEL 8086 based system .........................................................................
857
12.4.1 Minimum mode 8086 based system ...............................................
857
12.4.2 Maximum mode 8086 based system ..............................................
858
12.4.3 Multiprocessor configurations .......................................................
860
I
List of microprocessors released by INTEL ....................................
863
APPENDIX II
8031/ 8051 instructions in hexadecimal order .................................
865
APPENDIX III 8031/ 8051 instructions in alpahbetical order...................................
867
APPENDIX IV 8085 instructions in hexadecimal order ..........................................
869
APPENDIX V
871
12.4
APPENDIX
8085 instructions in alphabetical order ...........................................
APPENDIX VI Templates for 8086 instructions .......................................................
873
APPENDIX VII DOS and BIOS interrupts ..................................................................
883
GENERAL INDEX............................................................................................................
887
CHIP INDEX.....................................................................................................................
895