A Common sense approach to keeping goats &
sheep healthy and profitable
Dr. Beth Walker
Thanks to Mr. Bruce Lane
Basic Rules:
•Don’t buy sick animals
•Keep _______________ – know which ones get sick and which ones don’t
•Follow ____________________
•Don’t believe everything you hear, from someone trying to sell you a goat
•Never, ever buy from a _____________________
• Keep in mind…there is as much bad info as there is good info…be
selective learners
Nutritional Requirements
Basic Nutrients
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Protein
Energy
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
Requirements will vary according to physiological status of
animal
Protein
• Most common sources
• ______________(41%), _______________ (44%), peanut (52%) and
sunflower meal
• Alfalfa hay (________%)
• Prairie hay (________%)
• Corn & oats (______%),
• Protein is associated with the insides of the plant cells
• Older the plant, the more cells have burst,
• dried out = higher fiber/protein ratio
Goat Nutrition
• High protein supplemental feedstuffs:
• Gluten feeds, mill feeds and urea (in range blocks) can also be used
• Choosing between alternative high protein feedstuffs is largely an
economic decision.
• Dividing the price of a cwt of feed by its protein content (lb
protein/cwt of feed) will yield the cost of 1 lb of protein and
facilitate comparisons.
Energy
• Used for _________________, activity, ___________
maintenance, growth, fat deposition, __________________
• Carbohydrates – 65-75% of dry weight of plants
• Crude fiber = estimation of ________ content in a feed
• Higher the crude fiber = _____________ the digestible energy
• 8% CF = 73% TDN
• 24% CF = 49% TDN
Energy
• High quality hay (alfalfa) can meet or exceed ________ &
_____________ needs of mature, non-lactating does
• Energy affects PH of rumen
• Normal is __________________. To much grain = acidosis
• Excessive starch intake can also cause bloat
• Must use gradual shifts in diets
Energy
• Fat
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_________ more energy than carbohydrates
No more than ______% of diet
Vitamins ____________
Minimizes dust
Softens pellets, improves palatability
• Dollar unit = __________ is best buy
• Low cost
• High energy
• Be careful!!
Nutritional Requirements
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Total dry matter intake: ____________% body weight
______________ are higher in protein than ________
Environment will affect nutrient quality of pasture
Roughages higher in _______ than _________
Feed Grains higher in _______ than __________
Forages
• Legumes such as ____________, lespedeza and vetch are higher
in protein and calcium than non-legumes such as bermudagrass,
bluestems, johnsongrass, sudangrass and
• Forages consumed by grazing, due to animal selection, are
higher quality than hay from the same field.
Roughages
• Roughages are relatively higher in ____________ than in
_____________, while feed grains generally have more
______________ than _______________
• Protein and TDN levels of individual roughages are dependent
on several variables
• _______________, soil fertility, ________________, harvesting
procedures, storage conditions, variety, maturity (age) of the forage
crop
Flushing
• Aids in synchronization of heat
• Increases kids born per ewe
• Methods
• ____________ lb or corn and/or 0.5 lb of protein supplement day/head
will usually suffice
• Can feed 3x’s per week
• Rotate to a fresh pasture
• Deworm
Missouri Fescue Case Study
• Starvation Syndrome
What's in your hay?
What is wrong with this goat?
Creep Feeding
• Commercial meat goat raisers do not ordinarily creep feed their kid crops:
• a) their does are capable of weaning kids acceptable to the market
• b) it would not be cost-beneficial
• c) the logistics would be unworkable or at least inconvenient.
• _______________________ or A. sulfate in feed
• Minimum: .________________%
Creep Feeding
• Advantages:
• Increases _________________ gains – easier to sell as show wethers
• Less time to market
• Reduces stress associated with weaning
• Disadvantages:
• Keeping your does out
• Know cost of gain 5:1 or less
• Don’t get them to fat
Creep Feeding
• Percent protein should be _________________
• Some show prospects are fed up to 18%
• Percent fiber should be no more than ________________.
