GRAMMAR.
Future forms.
There is no one future tense in English. Instead, there several verb forms that can refer
to future time. Sometimes several forms are possible to express a future meaning such
as:
I. Prediction.
1. will.
a) The most common use of will is as an auxiliary verb to show future time. It
expresses a future fact or prediction – at some time in the future this event will happen.
This use is uncoloured by ideas such as intention, decision, arrangement, willingness,
etc.
e.g. I’ll be thirty in a few days’ time. You’ll feel better if you take this medicine.
This is the nearest English has to a neutral, pure future tense.
b) will for a prediction can be based more on an opinion than a fact or evidence. It is
often found with expressions such as I think…, I hope…, I’m sure…
e.g. I think Labour will win the next election. I’m sure you’ll pass your exam.
2. going to.
Going to can express a prediction based on a present fact. There is evidence now that
something is sure to happen. We can see the future from the present.
e.g. Look at the sky! It’s going to be a lovely day.
NB. - Sometimes there is little or no difference between will and going to.
e.g. We’ll (We’re going to) run out of money if we aren’t careful.
- We use going to when we have physical evidence to support our prediction.
e.g. Liverpool are going to win. (It’s 4-0, and there are only 5 minutes left.)
- We can use will when there is no such outside evidence. Our prediction is based on
our own personal opinion. It can be more theoretical and abstract.
e.g. I reckon Liverpool will win. (Said the day before the match.)
II. Decisions, intentions and arrangements.
1. Will.
Will is used to express a spontaneous decision or intention made at the moment of
speaking.
e.g. I’ll phone you back in a minute.
2. Going to.
Going to is used to express a future plan, decision, or intention made before the
moment of speaking.
e.g. When she grows up, she’s going to be a ballet dancer. We are going to get
married in the spring.
NB. - In a formal style we use will rather than going to to talk about future events that
have been previously arranged in some detail.
e.g. The meeting will begin at 9 a.m. Refreshments will be available from 8.30
onwards.
3. Present Continuous.
The Present Continuous is used to express personal arrangements and fixed plans
(especially social and travel arrangements) when the time and place have been
decided.
e.g. I’m having lunch with Brian tomorrow.
The Present Continuous is used to refer to arrangements between people. It is not used
to refer to events that people can’t control.
e.g. It’s going to rain this afternoon (NOT It’s raining this afternoon).
4. Present Simple.
We can often use either the Present Simple or will to talk about future events that are
part of some timetabled or programmed arrangement or routine. However, we prefer
the Present Simple for fixed, unchangeable events:
e.g. Does/ will the sale finish on Thursday or Friday? BUT The sun rises (the train
leaves) at 5.16 tomorrow.
NB. We normally use the Present Simple, not will in time clauses (with conjunctions
such as after, before, by the time, when, while, until, as soon as), and in conditional
clauses (with conjunctions such as if, in case, provided, suppose, unless, etc.)
5. Future Continuous.
The Future Continuous expresses an activity that will be in progress before and after a
time in the future. Often it is the result of a previous decision or arrangement.
e.g. When it goes into orbit, the spacecraft will be carrying 30 kilos of plutonium.
We can also use the Future Continuous to talk about a future activity that is part of the
normal course of events or that one of a repeated or regular series of events.
e.g. Dr Jones will be giving the same talk in room 103 at 10.00 next Thursday.
NB. When we don’t want to indicate willingness, intention, invitation, etc., we prefer
to use the Future Continuous instead of will. For example, if guests have stayed longer
than you wanted, and you don’t know when they are leaving, you might ask:
Will you be staying with us again tonight? (asking about their plans) rather than Will
you stay with us again tonight? (they might think this is an invitation).
III Other uses of will and shall.
1. Will is also a modal auxiliary verb, and so it can express a variety of meanings.
a) offer: I’ll help you carry those bags.
b) willingness: Will you marry me?
c) request: Will you open the window?
d) refusal: My car won’t start.
e) promise: I’ll love you forever.
f) prediction about the present: ‘The phone is ringing’ ‘It’ll be for me.’
g) assumption about the past (with the perfect infinitive): Most people will have
forgotten the fire by now.
2. Shall is found mainly in questions. It is used with I and we.
a) asking for instructions: Where shall I put your tea?
b) asking for a decision: What shall we do tonight?
c) offering to help: Shall I cook supper tonight?
d) making a suggestion: Shall we eat out tonight?
IV. Future Perfect (Continuous).
We use the Future Perfect to say that something will be ended, completed or achieved
by a particular point in the future.
e.g. By the time you get home, I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
We use the Future Perfect Continuous to emphasise the duration of an activity in
progress at a particular point in the future.
e.g. On Sunday, we’ll have been living in the house for a year.
I. Will vs. Going to.
1. Complete the text using the verbs given. Choose will or going to with each verb,
depending on which is more appropriate.
1 A: I can't come over during the day.
B: I ........................... you tomorrow evening, then, (see)
2 The method is quite simple, and I'm sure it .......... familiar to most of you already.
(be)
3 Have you seen Karen recently? She ........... another baby, (have)
4 A: Did you get the theatre tickets?
B: No, I forgot all about them. I .................. them tomorrow, (book)
5 Wherever you go in Brazil, you ............ the people very friendly, (find)
6 John says he .................... a politician when he grows up - and he's only 5 years old!
(be)
7 Are these new skis yours? .............. you................. skiing? (take up)
8 It's getting very humid - we ............... a thunderstorm, (have)
9 A: We've got small, medium and large. What size do you want? B: I…….a large
one, please, (have)
10
A: Shall I give Ian another ring?
B: Yes, I expect he ................... home by now. (be)
11 A: What are all those bricks for?
B: I .......................... a wall at the side of the garden, (build)
12 I hear you .................... your car. How much do you want for it? (sell)
13 You can't play football in the garden. I ......... the grass, (cut)
14 A: What's the matter with Paula? B: She says she ……..
A: She ......................... better with some fresh air. (be sick - feel)
15
A: I've been offered a new job in Manchester, so I……..Cameo.
B: When......................... your boss?
A: I'm not sure. Perhaps I ....................to see him later today, (leave - tell - try)
16
A: Did I tell you I ...........dinner with Ken on Thursday?
B: But we......................... a film with Ray and Mary on Thursday. You've known about
it for weeks.
A: Sorry. In that case, I ... ….. a different day with Ken. (have - see - sort out)
2. Put the verbs in brackets into one of the above forms.
1 Where are you off to with that ladder? ~ I (have) a look at the roof; it's leaking and I
think a tile has slipped.
2 We bought our new garage in sections and we (assemble) it
ourselves. ~
That sounds rather interesting. I (come) and help you if you like.
