（试卷 8）
I. Vocabulary (30%)
Section 1: From the list of words at the top, select the correct word or phrase for
each blank space. Use each word or phrase only once (15%).
file
tempt
negation
mellowed
outgrown
rejection
lacerated
glimmer
outpaced
forsaken
expatriation
fashioned
waif
dingy
standardization
1. The _______ of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood
2. What they had wanted was an America more sensitive to art and less susceptible
to ___________.
3. Their very homes were often uncomfortable to them; they had _________ town
and families.
4. The instruments of war have far _________ the instruments of peace.
5. We dare not _______ them with weakness.
6. The ________ of Victorian gentility was in any case, inevitable.
7. It was in their defiant European _______ that our leading writers of the Twenties
learned to think of themselves.
8. Just as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he had ___________, so I loved mine.
9. Suddenly a _________ of intelligence came into her eyes.
10. He looked at the coat with the expression of a ________ at a bakery window.
11. Fads are the very ________ of reason.
12. Then thy have converted into a thing of ________ clapboards, with a narrow,
low-pitched roof.
13. The houses were so ugly that they even insulted and _________the eye.
14. I have whirled thought the gloomy, God-_________ villages of Iowa and Kansas.
15. The house after years of neglect __________ into its present shocking depravity..
Section 2: From the list of words at the top, select the correct synonym for the
underlined words or phrase in each sentence (15%)
perplexing
limited
out-of-date
rich
repeat
sheltered
subject
horrifying
confusing
swarm
greedy
put out
imposingly
ardent
longed for
1. The taste for them is as enigmatical and yet as common as the taste for dogmatic
theology.
2. The wind tore out one wall and extinguished the lantern..
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3. To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, we renew our
pledge of support
4. They had developed a sudden bewildering world-weariness.
5. An important book rather grandiosely entitled Civilization in the United States,
was written.
6. Their released energies were turned to the destruction of an obsolescent
nineteenth-century society.
7. The rebellion was not confined to the United States.
8. There were enough high school orators proclaiming the character-forming force
of the strenuous life.
9. Greenwich Village had also harbored enough major writers.
10. It was only natural that hopeful young writers should flock to the Greenwich
Village.
11. The self-conscious unconventionality was rapidly becoming a standard feature of
the country club class – and its less affluent imitators.
12. What they had wanted was an American more sensitive to art and culture, less
avid for material gain.
13. I had long coveted the charming girl.
14. But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling desolation.
15. Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing.
II. Paraphrase the following sentences. (20%)
1. Mark Twain was obsessed with the frailties of the human race.
2. He participated abundantly in this life.
3. Hiroshima still felt the impact of the atomic cataclysm.
4. Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.
5. People are afraid of genetic damage from the radiation.
6. Steamboat decks teemed with the main current of pioneering humanity.
7. The buyers , overwhelmed by the sepulchral atmosphere, follow suit.
8. A flagrant example of lexicographic irresponsibility.
9. What underlies all this sound and fury?
10. Now we are getting somewhere.
III. Translate the following sentences (using the expressions given in the brackets.
(20%)
1. Water inched its way up the steps as first-floor outside walls collapsed.
2. As we listen today to the arguments about bilingual education, we ought to think
ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.
3. My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear.
4. The pull toward ugliness has been yielded to with an eagerness bordering upon
passion.
5. Let both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of
destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental
self-destruction.
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6. 各种家用和医疗用品通过飞机和火车源源不断地运进水灾区。（stream in）
7. 这 里 的 土 地大 半 是 一片 荒 凉 ， 能够 在 此 生存 的 野 生 植物 还 没 有一 英 尺
高.(desolate)
8. 这次商业谈判的最终成败是握在你们手中的。（rest）
9. 这种药会使人对 SARS 产生免疫力。（immune）
10. 他说的话也有一定的道理 (something)
IV. Name the figures of speech used in the following sentences. (one in each
sentence) (10%)
1. Hurricane Camille seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 31/2
miles away.
2. My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear.
3. He has fallen in possession of a complete Shakespeare.
4. You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker.
5. The Arab navvy looked with a sort of amazement, as though he had never seen
this kind of thing before.
6. There are about a hundred hands working in his factory.
7. Younger brothers and sisters of the war generation now began to play with the
toys of vulgar rebellion.
8. …four or five thousand men in all, winding up the road with a clumping of boots
and a clatter of iron wheels.
9. The country itself is not uncomely.
10. And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what
you can do for your country.
