T A S M A N I A N C E R T I F I C A T E O F Psychology E D U C A T I O N TQA Level 3, Size Value = 15 THE COURSE DOCUMENT This document contains the following sections: RATIONALE ...................................................................................................................... COURSE SIZE AND COMPLEXITY .................................................................................. COURSE DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................. COURSE REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................. LEARNING OUTCOMES .................................................................................................. COURSE CONTENT ......................................................................................................... COURSE ........................................................................................................................... ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................................. Quality Assurance Processes ................................................................................ External Assessment Requirements ...................................................................... Criteria ................................................................................................................... Standards ............................................................................................................. Qualifications Available .......................................................................................... Award Requirements ............................................................................................. ACCREDITATION ............................................................................................................. VERSION HISTORY ......................................................................................................... RATIONALE Through this course students are introduction to the discipline of Psychology. The course describes the role of Psychology in various contexts and its contribution to the social and behavioural sciences. This course can serve as stepping stone to further study in this field or to many various pathways. Students can develop an understanding of themselves and their relationships with others and their society through the study of Psychology. Students are introduced to the variety of thinking in classic and current topics, such as learning, memory, perception and individual differences. The course covers the research approaches used in Psychology through which students gain a broad perspective of the study as a science. Students apply the principles of scientific research to investigations of Psychology. © Copyright for part(s) of this document may be held by individuals or organisations other than the TQA Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXX Date of Publication: 2 Psychology COURSE SIZE AND COMPLEXITY This course has been assessed as having a complexity level of TQA level 3. At TQA level 3, the student is expected to acquire a combination of theoretical and/or technical and factual knowledge and skills and use judgment when varying procedures t o deal with unusual or unexpected aspects that may arise. Some skills in organising self and others are expected. TQA level 3 is a standard suitable to prepare students for further study at the tertiary level. VET competencies at this level are often those characteristic of an AQF Certificate III. The TQA level 3 course has a size value of 15. COURSE DESCRIPTION Psychology provides an understanding of human behaviour and experiences of the individual. In doing so, students develop a familiarity with central concepts, used by psychologists, and their application for understanding behaviour. The course provides an understanding of the relationship between thoughts, feelings and behaviour and how they are underpinned by environmental and biological factors. It enables students to apply enquiry skills of psychology to real life situations. They explore the meaning of scientific method in Psychology and undertake minor research experiments to appreciate the methodology and practice of Psychology and its role in the behavioural sciences. Students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of the basic concepts and techniques of Psychology, communicate ideas and evaluate research findings relating to specific issues in Psychology. COURSE REQUIREMENTS There are five modules in this course. Students will study every module. Research and inquiry Individual differences Human learning Psychobiological processes Remembering Students are required to complete an externally assessed Investigation Project on a topic from one of the above modules. The Investigation Project complements the knowledge and understanding of psychology that students have acquired from the study of the above modules. LEARNING OUTCOMES Through the study of Psychology students will: develop an understanding of human behaviour and the experiences of the individual. use a range of empirical evidence to support a psychological view. . display knowledge of theories and ideas that explain human behaviour. analyse and evaluate information relevant to psychology apply the research skills of psychology to real life situations. Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXXX Date of Publication: 3 Psychology TQA 3 COURSE CONTENT i) RESEARCH AND INQUIRY FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE The understanding of human behaviour relies predominantly on current research and theories. FOCUS QUESTIONS: What is Psychology? How and why do psychologists undertake research? What are the ethical considerations of research? RECOMMENDED CONTENT NB this area is taught through the content of other modules and is the main focus of the Investigation Project. Teachers should have a copy of the Investigation Project Guidelines (Available on the TQA website) Students should be provided with these guidelines. Psychology is the scientific study of human behaviour. Its goals are to describe, understand, predict and control behaviour. Whenever possible psychologists seek empirical evidence (objective and observable) based on scientific observation. The scientific method is used to improve upon common sense and avoid the pitfalls of informal observation. Important steps in scientific investigation usually include defining a problem, reviewing the literature, proposing a hypothesis, choosing a research design, collecting the necessary data, analysing the results and drawing conclusions. Basic methods of research (primary sources) include: experimentation, survey, observational studies and the use of existing secondary sources. The strengths and weaknesses of each method. Psychological research raises a number of ethical questions. ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS Research Methods primary and secondary resources qualitative and quantitative research case study; observation; experiment; survey; existing sources. The Scientific Method validity; bias; hypothesis; operational definitions; sampling (random and opportunistic), allocation of subjects (experimental, control, matched pairs); reliability. Experimental controls Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXX Date of Publication: 4 Psychology o independent and dependent variables o experimental and control conditions o placebos; single-blind, double-blind. Ethical considerations [ ref. National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Involving Humans (NHMRC 2001& NPP)] ii) INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE Individual differences arise out of the interaction between heredity (biological) and environmental factors. FOCUS QUESTIONS: What is the evidence for the biological argument? What is the evidence for the environment argument? What is the interactionist perspective? Teachers should select ONE of the following areas to investigate the interactive process between the environment and genetic potential. Gender differences Intellectual differences Personality differences RECOMMENDED CONTENT Gender differences What is gender and gender identity? Theoretical explanations for sexual and gender identity and related research Biological influence Biosocial influence Socio-cultural influence Social learning Cognitive development theory Gender schema Intellectual differences What is intelligence? Multiple intelligences Measuring intelligence Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXXX Date of Publication: 5 Psychology TQA 3 Effects of deprived environments Environmental enrichments Biological evidences Personality differences What is personality? Types of personality assessment of personality (testing, profiling) Biological inheritance Environmental influences Theories Trait theories Type theories Other theories e.g. behaviourism, humanistic ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS Gender Differences Genetic endowment, heredity, genes, biological influences, development, maturation Environmental influences Gender Gender roles Gender identity Stereotypes Sexual identity Intellectual Differences Genetic endowment, heredity, genes, biological influences, development, maturation Environmental influences Intelligence Intellectual potential Deprivation Enrichment Personality Differences Genetic endowment, heredity, genes, biological influences, development, maturation Environmental influences Personality traits/types Personality inventories Self Situational self/personality Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXX Date of Publication: 6 Psychology iii) PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE Psychological and physiological processes influence visual perception and consciousness. FOCUS QUESTIONS: How does perception allow the individual to make sense of the world? How is normal waking consciousness distinguished from altered states of consciousness? RECOMMENDED CONTENT Sensation This should be covered as background for the following topics but will not be directly or singularly assessed in the external exam basic understanding of how the eye works and anatomy reception; the eye as a sensory organ sensation functions as a data reduction system through the processes of attention, thresholds, feature detection and sensory adaptation colour vision the senses go beyond the raw data Teachers should select ONE of the following areas: Perception perception involves organising and interpreting sensations into meaningful patterns because of a limited capacity to attend to and process information the brain actively selects, organises and integrates information attention is selective and is influenced by the nature of the stimuli, principles of perceptual organisation and interpretation, and the individual's expectations the individual's perception is influenced by their perceptual set, therefore each individual has a subjective view of the world bottom up and top down processes interact (Gibson; Gregory; Neisser) Consciousness the features of NWC include: attention; content; time; limitations; self-control; and clear. It is perceived as ‘real’ altered states of consciousness are characterised by distortions of perception, cognition, time, emotions, self control Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXXX Date of Publication: 7 Psychology TQA 3 comparison of altered states of consciousness with normal consciousness. The evidence for the debate on the differences and similarities between normal awareness and altered states of consciousness are to be gathered from the study of sleep and dreaming (however examples from other ASC such as drug induced, hypnosis and meditation may be used to explain concepts). comparison of the theories of sleep and dreaming o Sleep Restoration (repair) Survival (adaptive/evolutionary) o Dreams Wish-fulfilment (Freud)-Psychodynamic View Activation-Synthesis (Hobson & McCarley)- Biological View Problem-Solving - extensions of waking life (Cartwright) – Cognitive View ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS Perception perception perceptual principles Gestalt processes constancies three dimensional processes; distance and depth cues top-down and bottom up processes perceptual set illusions physiological influences Consciousness Normal waking consciousness characteristics