3 Why do you want all the furniture out of the room? Because I (shampoo) the carpet. It's impossible to do it unless you take everything off
it first.
4 Here are the matches: but what do you want them for? ~
I (make) a bonfire at the end of the garden; I want to burn that big
heap of rubbish. ~
Well, be careful. If the fire gets too big it (burn) the apple trees.
5 Have you decided on your colour scheme? —
Oh yes, and I've bought the paint. I (paint) this room blue and the sitting room green.
6 Why are you asking everyone to give you bits of material? — Because I (make) a
patchwork quilt.
7 I wonder if Ann knows that the time of the meeting has been changed.~
Probably not. I (look) in on my way home and tell her. I'm glad you thought of it.
8 Leave a note for them on the table and they (see) it when they come in.
9 I'm afraid I'm not quite ready. ~ Never mind. I (wait).
10
Do you have to carry so much stuff on your backs? ~
Yes, we do. We (camp) out and (cook) our own meals, so we have to carry a lot.
11 I've been measuring the windows. I (put) in double glazing.
12 You (wear) that nice dress in a dinghy? ~
Of course not! I (sit) on the pier and (watch) you all sailing. I (not get) all wet and
muddy and pretend that I'm enjoying it!
13 If you leave your keys with the hall porter he (take) the car round to the garage.
14 Shop assistant: We have some very nice strawberries. Customer: All right. I (have)
a pound.
15 Husband: This bread is absolutely tasteless! I wish we could have home-made
bread.
Wife: All right. I (start) making it. I (get) a book about home baking today, and from
now on I (bake) all our bread!
16
Mary: Ann's busy baking. Apparently she (bake) all their bread from
now on.
Jean: She soon (get) tired of that.
II. Will, Going to, Present Continuous.
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (the present continuous and the
future simple).
1
Tom: Where you (go) for your next holiday? (Where have you arranged to go?)
Ann: I don't know yet but we probably (go) to Spain.
2 We (have) a drink with Peter tonight. (He has invited us.) It's his last night; he
(leave) tomorrow.
3 Ann: Do you think we (see) Bill tomorrow?
Mary: I hope so. He probably (look) in on his way to the airport.
4 I (see) my bank manager tomorrow. (/ have arranged this.) I'm going to ask him for
a loan but I expect he (refuse).
5 I (know) the result tomorrow. As soon as I hear, I (tell) you.
6 Jack's mother: Jack (be) ready in a moment. He is just finishing breakfast.
Jack's father: If I wait for him any longer I (miss) my train. I think I (walk) on; he
probably (catch) me up.
7 I probably (come) to London sometime next month. I (give) you a ring nearer the
time and tell you when I (come), (when I have decided/arranged to come)
8 Hotel Porter: You (get) a parking ticket if you leave your car there, sir. If you (stay)
the night (have arranged to stay) you (have to) put it in the hotel garage.
Tourist: All right. I (move) it as soon as I've arranged about a room.
9
Ann: I've scorched Bill's shirt. Whatever he (say)?
Mary: Oh, he (not mind). He just (buy) another shirt. He has plenty of money.
10
Peter: We'd better leave a message for Jack. Otherwise he (not
know) where we've gone.
George: All right. I (leave) a note on his table.
11 Jack: I don't want to get married. I never (get) married. Mother: You think that now.
But one day you (meet) a girl and you (fall) in love.
12 Tom: I (go) to York tomorrow. (/ have arranged to go.)
Ann: You (come) back the same day? (Have you arranged to come
back?)
Tom: No. I probably (have) to spend the night there.
13 Peter: You (walk) home? (Have you decided to walk?)
Andrew: Yes. It's too late for a bus.
Peter: But it's pouring. You (get) soaked! Here, take this umbrella. Andrew: Thanks
very much. I (bring) it back tomorrow.
14 Jack: I (have) another window put in. (I have arranged this.) They
(start) work on it tomorrow.
Ann: That (make) the room much brighter.
15 You (take) any exams this term? (Have you decided to take an
exam?) Yes, I (take) an English exam at the end of the month. ~
Do you think you (pass)? ~
I don't know. If I don't, I (take) it again at the end of next term.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or going to
1 Where you (go) for your holidays? – I (go) to Norway. -What you (do) there? - I
(fish).
2 Where you (go) this evening? —
I (not go) anywhere. I (stay) at home. I (write) some letters.
3 Take an umbrella; it (rain).
4 How long you (stay) in this country? (Have you decided to stay?) ~ Another month. I
(go) home at the end of the month. ~
What you (do) then? ~ I (try) to get a job.
5
I (dye) these curtains. —
You (do) it yourself, or (have) it done? — I (have) it done. Who should I take them to?
6 I've seen the film, now I (read) the book. I've just got a copy from the library. (/
haven't started the book yet.)
7 You (do) anything next weekend? ~
Yes, my nephews (come) and I (show) them round London. — You (take) them to the
theatre? (Have you booked seats?) — No, they're too young for that. I (take) them to
the zoo.
8
We (start) early tomorrow. We (go) to Ben Nevis. ~
You (climb) Ben Nevis? ~
Not me. Tom (climb) it. I (sit) at the bottom and (do) some sketching.
9
Uncle: I hear you (go) to the regatta tomorrow. You (sail) in it?
Niece: No, but we (take) our cameras. We (try) to photograph the
winning yachts.
10 You (not ask) your boss to give you a fire in your office? —
It isn't worth while. I (leave) at the end of the week. —
Really? And what you (do) then? You (have) a holiday? ~
No, I (start) another job the following Monday. I hear you've bought a caravan. You
(use) it for your holidays? —
No, I (live) in it. I (start) moving my things next week. —
What you (do) with your house? ~
I (sell) it to the man who sold me the caravan. He (get) married next
month.
12
Mrs Jones (go) to hospital. She (have) her appendix out. Who (look) after the children?Her sister (come) down from Scotland.
13
He isn't happy at his boarding school. I (send) him to a day school. ~
Have you decided on the other school? ~
No, but I (see) (have an appointment with) the headmaster of the Park School this
afternoon. I'll probably send him there.
14 Tom (arrive) tomorrow. —
He (spend) the weekend here or (catch) the night train back as usual? ~
He (spend) the weekend. He (give) a lecture on Friday and (attend) a big reception on
Saturday.
15 He (bring) his wife with him? (Has he arranged to bring his wife?) ~ Yes. She (do)
some shopping while he (give) his lecture.
3. Cross out any answers that are wrong or very unlikely. If two answers are
possible, consider the difference in meaning, if any, between them.
1
It's not a deep cut, but it.......... a scar.
(a) will leave
(b) is going to leave
(c) is leaving
2
Did you know I ............ a new car next week?