• Palatable enough to promote adequate intake
• Coarse grinding or pelleting (3/16")
Dietary Protein, Energy, and Mineral Requirements
of Goats
www.clemson.edu/agronomy/goats/winter_feed.html
Forages
• When forage quality is reduced:
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Compare: protein costs, dietary components, palatability, labor, intake
1 lb of 20% CP cubes
.5 lbs of 40% supplement
.5 – 1lb whole cottonseed
Energy licks
• Along with free choice hay, .5lb whole corn when energy needs are
high
Vitamins & Minerals
• Provide a free choice goat mineral
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ADE&K
B12
Salt
Selenium
Magnesium oxide
Cu – _________________________________________
• Feed as copper carbonate or copper sulfate
• Variable Data on proper mineral requirements for goats
• Best bet: quality goat mineral
• Can use a quality cattle mineral during less productive times
When to feed
• Last ____________ of gestation first ___________ days
lactation = good quality hay/pasture
• ___________lb or so of a protein feed 14-16%
• Add on .______________lb per kid
• Males = if on feed make sure they receive ammonium chloride
(________________#’s per ton)
Diseases
General diseases
Signs of illness
• Attitude - Depressed, hangs its head, misery, collapsed, restless, dull, weak
• Appetite - Off food, loss of appetite
• Body - Muscle twitching, bloated, swelling in flank, knees enlarged, abscesses of
lymph gland, head-shaking, swollen red navel,
• Breathing - Chronic cough, sweet smell of breath, breathing rapidly,
• Coat/Skin - Pimples, watery blisters, encrusted scabs, foul smell, loss of condition,
irritation, rubbing, bald patches, itching, small lumps or bag of fluid, raised and
red, grey-white crusty appearance, thickened, hair thin or absent, coat tussled
and standing on end,
Signs of illness
• Droppings - Diarrhea, watery, scouring with bubbles of gas, tapeworm segments,
loose, straining to pass feces, no poop
• Eyes - Watery, cornea cloudy, white spots in cornea, reddened, pupils narrowed
to slits, excess tears spilling over on skin, sensitive to the light,
• Nose - runny, snotty, stopped
• Reproductive Organs - Hard udder, hot udder, udder very tender,
Signs of illness
• Gait - Drunken behavior, stands with its back arched or with hind feet placed
well back, unable to stand, lies on side making paddling movements, lameness,
reluctant to walk,
• Vocal - Crying out, grinding teeth (sign of pain)
• Weight - Wasting, rapid weight loss, dehydration,
• Urine - Bloody, unable to urinate, strains to urinate
Foot rot
One of the most devastating sheep diseases. Caused by an interaction involving two
types of ________________________bacteria.
Foot rot
Foot rot
Preventing, Controlling, and Eradicating Foot rot
Effectiveness of Different Treatments for Foot Rot
Study One: Treatment and % Cure _______________________________________________
• Group 1 Soak 38.9%
• Group 2 Soak and feed antibiotic 36.3%
• Group 3 Vaccinate 36.5%
• Group 4 Vaccinate and soak 62.5%
Study Two: Treatment and % Cure
_________________________
• Group 1 Soak and pare 85.5%
• Group 2 Footbath and pare 66.5%
• Group 3 Vaccinate and pare 94.0%
• Group 4 Vaccinate, pare, and bathe 100.0%
Source: (National Wool Grower and Utah State University)
Foot Baths
______________________ (copper naphthenate) – individual treatment
Antibiotics – individual treatment (I.M., Subcu., and/or Interdigitally)
________________________ or similar
_________________________
_________________________
Foot baths
_____________________________
____________________________
_______________________________
Saponifiers (to aid penetration)
Foot-riteTM
Dish soap
Caseous lymphadenitis
boils, abscesses, cheesy gland disorder
Caseous lymphadenitis
boils, abscesses, cheesy gland disorder
Superficial (external) abscesses
Visceral (internal) abscesses
More common with sheep
Treatment of CLA
External abscesses
Caseous lymphadenitis
• What to do?
• Vaccines are available
• Varying results
• Cull infected/unthrifty animals
• May have some ____________________________
• Never let them burst
• Collect pus, burn
• Sort of like a cold sore
• Ain’t proud of it, not much you can do
• If someone tells you their goats don’t have it….