V． Proofreading and Error-Correcting (10%)
Directions: In the passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each
numbered line. You may have to add a word, cross out a word, or change a word.
Mark out the mistakes and put your corrections in the blanks provided. If you
cross out a word, put a slash (/) in the blank. Please note that you are not going
to look for any spelling errors.
Example
When  art museum wants a new exhibit, it buys
things in the finished form. When a natural history
museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it.
[1] an
[2] the
[3] exhibit
If you knew Casablanca 20 years ago and are to return today, you
1.
would be pleasantly surprised to find how a town can develop and
undergo
major changes and yet not lose its identity and the human dimension. 2.
Rapid growth has always been a feature of Casablanca, thus this 3.
has never destroyed its balance. It is an industrial town and a major
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financial center, but it is also a tourist town who has its own
specialized charm.
If businessmen choose to locate his head offices there, it is because
it has most of the advantages of a city with few of the disadvantages.
Its reputation as a conference and congress town has already been
constantly shown and business is growing all the time.
Hence Casablanca has become the economic capital of the
kingdom of Morocco. It fills a special position not just as the center
of its region but also within the life of nation: currently it is an area of
open demographic and economic concentration, thanks to a
hinterland which has yet to be developed.
But despite all this, Casablanca is not saturated, His Majesty King
Hassan II wanted the town to develop and yet remain master of its
own development.
This is why it has been given an administrative structure which is
originated but which has the lofty mission of making it a model town,
one that must jealously preserve its historical and cultural legacy. It is
from this oersoective that a major, totally intergrated developing plan
has been specially conceived for the city so that it may welcome the
21 century with quite confidence.
4．
5.
6.________
7.
8.
9.________
10.________
VI. Reading comprehension. Read the following passage and answer the
questions by choosing the most appropriate choice. Put your answers on the
ANSWER SHEET. (10%)
About Conformity
By Dr. Russell M. Church
In the past few years the American public has been chided, perhaps more than
usual, for being a collection of conformists. We have been accused of accepting our
attitudes ready-made from the mass media or our local “opinion leaders,” rather than
forming independent attitudes after critical consideration of the evidence.
It is charged that our wants as consumers are not our own but are dictated by
Madison Avenue, or by the Joneses. We have been accused of behaving in accordance
with the folkways of our organization rather than on the basis of international values.
Even the self-consciously non-conformist beatnik has been accused of conforming to
the standards of his group.
Some of those who make these charges of conformity may be under pressure to
speak strongly about something to which no one could take exception, but others are
sincerely concerned by the lack of independence among people in their attitudes,
desires, and their behavior.
The first investigations of conforming behavior in a standard laboratory situation
were those of Muzafer Sherif in 1935. These investigations made use of the
autokinetic phenomenon, the fact that a stationary pinpoint of light in a totally dark
room gives the appearance of moving. (Try it sometime-even though you know the
light to be stationary it seems to be moving erratically.) Sherif asked subjects to judge
the extent of this apparent movement. Alone a subject would become increasingly
stable in his judgements, but there were considerable individual differences among
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subjects in the extent of movement that they reported. One subject might typically
report movement of 8 or 10 inches and another might typically report movement of
only 1 or 2 inches. When individuals with different norms were put together in a
group of two or three there was a marked convergence in their judgements. Gradually,
after 100 or more trials in a group, individuals who had established independent
standards for the extent of movement agreed rather closely with one another. (Many
subjects were influenced “unconsciously,” i.e., they were not aware that they were
being influenced.) After these group norms had been formed, individuals when again
judging the extent of movement alone, tended to keep the same group norms rather
than revert to the norms they had previously established as individuals. The degree of
conformity within a group was even greater for subjects who had not previously had
the opportunity to judge the stimuli alone. Sherif concluded that the judgements of the
others of the extent of movement had a marked effect on the judgements of the
subject. With this study he established the autokinetic phenomenon as a standard
laboratory task for the study of factors affecting the amount of conformity.
Quite naturally, the autokinetic phenomenon has been criticized as an unnatural
task to use in the study of conformity. The subject is in a totally dark room, an
unstructured situation with no frames of reference. He does not even know the size of
the room or the distance between himself and the source of light. With so few cues to
distance, the extent of movement is certainly ambiguous. Is it possible to demonstrate
conformity in an unambiguous situation?