(a) will buy
(b) am going to buy
(c) am buying
3
'I'm not sure how I'll get to the concert.' 'We can take you. We …….. you up at
8.00.'
(a) will pick
(b) are going to pick
(c) are picking
4
I'm sorry I can't come for dinner. I .... ……to York tonight.
(a) will drive
(b) am going to drive
(c) am driving
5
The new road ............ the journey time between the cities significantly.
(a) will cut
(b) is going to cut
(c) is cutting
6
I have to go now. I ...........you back later today.
(a) will call
(b) am going to call
(c) am calling
7
Don't go out now. I ...........lunch and it'll be cold by the time you get back.
(a) will serve
(b) am going to serve
(c) am serving
8
Unless help arrives within the next few days, thousands………
(a) will starve
(b) are going to starve
(c) are starving
III. Present Simple.
1. Use the present simple of one of these verbs to complete the sentences if possible.
If not, use will.
accept
change
miss play rain
get give out
read start
go
stop
lend
want
look after
1 We……............... our exam results on the 20th August.
2 Jack. ...................... our cats while we're away next week.
3 I think I'll take an umbrella in case it ..............
4 There is a reading list to accompany my lecture, which I…………at the end.
5 The new drug ................... on sale in the USA next year.
6 The concert .................... at 7.30, not 7.15 as it says in the programme.
7 Provided it .................... raining, we'll go for a walk this afternoon.
8 What if I ..................... my plans and decide to stay in Taiwan longer? Will I need to
renew my visa?
9 We…....................Sue when she leaves, but she says she'll keep in touch.
10 Unless my parents ................ me some money, I won't be able to go on holiday this
year.
11 Tonight France .................. Germany in a match important for both teams.
12 It is unlikely that the government ........... the court's decision.
13 Supposing I .................. to transfer a file from one computer to another? How do I
do that?
14 By the time you..................this letter, I should be in New Zealand.
2. Complete the sentence with the present simple or a future form of the verb in
brackets.
a We will usually respond to enquiries immediately we (receive) them,
b When we (reach) an agreement, we'll ask our legal department to draft a contract.
c Work on the second stage of the project (begin) as soon as the first stage (prove)
successful.
d Until the economic situation (improve), the company (not risk) any further
investment in this field.
e A detailed break-down of the figures (appear) on our web site as soon as both
companies (sign) the agreement,
f Our office (contact) you the moment we (have) any news.
g Our human resources team (then assess) your application before we
(decide) whether you can go forward to the next stage.
h By the time the banks (reach) an agreement on this issue, the amount
of debt (be) out of control.
3. Complete these texts with either present simple for the future or present
continuous for the future with the verbs given. If neither of these is correct, use will
or going to.
1
A: Alan Johnson (1) ........ (join) us for dinner. You know, the novelist.
B: Yes, I've read some of his books.
A: I'm sure you (2) .................... (like) him. His latest book (3) ...... (come) out at
the end of this week. If you want, I'm sure he (4) .............. (give) you a signed copy.
2
A: Have you heard that BWM (1) .... (sack) 300 workers?
B: That's bad news. Supposing they (2) ............. (close) completely - that would be
awful.
A: But I've heard that they (3) ................ (build) a new factory in Ireland. If you read
today's local newspaper, you (4) ................... (see) a long article on it.
IV Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect (Continuous).
1 Choose a verb that can complete both sentences in the pair. Use the future
continuous in one sentence and will/won't + infinitive in the other.
give
leave
move
use
work
1
a) I'm sorry that the train is delayed, ladies and gentlemen, but we…………the
station as soon as the driver arrives,
b) Without more cheap housing, families .............................................the village and
find homes in town.
2
a) .............. you................. late at the office again? I want to know when to
cook.
b) 'We need to get this order sent out before Monday.' 'Well, I .... over the weekend
if that will help.'
3
a) I.............. my car until next week, so you can borrow it if you like.
b) My father....................... a computer. He says he's very happy with his old
typewriter for letters and doesn't want to change now.
4
a) Is your suitcase very heavy? I ... ……..you a hand with it if you like.
b) Dr Sankey .....................evidence at the trial of James Morgan next week.
5
a) He's parked his car across our drive and says he…………..it. Shall I call the
police?
b) The company's headquarters closes in June, when most of the staff .. ……..to its
new building in Madrid.
2. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
1 Jack usually gives me a lift home, but we both (come) home by train tomorrow as his
car is being repaired.
2 He says he (meet) us at the bus stop, but I'm sure he (forget) to turn up.
3 Don't ring now; she (watch) her favourite TV programme. — All right. I (ring) at
8.30.
4 I wonder what I (do) this time next year. ~ I expect you still (work) at the same
office.
5 I'd like to double-glaze the bedroom windows. All right. I (get) the materials at once and we (do) it this weekend.
6 Wait a bit. Don't drink your tea without milk. The milkman (come) in a minute.
7 What are you doing next weekend? Oh, I (work) as usual. I'm always on duty at weekends.
8 Air hostess: We (take) off in a few minutes. Please fasten your seat
belts.
9 He (come) if you ask him.
10 I arranged to play tennis with Tom at nine tonight. ~
But you (play) in semi-darkness. You won't be able to see the ball.
11 I (get) you some aspirins if you like. The chemist's still (be) open. ~ No, don't
bother. The office boy (go) out in a minute to post the letters; I (ask) him to buy me
some.
12 It (be) very late when she gets home and her parents (wonder) what's happened.
13 I never (be) able to manage on my own. ~
But you won't be on your own. Tom (help) you. Look—his name is bracketed with
yours on the list. ~
Oh, that's all right. But Tom (not help) me: I (help) Tom. He always takes charge when
we're on duty together.
14 I (write) postcards every week, I promise, and I (try) to make them legible. If
necessary I (type) them.
15 Typist: Are you in a hurry for this letter, Mr Jones? Because I (type) Mr White's
letters at four o'clock and if yours could wait till—
Mr Jones: I'd like it a little earlier than four if possible. Typist: All right. I (type) it for
you now.
16 What happened at last night's meeting? I hear there was quite a
disturbance. Come and see me and I (tell) you. I don't want to talk about it on the phone.
17 I'm going to Switzerland next week. -You're lucky. The wild flowers just (come)
out.
18 This time next month the snow (melt) and skiing will be over.
19 The first day of the term will be horrible, for everybody (talk) about their holidays
and (show) photographs of marvellous foreign beaches, and as I haven't been
anywhere I (feel) terribly out of it.
20 I (tell) her what you say but she (not believe) it.
3. Supply the correct form of the verbs
NB. Normally the perfect forms are not used with state verbs:
e.g. By the end of the meal they were friends.