Control and Eradication of CLA
Enterotoxemia
• Overeating, pulpy kidney
• __________________________
• Causing factors:
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Change in feed
_____________________ energy diets
Irregular feeding
Rapid increase in concentration
Heavy ______________________________
Insufficient feeder space
Combined feeding of size and ages of goats
Enterotoxemia
• Symptoms:
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Sudden death
Nervous disorders
Head drawn back
Convulsions
Grinding teeth
Diarrhea
Depression
Abdominal pain
Can be similar to other diseases (e. coli scours, encephalitis)
• Treatment (not rewarding)
• Usually dead
• Anti-serum
• Antibiotics
Preventing enterotoxemia
Tetanus - Lockjaw
• Clostridium tetani
• Infection through wounds
• Symptoms:
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Stiff movement
Spasmodic jerking
Rigid jaw
Hind legs extended back
• Prevention:
• Sanitation
• Vaccination
• Same as overeating
Pregnancy Toxemia
Ketosis, Pregnancy disease, Twin lamb disease, Lambing paralysis
Females most susceptible
Symptoms
Treatment
Prevention
Milk Fever
Hypocalcemia, lambing sickness, parturient paresis
• Affects
• Pregnant females (late)
• Lactating females (early)
• Cause(s)
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Sudden increased calcium demands on the ewe by the fetuses.
Decreased serum calcium level, usually below 6 mg/ml
Inadequate intake of calcium
Inability to mobilize calcium reserves
Milk Fever
Hypocalcemia, lambing sickness, parturient paresis
• Symptoms
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Slight hyperexcitability
Muscle tremors
Stilted gait
Inability to rise – hind legs extended backwards
Bloat
Regurgitation of food through nostrils
Staring eyes
Shallow respiration
Symptoms similar to pregnancy toxemia
Milk Fever
Hypocalcemia, lambing sickness, parturient paresis
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Treatment
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Intravenous administration of 50-100 ml of a calcium borogluconate solution
Subcutaneous injection of calcium in less advanced cases
Oral calcium to prevent relapses.
Prevention
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Adequate calcium in diet
Don’t overfeed calcium in late gestation.
Avoid stresses of sudden feed changes, periods of fasting.
Soremouth
Contagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis, scabby mouth, orf
Soremouth
Prevention of Soremouth
Orf
Club Lamb Fungus
Club Lamb Fungus
• Why is it be important to you?
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It moves from flock to flock or from flock to person through contact.
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Sheep/goats can still be contagious without exhibiting external signs of carrying the fungus.
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The fungus is thought to be very hardy and can live for years in barns and equipment hidden
from direct sunlight waiting for growing conditions to encourage development.
Club Lamb Fungus
(Ovine Dermatophytosis)
• What is it?
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First recognized in the 1980's.
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Most commonly found in sheep prepared for shows.
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It has been called woolrot, lumpy wool, ovine ringworm, and ovine dermatosis.
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It is caused by two types of fungus, Microsporum and Trichophyton. Similar fungi cause
ringworm in cattle, humans, horses, dogs and cats.
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It is contagious to humans.
Club Lamb Fungus
• Identifying Infected Animals
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Lesions can appear anywhere, however, most are found on the head, neck, and back.
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Infected skin is thick, raised, red, and "weeping".
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Later stages will appear crusty or scaly.
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Lesions are small circular spots the size of a dime to fifty cent piece.
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Infected spots start small and increase in size over a 4-8 week period. Spots contains lots of
infective agents.
Club Lamb Fungus
• Lesions can be detected 2-4 weeks after infection.
• Infections require 8-10 weeks for spontaneous recovery.
• Hair re-growth is usually _______________________________________________
• All stages are contagious until hair growth has begun.
Club Lamb Fungus
• Transmission of the Disease
• Most likely occurs at shows or sales.
• Is spread by contact with other lambs/goats, humans, pens, or equipment
(i.e. shears)
• Usually enters through scrapes or cuts.
* easily transmitted by contaminated clippers, blankets, combs, bedding, bunks, and pens. Contact of
lambs at weigh-ins, "Jack-Pot" shows, etc., along with loss of natural protection because of close
clipping, washing, and covering with blankets probably contributes significantly to the incidence and
severity of the disease.
Club Lamb Fungus
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Prevention
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Proper nutrition and care.