normal waking consciousness o measurements of consciousness o awareness (internal and external) o continuum of consciousness o attention: selective; divided; o psychological processes: cognitive; memory; perception; and emotion Altered states of Consciousness characteristics of altered states of consciousness o physiological changes (e.g. heart beat, brain waves, respiration, galvanic skin responses) o distortion of perception and cognition (including context and time) o change in emotion o loss of self control (reduction in inhibition) Sleep and dreaming theories Restoration Survival Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXX Date of Publication: 8 Psychology Wish-fulfilment (Freud) Problem-Solving (Cartwright) Activation-Synthesis (Hobson & McCarley) Reverse Learning (Crick & Mitchison) iv) HUMAN LEARNING FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE Human learning can occur through various processes FOCUS QUESTIONS: How do humans learn? How can humans’ behaviour be modified? RECOMMENDED CONTENT emphasis on human real life applications conditioning (classical and operant) observational learning (involves attention, retention, motivation, reproduction) cognitive learning difference between learning and performance the role of reinforcement in learning the role of cognitive processes in learning relativity of rewards and punishments ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS: Classical Conditioning habitual behaviour reflex response, un/conditioned stimulus and response extinction and spontaneous recovery Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXXX Date of Publication: 9 Psychology TQA 3 stimulus generalisation and discrimination phobias – acquisition systematic desensitisation aversion therapy Operant Conditioning reinforcement; positive, negative, primary, secondary, schedules of reinforcement, punishment; positive, response cost (negative) shaping learned helplessness two-factor learning Observational Learning indirect learning through observation modelling, imitation (synonymous terms) model vicarious classical and operant conditioning consequences (rewards & punishments) vicarious reinforcement cognitive processes Social Cognitive Learning (includes classical, operant, observational and cognitive forms) learning sets transfer of learning insight learning latent learning cognitive maps V) REMEMBERING FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE How the memory processes information FOCUS QUESTIONS: How are memories formed? What are the processes involved in storing information in memory? What causes forgetting? How can memory be improved? Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXX Date of Publication: 10 Psychology RECOMMENDED CONTENT Memory Memory involves an active processing system that receives, organises, stores and recovers information Multi-store Memory Model (Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968) - process and store information in three separate but linked stages sensory memory short term memory (working memory) long term memory [types: declarative (semantic and episodic) procedural] Organisation in Memory eg. Semantic Network theory Alternative models to consider are: Levels of Processing model (Craik and Lockhart 1972) Working Memory (Baddeley) Forgetting Forgetting curve (Ebbinghaus) Psychological explanations of forgetting (see concept list) retrieval failure interference motivated forgetting Physiological factors decay organic (amnesia and disease) Various techniques for improving recall. elaboration and organisation (Craik and Tulving) consolidation mnemonic devices (narrative chaining, method of loci, pegword method, acrostics, acronyms) ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS Memory information processing system: encoding, storage, retrieval models of memory o Multi-store model (sensory, short term and long term memory) o Levels of Processing model o Working memory semantic network theory rehearsal; elaborative and maintenance Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXXX Date of Publication: 11 Psychology TQA 3 chunking elaboration consolidation false memories (constructionist view, confabulation). NB. This may be covered under forgetting Psychological Explanations of forgetting (non organic) failure to encode retrieval failure; cue dependent and state/context dependent forgetting interference theory; retroactive and proactive motivated forgetting (repression & suppression) decay theory tip-of-the-tongue serial position effect pseudo forgetting (organic) amnesia Alzheimer’s disease Korsakoff’s syndrome memory loss over lifetime Techniques to enhance memory elaboration organisation consolidation mnemonic devices Recommended Texts Grivas, Down and Carter (2005) Psychology (VCE Units 3 & 4) 3rd Edition MacMillan Education Australia Pty Ltd, South Yarrra Or the 4th edition if available Heinemann, Rawlings, Skouteris and Whitechurch (2007) Psychology Two, 2nd Edition Harcourt Education, Port Melbourne PLotnik (2005) Introduction to Psychology, Thomson Wadswoth Publisher, Belmont Or the 8th edition if available Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXX Date of Publication: 12 Psychology W ORK REQUIREMENTS INVESTIGATION PROJECT The Investigation Project Guidelines are available on the TQA website and students should be provided with these guidelines. The Investigation Project is externally assessed. TQA will notify schools/colleges of the due date. SUGGESTED APPROACH It is suggested that students be given 5 weeks to complete the project. These weeks can be split up and not have to be done in a block. Teachers have found that parts of the project are useful to undertake when covering the research and inquiry module and the topic module. They have also found that a mini/practice Investigation is a useful preparation. Students will show how psychological principles, research methods and empirical evidence are applied to find solutions to a specific problem by addressing the focus question and using concepts from the modules. The focus of their investigation must reflect the basic processes that influence the behaviour of the individual. It is suggested that