In this example the state we are speaking about does not come to an end at the
given moment.
A. (Future Simple vs. Future Perfect).
1. By the time I’m 70, I (not to work) I (to retire).
2. By next summer I expect I (to be fully qualified), I (to pass) all exams.
3. I suppose in another few weeks the ice (not to be) there, it (to melt).
4. You say, you love me, but a year from now I expect you (not to know) my
name, you (to forget) it.
5. We can’t phone him at 11. He (to be) in bed. – I don’t think so. I’m certain he
(not to go) to bed.
6. Our house ( to be ready) by next Thursday. The builder (to finish) it.
7. By the end of the week I (not to have) any money left. I (to spend) it.
8. When I see her again, I’m sure she (to be) very different. She (to change).
9. In a couple of years her life (to be) very different. She (to get married, to
settle down).
10.They expect us at 7. By that time I (to be through) with the work, I (to type)
the last letter by then.
11.By the year 2050, many cities (to double) in size.
12.By the 22nd century, world population (to grow) to about 6 billion.
13.By that time we (to use up) many of the world’s natural resources.
14.Hopefully, we (to find) alternative sources of energy by then.
15.By 2050, robots (to replace) people for many boring jobs.
B. Future Perfect vs. Future Perfect Continuous.
1. When my daughter goes to school we (to live) here for 5 years.
2. We’ll get there at 8.30 at the earliest. They (to wait) for an hour. Mother will
be very cross.
3. By the time you come out here we (to tramp) over Crete for 2 weeks.
4. They (to complete) the new bridge by the end of the year.
5. By the end of this week I (to wait) seventeen weeks for my phone to be
repaired.
6. Do you realize that on August 15, we (to live) in this house for 50 years?
7. I hope you (to finish) this report by the end of the day.
8. She (to leave) for work before the children get home from school.
9. We (to fly) non-stop for fourteen hours before we get to Calcutta.
10.They (to complete) work on the great dam by the end of this decade.
11.Radio waves from earth (to travel) for hundreds of light years before anyone
picks them up.
12.By this time next week I (to work) on this book for a year.
V. Revision.
1. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
1 Please stop making so much noise or I report you to the supervisor.
2 As I was about to leave his office, Bob said, 'Let's get together for lunch
sometime, will we?'
3 They came and asked for people to help immediately, so Jenny jumped up and
said, T do it!'
4 When he is released next week, Pat McGuire will spend almost five years in
prison for a crime he didn't commit.
5 I'm going to work on the report at home last night, but I had left all my notes in
the office.
6 It's probably too late to phone Margaret. Do you think she'll go to bed already?
7 I'm not certain, but I guess it's raining later this afternoon.
8 Forthcoming books are those that we think to be available soon.
9 I can't believe that you'll sit on a plane to Malta while I'm driving to work
tomorrow morning.
10 If I'll finish before you, I wait for you outside.
11 Will Stefan to get these boxes later or is to take them now?
12 I must get to the post office before it'll close or the parcel doesn't arrive in
time for Joy's birthday
2. Underline the best verb form.
a 'Have you decided yet?' 'Yes, I'll have /I have the roast beef, please.'
b Q: How will I have known / will I know that I have won a prize?
A: You are receiving / will receive an email giving full details.
c Quick get out of the car! It's going to burst /It's bursting into flames at any
minute!
d Don't come round before midday because I'll be cleaning /1 clean the house
until then.
e Sorry I can't come on Thursday evening. I'm going to work / I'm working late
on an important project
f The cost of construction is almost certainly rising/ will almost certainly rise
before the end of the year as wage increases begin to take effect.
g The conference is going to begin / begins next Friday morning at 9.00. h
Here's the money you asked for - €1000. What will you / are you going to do
with it?
i Why don't you give Helen this cheap perfume instead of the expensive one!
She won't have known / won't know the difference!
j I just want to remind everyone that we'll be holding /we hold a LatinAmerican evening at the town hall this Friday.
3. Choose all possible forms. A, B or C, to complete the sentence.
a 'The fish is very fresh. And the beef is very good too.' 'I think …….... the fish.'
b 'There's someone knocking at the door! Who can it be at this time of night?'
'………. Helen. She said she might come round to watch the midnight movie on
TV.
c 'I've just received some new sales figures……… them very much, I'm afraid.'
d Over the next six months, the company…………ten new supermarkets in
France.
e………….. with this kind of problem before, I expect, so I'll leave you to get on
with it.
f According to sources close to the prime minister's office, the foreign
minister…………….
g Well, that's all for today……………you next week at the same time, if that's
all right.
h Next year……………. some time travelling, and then look for a teaching job.
i The problem we have with Jack is that he……………..insist on opening all the
windows in the cold weather.
j There's not much bread, I'm afraid. I hope………………..eat it all before the
others arrive!
k At this rate, by the time we get to the party, most people…………
I The riot police are running into the square. There……………trouble!
a A I'm going to have
b A That's going to be
c A You're not going to like
d A is going to open
e A You are going to deal
f A is on the point of resigning
g A I'm going to see
h A I'm spending
i A is going to
j A you won't
k A will leave
l A is going to be
B I'll have
B That'll be
B You won't like
B will be opening
B You are dealing
B is due to resign
B I'm seeing
B I'm going to spend
B is about to
B you aren't about to
B will have left
B will be
C I'm about to have
C It's due to be
C You're not liking
C is opening
C You'll have dealt
C is about to resign
C I'll see
C I'll spend
C will
C you're not going to
C are on the point of leaving
C is due to be
4. Choose the correct form. A, B or C, to complete the sentence.
a 'Can I talk to you for a moment?'' Sorry, ………………….
b Actually,……………Sue's house tomorrow, so if you like I could leave the
books for her.
c David and Susan ..... ……..in May, but they've had to change their plans.
d We…………a party for Professor Allan on Friday evening, and we'd like you to
come.
e I've done a lot of revision, but I'm sure that when I sit down to do the
exam……………….
f Chris doesn't do much work . …………. the whole day drinking coffee and
looking out of the window.
g Come back about 4.30 ..... ………..the report by then, and you can take a copy.
h I……………., but I'll let you know if I get delayed.
i 'What time is the plane supposed to get here?' 'It…………..any minute now.'
j Quick, run! The bomb……………!
A I'm just going to
A
I'll pass
leave.
A will be getting
A
are giving
married
A I'm forgetting
A
He's going to
everything
A
I've finished
spend
A am not due to be
A
will come
late
A is exploding
B I'm just leaving.
B I'm going to pass
B were going to get
B
are about to give
married
B I'll forget everything
B He'll spend
B /'// have finished
B am not going to be
B
was going to arrive
late
B will explode
C I'll just leave.