Keep sheep and barns as dry as possible.
Avoid nicks and cuts when shearing.
Disinfect equipment (shearing equipment, etc.) with a commercial fungicide.
Wash and shear show lambs as little as possible.
Use protective gloves when handling infected sheep/goats.
Quarantine new arrivals before mixing with flock.
Separate infected from non-infected goats/sheep.
Disinfect pens as needed.
Show equipment such as like blankets towels and haltersshould be used on only one goat.
Persons handling infected or exposed animals should wear rubber gloves and clothing with long sleeves. Wash thoroughly
after handling animals and wash clothes thoroughly.
Animals with active lesions should be removed from shows.
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Vaccine? (one exists for cats)
Club Lamb Fungus
• Environmental control
 Captan, (available at garden centers)
One pound in 15-20 gallons of water to spray down the premises and soak clippers, brushes,
cards, etc…has been recommended. Veterinarians must be careful in recommending the use of
this product anyway other than the label. There is no leeway for extra-label use in products
controlled by the EPA. (AMDUCA does not apply)
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Bleach, and other agents with anti-fungal activity may be used
Club Lamb Fungus
• Treatment
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Not enough data to currently recommend a particular treatment. Effective systemic anti-fungals
have been reported to decrease the length of disease from 8-16 weeks down to 3 weeks.
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Fulvicin (griseofulvin,) in lambs is thought to be effective in treating CLF. No efficacy trials have
been conducted, however, anecdotal reports have been positive.
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ThiabendizoleTM
Club Lamb Fungus
(TBZ) has been used. A veterinary-labeled product is no longer
available, however a human product is still available.
1 lb. of petrolatum jelly
20 grams of ThiabendizoleTM
15 ml isopropyl alcohol
Liquefy the vaseline, stir in powder, and add the alcohol.
Makes approx. 4% ointment.
Club Lamb Fungus
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Over the counter human topical products such as 1% Chlortromazole, Tinactin TM, may be
effective
CaptanTM has been used with some success
The efficacy of various fungicidal shampoos is questionable due to the short exposure time on the
skin
Iodine compounds (iodine based soaps, etc.) have not shown to be very effective against other
dermatophytes. However these compounds may reduce the infectivity of the lesions.
Commercial Products are on the market
Moisturizing products
Pipestone Recommendation: keep an antifungal spray on the lambs following each show to help
prevent the spread of "Club Lamb Fungus."
*Recommend using Nolvasan or a similar product prior to and following any contact with other
lambs or exposure to show blankets or equipment used on other lambs.
Lambs that develop the fungus lesions are usually done with their show career because of the
long recovery period following a fungal infection.
Club Lamb Fungus
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Regulations require a safe and reasonable withdrawal time be established
before a drug can be prescribed extra-label.
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Currently no data in sheep is available, so a withdrawal time cannot be
established.
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Pharmacokinetic data in other species vary greatly; consequently
extrapolation of pharmacokinetic curves to sheep is not possible.
Scrapie
Scrapie
Scrapie symptoms
Scrapie
Why do we need to eradicate scrapie?
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)
TSE
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Always fatal, degenerative diseases of the central nervous system.
Transmissible
Creates spongy holes in brain.
Theory: can TSE’s cross the species barrier?????
Controlling and Eradicating Scrapie
Third Eyelid Test
• Live animal test
• Test lymph tissue in third eye lid for presence of scrapie agent.
• Difficult to do
More Info on Scrapie?
Scrapie Identification Program
(Sheep)
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The following animals need ear tags:
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All sheep 18 months and older
All breeding sheep
All scrapie exposed, suspect, test-positive, and high risk animals
Breeding goats, except low-risk commercial goats
All sheep and goats for exhibition
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Always check ahead with shows and exhibitions for specific health requirements
** Check with Federal Veterinarians office in Jefferson City, MO for rule clarification or to obtain official
program ear tags (573) 636-3116
Scrapie Identification Program
(Goats)
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Commercial low risk goats may be moved interstate commerce without identification. Commercial
low risk goats are:
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Raised for fiber and meat
Not registered or exhibited
Have not been in contact with sheep
Not scrapie positive, high risk, or exposed animals
Not from an infected or source herd
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Sexually intact goats used for exhibitions, demonstrations, petting zoos, or that are registered will need individual I.D.
numbers and have health certificates to cross state lines. Goats with legible registry tattoos accompanied by a copy of their
registry certificate do not require additional identification.
