CHAPTER 12: MONGOL EURASIA AND ITS AFTERMATH: 1200-1500
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II.
III.
IV.
Rise of the Mongols, 1200-1260
A. Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia
1. Nomadic groups depended on scarce water and pasture resources
2. Hierarchal organization:
3. Women in society:
4. Religious impact:
B. The Mongol Conquests, 1215-1283
1. Genghis Khan conquered all of North China and threatened the Southern Song
2. In 1265 Mongols had three empires: Il Khan, Golden Horde, and Mongol
3. Khubilai declared himself Great Khan in 1265
4. Yuan Empire, capital Beijing in 1271 and in 1279 Yuan conquered Song Empire
5. Factors to Mongol conquest:
C. Overland Trade and the Plague
1. Overland trade routes:
2. Diseases included bubonic plague spread through trade routes of Empire
Mongols and Islam, 1260-1500
A. Mongol Rivalry
1. Il Khan location:
2. Relations between Buddhist:
3. Russia was under domination of the Golden Horde
4. Mongols tried to drive Muslims out of Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine
B. Islam and the State
1. The goal of the states was to collect tax revenue for the empire through tax farming
2. Tax farming delivered:
C. Culture and Science
1. Rashid al-Din:
2. Astronomy, calendar making, and prediction of eclipses
3. Mathematics, adapted Indian numerical system, value of pi
Regional Response
A. Russia
1. Kievan Rus made capital at mouth of Volga at the end of the trade route
2. Alexander of Novgorod, Moscow emerged as center of Russia
3. Mongol domination effect on Russia:
4. Ivan III adopted title of tsar
B. Eastern Europe
1. Hungary and Poland faced Mongols alone
2. Mongols attack Europe
3. Contact between Mongols and Europeans increased after Mongol withdrawal bringing
knowledge about geography, natural resources, commerce, and technology
Mongol Domination in China, 1271-1368
A. Yuan Empire
1. Chinese Government, Beijing capital
2. Mongols unified Tanggut, Jin, and Song empires into one
3. Mongols government:
4. Chinese cities and ports:
5. Agriculture:
B. Culture and Science Exchange
1. Yuan and Il khan empires shared knowledge like algebra, trigonometry
2. Medical texts, seeds, and formulas were brought to China from Persia
C. Fall of Yuan Empire
1. Zhu Yuanzhang brought an end to Mongols and established Ming Empire
2. Jurchens:
V.
VI.
NOTES:
Ming Empire, 1368-1500
A. Ming China
1. Zhu capital at Nanjing
2. Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew Mongols and reasserted Confucian ideology
3. Military service:
4. Expeditions and trade routes:
B. Technology and Population
1. Metallurgy, high cost of wood and metal:
2. Korea—firearms, shipbuilding, meteorology, calendar making
C. Ming Achievements
1. Wealth and cultural brilliance
2. Porcelain making, silk, lacquer
Militarism in East Asia, 1200-1500
A. Korea, 1231-1500
1. Korea resisted Mongol invasions:
2. Yi dynasty:
3. Yi included local calendar, use of fertilizer, cash crops
B. Japan, 1274-1500
1. Invasion of the Mongols:
2. 2nd Mongol invasion, 1281
3. Shoguns, Samurai:
CHAPTER 13: TROPICAL AFRICA AND ASIA, 1200-1500
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II.
III.
IV.
V.
Tropical Land and Peoples
A.
Environment
1. Afro-Asian tropics cycle of rainy and dry seasons
2. Different environments:
B.
Water Systems and Irrigation
1. Slash and burn agriculture:
2. Construction of dams, canals, and reservoirs
C.
Mineral Resources
1. Iron, copper, and gold:
2. Metalworking and food producing systems produce surplus creating profit
3. Elite class comes because of work of ordinary people
New Islamic Empires
A.
Mali in Western Sudan
1. Islam was spread through Africa by trading
2. 1240 the Mali kingdom was established, prospered through trade routes and gold mines
3. Mansa Musa:
4. Ibn Battuta:
5. Mali collapsed in mid 15th century because of rebellion
B.
Delhi in India
1. Between 1206 and 1236, India was defeated by Muslim Turks who established the Delhi Sultanate as a
Muslim state
2. This conquest creates a schism:
3. Delhi sultans rule:
4. 1398 Timur sacked Delhi
Indian Ocean Trade
A.
Monsoon Mariners
1. Indian Ocean trade increased between _____________________ and ____________________
2. Trade was carried out by dhows from India and junks from Asia
3. Junks:
B.
Africa: Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe
1. 40 City states along the coast of Africa participate in trade
2. exporters of gold: impact:
3. Great Zimbabwe economy based on agriculture, trading, and cattle herding
4. Great Zimbabwe falls because of deforestation and overgrazing
C.
India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast
1. Gujarat exported cotton textiles and indigo for gold and silver
2. Gujarat produced textiles, leather goods, silk, carpets
3. Strait of Malacca was dominated by Muslim rulers
Social and Cultural Change
A.