C I'll be passing
C expect they will get
C
will give
married
C I'll be forgetting
C
He will have spent
everything
C I'm finishing
C don't think I'll be late
C is due
C is going to explode
5. Supply the correct form of the verbs given in brackets. Use only Future or
Present tenses.
A.
1. I (not to be) in touch unless there (to be) something urgent to tell you.
2. The children (not to go) to bed until they (to have) a glass of milk.
3. You (to phone) me before you (to go) away, won’t you?
4. When will you go to the pub? – When I (to finish) this work. It (to take) about
another hour.
5. If you (not to hurry), we (to be) late.
6. I (to come) to London as soon as you (to find) somewhere for us to live.
7. I’m sure you (to feel) a lot better after you (to take) your medicine.
8. We (to have) dinner as soon as all the guests (to arrive).
9. You (not to forget) to lock the door if you (to go) out, will you?
10.I (not to let you go) until I (to be told) the truth. Which of you did it?
11.I (to buy) a computer as soon as I (to save) enough money.
12.I (to give) him your message as soon as he (to phone).
13.We (to visit) the Duty Free Shop before our flight (to call).
14.I’ll be dead by the time they (to find) a cure for the common cold.
15.You (to get) a surprise the moment you (to open) the door.
16.By the time you (to get) this letter everything (to decide).
17.When mother (to arrive) most of my friends (to leave) town and we (to get
ready) to leave.
18.When the bell (to go) some of the students (to hand in) already their papers,
some (to look) through the completed work and only one or two (to write) still.
19.When we (to get) there the people (to stand) in groups talking and laughing and
only Mother and Dad (to go in) to look for their seats.
20.You (to go) walking only after you (to do) your lessons.
B.
Your Stars
AQUARIUS (Jan 21 – Feb 18)
This time tomorrow you (1) (to do) something you never (2) (to do) in your life
before. Try to get it right. Money (3) (to be) a problem towards the end of the
week. Look out for trouble from small animals.
PRISCES (Feb19 – Mar 20)
Stop being so sorry for yourself! Everybody (4) (to get) fed up with you. Even the
cat (5) (to get) fed up with you. If you (6) (to go on) like this, you (7) (to lose) all
your friends by the end of the year.
ARIES (Mar21 – Apr20)
Wonderful things (8) (to happen) to you this week. One of your poems (9) (to
publish) in a gardening magazine. A friend (10) (to send) you a postcard. Friday
(11) (to bring) an invitation to a pop concert. Enjoy the excitement while it (12) (to
last); next week everything (13) (to be) back to normal.
TAURUS (Apr21 – May21)
Years ago you (14) (to treat) somebody badly. You think they (15) (to forget)? No.
They (16) (to look) for revenge this week. If you (17) (to try) to get away,
remember: there is no place to hide.
GEMINI (May22 – June21)
Prepare for travel. Some very strange things (18) (to happen), and you suddenly
(19) (to become) President of a small distant oil-rich country. This time next week
you (20) (to sit) in the Palace drinking champagne.
CANCER (June 22 – July 22)
This week’s problem (21) (to be) children. By the end of the week you (22) (to
wish) they had all been drowned at birth. Try to be patient; next week (23) (to
bring) more children.
LEO (July 23 – Aug 23)
A tall handsome man wearing a uniform (24) (to come) into your life. This may
mean a visit to the police station. Tell the truth – it’s better in the end.
VIRGO (Aug 24 – Sept 23)
First, the good news. Somebody you always (25) (to be) strongly attracted to (26)
(to send) you an invitation. Now the bad news: it’s to a wedding, not yours.
LIBRA (Sept 24 – Oct 23)
At last your talent, beauty, intelligence and human warmth (27) (to be) properly
recognized. By Friday you (28) (to be) rich and famous; by Saturday you already
(29) (to be) on TV three times; this time next week you (30) (to start) a glamorous
new career.
SCORPIO (Oct 24 – Nov 22)
Tomorrow (31) (to bring) an enormous sum of money out of the blue. It’s a pity
you are so extravagant. If you (32) (not to change) by this time next week you
probably (33) (to spend) it all.
SAGITTARIUS (Nov 23 – Dec 21)
Be careful in your relationships. Try to say ‘no’ more often. You are too attractive
for your own good. If you (34) (not to come) to realize that now, you (35) (to see)
that, in the great supermarket of life, you (36) (to have) to pay for everything you
break – including hearts.
CAPRICORN (Dec 22 – Jan 20)
Thursday (37) (to be) a bad day for travel. Friday (38) (to be) a bad day for
meetings. Saturday (39) (to be) a bad day for everything. You (40) (to get over)
the worst by Sunday, but stay cautious – fate could still have a few unpleasant
surprises for you
6. Supply the most appropriate form of the verbs (Present Continuous, Present
Simple, Future Continuous, Future Simple or ‘going to’) to express a future
action.
A)
A: Hello, Henry. How are you?
B: Fine, and you?
A: Not so bad, thanks. Listen, I’m ringing to try to arrange a meeting with you. I
(1) (to come) to London next Wednesday to see some customers. I (2) (to see)
them in the morning. … you (3) (to be) free any time in the afternoon?
B: I (4) (not to be) in London, I’m afraid. I (5) (to go) abroad for a few days on
business.
A: Oh, where you (6) (to go)?
B: To Germany. I have a meeting in Bonn. My company (7) (to open) a new office
there next year.
A: Sounds exciting. When you (8) (to go)?
B: On Monday evening, and I (9) (not to be) back until Thursday morning.
A: Oh, well. I could stay overnight and see you then. What time your plane (10)
(to get in)?
B: 10.40, so if I get a taxi, I (11) (to be) in my office at 12.00.
A: On second thoughts, don’t do that. I (12) (to see) you at the airport. We can talk
there. We (13) (to be through) by 2.00, probably, so then we can have something
to eat and I can get the 3.00 shuttle back to Manchester. How does that sound?
B: Fine. We (14) (to sort) it all out then. Thanks for ringing. Bye.
A: Bye. I (15) (to see) you on Thursday. Have a good trip.
B)
Have you ever wondered what exactly you (1) (to do) in ten years’ time? Well,
according to computer expert Tom Vincent, computers soon (2) (to be able) to
make accurate predictions about the future. Professor Vincent from Cambridge
University (3) (to hold) a press conference next week to describe the computer
which he calls ‘Computafuture’. This computer can tell us what our future (4) (to
be) like, based on data describing past events. For example, Computafuture can
predict how many people (5) (to live) in a particular area, or whether there (6) (to
be) a lot of rain during a particular period. Professor Vincent also believes that
soon computers (7) (to replace) teachers, and also (8) (to do) most of the jobs now
being done by the police.