students narrow their investigation topic by taking a particular focus within the designated area. Rotation of Topics for IP and Exam: Year 2011 IP (Criteria 1& 7) Remembering 2012 Human Learning 2013 Individual Differences Psychobiological Processes 2014 Exam Section A (Criteria 3 & 5) Psychobiological Processes Remembering Human Learning Individual Differences Exam Section B (Criteria 3 & 4) Individual Differences Psychobiological Processes Remembering Human Learning Exam Section D (Criteria 4 & 5) Human Learning Individual Differences Psychobiological Processes Remembering ASSESSMENT Criterion-based assessment is a form of outcomes assessment which identifies the extent of student achievement at an appropriate end-point of study. Although assessment – as part of the learning Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXXX Date of Publication: 13 Psychology TQA 3 program - is continuous, much of it is formative, and is done to help studen ts identify what they need to do to attain the maximum benefit from their study of the course. Therefore, assessment for summative TCE reporting should focus on what both teacher and student understand to reflect end -point achievement. The primary audience for assessment is the student and the teacher, but may also include parents when appropriate. The standard of achievement each student attains on each criterion is recorded as a rating ‘A’, ‘B’, or ‘C’, according to the outcomes specified in the standards section of the course. A ‘t’ notation must be used where a student demonstrates any achievement against a criterion less than the standard specified for the ‘C’ rating. The ‘t’ notation sits outside the continuum of ratings and is thus not described in course standards. A ‘z’ notation is to be used where a student provides no evidence of achievement at all. Providers offering this course must participate in the quality assurance processes. Internal assessment of all criteria will be made by the provider. Providers will report the student’s rating for each criterion to the Tasmanian Qualifications Authority. The Tasmanian Qualifications Authority will supervise the external assessment of designated criteria (*). The ratings obtained from the external assessments will be used in addition to those provided from the provider to determine the final award. The Tasmanian Qualifications Authority will supervise the external assessment of designated criteria (*). The ratings obtained from the external assessments will be used in addition to those provided from the provider to determine the final award. EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS The external assessment requirements for this course consist of: a 3 hour examination that assesses criteria 3,4, and 5. an Investigation Project that assesses criteria 1 and 7. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCESSES The following processes will be facilitated by the TQA to ensure there is: a match between the standards for achievement specified in the course and the standards demonstrated by students community confidence in the integrity and meaning of the qualification. Processes – the Authority gives course providers feedback about any systematic differences in the relationship of their internal and external assessments and, where approp riate, seeks further evidence through audit and requires corrective action in the future. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA The assessment for psychology will be based on the degree to which the learner can: 1. *communicate ideas and information 2. plan organise and complete activities Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXX Date of Publication: 14 Psychology 3. *use evidence to support a psychological view 4. *analyse and evaluate ideas and information related to Psychology 5. *display knowledge and understanding of psychological concepts and ideas 6. apply psychological principles to real life situations 7. * demonstrate understanding and application of psychological research methods * = externally assessed criteria] STANDARDS Note: where no description for a ‘B’ rating is given, markers are to make a judgement as to whether the student achievement lies somewhere between the standard provided for the ‘C’ and the ‘A’ rating CRITERION 1: COMMUNICATE IDEAS AND INFORMATION Rating ‘C’ A student can: provide basic information with examples to support ideas. communicate in a manner that is clear and logical convey basic psychological ideas and information in appropriate ways(format) Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Rating ‘B’ A student can: provide clear ideas and information with supporting examples clearly convey psychological ideas and information in appropriate ways.(format) Rating ‘A’ A student can: provide clear and [ detailed information and ideas supported with appropriate examples. communicate in a manner that is logical, accurate, succinct and coherent. select the most appropriate ways (format) to clearly convey psychological ideas and information. Period of Accreditation: XXXXX Date of Publication: 15 Psychology TQA 3 CRITERION 2: PLAN, ORGANISE AND COMPLETE ACTIVITIES Rating ‘C’ A student can: Rating ‘B’ A student can: provide limited planning detail A student can: formulate a clear plan [ with detail steps organise activities in a basic way carefully and accurately organise activities undertake and complete activities in a basic way competently undertake and complete activities consistently show selfdirection and time management skills to negotiate or meet deadlines show time management skills to negotiate or meet deadlines Criterion 3: Rating ‘A’ formulate a plan with relevant steps show self-direction and time management skills to negotiate or meet deadlines USE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT A PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Rating ‘C’ A student can: present a psychological view Rating ‘B’ A student can: construct and sustain a psychological view support the psychological view with basic psychological empirical evidence. draw basic conclusions identify sources of key information with basic referencing [using APA Guidelines] Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 