Voluntary Scrapie Program
 USDA Website Information: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/nahps/scrapie/free-certi.html/
 Scrapie Flock Status Reports
http://cofcs18.aphis.usda.gov/scrapie/reports/
 Missouri Information and Sign-Up:
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http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/area_offices.htm
Phone: (573) 636-3116
Abortion Diseases of Sheep and Goats
 Vibriosis
 Enzootic Abortion in Ewes (EAE)
 Toxoplasmosis
Vibriosis
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Vibrio Campylobacteriosis
Abortion during last month of pregnancy, stillborn lambs, and birth of weak lambs are typical of vibrio abortions.
High abortion rates have been recorded (up to 70 percent).
Two strains - Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter fetus.
Ewes are infected by oral ingestion.
Incubation period from the time of infection and abortion is only two weeks.
Vaccination can be effective in the face of an outbreak.
Feeding of antibiotics (tetracyclines) has been shown to be effective. Less effective if jejuni strain.
Disease spread can be prevented by isolating aborting ewes, disposal of fetus and membranes and disinfecting
affected area.
Infected ewes usually recover after aborting and are immune to re-infection.
A vaccine is available for Vibrio.
Vibrio vaccines – buy those that contain both intestinalis and jejuni strains.
Enzootic Abortion (EAE)
(Chlamydia psittici)
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Chlamydia is the most common cause of abortion
Transmitted from aborting does to susceptible individuals
Abortion during the last month of pregnancy
Birth of kids that die shortly after birth
May cause pneumonia in young kids
Chlamydia abortions can usually be stopped or reduced by treating entire flock with
tetracycline. High levels may be required in problem flocks
• Vaccine is available
Toxoplasmosis
(toxoplasma gondii)
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Causes abortion in ewes
Cause is a protozoan that causes coccidiosis in cats
Follows ingestion of feed or water contaminated with oocyte-laden cat feces.
The organism migrates to the placenta and fetus(es) causing their death and expulsion.
Ewes abort during last month of pregnancy or give birth to dead or weak lambs that usually die from
starvation.
Infection in the first two months of gestation results in embryonic death and reabsorption.
Evidence that Rumensin® and Deccox® will partially prevent toxoplasmosis in pregnant ewes.
Limiting cat populations and preventing contamination of sheep feed and water with cat feces helps
prevent disease.
There is no vaccine available in the U.S. for toxoplasmosis.
Pneumonia
(Pasteurella haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida)
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A respiratory complex with no single agent being solely responsible for the disease
Affected animals become depressed and go off feed
They may cough and show some respiratory distress
Temperatures usually over 104°F
The disease may be acute with sudden deaths or take several days.
Pneumonia is treated with antibiotics.
One of the most common causes of death in newborns
Polioencephalomylacia
• Also called polio
• Caused by a _________________________________________ deficiency
• Since the rumen manufactures B vitamins, polio is not caused by insufficient thiamine,
but rather the ability to utilize it
• Most common symptom is blindness and star gazing
• Most commonly occurs in kids on high concentrate diets
• Polio can also occur in goats of all ages on pasture
• Goats respond well to injections of thiamine hydrochloride
Copper Toxicity
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_____________________________ can be fed diets with copper
Copper is closely related to molybdenum and toxicity occurs when dietary ratio of copper to
molybdenum increases to about ____________________________
When consumed over a long period of time excess copper is stored in the liver. No damage occurs until
a toxic level is reached at which time there is a hemolytic crisis with destruction of red blood cells.
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Affected animals suddenly go off feed and become weak.
An examination of their mucous membranes and white skin will reveal a yellowish brown color.
Their urine will be a red-brown color due to hemoglobin in the urine.
Treatment of copper poisoning is based on inactivating the copper with ____________________ and
sulfate.
* Prevention: Be careful what you feed!
Vaginal Prolapses
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Most commonly observed during ____________________ month of pregnancy or shortly after lambing
Suggested causes include genetics, hormonal/metabolic imbalances, overfat/overthin body condition,
bulky feeds, lack of exercise, dystocia in previous pregnancies, increased abdominal pressure and fetal
burden.