‘Computers are becoming more intelligent all the time’, says Professor Vincent.
‘Soon they (9) (to direct) traffic and (10) (to teach) our children.’
7. Over to you.
A Make some personal predictions about ten years' time (or choose another
length of time).
what you will / won't be doing where you will / won't be what you will / won't
have done by then
B 'According to the 2006 Revision, the world population will probably increase
by 2.5 billion over the next 43 years, passing from the current 6.7 billion to 9.2
billion in 2050.' Use research in a library or on the Internet to find more
predictions about the next fifty year
GRAMMAR & VOCAB.
1. Idioms
Here you are looking at idioms which are linked to the topic of Nature and
natural phenomena. Study them and illustrate their use with your own examples.
a drop in the ocean
If an amount is a drop in the ocean, it's a very small portion of the amount that's
needed.
a ray of sunshine
Something is a ray of sunshine if it brings happiness to someone.
a voice (crying) in the wilderness
You're a voice in the wilderness, or a voice crying in the wilderness, if you're
expressing an unpopular opinion or insight.
at sea | all at sea
If you're at sea, or all at sea, you're confused about something and not sure what to
do.
beat around the bush | beat about the bush
If you beat around the bush, or beat about the bush, you don't say something
directly, usually because you don't want to upset the person you're talking to.
can't see the wood for the trees
If you can't see the wood for the trees, you can't see the whole situation clearly
because you're looking too closely at small details, or because you're too closely
involved.
down to earth
If someone is down to earth, they are practical and sensible.
go with the flow
If you go with the flow, you relax and go along with whatever is happening.
in deep water
If you're in deep water, you're in some sort of trouble or in a difficult situation.
make a mountain out of a molehill
If you make a mountain out of a molehill, you make a small problem seem to be a
much bigger problem.
neck of the woods (Informal)
A neck of the woods is a neighbourhood or a district, usually rural.
reach for the moon | reach for the stars
If you reach for the moon, or reach for the stars, you are aiming to achieve
something great, or do something very challenging.
the tip of the iceberg
You can say something is the tip of the iceberg when it's just a small part of
something much bigger.
under the weather
If you are under the weather, you're not feeling well.
2. In the end or at the end?(e.g. “However, in the end I decided to stick with my
goldfish”, p. 39).
NB. When you use the expression "at the end", it needs the preposition "of".
When you use "in the end", it doesn't need a preposition. There are also set
expressions: to the end of time, to the bitter end.
1. We waited for nearly an hour and ____ the end we went without her.
a) at b) in c) on
2. The teacher set some homework ____ the end of the lesson.
a) at b) in c) on
3. There's an eraser ____ the end of my pencil.
a) at b) in c) on
4. My house is ____ the end of the street.
a) at b) by c) in d) on
5. We were exhausted ____ the end of the journey.
a) by b) in c) on
6. They get killed ____ the end of the film.
a) at b) in c) on
7. I'll love you ____ the end of time.
a) at b) by c) to d) on
8. They couldn't decide which one they liked and ____ the end they didn't bother.
a) at b) by c) in d) to e) on
9. They argue everything ____ the bitter end.
a) at b) by c) in d) on e) to
10. I paid the fees ____ the end of the course.
a) at b) in c) on
11. When do you get paid? — ____ the end of the month.
a) at b) on c) in
12. I couldn't decide what to get Ann for her birthday. ____ the end I didn't get her
anything at all.
a) at b) in c) on
13. We waited ages for a taxi. We gave up ______ the end and walked home.
a) at b) on c) in
14. I'll be moving to a new address ____ the end of September.
a) in b) by c) at
15. Tom didn't want to lend us the money at first but ___the end he agreed.
a) at b) in c) to
3. Number or amount? (e.g. “…the amount of rubbish we throw away…”, p.44 ).
NB. Use the word amount with quantities that cannot be counted and number
with quantities that could be counted one-by-one.
1. That assignment took an enormous (amount / number) of time to complete.
2. That assignment took an enormous (amount / number) of hours to complete.
3. A small (amount / number) of people gathered on the sidewalk.
4. We have a large (amount / number) of work to complete.
5. The (amount / number) of rainfall this year has been pitiful.
6. We expect a huge (amount / number) of friends to attend the party in Joe's
honor.
7. The bait attracted only a small (amount / number) of crabs.
8. We are trying to bring in a generous (amount / number) of money for the
charity.
9. Jones always donates a large (amount / number) of dollars to the fund.
10. The records show that Smith's firm handles a healthy (amount / number) of
clients each month.
11. The (amount/ number) of food wasted in the United States each day is
appalling.
12. The (amount/ number) of pounds of food wasted in the United States each day
is appalling.
13 Expect a certain (amount/ number) of madness when you marry someone with
pets.
14. A great (amount/ number) of pets can drive you mad.
4. Ways of comparison.
a) Underline the best word.
1.
I wasn’t so much surprised as/ than shocked by the result.
2.
This was probably/ not nearly the best football match I’ve ever seen.
3.
Politics is too / so important an activity to be left to politicians.
4.
It was as/ too good an opportunity to miss, so I accepted the job.
5.
It’s quicker to travel by bus than/ like by car in the city center.
6.
You are every bit/ miles as responsible for what happened as I am.
7.
Cats are not nearly/ a lot harder to understand than dogs.
8.
This looks like/ as the place. It fits the description, anyway.
9.
I think the Harry Potter films are about as/ a lot more interesting than the
books.
10. This is definitely the best/ the better beach we’ve been to so far.
11. As the medicine took effect, Tina became far and away/ more and more
sleepy.
b) Complete the sentence with one word in each gap.
1. You haven’t really worked hard ________ to get a higher mark.
2. The more exercise you take, the ________ you will feel.
3. Quite honestly, I don’t think this is as hard an examination ______ it used to
be.
4. This is ___________ the most beautiful beach in the Mediterranean. Don’t
you think so?
5. I’ve done just ________ as much shopping as anyone can do in one day!
6. The film was every _______ as entertaining as I expected it to be.
7. Most of Winterson’s books are good, but I think this one is the best of _____
all.
8. The hotel was a ______ more expensive than I expected, so I looked for a
cheaper one.
9. This crossword puzzle isn’t quite as easy _____ I thought it was.
10. This is not _______ as complicated as it sounds.
c) Choose the best option A, B or C to complete the sentence.
It’s quite common to hear someone complain that their memory is (1) as it used to
be, or that the more things they try to remember, (2) quickly they seem to forget.