provide some relevant justifications Rating ‘A’ A student can: construct and sustain a [ convincing psychological view support the psychological view with relevant psychological empirical evidence. draw logical conclusions formally acknowledge information with comprehensive and accurate references (in text and Reference Period of Accreditation: XXXX Date of Publication: 16 Psychology List) [using APA Guidelines] Criterion 4: ANALYSE AND EVALUATE IDEAS AND INFORMATION RELATED TO PSYCHOLOGY Rating ‘C’ A student can: Rating ‘B’ A student can: explain the relevant information interpret information in a logical and relevant way analyse using psychological concepts and ideas recognise and use valid information evaluate the quality and validity of collected information draw basic conclusions Criterion 5: Rating ‘A’ A student can: give a detailed [ interpretation of information by providing sound justification critically analyse using psychological concepts and ideas critically evaluate the quality and validity of collected information draw logical conclusions DEMONSTRATE KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND IDEAS Rating ‘C’ A student can: define psychological concepts and ideas Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Rating ‘B’ A student can: Rating ‘A’ A student can: define and show a [ clear and detailed understanding of psychological concepts and ideas Period of Accreditation: XXXXX Date of Publication: 17 Psychology TQA 3 support ideas with simple examples support by relevant examples identify and explain a limited number of Psychological concepts and ideas identify and explain a range of psychological concepts and ideas use basic and common psychological concepts and ideas use complex and sophisticated psychological concepts and ideas Criterion 6: support by general examples APPLY PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES TO REAL LIFE SITUATIONS Rating ‘C’ A student can: Rating ‘B’ A student can: Rating ‘A’ A student can: identify basic psychological principles in a real life situation identify and explore a [ range of psychological principles to real life situations apply some relevant psychological knowledge and understanding to real life situations apply comprehensive psychological knowledge and detailed understanding to real life situations show connections between specific psychological principles and real life situations show a sophisticated understanding of the connection between specific psychological principles and real life situations Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXX Date of Publication: 18 Psychology Criterion 7: DEMONSTRATE UNDERSTANDING AND APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODS Rating ‘C’ A student can: Rating ‘B’ A student can: Rating ‘A’ A student can: show knowledge of a range of research methodologies show knowledge and understanding of the appropriateness of a range of research methodologies in different situations show knowledge of the ethical issues included in psychological research show knowledge and [ application of all the ethical issues included in psychological research formulate an appropriate basic research design formulate appropriate and detailed research design that examines psychology issues in depth use basic appropriate format in reporting on their research use an appropriate format in some detail when reporting on their research use comprehensive and appropriate format in reporting on their research discuss research findings and draw conclusions discuss in detail, show some evaluation and draw conclusions from research findings. discuss, critically evaluate in detail and draw conclusions from research findings. QUALIFICATIONS AVAILABLE Psychology (with the award of): EXCEPTIONAL ACHIEVEMENT HIGH ACHIEVEMENT COMMENDABLE ACHIEVEMENT SATISFACTORY ACHIEVEMENT PRELIMINARY ACHIEVEMENT Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXXX Date of Publication: 19 Psychology TQA 3 AWARD REQUIREMENTS The final award will be determined by the Tasmanian Qualifications Authority from the 12 ratings (7 ratings from the internal assessment and 5 ratings from the external assessment). The minimum requirements for an award in psychology are as follows: The minimum requirements for an award in psychology are as follows: EXCEPTIONAL ACHIEVEMENT (EA) 10 ‘A’, 2 ‘B’ ratings (4 ‘A’, 1 ‘B’ from external assessment) HIGH ACHIEVEMENT 4 ‘A’, 5 ‘B’, 3 ‘C’ ratings (2 ‘A’, 2 ‘B’, 1 ‘C’ from external assessment) COMMENDABLE ACHIEVEMENT 6 ‘B’ ratings 5 ‘C’ ratings (2 ‘B’, 2 ‘C’ from external assessment) SATISFACTORY ACHIEVEMENT 10 ‘C’ ratings (3 ‘C’ from external assessment) PRELIMINARY ACHIEVEMENT 6 ‘C’ ratings A student who otherwise achieves the rating for a CA (Commendable Achievement) or SA (satisfactory Achievement) award but who fails to show any evidence of achievement in one or more criteria (‘Z’ notation) will be issued with a PA (Preliminary Achievement) award. COURSE EVALUATION Courses are accredited for a specific period of time (up to five years) and they are evaluated in the year prior to the expiry of accreditation. As well, anyone may request a review of a particular aspect of an accredited course throughout the period of accreditation. Such requests for amendment will be considered in terms of the likely improvements to the outcomes for students and the possible consequences for delivery of the course. The TQA can evaluate the need and appropriateness of an accredited course at any point throughout the period of accreditation. Course developer The TQA acknowledges the significant leadership of Lynn Hendley in the development of this course. Accreditation The accreditation period for this course is from xxx to xxxxx Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXX Date of Publication: 20 Psychology Version History This course supersedes xxxxxxxx Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXXX Date of Publication: 21 Psychology TQA 3 [Say here if this course is a direct replacement of any existing course. The TQA will give the document a version number/date] Tasmanian Qualifications Authority Version 1 Period of Accreditation: XXXX Date of Publication: