Anatomy 3 Study Guide
Nervous Tissue
Definitions
Afferent Neurons
Effectors
Synapse
Neurolemma
Graded Potential
Summation
Propagation
Efferent Neurons
Action Potential
Synaptic End Bulbs
Nodes of Ranvier
Action Potential
Threshold
Interneurons
Stimulus
Myelin
Membrane Potential
Decremental Conduction
Refractory Period
Concepts
Know the primary structures that make up both the CNS and PNS
Know the somatic and autonomic divisions of the PNS.
Know the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Know the primary functions of the nervous system.
Understand the relationship of the enteric nervous system to the body.
Know the types of nervous tissue cells (neurons and neuroglia).
Know the parts of a neuron.
Know the types of axonal transport
Know the 3 structural classes of neurons
Cluster vs. bundle
Ganglion vs. nucleus
Nerve vs. Tract
What make gray matter gray and white matter white?
Understand how a resting membrane potential is formed.
Know the 4 types of ion channels
Concentration gradient vs. electrochemical gradient
Passive Vs. Active transport
Continuous vs. salutatory conduction
Class A, B, and C nerve fibers
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
Definitions
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Meningitis
Paresthesia
Spinal Tap
Neuralgia
Rami
Neuritis
Concepts
Know the layers of the meninges, epidural space, subarachnoid space
Cervical and lumbar enlargement, conus medullaris, filum terminale,. Cauda equina
Anatomy of a spinal nerve (dorsal root, ventral root)
Anatomy of the spinal cord (anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus, gray
commisure, central canal)
Tracts (corticospinal, spinocerebellar, posterior columns, spintothalamic) location
and information conveyed (type and direction)
Know the types of reflex arcs
Know the 5 functional components of a reflex arc
Know the somatic spinal reflexes discussed in class (stretch, tendon, flexor,
extensor)
Know the plantar flexion reflex and Babinski sign
Connective tissue coverings of spinal nerves (endoneurium, perineurium,
epineurium)
Know the major plexuses and the regions they supply (cervical, brachial, lumbar,
sacral, coccygeal)
Know the following major nerves and the regions they supply (radial, median, ulnar,
femoral, sciatic)
Know the dermatomes for the upper and lower extremities
Brain and Cranial Nerves
Definitions
Decussate
Word deafness
Anopia
Diplopia
Aphasia
word blindness
strabismus
Trigeminal neuralgia
nonfluent aphasia
anosmia
ptosis
Bell’s palsy
Concepts
4 major parts of the brain
Know the primary functions of each division
3 subdivisions of the brain stem
3 subdivisions of the diencephalon
Corpus collosum
Pineal gland
Internal carotid arteries, vertbrobasilar arteries, internal jugular veins
Blood brain barrier (function, what can pass, what cell forms)
Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli
4 ventricles, interventricular foramen, cerebral aqueduct, choroid plexus,
ependymal cells)
4 primary lobes of the brain (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
Concussion, contusion, laceration
Precentral gyrus (primary motor area), post central gyrus (primary somatosensory
area), central sulcus, visual association area, auditory association area, gustatory
area, wernicke’s area, broca’s area
12 cranial nerves and their primary function
Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems
Definitions
Sensory modality
Selectivity
Nociceptor
Osmoreceptor
Sensory receptor
mechanoreceptors
photoreceptor
somatic sensations
stimulus
thermoreceptor
chemoreceptor
cutaneous sensations
Meissner corpuscles
Ruffini corpuscles
Referred pain
hair root plexuses
pacinian corpuscles
analgesia
merkel discs
phantom limb sensation
proprioception
Concepts
Sensation vs. perception (conscious vs. subconscious sensation)
General senses (somatic and visceral) vs. special senses
3 sensory receptor types
4 events in sensation
Microscopic structural characteristics (provide examples of each type)
Generator potential vs. receptor potential
Exteroreceptor vs. interoreceptor
Types of stimuli detected / 4 modes of somatic sensation
muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors
First-order, second-order and third-order neurons
Relay Stations
Lower motor neurons / upper motor neurons