However, memory is (3) complicated than we usually think. For example,
remembering facts is not at all (4) remembering how to perform an action, and it
seems that we don’t “forget” how to ride a bicycle or drive a car. For some people
it may be (5) to remember what they have just read (6) recall where they left their
car keys. Of course, (7) interesting a topic is, the more we remember about it, and
we are almost certainly (8) to recall something we have read or seen recently,
because it remains active in our memory. Where studying is concerned, there are
certainly ways of making the memory (9). It’s (10) to remember disorganized
information, so note-making and summarizing are important, and the learner, not
the teacher, has to do this. Regular reviewing of what has been learned is (11) ways
of strengthening memory. Some learners have (12) visual than a verbal memory,
and may remember more by associating ideas with visual images. There’re plenty
of books on the market which illustrate these techniques, always assuming that you
can remember to buy one!
1. A less good
B worse
C not as good
2. A not nearly as
B the more
C it’s just as
3. A by far
B easily
C a lot more
4. A the same as
B like
C as if
5. A probably
B much easier
C nowhere near as
6. A as
B than to
C the more
7. A just about as much
B more and more
C the more
8. A faster and faster
B Far and away
C more likely
9. A more efficient
B as good as
C every bit as
10 A just as easy
B not so easy
C easier and easier
11. A as important
B more and more
C one of the best
important
12. A just as good
B easily the best
C a better
d) Make statements about these topics using as many different ways of comparing
as possible.
- a film, book etc
- something you dislike
- a sport
- an activity
5. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions.
1. The emergency crew has turned ________ local power and gas supplies.
2. Smoking is damaging _________ your health
3. Increased emissions almost certainly have a damaging effect __________
the environment
4. Now that we've heard all the arguments for and ________ the proposal, shall
we vote on it?
5. He said that he was going to stick _________ the traditions established by
his grandfather
6. Anton has a consuming passion _________ science fiction
7. What do you charge __________ a haircut and blow-dry?
8. She wrote a book _________ car maintenance
9. Some of these houses go ______ to the early 19th century
10.We'll have to stop for fuel _______ the way to the airport.
11.He said he'd picked the woman ________ in a bar
12.That song was popular ________ people from my father's generation.
13.I hope my teacher will take ________ account the fact that I was ill just
before the exams when she marks my paper.
14.We usually meet _______ for a quick coffee in the morning
15.We go out once in a while after work and ________ the weekend
16._________ weekdays I'm usually in bed by ten o'clock.
17.The thought of it fills me _________ dread
18.I'm a bit concerned ________ your health.
19.The company needs to reduce its dependence ________ just one particular
product
READING & SPEAKING.
1. Fill the gaps in the sentences using these key words from the text.
tundra permafrost swamp wilderness landslide catastrophic indigenous
itinerant unmistakeable impenetrable
1. The _______________ people of a particular place have lived there for a
very long time before other people came to live there.
2. A _______________ situation or event causes a lot of damage or makes a lot
of people suffer.
3. A _______________ is a heavy fall of earth and rocks down the side of a
mountain or steep slope.
4. A _______________ is an area of land covered by water where trees and
plants grow.
5. _______________ people or animals travel from place to place frequently.
6. If a place is described as _______________, it is impossible to get into or
get through it.
7. _______________ is a large flat area of land without trees in very cold
northern parts of the world.
8. A _______________ is an area of land where people do not live or grow
crops and where there are no buildings.
9. _______________ is ground that stays permanently frozen.
10.If something is described as _______________, it is very easy to recognize.
2. Decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F). Then check your
answers in the text.
1. Russia is the world’s biggest country by geographical area.
2. There are no polar bears in Russia.
3. Reindeer give birth to their young in October.
4. Global warming is happening at a faster rate in Russia than in other parts of the
world.
o
5. Temperatures of -50 C have been recorded in the Arctic regions of Russia.
6. It is impossible to build railways on permafrost.
Climate change in Russia’s Arctic tundra: ‘Our reindeer go hungry.
There isn’t enough pasture’
Luke Harding
20 October, 2009
It is one of the world’s last great wildernesses, a 435-mile-long peninsula of
lakes and squelching tundra stretching deep into the Arctic Ocean. For 1,000
years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the Yamal peninsula.
In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter
they return southwards.
But this remote region of north-west Siberia is now under heavy threat from
global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in
November and set up camp in the southern forests around Nadym. These
days, though, this annual winter pilgrimage is delayed. Last year the Nenets,
together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December
when the ice was finally thick enough to cross.
“Our reindeer were hungry. There wasn’t enough pasture,” Jakov Japtik, a
Nenets reindeer herder, said. “The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster
than before. In spring it’s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They
get tired,” Japtik said, speaking in his camp 25 kilometres from Yar-Sale, the
capital of Russia’s Arctic Yamal-Nenets district.
Herders say that the peninsula’s weather is increasingly unpredictable – with
unseasonal snowstorms when the reindeer give birth in May, and milder
longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to -50°C. Now they
are typically -30°C, according to Japtik. “Obviously we prefer -30°C. But the
changes aren’t good for the reindeer and ultimately what is good for the
reindeer is good for us,” he said, setting off on his sled to round up his
itinerant reindeer herd.
Here in one of the most remote parts of the planet there are clear signs the
environment is under strain. Last year the Nenets arrived at a
regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had
disappeared. It had drained away after a landslide. While landslides can occur
naturally, scientists say there is unmistakable evidence that Yamal’s ancient
permafrost is melting. The Nenets report other curious changes – fewer
mosquitoes and a puzzling increase in gadflies.
“It’s an indication of the global warming process, like the opening of the
Arctic waters for shipping this summer,” says Vladimir Tchouprov,
Greenpeace Russia’s energy unit head. The melting of Russia’s permafrost
could have catastrophic results for the world, Tchouprov says, by releasing
billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide and the potent greenhouse gas methane
that were previously trapped in frozen soil.
Russia – the world’s biggest country by geographical area – is already
warming at one-and-a-half times the rate of other parts of the world. If global
temperatures do go up by the 4°C many scientists fear, the impact on Russia
would be disastrous. Much of Russia’s northern region would be turned into
impenetrable swamp. Houses in several Arctic towns are already badly
subsiding.
Many Russians, however, are sceptical that climate change exists. Others
rationalize that it might bring benefits to one of the world’s coldest countries,
freeing up a melting Arctic for oil and gas exploration and extending the
country’s brief growing season. Russia’s scientific community seems
sceptical of global warming and the Kremlin doesn’t appear to regard the
issue as a major domestic problem; public awareness of climate change in
Russia is lower than in any other European country.
Western politicians, however, point out that it is in Russia’s interests to take
action on climate change and to push for ambitious targets at December’s
Copenhagen summit. “There is 5,000 miles of railway track built on
permafrost. It could crumble as a result of melting,” Ed Miliband, the UK
secretary of state for climate change, pointed out during a recent visit to
Moscow.
However, even Russians working in the Arctic are unconvinced that their
country faces a serious climate-change problem. “It’s rubbish. It’s invented.
People who spend too long sitting at home have made up climate change,”
Alexander Chikmaryov, who runs a remote weather station on the Yamal
peninsula, said. A small community of Nenets hunters live nearby; otherwise
there’s nobody for a hundred kilometres. The weather here is, not
surprisingly, bitterly cold; the sea freezes for nine months of the year.
In fact, Chikmaryov’s own data suggests that global warming is a real
problem here too. In 2008 the ice was 164cm thick; this year it is 117cm.
Winter temperatures have gone up too – from lows of -50°C in 1914, when
the station was founded, to -40°C today. Every year large chunks of the coast
fall into the sea. And there are other unnatural signs. On 15th August a large
polar bear started rooting through the station’s rubbish bin. “It was 7pm. The
bear was enormous. We set off a flare. It ran off,” she recalled. Polar bear
sightings are becoming increasingly common – with the bears coming south
from their far-northern habitat in search of food.
Back on the tundra Japitik was rounding up his reindeer. “I’ve lived all of my
life in the tundra,” he said. “The reindeer for us are everything – food,
transport and accommodation. The only thing I hope is that we will be able to
carry on with this life.”
© Guardian News & Media 2009
First published in The Guardian, 15/11/09
3. Choose the best answer according to the text.
1. Why would the melting of Russia’s permafrost have catastrophic results for the
world?
a. Because the 5,000 miles of railway track built on it would be destroyed.
b. Because it would release billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide and methane into
the atmosphere.
c. Because it would be an indication of the global warming process.
2. Why is the rise in temperature from -50°C to -30°C a bad thing for the Nenets
herders?
a. Because it isn’t good for their reindeer and what is good for their reindeer is
good for them.
b. Because they can’t cross frozen rivers when the temperature rises to -30°C.
c. Because there are unseasonal snowstorms when the reindeer give birth.
3. What will happen to Russia’s northern region if global temperatures rise by
4°C?
a. It will turn into impenetrable swamp.
b. There will be so many mosquitoes that people won’t be able to live there.
c. The growing season will be longer.
4. What do many Russians think about climate change?
a. They are very worried about it and regard it as a major domestic problem.
b. They believe it will be a good thing for their country.
c. They do not believe that climate change exists.
4. Find the following words and phrases in the text.
1. an adjective meaning far away from other cities, towns or people (para 2)
2. a noun meaning a visit to a place that is important to you (para 2)
3. two different words both meaning a vehicle that you sit on to travel over snow
(para 3/para 4)
4. a two-word expression meaning under pressure (para 5)
5. a verb referring to buildings meaning to become damaged as a result of the land
sinking (para 7)
6. a two-word expression meaning extremely cold (para 10)
7. a noun meaning a bright light or flame that burns brightly and is used as a
signal in the dark (para 11)
8. a noun meaning the type of place that an animal normally lives in (para 11)
5. Match the phrasal verbs from the text with their meanings.
1. set up
a. flow out of somewhere
2. round up
b. make something available
3. drain away
c. people search through something with their
hands; animals search by pushing with their nose
4. free up
d. tell someone something4.
5. push for
e. cause something to operate or make it explode
6. set off
f. build a structure or put it in a particular place
7. point out
g. try hard to achieve something
8. root through
particular purpose
h. bring animals together in one place for a
6. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets at the
end of each sentence.
1. The weather is becoming increasingly ____________ in some parts of the
world. [PREDICT]
2. Global warming could have a ____________ impact on Russia. [DISASTER]
3. Warmer temperatures could free up Russia’s Arctic regions for oil and gas
____________. [EXPLORE]
4. Many politicians are hoping for ____________ targets at the Copenhagen
summit. [AMBITION]
5. Many Russians are ____________ that there is a serious climate-change
problem. [CONVINCE]
6. ____________ of polar bears are becoming increasingly common. [SIGHT]
7. Discussion
What practical measures should be undertaken to combat climate change?
8. Comment on the following quotes about nature. Use the active vocabulary:
For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for
Nature cannot be fooled.
Richard Feynman
Almost all of the social tragedies occurring around the world today are caused by
ignoring the basic biological laws of nature.
Jim Fowler
If we could see the miracle of a single flower clearly, our whole life would change.
Buddha
Miracles are not contrary to nature, but only contrary to what we know about
nature.
Saint Augustine
All bodies are slow in growth but rapid in decay.
Tacitus
For the female of the species is more deadly than the male.
Rudyard Kipling
All seasons are beautiful for the person who carries happiness within.
Horace Friess
People from a planet without flowers would think we must be mad with joy the
whole time to have such things about us.
Iris Murdoch
The best thing about animals is that they don't talk much.
Thornton Wilder
Rest is not idleness, and to lie sometimes on the grass under trees on a summer's
day, listening to the murmur of the water, or watching the clouds float across the
sky is by no means a waste of time.
J. Lubbuck
ACTIVE VOCABULARY.
p. 38 (learn the names of animals and related words in ex. 1)
p. 39 annual, addictive, turn off the electricity supply, assure smb, look after, take
care of, in the end, to stick with, destructive
p. 40 (learn the words connected to plants and gardens in ex. 1), spectacular,
mankind, dependence on, fill smth with, breathtaking, experience smth, a
rainforest, a species, a guided tour, a workshop
R 5.2 head (down to your part of the world), get a (cheap) deal, meet up, it’s not
really his thing/ his cup of tea, a day off, pick smb up (on the way)
p. 41 at the weekend (but: on a weekday), on holiday, brand new, be worth doing,
give smb a ring, scientific advances
p. 42 R 5.5 sense of smell, go back a very long way, tomb, fragrant, a feast, a
passion (love) for , fully-qualified, point out
p. 43 target (audience, age range), packaging, a valley, cultivate, highly valued,
charge for, break in, pay a fortune, the equivalent of … at today’s prices, ordinary
people, fossil (fuel, records), apparently, a book on, extract from, the highest
members of society, sentence to death, introduce to, start (an enterprise), breeding,
become increasingly popular with
p. 44 (learn the adjectives in ex. 1), reduce one’s ecological footprint, renewable
energy, concerned about, have an effect on the environment, support the way smb
lives, take into account, rubbish, consume energy, work smth out, an argument in
favour of/ against, fair enough, then again, give smth up
R 5.7 disturbing, sustainable, halfway around the world, (collapse) overnight, go
off (about food), ridiculous, unjustifiable, damaging to (the environment), a
customer, it’s up to (us) to do smth