Prolapses often recur in subsequent pregnancies
Vaginal Prolapse Repair
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Exposed vagina of doe should be washed with soapy disinfectant solution and placed back into doe.
After above, typical repair techniques are:
1. Harness (preferred by many veteran producers)
2. Retainer "spoon" can be inserted and secured in the doe to prevent further prolapsing.
3. In a doe that has lambed, sutures maybe used to secure the prolapse or the harness may be put back on
the doe for a couple of weeks post lambing.
* Affected doesand their offspring should probably not be kept in the flock for breeding animals due to
the possibly hereditary nature of the problem.
Vaginal Prolapse Harness
Uterine Prolapse
Uterine Prolapse
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A uterine prolapse is when the womb is turned inside out and pushed through the birth canal by the
abdominal strainings of the doe
Can occur prior to kidding and immediately after lambing and is a life-threatening situation
C-section and put the doe down
Must be manually forced back into the doe
The uterus should be cleaned with a warm, soapy, disinfectant solution prior to replacement and should
be replaced before the tissues become dry or chilled
Placing the does rear legs up over a panel or gate may reduce resistance and make it easier to insert the
uterus back in the doe
Sutures are necessary to keep the uterus in place.
Older does are more commonly affected
Cull affected does
Mastitis
Mastitis
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Also called ________________________________________________________
Staphylococcus aureus and Pasteurella hemolytica
Two types of mastitis: acute and chronic
Affected doe may be reluctant to ______________________________
May hold up one rear foot
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May not permit her kids to nurse
Does with chronic mastitis often go undetected.
Mastitis is treated with antibiotics and systemic antibiotics
There is no vaccine for mastitis.
Prevented by good management and sanitation.
Observe and handle udders
Mastitis
• Prevention
• Peak milk production – 45 days
• Problems most associated with high milking does and when kids are early weaned
– 60 days
• Some will wean male kids at 3 months and females at 4 months
• Decrease fed to lactating does 2 weeks prior to kidding
• Pen does and hold off of food and water 24 hours
• Feed roughage sparingly until time which they have dried up
• Relieve pressure on those that are still lactating
Mastitis
• Prevention
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Bedding in drop pens, mixing pens and lambing jugs should be clean and dry.
There should be good drainage around the barn and lots.
Animals should not be overcrowded.
The incidence of mastitis is greater in closely confined flocks.
Cull does with lumpy udders
Could have a genetic component so might be wise to cull daughters
Mastitis
• Treatment
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Milk out affected side
Get all the “cheesy” material out
Put doe on antibiotic
Visit with vet for
Urinary Calculi
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Also called ____________________________________________________________
Metabolic disease of wethers and rams characterized by the formation of calculi (stones) within the
urinary tract
Blockage of the urethra by calculi causes retention of urine, abdominal pain, distention and rupture of
the urethra or bladder
The most common cause of urinary calculi is feeding rations with high phosphorus levels. The ratio of
calcium to phosphorus in the ration should be at least ___________________________________
Adding feed grade limestone to rations may be necessary
addition of ammonium chloride to the ration will aid in preventing urinary calculi.
It is also important that animals have an ample supply of clean, potable water.
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The addition of salt to the ration will increase water intake and decrease stone formation
Urinary Calculi
Pinkeye
• Also called infectious __________________________________
• Highly contagious disease affecting the eyes of sheep
• May result from many different infective agents:
_______________________________ certain viruses, and mycoplasma
• The disease will usually complete its course in three weeks in individual sheep
• The use of eye medications containing antibiotics may be helpful in individual cases
• There are no effective vaccines available
• The agent that causes pinkeye in sheep and goats is different from the one that causes
it in cattle
Pinkeye
What’s in your medicine cabinet?
What’s in your medicine cabinet?
What’s in your medicine cabinet?
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18 – 20 g 1 to ½ inch needles
Variety of syringes
LA 200
Penicillin
Lactate ringers solution
Nutri-drench
• Frozen colostrum
• Lamb tube
What’s in your medicine cabinet?
• Next lecture – do parasite mgt