Consider an individual asked to state which of three lines is equal to some
standard line in length under conditions that never (or almost never) would lead a
subject alone to make an error. Would an individual parrot the group judgement if all
the members of a group were to make the same erroneous judgement, even when that
judgement is obviously contrary to fact? This was the problem originally posed by
Solomon Asch. The first eight subjects to speak (paid stooges of the experimenter)
sometimes unanimously selected an erroneous line. What did the ninth subject do
when confronted by a unanimous, but erroneous, majority? In about one-third of the
cases the naive subject made an error in the direction of majority.
The conforming subjects were interviewed after the experiment, and some said
that they had made an error in action only, e.g., they knew that their response was an
error, but they went along with the majority anyway. Others said that they had made
an error in judgement, e.g., they believed that their perceptions were wrong after
hearing the response of the majority. Still others said that they had made an error in
perception, e.g., they actually saw the stimuli the way the majority had reported them
to be. Regardless of the cause of the errors, one must be impressed by the strength of
the pressures to conformity when they can make people agree to propositions which
are obviously contrary to fact.
With this study of the judgement of length of lines in groups, Asch had
established another standard laboratory task for the study of factors affecting the
amount of conformity. As in the case of the autokinetic situation, replications of this
study have been uniformly successful, there have been improvements in technique,
and there have been numerous studies of factors relevant to the amount of conformity.
Some of these are the size of the majority (which has an increasing effect only up to
about three individuals) and the unanimity of the majority (which is crucial).
The increase in understanding of conformity proceeds at a most gradual pace.
There was a time when it was only possible to describe conforming behavior. Now,
following the establishment of laboratory demonstrations of conformity, there are
extensive parametric investigations of the factors affecting the amount of conformity.
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But this will not be the final stage. Almost certainly the body of knowledge regarding
conformity will be integrated with the general theories of behavior that are emerging
from radically different situations.
We may be as conforming now as we were a few years ago, although it certainly
seems we are being less often and less viciously attacked for it now. The accusations
have passed their peak, and may disappear for years, but they are certain to return.
When the charges of conformity return we may not know the values involved in
conformity any more surely than we do now, but we should know a little more about
the nature of conformity, its determinants and its control.
1. Some people criticize Americans for being conformists because
.
a. they feel that people need to think for themselves
b. they are afraid that the public tend to follow the self-consciously
non-conformist beatnik
c. they feel that it is unnecessary for consumers to follow the fashion as
displayed on Madison Avenue
d. they feel it is harmful to accept the attitudes from the mass media or our local
opinion leader
2. “Our wants are dictated by the Joneses.” The sentence means
.
a. big corporations like the Joneses have such domineering influence
on us consumers
b. consumers like the Joneses are especially inclined to follow the fashion
c. consumers are wanted by the Joneses
d. we buy more and better commodities in order to compete with our neighbors
in material possessions
3. “Autokinetic” in this context means
.
a. self-moving
b. deceptive illusion
c. fluid dynamics
d. conforming behavior
4. When a person sits in a totally dark room, and a stationary pinpoint of light is
turned on,
.
a. the person is unable to judge
b. the light seems to be immobile
c. the light appears to be moving irregularly
d. nobody except psychologists can correctly describe the condition of the light
5. “Subject” in this context means
.
a. substance
b. the person who receives an experiment
c. the problem that is being studied by scientists
d. an originating motive
6. When people were asked to judge singly the extent of movement of the
light,
.
a. they all reported eight or ten inches
b. they tended to make similar judgements
c. their answers varied considerably
d. the extent of movement reported averaged four or five inches
7. “Individuals with different norms” means
.
a. individuals who hold different attitudes toward the experiment
b. people whose judgements of the extent of movement of the light are different
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c. people with different social backgrounds
d. people who are asked to take part in the experiments on different occasions
8. All experiments reported tend to show that
.
a. group judgements are more accurate than single judgements
b. a single individual’s judgements produce a more accurate result than a majority or a
group
c. a wrong majority will often cause a right individual to change his judgement
d. a right judgement of an individual tends to influence the wrong judgement of
a group
9. When a person has agreed with a majority judgement,
.
a. he tends to return to his own judgement when given the opportunity
b. he will again change his judgement easily if asked to decide for a second time
c. he is seldom sure of himself in later judgement
d. he tends to stick to the group judgement
10. Muzafer Sherif’s experiment has been criticized because
.
a. people are asked to demonstrate conformity in an ambiguous situation
b. the room where the experiment is being made is too dark
c. the autokinetic phenomenon is unscientific
d. the source of light is undependable
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