Architecture, Religion
1. African and Indian mosques, churches from rock:
2. Literacy impact in Africa:
3. Timbuktu, Delhi, and Malacca become centers of Muslim faith
4. Trade brought knowledge to Africa and Southeast Asia
B.
Gender and Hierarchy
1. Gap between elite and commoners:
2. Slavery:
3. Skill specific slaves:
4. Status of women:
Comparative Perspective
A.
Political
1. Mali conversion to Islam
2. Political unity in India
B.
Economical and Cultural
1. Life in urban trading centers:
2. Ships could carry much more cargo safer
NOTES:
CHAPTER 14: THE LATIN WEST, 1200-1500
I.
Rural Growth and Crisis
A. Peasants and Population
1. Peasants were bond to the land in serfdom
2. Life of a peasant:
3. Role of Men and women:
4. Population doubled between 1000 and 1445 (impact):
B. Black Death and impact
1. brought from Kaffa to Italy in 1346.
2. Plague ravaged for 2 years
3. impact on labor:
C. Mines and Mills
1. Industrial technology:
II.
III.
IV.
Urban Revival
A. Trading Cities
1. Urbanization:
2. Growth of trade in Italy
3. Hanseatic League:
4. Impact of textiles:
B. Civic Life
1. more freedom, social mobility
2. Jews blamed for Black Death
3. Guilds regulated trade
4. Banking industry:
Learning, Literature, and Renaissance
A. Universities and Learning
1. Monasteries were center of learning
2. By 1200 AD, colleges and universities emerged:
3. Bologna—famous for law faculty
4. Theology was most prominent study
B. Humanists
1. Humanism:
2. Geoffrey Chaucer—Canterbury Tales
3. Dante’s Divine Comedy
4. Erasmus humanist philosophy
5. Johann Gutenberg printing impact:
C. Artists
1. Leonardo
2. Michelangelo
3. Raphael
4. Donatello
Political and Military Transformation
A. Monarchs, Nobles, and Clergy
1. Weak monarchs, limited power
2. Innovations in weaponry:
3. King Philip the Fair of France reduced power of pope:
4. England kings power was limited:
B. Hundred Years War, 1337-1453
1. France v England, Edward III calmed French throne
2. Military technology:
3. _________________ defeats _________________.
C. New Monarchies in France and England
1. New monarchies have stronger power, national boundaries established
2. castle and knights now outdated:
3. monarchs taxed land, merchants, and church
4. Monarchs now gain power (parliament in _________, Estates General in __________)
D. Iberian Unification
1. Spain and Portugal emerged through marriage alliance
2. Reconquest of Spain from Muslims in 1212
NOTES:
CHAPTER 15: THE MARITIME REVOLUTION, TO 1500
I.
II.
III.
Global Maritime Expansion before 1450
A. Pacific Ocean
1. Polynesian culture:
2. Polynesian expansion:
B. Indian Ocean
1. Madagascar voyages
2. Arabian sea traders
3. Ming dynasty voyages
C. The Atlantic Ocean
1. Vikings:
2. Mali:
European Expansion, 1400-1550
A. Motives for Exploration
1. Adventurous motives, curiosity
2. Italy had no incentive, monopoly on silk
3. Iberian kingdoms had no share in Med Sea trade, advanced ships and cannons
4. God, Glory, Gold:
B. Portuguese Voyages
1. Gained knowledge of gold and slaves
2. Prince ______________________ sponsored navigation schools
3. Navigation technology:
4. Financial return: first slaves, then gold
5. Fernao Gomes:
6. Bartholomeu Dias:
7. Vasco da Gama:
C. Spanish Voyages
1. Christopher Columbus find funding by King and Queen:
2. 3 voyages led to Treaty of Tordesillas:
3. Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage Spanish claim of Philippines
Encounters with Europe, 1450-1550
A. Western Africa
1. Africans welcomed Portuguese and profited from trade: Gold for goods
2. kingdom of Kongo relied on slave trade
B. Eastern Africa
1. Ethiopia and the war against Muslims:
C. Indian Ocean states
1. Superior ships and firearms helped _____________ control Indian ocean trade
2. Portuguese required spices to be carried in Portuguese ships and pay customs
3. Portuguese break Italian monopoly on pepper
4. Caravel ships:
D. The Americas
1. Spanish built empires in Americas
2. Arawak people were killed by Spanish and put into slavery
3. Spanish believed they were spreading _______________ religion through Americas.
4. Hernan Cortez’s impact on Aztecs
5. Francisco Pizzaro’s impact on Incas
6. Population Impact in the Americas:
IV.
NOTES:
Comparative Perspectives
A. Imperial Comparisons
1. Strong centralized governments like China were not inclined to explore
2. Weak rulers led exploration to explorers
3. European diseases led to Spanish dominance
4. Asia and Africa was more resistant because of disease immunity
B. Economic Comparisons
1. Europeans found sophisticated markets and trade in Africa and Asia
2. Europeans introduced new technologies and political control over natives to exploit
natural resources